use less ram pls

interface.go

@@ -285,9 +285,11 @@ func (f *Interface) activate() error {
 			// is on, everything else (and either lane disabled) falls
 			// through to passthrough so non-IP / non-TCP-UDP traffic still
 			// reaches the TUN.
-			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewMultiCoalescer(f.readers[i], f.l, caps.TSO, caps.USO)
+			arena := batch.NewArena(batch.DefaultMultiArenaCap)
+			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewMultiCoalescer(f.readers[i], f.l, arena, caps.TSO, caps.USO)
 		} else {
-			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewPassthrough(f.readers[i])
+			arena := batch.NewArena(batch.DefaultPassthroughArenaCap)
+			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewPassthrough(f.readers[i], arena)
 		}
 	}
 

overlay/batch/coalesce_core.go

@@ -148,16 +148,43 @@ func mergeECNIntoSeed(seedHdr, pktHdr []byte, isV6 bool) {
 	}
 }
 
-// reserveFromBacking implements the Reserve half of the RxBatcher contract
+// Arena is an injectable byte-slab that hands out non-overlapping borrowed
-// shared by TCP and UDP coalescers. The backing slice grows on demand;
+// slices via Reserve and releases them in bulk via Reset. Coalescers take
-// already-committed slices reference the old array and remain valid until
+// an *Arena at construction so the caller controls the slab lifetime and
-// Flush resets backing.
+// can share one slab across multiple coalescers (MultiCoalescer hands the
-func reserveFromBacking(backing *[]byte, sz int) []byte {
+// same *Arena to every lane so the lanes don't carry their own backings).
-	if len(*backing)+sz > cap(*backing) {
+//
-		newCap := max(cap(*backing)*2, sz)
+// Reserve borrows; the slice is valid until the next Reset. The slab grows
-		*backing = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
+// (by allocating a fresh, larger backing array) if a Reserve doesn't fit;
+// pre-size the arena via NewArena to avoid that path on the hot path.
+type Arena struct {
+	buf []byte
 }
-	start := len(*backing)
+
-	*backing = (*backing)[:start+sz]
+// NewArena returns an Arena with a pre-allocated backing of the given
-	return (*backing)[start : start+sz : start+sz]
+// capacity. Pass 0 if you don't intend to call Reserve (e.g. a test that
+// only feeds the coalescer pre-made []byte packets via Commit).
+func NewArena(capacity int) *Arena {
+	return &Arena{buf: make([]byte, 0, capacity)}
+}
+
+// Reserve hands out a non-overlapping sz-byte slice from the arena. If the
+// request doesn't fit the current backing, a fresh, larger backing is
+// allocated; already-borrowed slices reference the old backing and remain
+// valid until Reset.
+func (a *Arena) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
+	if len(a.buf)+sz > cap(a.buf) {
+		newCap := max(cap(a.buf)*2, sz)
+		a.buf = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
+	}
+	start := len(a.buf)
+	a.buf = a.buf[:start+sz]
+	return a.buf[start : start+sz : start+sz]
+}
+
+// Reset releases every slice handed out since the last Reset. Callers must
+// not use any previously-borrowed slice after this returns. The underlying
+// backing array is retained so subsequent Reserves don't re-allocate.
+func (a *Arena) Reset() {
+	a.buf = a.buf[:0]
 }

overlay/batch/multi_coalesce.go

@@ -28,37 +28,43 @@ type MultiCoalescer struct {
 	udp *UDPCoalescer
 	pt  *Passthrough
 
-	// arena shared across all lanes so a single Reserve grows one backing
+	// arena is shared across every lane (constructor hands the same
-	// slice; lane Commit calls borrow into this same arena.
+	// *Arena to TCP, UDP, and Passthrough), so there's exactly one
-	backing []byte
+	// backing slab per MultiCoalescer instance. Each lane's Flush calls
+	// Reset; the resets are idempotent because Multi.Flush drains lanes
+	// sequentially and never Reserves in between, so a later lane's
+	// slots stay readable across an earlier lane's Reset (the underlying
+	// bytes are still alive — Reset only re-slices len to 0).
+	arena *Arena
 }
 
+// DefaultMultiArenaCap is the recommended arena capacity for a Multi-lane
+// batcher: 64 slots × 65535 bytes ≈ 4 MiB, enough to hold one recvmmsg
+// burst worth of MTU-sized packets without the arena growing.
+const DefaultMultiArenaCap = initialSlots * 65535
+
 // NewMultiCoalescer builds a multi-lane batcher. tcpEnabled lets the caller
 // opt out of TCP coalescing (e.g. when the queue can't do TSO); udpEnabled
 // likewise gates UDP coalescing (only enable when USO was negotiated).
 // Either lane disabled redirects its traffic into the passthrough lane.
-func NewMultiCoalescer(w io.Writer, l *slog.Logger, tcpEnabled, udpEnabled bool) *MultiCoalescer {
+// arena is the single backing slab shared across every lane; the caller
+// pre-sizes it via NewArena so the hot path never allocates.
+func NewMultiCoalescer(w io.Writer, l *slog.Logger, arena *Arena, tcpEnabled, udpEnabled bool) *MultiCoalescer {
 	m := &MultiCoalescer{
-		pt:      NewPassthrough(w),
+		pt:    NewPassthrough(w, arena),
-		backing: make([]byte, 0, initialSlots*65535),
+		arena: arena,
 	}
 	if tcpEnabled {
-		m.tcp = NewTCPCoalescer(w, l)
+		m.tcp = NewTCPCoalescer(w, l, arena)
 	}
 	if udpEnabled {
-		m.udp = NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+		m.udp = NewUDPCoalescer(w, arena)
 	}
 	return m
 }
 
 func (m *MultiCoalescer) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	if len(m.backing)+sz > cap(m.backing) {
+	return m.arena.Reserve(sz)
-		newCap := max(cap(m.backing)*2, sz)
-		m.backing = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
-	}
-	start := len(m.backing)
-	m.backing = m.backing[:start+sz]
-	return m.backing[start : start+sz : start+sz]
 }
 
 // Commit dispatches pkt to the appropriate lane based on IP version + L4
@@ -129,6 +135,5 @@ func (m *MultiCoalescer) Flush() error {
 	if err := m.pt.Flush(); err != nil {
 		errs = append(errs, err)
 	}
-	m.backing = m.backing[:0]
 	return errors.Join(errs...)
 }

overlay/batch/multi_coalesce_test.go

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 // else (ICMP here) falls through to plain Write.
 func TestMultiCoalescerRoutesByProto(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), true, true)
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0), true, true)
 
 	tcpPay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	udpPay := make([]byte, 1200)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func TestMultiCoalescerRoutesByProto(t *testing.T) {
 // the kernel via the passthrough lane rather than being lost.
 func TestMultiCoalescerDisabledUDPFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), true, false) // TSO on, USO off
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0), true, false) // TSO on, USO off
 
 	if err := m.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 800))); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func TestMultiCoalescerDisabledUDPFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
 // TestMultiCoalescerDisabledTCPFallsThrough mirrors the TSO=off case.
 func TestMultiCoalescerDisabledTCPFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), false, true) // TSO off, USO on
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0), false, true) // TSO off, USO on
 
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := m.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {

overlay/batch/passthrough.go

@@ -10,29 +10,27 @@ import (
 type Passthrough struct {
 	out   io.Writer
 	slots [][]byte
-	backing []byte
+	// arena is injected; see TCPCoalescer.arena for the contract.
+	arena  *Arena
 	cursor int
 }
 
-func NewPassthrough(w io.Writer) *Passthrough {
+const passthroughBaseNumSlots = 128
-	const baseNumSlots = 128
+
+// DefaultPassthroughArenaCap is the recommended arena capacity for a
+// standalone Passthrough batcher: 128 slots × udp.MTU ≈ 1.1 MiB.
+const DefaultPassthroughArenaCap = passthroughBaseNumSlots * udp.MTU
+
+func NewPassthrough(w io.Writer, arena *Arena) *Passthrough {
 	return &Passthrough{
 		out:   w,
-		slots:   make([][]byte, 0, baseNumSlots),
+		slots: make([][]byte, 0, passthroughBaseNumSlots),
-		backing: make([]byte, 0, baseNumSlots*udp.MTU),
+		arena: arena,
 	}
 }
 
 func (p *Passthrough) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	if len(p.backing)+sz > cap(p.backing) {
+	return p.arena.Reserve(sz)
-		// Grow: allocate a fresh backing. Already-committed slices still
-		// reference the old array and remain valid until Flush drops them.
-		newCap := max(cap(p.backing)*2, sz)
-		p.backing = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
-	}
-	start := len(p.backing)
-	p.backing = p.backing[:start+sz]
-	return p.backing[start : start+sz : start+sz] //return zero length, sz-cap slice
 }
 
 func (p *Passthrough) Commit(pkt []byte) error {
@@ -50,6 +48,6 @@ func (p *Passthrough) Flush() error {
 	}
 	clear(p.slots)
 	p.slots = p.slots[:0]
-	p.backing = p.backing[:0]
+	p.arena.Reset()
 	return firstErr
 }

overlay/batch/tcp_coalesce.go

@@ -84,17 +84,21 @@ type TCPCoalescer struct {
 	lastSlot *coalesceSlot
 	pool     []*coalesceSlot // free list for reuse
 
-	backing []byte
+	// arena is injected; the coalescer borrows slices from it via Reserve
+	// and tells it to release them via Reset on Flush. When wrapped in
+	// MultiCoalescer the same *Arena is shared with the other lanes so
+	// there's exactly one backing slab per Multi instance.
+	arena *Arena
 	l     *slog.Logger
 }
 
-func NewTCPCoalescer(w io.Writer, l *slog.Logger) *TCPCoalescer {
+func NewTCPCoalescer(w io.Writer, l *slog.Logger, arena *Arena) *TCPCoalescer {
 	c := &TCPCoalescer{
 		plainW:    w,
 		slots:     make([]*coalesceSlot, 0, initialSlots),
 		openSlots: make(map[flowKey]*coalesceSlot, initialSlots),
 		pool:      make([]*coalesceSlot, 0, initialSlots),
-		backing:   make([]byte, 0, initialSlots*65535),
+		arena:     arena,
 		l:         l,
 	}
 	if gw, ok := tio.SupportsGSO(w, tio.GSOProtoTCP); ok {
@@ -174,7 +178,7 @@ func (p parsedTCP) coalesceable() bool {
 }
 
 func (c *TCPCoalescer) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	return reserveFromBacking(&c.backing, sz)
+	return c.arena.Reserve(sz)
 }
 
 // Commit borrows pkt. The caller must keep pkt valid until the next Flush,
@@ -274,7 +278,7 @@ func (c *TCPCoalescer) Flush() error {
 	clear(c.openSlots)
 	c.lastSlot = nil
 
-	c.backing = c.backing[:0]
+	c.arena.Reset()
 	return first
 }
 

overlay/batch/tcp_coalesce_bench_test.go

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ func buildICMPv4() []byte {
 // between batches, and reports per-packet cost.
 func runCommitBench(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int) {
 	b.Helper()
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
 	b.ResetTimer()
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func BenchmarkCommitNonCoalesceableTCP(b *testing.B) {
 // is the bench that shows the savings of skipping the lane's re-parse.
 func runMultiCommitBench(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int) {
 	b.Helper()
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, test.NewLogger(), true, true)
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0), true, true)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
 	b.ResetTimer()

overlay/batch/tcp_coalesce_test.go

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ const (
 
 func TestCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: false}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, []byte("hello"))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func TestCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerNonTCPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pkt := make([]byte, 28)
 	pkt[0] = 0x45
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(pkt[2:4], 28)
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func TestCoalescerNonTCPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, make([]byte, 1000))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerCoalescesAdjacentACKs(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCoalescesAdjacentACKs(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsSeqGap(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsSeqGap(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsFlagMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsFlagMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsFIN(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	fin := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck|tcpFin, []byte("x"))
 	if err := c.Commit(fin); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsFIN(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerShortLastSegmentClosesChain(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	full := make([]byte, 1200)
 	half := make([]byte, 500)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, full)); err != nil {
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ func TestCoalescerShortLastSegmentClosesChain(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerPSHFinalizesChain(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ func TestCoalescerPSHFinalizesChain(t *testing.T) {
 // coalescer drops it the sender's push signal never reaches the receiver.
 func TestCoalescerPropagatesPSHFromAppended(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Seed has no PSH; second segment carries PSH and seals the chain.
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ func TestCoalescerPropagatesPSHFromAppended(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsDifferentFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	p1 := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)
 	p2 := buildTCPv4(2200, tcpAck, pay)
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsDifferentFlow(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsIPOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 500)
 	pkt := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)
 	// Bump IHL to 6 to simulate 4 bytes of IP options. Don't actually add
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsIPOptions(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerCapBySegments(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 512)
 	seq := uint32(1000)
 	for i := 0; i < tcpCoalesceMaxSegs+5; i++ {
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCapBySegments(t *testing.T) {
 // flows coalesce independently in a single Flush.
 func TestCoalescerMultipleFlowsInSameBatch(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 
 	// Flow A: sport 1000. Flow B: sport 3000.
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ func TestCoalescerMultipleFlowsInSameBatch(t *testing.T) {
 // writing passthrough packets synchronously.
 func TestCoalescerPreservesArrivalOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &orderedFakeWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	// Sequence: coalesceable TCP, ICMP (passthrough), coalesceable TCP on
 	// a different flow. Expected emit order: gso(X), plain(ICMP), gso(Y).
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
@@ -574,7 +574,7 @@ func stringSliceEq(a, b []string) bool {
 // packet (SYN) mid-flow only flushes its own flow, not others.
 func TestCoalescerInterleavedFlowsPreserveOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 
 	// Flow A two segments.
@@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ func buildTCPv6(tcLow byte, seq uint32, flags byte, payload []byte) []byte {
 // retains ECE on the wire.
 func TestCoalescerCoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	flags := byte(tcpAck | tcpEce)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, flags, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 // in-flow segment seeds a new slot rather than extending the prior burst.
 func TestCoalescerCwrSealsFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -741,7 +741,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCwrSealsFlow(t *testing.T) {
 // a CE-echoing window or none.
 func TestCoalescerEceMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck|tcpEce, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ func TestCoalescerEceMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // CE-marked packet still coalesces, and the merged superpacket carries CE.
 func TestCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4WithToS(ecnECT0, 1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -797,7 +797,7 @@ func TestCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 // headersMatch did not also relax DSCP — different DSCP must still split.
 func TestCoalescerDscpMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Same ECN (Not-ECT), different DSCP (0x10 vs 0x20 in upper 6 bits).
 	tosA := byte(0x10<<2) | ecnNotECT
@@ -820,7 +820,7 @@ func TestCoalescerDscpMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCoalescerCoalescesEceFlow.
 func TestCoalescerIPv6CoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	flags := byte(tcpAck | tcpEce)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv6(0, 1000, flags, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@ func TestCoalescerIPv6CoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 // seen had the wire never reordered.
 func TestCoalescerSortsReorderedSeedsAndMerges(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Arrival order: seq 1000, 3400, 2200. The 3400 seeds a separate slot
 	// because 3400 != nextSeq=2200, then 2200 fails to extend the 3400 slot
@@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortsReorderedSeedsAndMerges(t *testing.T) {
 // without any cross-flow contamination.
 func TestCoalescerSortAcrossFlowsMergesEachIndependently(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Flow A (sport 1000) seq 100, 1300; flow B (sport 3000) seq 500, 1700.
 	// Arrival: A.1300, B.1700, A.100, B.500 — every flow reordered.
@@ -938,7 +938,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortAcrossFlowsMergesEachIndependently(t *testing.T) {
 // boundary by an arbitrary number of segments.
 func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPSHBoundary(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Seq 1000 (no PSH) + 2200 (PSH) → seal one slot with PSH set.
 	// Seq 3400 (no PSH) is contiguous to 3400 from seq 2200+1200; without
@@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPSHBoundary(t *testing.T) {
 // is sorted/merged independently.
 func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPassthroughBarrier(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// First two segments seed S1 (then a 3400 reorder seeds S2).
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPassthroughBarrier(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCoalescerMergesCEMark. ECN bits live in TC[1:0] = byte 1 mask 0x30.
 func TestCoalescerIPv6MergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger())
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// tcLow is the low 4 bits of TC; ECN occupies the bottom 2 of those.
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv6(ecnECT0, 1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {

overlay/batch/udp_coalesce.go

@@ -66,7 +66,8 @@ type UDPCoalescer struct {
 	openSlots map[flowKey]*udpSlot
 	pool      []*udpSlot
 
-	backing []byte
+	// arena is injected; see TCPCoalescer.arena for the contract.
+	arena *Arena
 }
 
 // NewUDPCoalescer wraps w. The caller is responsible for only constructing
@@ -74,13 +75,13 @@ type UDPCoalescer struct {
 // the kernel may reject GSO_UDP_L4 writes. If w does not implement
 // tio.GSOWriter at all (single-packet Queue), the coalescer degrades to
 // plain Writes — same defensive shape as the TCP coalescer.
-func NewUDPCoalescer(w io.Writer) *UDPCoalescer {
+func NewUDPCoalescer(w io.Writer, arena *Arena) *UDPCoalescer {
 	c := &UDPCoalescer{
 		plainW:    w,
 		slots:     make([]*udpSlot, 0, initialSlots),
 		openSlots: make(map[flowKey]*udpSlot, initialSlots),
 		pool:      make([]*udpSlot, 0, initialSlots),
-		backing:   make([]byte, 0, initialSlots*udpCoalesceBufSize),
+		arena:     arena,
 	}
 	if gw, ok := tio.SupportsGSO(w, tio.GSOProtoUDP); ok {
 		c.gsoW = gw
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ func parseUDP(pkt []byte) (parsedUDP, bool) {
 }
 
 func (c *UDPCoalescer) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	return reserveFromBacking(&c.backing, sz)
+	return c.arena.Reserve(sz)
 }
 
 // Commit borrows pkt. The caller must keep pkt valid until the next Flush.
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ func (c *UDPCoalescer) Flush() error {
 	clear(c.slots)
 	c.slots = c.slots[:0]
 	clear(c.openSlots)
-	c.backing = c.backing[:0]
+	c.arena.Reset()
 	return first
 }
 

overlay/batch/udp_coalesce_test.go

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ func buildUDPv6(sport, dport uint16, payload []byte) []byte {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: false}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 100))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerNonUDPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	// ICMP packet
 	pkt := make([]byte, 28)
 	pkt[0] = 0x45
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerNonUDPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 800))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerCoalescesEqualSized(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerCoalescesEqualSized(t *testing.T) {
 // Last segment may be shorter, sealing the chain.
 func TestUDPCoalescerShortLastSegmentSeals(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	full := make([]byte, 1200)
 	tail := make([]byte, 600)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, full)); err != nil {
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerShortLastSegmentSeals(t *testing.T) {
 // A larger-than-gsoSize packet cannot extend the slot — it reseeds.
 func TestUDPCoalescerLargerThanSeedReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 800))); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerLargerThanSeedReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // Different 5-tuples must not coalesce.
 func TestUDPCoalescerDifferentFlowsKeepSeparate(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 800)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerDifferentFlowsKeepSeparate(t *testing.T) {
 // Caps at udpCoalesceMaxSegs.
 func TestUDPCoalescerCapsAtMaxSegs(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 100)
 	for i := 0; i < udpCoalesceMaxSegs+5; i++ {
 		if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerCapsAtMaxSegs(t *testing.T) {
 // CE marks on appended segments must be merged into the seed's IP TOS.
 func TestUDPCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 800)
 	pkt0 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay) // ECN=00
 	pkt1 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 // IPv6 path: same flow, equal-sized → coalesced.
 func TestUDPCoalescerIPv6Coalesces(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv6(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerIPv6Coalesces(t *testing.T) {
 // DSCP differences must reseed (headers don't match outside ECN).
 func TestUDPCoalescerDSCPMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 800)
 	pkt0 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)
 	pkt1 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerDSCPMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // Fragmented IPv4 must not be coalesced.
 func TestUDPCoalescerFragmentedIPv4PassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 200))
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(pkt[6:8], 0x2000) // MF=1
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerFragmentedIPv4PassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 // IPv4 with options is not admissible (we require IHL=5).
 func TestUDPCoalescerIPv4WithOptionsPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 200))
 	pkt[0] = 0x46 // IHL = 6 (24-byte IPv4 header — has options)
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {