it works

grr heap usage!

e2e/helpers_test.go

@@ -4,15 +4,13 @@
 package e2e
 
 import (
-	"io"
+	"log/slog"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"log/slog"
-
 	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/google/gopacket"
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
@@ -382,7 +380,7 @@ func getAddrs(ns []netip.Prefix) []netip.Addr {
 func NewTestLogger() *slog.Logger {
 	v := os.Getenv("TEST_LOGS")
 	if v == "" {
-		return slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(io.Discard, nil))
+		return slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)
 	}
 
 	level := slog.LevelInfo

ecn_inner_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
-	"io"
 	"log/slog"
 	"testing"
 )
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ func v6WithTC(tc byte) []byte {
 }
 
 func TestApplyOuterECN(t *testing.T) {
-	silent := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(io.Discard, nil))
+	silent := slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)
 	hi := &HostInfo{}
 
 	// Build a v4 packet helper with a given inner ECN field.

firewall.go

@@ -80,8 +80,8 @@ type firewallMetrics struct {
 type FirewallConntrack struct {
 	sync.Mutex
 
-	Conns      map[firewall.PacketKey]*conn
+	Conns      map[firewall.Packet]*conn
-	TimerWheel *TimerWheel[firewall.PacketKey]
+	TimerWheel *TimerWheel[firewall.Packet]
 }
 
 // FirewallTable is the entry point for a rule, the evaluation order is:
@@ -166,8 +166,8 @@ func NewFirewall(l *slog.Logger, tcpTimeout, UDPTimeout, defaultTimeout time.Dur
 
 	return &Firewall{
 		Conntrack: &FirewallConntrack{
-			Conns:      make(map[firewall.PacketKey]*conn),
+			Conns:      make(map[firewall.Packet]*conn),
-			TimerWheel: NewTimerWheel[firewall.PacketKey](tmin, tmax),
+			TimerWheel: NewTimerWheel[firewall.Packet](tmin, tmax),
 		},
 		InRules:           newFirewallTable(),
 		OutRules:          newFirewallTable(),
@@ -422,27 +422,12 @@ var ErrNoMatchingRule = errors.New("no matching rule in firewall table")
 
 // Drop returns an error if the packet should be dropped, explaining why. It
 // returns nil if the packet should not be dropped.
-//
+func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) error {
-// key is the dense conntrack key — used as-is for the inConns fast path
+	// Check if we spoke to this tuple, if we did then allow this packet
-// without touching fp at all. fp is the rich Packet form rule matching
+	if f.inConns(fp, h, caPool, localCache) {
-// needs (CIDR lookups, family checks); on the conntrack-miss slow path
-// Drop ensures fp is hydrated from key (idempotent if the caller already
-// filled fp). On accept-via-conntrack the caller's fp is left untouched.
-func (f *Firewall) Drop(key firewall.PacketKey, fp *firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) error {
-	// Check if we spoke to this tuple, if we did then allow this packet.
-	// Hot path: only the dense key is touched.
-	if f.inConns(key, h, caPool, localCache) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Conntrack miss → rule matching needs the rich Packet form. Hydrate
-	// from the key if the caller passed a zero-valued fp (the inbound path
-	// after batch.ParsePacket). Outbound callers Hydrate themselves and
-	// skip this hop.
-	if !fp.LocalAddr.IsValid() {
-		key.Hydrate(fp)
-	}
-
 	// Make sure remote address matches nebula certificate, and determine how to treat it
 	if h.networks == nil {
 		// Simple case: Certificate has one address and no unsafe networks
@@ -482,13 +467,13 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(key firewall.PacketKey, fp *firewall.Packet, incoming bo
 	}
 
 	// We now know which firewall table to check against
-	if !table.match(*fp, incoming, h.ConnectionState.peerCert, caPool) {
+	if !table.match(fp, incoming, h.ConnectionState.peerCert, caPool) {
 		f.metrics(incoming).droppedNoRule.Inc(1)
 		return ErrNoMatchingRule
 	}
 
 	// We always want to conntrack since it is a faster operation
-	f.addConn(key, fp.Protocol, incoming)
+	f.addConn(fp, incoming)
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -517,9 +502,9 @@ func (f *Firewall) EmitStats() {
 	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("firewall.rules.hash", nil).Update(int64(f.GetRuleHashFNV()))
 }
 
-func (f *Firewall) inConns(key firewall.PacketKey, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) bool {
+func (f *Firewall) inConns(fp firewall.Packet, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) bool {
 	if localCache != nil {
-		if _, ok := localCache[key]; ok {
+		if _, ok := localCache[fp]; ok {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
@@ -532,7 +517,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(key firewall.PacketKey, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAP
 		f.evict(ep)
 	}
 
-	c, ok := conntrack.Conns[key]
+	c, ok := conntrack.Conns[fp]
 
 	if !ok {
 		conntrack.Unlock()
@@ -541,11 +526,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(key firewall.PacketKey, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAP
 
 	if c.rulesVersion != f.rulesVersion {
 		// This conntrack entry was for an older rule set, validate
-		// it still passes with the current rule set. Rule matching needs
+		// it still passes with the current rule set
-		// the rich Packet form, so hydrate from key.
-		var fp firewall.Packet
-		key.Hydrate(&fp)
-
 		table := f.OutRules
 		if c.incoming {
 			table = f.InRules
@@ -561,7 +542,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(key firewall.PacketKey, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAP
 					"oldRulesVersion", c.rulesVersion,
 				)
 			}
-			delete(conntrack.Conns, key)
+			delete(conntrack.Conns, fp)
 			conntrack.Unlock()
 			return false
 		}
@@ -578,7 +559,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(key firewall.PacketKey, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAP
 		c.rulesVersion = f.rulesVersion
 	}
 
-	switch key.Protocol {
+	switch fp.Protocol {
 	case firewall.ProtoTCP:
 		c.Expires = time.Now().Add(f.TCPTimeout)
 	case firewall.ProtoUDP:
@@ -590,17 +571,17 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(key firewall.PacketKey, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAP
 	conntrack.Unlock()
 
 	if localCache != nil {
-		localCache[key] = struct{}{}
+		localCache[fp] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
 	return true
 }
 
-func (f *Firewall) addConn(key firewall.PacketKey, protocol uint8, incoming bool) {
+func (f *Firewall) addConn(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool) {
 	var timeout time.Duration
 	c := &conn{}
 
-	switch protocol {
+	switch fp.Protocol {
 	case firewall.ProtoTCP:
 		timeout = f.TCPTimeout
 	case firewall.ProtoUDP:
@@ -611,9 +592,9 @@ func (f *Firewall) addConn(key firewall.PacketKey, protocol uint8, incoming bool
 
 	conntrack := f.Conntrack
 	conntrack.Lock()
-	if _, ok := conntrack.Conns[key]; !ok {
+	if _, ok := conntrack.Conns[fp]; !ok {
 		conntrack.TimerWheel.Advance(time.Now())
-		conntrack.TimerWheel.Add(key, timeout)
+		conntrack.TimerWheel.Add(fp, timeout)
 	}
 
 	// Record which rulesVersion allowed this connection, so we can retest after
@@ -621,16 +602,16 @@ func (f *Firewall) addConn(key firewall.PacketKey, protocol uint8, incoming bool
 	c.incoming = incoming
 	c.rulesVersion = f.rulesVersion
 	c.Expires = time.Now().Add(timeout)
-	conntrack.Conns[key] = c
+	conntrack.Conns[fp] = c
 	conntrack.Unlock()
 }
 
 // Evict checks if a conntrack entry has expired, if so it is removed, if not it is re-added to the wheel
 // Caller must own the connMutex lock!
-func (f *Firewall) evict(key firewall.PacketKey) {
+func (f *Firewall) evict(p firewall.Packet) {
 	// Are we still tracking this conn?
 	conntrack := f.Conntrack
-	t, ok := conntrack.Conns[key]
+	t, ok := conntrack.Conns[p]
 	if !ok {
 		return
 	}
@@ -640,12 +621,12 @@ func (f *Firewall) evict(key firewall.PacketKey) {
 	// Timeout is in the future, re-add the timer
 	if newT > 0 {
 		conntrack.TimerWheel.Advance(time.Now())
-		conntrack.TimerWheel.Add(key, newT)
+		conntrack.TimerWheel.Add(p, newT)
 		return
 	}
 
 	// This conn is done
-	delete(conntrack.Conns, key)
+	delete(conntrack.Conns, p)
 }
 
 func (ft *FirewallTable) match(p firewall.Packet, incoming bool, c *cert.CachedCertificate, caPool *cert.CAPool) bool {

firewall/cache.go

@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 // ConntrackCache is used as a local routine cache to know if a given flow
-// has been seen in the conntrack table. Keyed on PacketKey (dense form)
+// has been seen in the conntrack table.
-// rather than Packet so the lookup hashes raw bytes instead of the
+type ConntrackCache map[Packet]struct{}
-// unique.Handle each netip.Addr in Packet carries.
-type ConntrackCache map[PacketKey]struct{}
 
 type ConntrackCacheTicker struct {
 	cacheV    uint64

firewall/cache_test.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func newFixedTicker(t *testing.T, l *slog.Logger, cacheLen int) *ConntrackCacheT
 		cache: make(ConntrackCache, cacheLen),
 	}
 	for i := 0; i < cacheLen; i++ {
-		c.cache[PacketKey{LocalPort: uint16(i) + 1}] = struct{}{}
+		c.cache[Packet{LocalPort: uint16(i) + 1}] = struct{}{}
 	}
 	c.cacheTick.Store(1) // cacheV starts at 0, so Get() takes the reset path
 	return c

firewall/packet.go

@@ -19,25 +19,6 @@ const (
 	PortFragment = -1 // Special value for matching `port: fragment`
 )
 
-// PacketKey is the firewall's conntrack and ConntrackCache map key — the
-// dense form of the 5-tuple plus the protocol and fragment flag the
-// firewall actually discriminates flows on. Kept separate from Packet so
-// the conntrack-hit fast path doesn't pay for hashing the unique.Handle
-// each netip.Addr carries, and so the inbound parser can skip the
-// AddrFrom4/AddrFrom16 calls until rule matching actually needs them.
-//
-// Superset of the coalescer's flowKey shape (same 5-tuple, just in
-// Local/Remote orientation rather than wire src/dst).
-type PacketKey struct {
-	LocalAddr  [16]byte
-	RemoteAddr [16]byte
-	LocalPort  uint16
-	RemotePort uint16
-	IsV6       bool
-	Protocol   uint8
-	Fragment   bool
-}
-
 type Packet struct {
 	LocalAddr  netip.Addr
 	RemoteAddr netip.Addr
@@ -50,61 +31,6 @@ type Packet struct {
 	Fragment   bool
 }
 
-// Key derives a PacketKey from a populated Packet. Used by the few code
-// paths that have a Packet but no Key in hand (e.g. tests). Both inbound
-// and outbound production parsers write straight into a PacketKey via
-// batch.ParsePacket, so this function is rarely on the hot path.
-func (fp *Packet) Key() PacketKey {
-	k := PacketKey{
-		Protocol: fp.Protocol,
-		Fragment: fp.Fragment,
-	}
-	k.LocalPort = fp.LocalPort
-	k.RemotePort = fp.RemotePort
-	k.IsV6 = !fp.LocalAddr.Is4()
-	if k.IsV6 {
-		k.LocalAddr = fp.LocalAddr.As16()
-		k.RemoteAddr = fp.RemoteAddr.As16()
-	} else {
-		v4 := fp.LocalAddr.As4()
-		copy(k.LocalAddr[:4], v4[:])
-		v4 = fp.RemoteAddr.As4()
-		copy(k.RemoteAddr[:4], v4[:])
-	}
-	return k
-}
-
-// Hydrate fills fp's netip.Addr fields and copies the rest from k. Called
-// by the firewall slow path when conntrack misses and rule matching needs
-// the rich Packet form (CIDR lookups, family checks). The fast path skips
-// this entirely.
-func (k *PacketKey) Hydrate(fp *Packet) {
-	fp.LocalPort = k.LocalPort
-	fp.RemotePort = k.RemotePort
-	fp.Protocol = k.Protocol
-	fp.Fragment = k.Fragment
-	if k.IsV6 {
-		fp.LocalAddr = netip.AddrFrom16(k.LocalAddr)
-		fp.RemoteAddr = netip.AddrFrom16(k.RemoteAddr)
-	} else {
-		var v4 [4]byte
-		copy(v4[:], k.LocalAddr[:4])
-		fp.LocalAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(v4)
-		copy(v4[:], k.RemoteAddr[:4])
-		fp.RemoteAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(v4)
-	}
-}
-
-func (k *PacketKey) GetRemoteAddr() netip.Addr {
-	if k.IsV6 {
-		return netip.AddrFrom16(k.RemoteAddr)
-	} else {
-		var v4 [4]byte
-		copy(v4[:], k.RemoteAddr[:4])
-		return netip.AddrFrom4(v4)
-	}
-}
-
 func (fp *Packet) Copy() *Packet {
 	return &Packet{
 		LocalAddr:  fp.LocalAddr,

firewall_test.go

@@ -211,44 +211,44 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 
 	// Drop outbound
-	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow inbound
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow outbound because conntrack
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 
 	// test remote mismatch
 	oldRemote := p.RemoteAddr
 	p.RemoteAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.10")
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
 	p.RemoteAddr = oldRemote
 
 	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 
 	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 
 	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 
 	// test caName doesn't drop on match
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }
 
 func TestFirewall_DropV6(t *testing.T) {
@@ -289,44 +289,44 @@ func TestFirewall_DropV6(t *testing.T) {
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 
 	// Drop outbound
-	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow inbound
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow outbound because conntrack
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 
 	// test remote mismatch
 	oldRemote := p.RemoteAddr
 	p.RemoteAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::56")
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
 	p.RemoteAddr = oldRemote
 
 	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 
 	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 
 	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 
 	// test caName doesn't drop on match
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }
 
 func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
@@ -533,10 +533,10 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop2(t *testing.T) {
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 
 	// h1/c1 lacks the proper groups
-	require.ErrorIs(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 	// c has the proper groups
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }
 
 func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
@@ -613,18 +613,18 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 
 	// c1 should pass because host match
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 	// c2 should pass because ca sha match
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h2, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h2, cp, nil))
 	// c3 should fail because no match
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h3, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h3, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 
 	// Test a remote address match
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "1.2.3.4/24", "", "", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 }
 
 func TestFirewall_Drop3V6(t *testing.T) {
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3V6(t *testing.T) {
 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "fd12::34/120", "", "", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }
 
 func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
@@ -702,12 +702,12 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 
 	// Drop outbound
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 	// Allow inbound
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow outbound because conntrack
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 
 	oldFw := fw
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	fw.rulesVersion = oldFw.rulesVersion + 1
 
 	// Allow outbound because conntrack and new rules allow port 10
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 
 	oldFw = fw
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	fw.rulesVersion = oldFw.rulesVersion + 1
 
 	// Drop outbound because conntrack doesn't match new ruleset
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 }
 
 func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
@@ -770,12 +770,12 @@ func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 			p.LocalPort = 0
 			p.RemotePort = 0
 			// Drop outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			// Allow inbound
 			resetConntrack(fw)
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 			//now also allow outbound
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 		})
 
 		t.Run("nonzero ports", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -783,12 +783,12 @@ func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 			p.LocalPort = 0xabcd
 			p.RemotePort = 0x1234
 			// Drop outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			// Allow inbound
 			resetConntrack(fw)
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 			//now also allow outbound
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 		})
 	})
 
@@ -800,12 +800,12 @@ func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 			p.LocalPort = 0
 			p.RemotePort = 0
 			// Drop outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			// Allow inbound
 			resetConntrack(fw)
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			//now also allow outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 		})
 
 		t.Run("nonzero ports, still blocked", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -813,12 +813,12 @@ func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 			p.LocalPort = 0xabcd
 			p.RemotePort = 0x1234
 			// Drop outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			// Allow inbound
 			resetConntrack(fw)
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			//now also allow outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 		})
 
 		t.Run("nonzero, matching ports, still blocked", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -826,12 +826,12 @@ func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 			p.LocalPort = 80
 			p.RemotePort = 80
 			// Drop outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			// Allow inbound
 			resetConntrack(fw)
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			//now also allow outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 		})
 	})
 	t.Run("Any proto, any port", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -843,12 +843,12 @@ func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 			p.LocalPort = 0
 			p.RemotePort = 0
 			// Drop outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			// Allow inbound
 			resetConntrack(fw)
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 			//now also allow outbound
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 		})
 
 		t.Run("nonzero ports, allowed", func(t *testing.T) {
@@ -857,15 +857,15 @@ func TestFirewall_ICMPPortBehavior(t *testing.T) {
 			p.LocalPort = 0xabcd
 			p.RemotePort = 0x1234
 			// Drop outbound
-			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 			// Allow inbound
 			resetConntrack(fw)
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 			//now also allow outbound
-			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+			require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 			//different ID is blocked
 			p.RemotePort++
-			require.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+			require.Equal(t, fw.Drop(*p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 		})
 	})
 
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropIPSpoofing(t *testing.T) {
 		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
 		Fragment:   false,
 	}
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p.Key(), &p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
 }
 
 func BenchmarkLookup(b *testing.B) {
@@ -1327,7 +1327,7 @@ func (c *testcase) Test(t *testing.T, fw *Firewall) {
 	t.Helper()
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	err := fw.Drop(c.p.Key(), &c.p, true, c.h, cp, nil)
+	err := fw.Drop(c.p, true, c.h, cp, nil)
 	if c.err == nil {
 		require.NoError(t, err, "failed to not drop remote address %s", c.p.RemoteAddr)
 	} else {
@@ -1519,6 +1519,6 @@ func (mf *mockFirewall) AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, end
 
 func resetConntrack(fw *Firewall) {
 	fw.Conntrack.Lock()
-	fw.Conntrack.Conns = map[firewall.PacketKey]*conn{}
+	fw.Conntrack.Conns = map[firewall.Packet]*conn{}
 	fw.Conntrack.Unlock()
 }

go.mod

@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
-	github.com/guptarohit/asciigraph v0.9.0 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -60,8 +60,6 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19 h1:ves8RnFZPGiFnTS0uPQStjwru6uO6h+nlr9j6fL7kF8=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19/go.mod h1:iJ8V8n6KS+z2U1A8pUwu8bW5SyEMkXJB8Yo/Vo+TKTo=
-github.com/guptarohit/asciigraph v0.9.0 h1:MvCSRRVkT2XvU1IO6n92o7l7zqx1DiFaoszOUZQztbY=
-github.com/guptarohit/asciigraph v0.9.0/go.mod h1:dYl5wwK4gNsnFf9Zp+l06rFiDZ5YtXM6x7SRWZ3KGag=
 github.com/jpillora/backoff v1.0.0/go.mod h1:J/6gKK9jxlEcS3zixgDgUAsiuZ7yrSoa/FX5e0EB2j4=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.6/go.mod h1:+SdeFBvtyEkXs7REEP0seUULqWtbJapLOCVDaaPEHmU=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.10/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/uOdHXbAo4=

inside.go

@@ -11,25 +11,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/noiseutil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/batch"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
-func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(pkt tio.Packet, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, sendBatch batch.TxBatcher, rejectBuf []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
+func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(pkt wire.TunPacket, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, sendBatch *batch.SendBatch, rejectBuf []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
-	// borrowed: pkt.Bytes is owned by the originating tio.Queue and is
-	// only valid until the next Read on that queue. Every consumer below
-	// (parse, self-forward, handshake cache, sendInsideMessage) reads it
-	// synchronously; do not retain pkt outside this call. If a future
-	// caller needs to keep the packet, use pkt.Clone() to detach it from
-	// the borrow.
-	//
 	// pkt.Bytes is either one IP datagram (GSO zero) or a TSO/USO
 	// superpacket. In both cases the L3+L4 headers at the start describe
-	// the same 5-tuple every segment will share, so a single parse +
+	// the same 5-tuple every segment will share, so a single newPacket /
 	// firewall check covers the whole superpacket.
 	packet := pkt.Bytes
-	var parsed batch.RxParsed
+	err := newPacket(packet, false, fwPacket)
-	if err := batch.ParsePacket(packet, false, &parsed); err != nil {
+	if err != nil {
 		if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
 			f.l.Debug("Error while validating outbound packet",
 				"packet", packet,
@@ -39,8 +32,6 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(pkt tio.Packet, fwPacket *firewall.Packe
 		return
 	}
 
-	parsed.Key.Hydrate(fwPacket)
-
 	// Ignore local broadcast packets
 	if f.dropLocalBroadcast {
 		if f.myBroadcastAddrsTable.Contains(fwPacket.RemoteAddr) {
@@ -54,11 +45,7 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(pkt tio.Packet, fwPacket *firewall.Packe
 		// routes packets from the Nebula addr to the Nebula addr through the Nebula
 		// TUN device.
 		if immediatelyForwardToSelf {
-			// Write copies into the kernel queue synchronously, so seg's lifetime ends at return.
+			err := pkt.PerSegment(func(seg []byte) error {
-			// A self-forwarded superpacket would be re-handed to the
-			// kernel as one giant blob; segment first so the loopback
-			// path sees one IP datagram per Write.
-			err := tio.SegmentSuperpacket(pkt, func(seg []byte) error {
 				_, werr := f.readers[q].Write(seg)
 				return werr
 			})
@@ -77,10 +64,10 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(pkt tio.Packet, fwPacket *firewall.Packe
 	}
 
 	hostinfo, ready := f.getOrHandshakeConsiderRouting(fwPacket, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
-		// borrowed: SegmentSuperpacket builds each segment in the kernel-supplied pkt
+		// borrowed: PerSegment builds each segment in the kernel-supplied pkt
 		// bytes underneath. cachePacket explicitly copies its argument (handshake_manager.go cachePacket),
 		// so retaining segments past the loop is safe.
-		err := tio.SegmentSuperpacket(pkt, func(seg []byte) error {
+		err := pkt.PerSegment(func(seg []byte) error {
 			hh.cachePacket(f.l, header.Message, 0, seg, f.sendMessageNow, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
 			return nil
 		})
@@ -107,9 +94,9 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(pkt tio.Packet, fwPacket *firewall.Packe
 		return
 	}
 
-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(parsed.Key, fwPacket, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fwPacket, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
 	if dropReason == nil {
-		f.sendInsideMessage(hostinfo, pkt, nb, sendBatch, rejectBuf, q)
+		f.sendInsideMessage(hostinfo, pkt, nb, sendBatch)
 	} else {
 		f.rejectInside(packet, rejectBuf, q)
 		if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
@@ -152,10 +139,10 @@ func (f *Interface) sendInsideEncrypt(hostinfo *HostInfo, ci *ConnectionState, s
 // segment of a TSO/USO superpacket) into the caller's batch slot for
 // later sendmmsg flush. Segmentation is fused with encryption here so the
 // kernel-supplied superpacket bytes never get written into a separate
-// scratch arena: SegmentSuperpacket builds each segment's plaintext in
+// scratch arena: PerSegment builds each segment's plaintext in
 // segScratch[:segLen] in turn, and we encrypt directly into a fresh
 // SendBatch slot.
-func (f *Interface) sendInsideMessage(hostinfo *HostInfo, pkt tio.Packet, nb []byte, sendBatch batch.TxBatcher, rejectBuf []byte, q int) {
+func (f *Interface) sendInsideMessage(hostinfo *HostInfo, pkt wire.TunPacket, nb []byte, sendBatch *batch.SendBatch) {
 	ci := hostinfo.ConnectionState
 	if ci.eKey == nil {
 		return
@@ -196,7 +183,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendInsideMessage(hostinfo *HostInfo, pkt tio.Packet, nb []b
 			return
 		}
 
-		err = tio.SegmentSuperpacket(pkt, func(seg []byte) error {
+		err = pkt.PerSegment(func(seg []byte) error {
 			//relay header + header + plaintext + AEAD tag (16 bytes for both AES-GCM and ChaCha20-Poly1305) + relay tag
 			scratch := sendBatch.Reserve(header.Len + header.Len + len(seg) + 16 + 16)
 
@@ -225,7 +212,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendInsideMessage(hostinfo *HostInfo, pkt tio.Packet, nb []b
 		return
 	}
 
-	err := tio.SegmentSuperpacket(pkt, func(seg []byte) error {
+	err := pkt.PerSegment(func(seg []byte) error {
 		// header + plaintext + AEAD tag (16 bytes for both AES-GCM and ChaCha20-Poly1305)
 		scratch := sendBatch.Reserve(header.Len + len(seg) + 16)
 
@@ -394,16 +381,15 @@ func (f *Interface) getOrHandshakeConsiderRouting(fwPacket *firewall.Packet, cac
 }
 
 func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, hostinfo *HostInfo, p, nb, out []byte) {
-	var parsed batch.RxParsed
+	fp := &firewall.Packet{}
-	if err := batch.ParsePacket(p, false, &parsed); err != nil {
+	err := newPacket(p, false, fp)
+	if err != nil {
 		f.l.Warn("error while parsing outgoing packet for firewall check", "error", err)
 		return
 	}
-	fp := &firewall.Packet{}
-	parsed.Key.Hydrate(fp)
 
 	// check if packet is in outbound fw rules
-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(parsed.Key, fp, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), nil)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fp, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), nil)
 	if dropReason != nil {
 		if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
 			f.l.Debug("dropping cached packet",
@@ -514,8 +500,9 @@ func (f *Interface) prepareSendVia(via *HostInfo,
 // via is the HostInfo through which the message is relayed.
 // ad is the plaintext data to authenticate, but not encrypt
 // nb is a buffer used to store the nonce value, re-used for performance reasons.
-// out is a buffer used to store the result of the Encrypt operation
+// out is a buffer used to store the result of the Encrypt operation.
-// q indicates which writer to use to send the packet.
+// The write goes through writers[0] — SendVia is called from contexts
+// without a per-queue index (handshake, async control paths).
 func (f *Interface) SendVia(via *HostInfo,
 	relay *Relay,
 	ad,
@@ -524,6 +511,10 @@ func (f *Interface) SendVia(via *HostInfo,
 	nocopy bool,
 ) {
 	toSend, err := f.prepareSendVia(via, relay, ad, nb, out, nocopy)
+	if err != nil {
+		via.logger(f.l).Info("Failed to prepareSendVia", "error", err)
+		return
+	}
 	err = f.writers[0].WriteTo(toSend, via.remote)
 	if err != nil {
 		via.logger(f.l).Info("Failed to WriteTo in sendVia", "error", err)

interface.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ type InterfaceConfig struct {
 	DropLocalBroadcast bool
 	DropMulticast      bool
 	routines           int
+	batchSize          int
 	MessageMetrics     *MessageMetrics
 	version            string
 	relayManager       *relayManager
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ type Interface struct {
 	dropLocalBroadcast    bool
 	dropMulticast         bool
 	routines              int
+	batchSize             int
 	disconnectInvalid     atomic.Bool
 	closed                atomic.Bool
 	// cpuAffinity, when non-empty, names the CPUs each TUN reader goroutine
@@ -208,6 +211,7 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 		dropLocalBroadcast:    c.DropLocalBroadcast,
 		dropMulticast:         c.DropMulticast,
 		routines:              c.routines,
+		batchSize:             c.batchSize,
 		version:               c.version,
 		writers:               make([]udp.Conn, c.routines),
 		readers:               make([]tio.Queue, c.routines),
@@ -279,15 +283,17 @@ func (f *Interface) activate() error {
 	}
 	f.readers = f.inside.Readers()
 	for i := range f.readers {
-		caps := tio.QueueCapabilities(f.readers[i])
+		caps := f.readers[i].Capabilities()
 		if caps.TSO || caps.USO {
 			// Multi-lane: TCP gets coalesced when TSO is on, UDP when USO
 			// is on, everything else (and either lane disabled) falls
 			// through to passthrough so non-IP / non-TCP-UDP traffic still
 			// reaches the TUN.
-			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewMultiCoalescer(f.readers[i], caps.TSO, caps.USO)
+			arena := util.NewArena(max(f.batchSize, 1) * 65535)
+			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewMultiCoalescer(f.readers[i], f.l, arena, caps.TSO, caps.USO)
 		} else {
-			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewPassthrough(f.readers[i])
+			arena := util.NewArena(max(f.batchSize, 1) * udp.MTU)
+			f.batchers[i] = batch.NewPassthrough(f.readers[i], f.batchSize, arena)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -348,12 +354,10 @@ func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 	lhh := f.lightHouse.NewRequestHandler()
 	h := &header.H{}
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
-	parsedRx := &batch.RxParsed{}
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 
 	listener := func(fromUdpAddr netip.AddrPort, payload []byte, meta udp.RxMeta) {
-		plaintext := f.batchers[i].Reserve(len(payload))
+		f.readOutsidePackets(ViaSender{UdpAddr: fromUdpAddr}, payload, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get(), meta)
-		f.readOutsidePackets(ViaSender{UdpAddr: fromUdpAddr}, plaintext[:0], payload, h, fwPacket, parsedRx, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get(), meta)
 	}
 
 	flusher := func() {
@@ -372,52 +376,57 @@ func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 	f.l.Debug("underlay reader is done", "reader", i)
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader tio.Queue, i int) {
+func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader tio.Queue, q int) {
-	// Pin this goroutine to one CPU. LockOSThread alone keeps the goroutine
+	// Pinning this thread (and goroutine) to a single CPU keeps every sendmmsg from this goroutine going through the
-	// on a single OS thread but the kernel can still migrate that thread
+	// same TX ring on the nic, so the wire sees per-flow order.
-	// across CPUs — XPS reads smp_processor_id() at sendmmsg time and picks
+	cpu := q % runtime.NumCPU()
-	// the TX ring from the current CPU's xps_cpus map, so an unpinned
-	// thread bouncing between CPUs spreads one nebula flow's packets across
-	// multiple TX rings, which the rings then drain at independent rates
-	// and the wire delivers reordered.
-	//
-	// Pinning keeps every sendmmsg from this goroutine going through the
-	// same TX ring, so the wire sees per-flow order. Cost: less scheduler
-	// flexibility — if i % NumCPU collides between two TUN reader
-	// goroutines they share a CPU.
-	cpu := i % runtime.NumCPU()
 	if n := len(f.cpuAffinity); n > 0 {
-		cpu = f.cpuAffinity[i%n]
+		cpu = f.cpuAffinity[q%n]
 	}
 	if err := util.PinThreadToCPU(cpu); err != nil {
-		f.l.Warn("failed to pin tun reader to CPU", "queue", i, "cpu", cpu, "err", err)
+		f.l.Warn("failed to pin tun reader to CPU", "queue", q, "cpu", cpu, "err", err)
 	}
+
+	const bonusInfo = 16
+	bufferScale := udp.MTU + bonusInfo
+	numTunPackets := 1
+	caps := reader.Capabilities()
+	if caps.TSO || caps.USO {
+		bufferScale = 65535 + bonusInfo
+		numTunPackets = f.batchSize
+	}
+
 	rejectBuf := make([]byte, mtu)
-	sb := batch.NewSendBatch(f.writers[i], batch.SendBatchCap, udp.MTU+32)
+	tunPackets := make([]wire.TunPacket, numTunPackets)
+	packetMem := make([]byte, bufferScale*numTunPackets)
+
+	arenaSize := batch.SendBatchCap * (udp.MTU + 32)
+	sb := batch.NewSendBatch(f.writers[q], batch.SendBatchCap, util.NewArena(arenaSize))
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 
 	conntrackCache := firewall.NewConntrackCacheTicker(f.ctx, f.l, f.conntrackCacheTimeout)
 
 	for {
-		pkts, err := reader.Read()
+		n, err := reader.Read(tunPackets, packetMem)
 		if err != nil {
 			if !f.closed.Load() {
-				f.l.Error("Error while reading outbound packet, closing", "error", err, "reader", i)
+				f.l.Error("Error while reading outbound packet, closing", "error", err, "reader", q)
 				f.onFatal(err)
 			}
 			break
 		}
 
-		for _, pkt := range pkts {
+		ctCache := conntrackCache.Get()
-			f.consumeInsidePacket(pkt, fwPacket, nb, sb, rejectBuf, i, conntrackCache.Get())
+		for i := range n {
+			f.consumeInsidePacket(tunPackets[i], fwPacket, nb, sb, rejectBuf, q, ctCache)
 		}
 		if err := sb.Flush(); err != nil {
-			f.l.Error("Failed to write outgoing batch", "error", err, "writer", i)
+			f.l.Error("Failed to write outgoing batch", "error", err, "writer", q)
 		}
 	}
 
-	f.l.Debug("overlay reader is done", "reader", i)
+	f.l.Debug("overlay reader is done", "reader", q)
 }
 
 func (f *Interface) RegisterConfigChangeCallbacks(c *config.C) {

main.go

@@ -221,6 +221,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, l *slog.Logger, dev
 		DropLocalBroadcast:    c.GetBool("tun.drop_local_broadcast", false),
 		DropMulticast:         c.GetBool("tun.drop_multicast", false),
 		routines:              routines,
+		batchSize:             c.GetInt("listen.batch", 64),
 		MessageMetrics:        messageMetrics,
 		version:               buildVersion,
 		relayManager:          NewRelayManager(ctx, l, hostMap, c),

noiseutil/cipher_state_test.go

@@ -147,6 +147,62 @@ func buildCipherStatesB(b *testing.B, c noise.CipherFunc) (*noise.CipherState, *
 	return eI, dR
 }
 
+// TestDecryptDangerRelayShapeNoAlloc covers the AD-only relay path used in
+// outside.go's handleOutsideRelayPacket: the body is AD, the trailing 16 bytes
+// are the AEAD tag, the plaintext is empty, and the caller passes nil as the
+// destination because it only needs the auth side-effect. The call must
+// succeed, return an empty plaintext, and not allocate on the hot path.
+func TestDecryptDangerRelayShapeNoAlloc(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		c    noise.CipherFunc
+		wrap func(*noise.CipherState) CipherState
+	}{
+		{"AESGCM", CipherAESGCM, func(cs *noise.CipherState) CipherState { return NewCipherStateAESGCM(cs) }},
+		{"ChaChaPoly", noise.CipherChaChaPoly, func(cs *noise.CipherState) CipherState { return NewCipherStateChaChaPoly(cs) }},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			encCS, decCS := buildCipherStates(t, tc.c)
+			enc, dec := tc.wrap(encCS), tc.wrap(decCS)
+
+			ad := make([]byte, 1200) // typical relay packet body size
+			for i := range ad {
+				ad[i] = byte(i)
+			}
+			nb := make([]byte, 12)
+
+			// Build the "signature value" the way handleOutsideRelayPacket sees it:
+			// empty plaintext encrypted with the body as AD yields just the 16-byte tag.
+			tag, err := enc.EncryptDanger(nil, ad, nil, 1, nb)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.Len(t, tag, dec.Overhead())
+
+			// Sanity: the relay-shaped call returns empty plaintext, no error.
+			out, err := dec.DecryptDanger(nil, ad, tag, 1, nb)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Empty(t, out)
+
+			// Tampering with the AD must fail authentication.
+			ad[0] ^= 0xff
+			_, err = dec.DecryptDanger(nil, ad, tag, 1, nb)
+			require.Error(t, err)
+			ad[0] ^= 0xff
+
+			// The hot path must not allocate. AllocsPerRun does a warm-up run, so any
+			// one-time setup is excluded. Counter has to advance so the AEAD nonce is
+			// unique per call, but we don't care whether the auth succeeds — we only
+			// care about whether the call path allocates.
+			var counter uint64 = 2
+			allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() {
+				_, _ = dec.DecryptDanger(nil, ad, tag, counter, nb)
+				counter++
+			})
+			assert.Equal(t, 0.0, allocs, "DecryptDanger(nil, ...) must not allocate")
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestCipherStateNilSafety(t *testing.T) {
 	var aes *CipherStateAESGCM
 	_, err := aes.EncryptDanger(nil, nil, nil, 0, make([]byte, 12))

outside.go

@@ -2,20 +2,28 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net/netip"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv6"
+
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/batch"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+)
+
+const (
+	minFwPacketLen = 4
 )
 
 var ErrOutOfWindow = errors.New("out of window packet")
 
-func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, parsedRx *batch.RxParsed, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, meta udp.RxMeta) {
+func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, meta udp.RxMeta) {
 	err := h.Parse(packet)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Hole punch packets are 0 or 1 byte big, so lets ignore printing those errors
@@ -103,11 +111,11 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte,
 
 	// Relay packets are special
 	if isMessageRelay {
-		f.handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo, via, out, packet, h, fwPacket, parsedRx, lhf, nb, q, localCache, meta)
+		f.handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo, via, packet, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache, meta)
-
 		return
 	}
 
+	out := f.batchers[q].Reserve(len(packet))[:0]
 	out, err = f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, h, nb)
 	if err != nil {
 		if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
@@ -128,7 +136,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte,
 	case header.Message:
 		switch h.Subtype {
 		case header.MessageNone:
-			f.handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo, out, packet, fwPacket, parsedRx, nb, q, localCache, meta)
+			f.handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo, out, packet, fwPacket, nb, q, localCache, meta)
 		default:
 			hostinfo.logger(f.l).Error("IsValidSubType was true, but unexpected message subtype seen", "from", via, "header", h)
 			return
@@ -161,7 +169,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte,
 	}
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, parsedRx *batch.RxParsed, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, meta udp.RxMeta) {
+func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, meta udp.RxMeta) {
 	// The entire body is sent as AD, not encrypted.
 	// The packet consists of a 16-byte parsed Nebula header, Associated Data-protected payload, and a trailing 16-byte AEAD signature value.
 	// The packet is guaranteed to be at least 16 bytes at this point, b/c it got past the h.Parse() call above. If it's
@@ -169,9 +177,10 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender,
 	// which will gracefully fail in the DecryptDanger call.
 	signedPayload := packet[:len(packet)-hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead()]
 	signatureValue := packet[len(packet)-hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead():]
-	var err error
+	// The decrypted output is empty (relay packets carry their payload as AD) and unused.
-	out, err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.DecryptDanger(out, signedPayload, signatureValue, h.MessageCounter, nb)
+	// The recursive readOutsidePackets call below operates on signedPayload. Passing
-	if err != nil {
+	// nil avoids reserving an arena slot.
+	if _, err := hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.DecryptDanger(nil, signedPayload, signatureValue, h.MessageCounter, nb); err != nil {
 		return
 	}
 	// Successfully validated the thing. Get rid of the Relay header.
@@ -204,8 +213,7 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender,
 			relay:     relay,
 			IsRelayed: true,
 		}
-		f.readOutsidePackets(via, out[:0], signedPayload, h, fwPacket, parsedRx, lhf, nb, q, localCache, meta)
+		f.readOutsidePackets(via, signedPayload, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache, meta)
-		return
 	case ForwardingType:
 		// Find the target HostInfo relay object
 		targetHI, targetRelay, err := f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor(hostinfo.vpnAddrs, relay.PeerAddr)
@@ -224,6 +232,7 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender,
 			case ForwardingType:
 				// Forward this packet through the relay tunnel
 				// Find the target HostInfo //todo it would potentially be nice to batch these
+				out := f.batchers[q].Reserve(len(packet) + header.Len + hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead())[:0]
 				f.SendVia(targetHI, targetRelay, signedPayload, nb, out, false)
 			case TerminalType:
 				hostinfo.logger(f.l).Error("Unexpected Relay Type of Terminal")
@@ -304,16 +313,191 @@ var (
 )
 
 // newPacket validates and parses the interesting bits for the firewall out of the ip and sub protocol headers
-// newPacket parses data into a fully-hydrated firewall.Packet — kept as a
-// thin wrapper around newPacketKey + Hydrate so there's one source of
-// parse logic. Callers that don't need the netip.Addr-rich form (e.g.
-// conntrack-only paths) should use newPacketKey directly.
 func newPacket(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
-	var parsed batch.RxParsed
+	if len(data) < 1 {
-	if err := batch.ParsePacket(data, incoming, &parsed); err != nil {
+		return ErrPacketTooShort
-		return err
 	}
-	parsed.Key.Hydrate(fp)
+
+	version := int((data[0] >> 4) & 0x0f)
+	switch version {
+	case ipv4.Version:
+		return parseV4(data, incoming, fp)
+	case ipv6.Version:
+		return parseV6(data, incoming, fp)
+	}
+	return ErrUnknownIPVersion
+}
+
+func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
+	dataLen := len(data)
+	if dataLen < ipv6.HeaderLen {
+		return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
+	}
+
+	if incoming {
+		fp.RemoteAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[8:24])
+		fp.LocalAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[24:40])
+	} else {
+		fp.LocalAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[8:24])
+		fp.RemoteAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[24:40])
+	}
+
+	protoAt := 6             // NextHeader is at 6 bytes into the ipv6 header
+	offset := ipv6.HeaderLen // Start at the end of the ipv6 header
+	next := 0
+	for {
+		if protoAt >= dataLen {
+			break
+		}
+		proto := layers.IPProtocol(data[protoAt])
+
+		switch proto {
+		case layers.IPProtocolESP, layers.IPProtocolNoNextHeader:
+			fp.Protocol = uint8(proto)
+			fp.RemotePort = 0
+			fp.LocalPort = 0
+			fp.Fragment = false
+			return nil
+
+		case layers.IPProtocolICMPv6:
+			if dataLen < offset+6 {
+				return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
+			}
+			fp.Protocol = uint8(proto)
+			fp.LocalPort = 0 //incoming vs outgoing doesn't matter for icmpv6
+			icmptype := data[offset+1]
+			switch icmptype {
+			case layers.ICMPv6TypeEchoRequest, layers.ICMPv6TypeEchoReply:
+				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset+4 : offset+6]) //identifier
+			default:
+				fp.RemotePort = 0
+			}
+			fp.Fragment = false
+			return nil
+
+		case layers.IPProtocolTCP, layers.IPProtocolUDP:
+			if dataLen < offset+4 {
+				return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
+			}
+
+			fp.Protocol = uint8(proto)
+			if incoming {
+				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset : offset+2])
+				fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset+2 : offset+4])
+			} else {
+				fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset : offset+2])
+				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset+2 : offset+4])
+			}
+
+			fp.Fragment = false
+			return nil
+
+		case layers.IPProtocolIPv6Fragment:
+			// Fragment header is 8 bytes, need at least offset+4 to read the offset field
+			if dataLen < offset+8 {
+				return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
+			}
+
+			// Check if this is the first fragment
+			fragmentOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset+2:offset+4]) &^ uint16(0x7) // Remove the reserved and M flag bits
+			if fragmentOffset != 0 {
+				// Non-first fragment, use what we have now and stop processing
+				fp.Protocol = data[offset]
+				fp.Fragment = true
+				fp.RemotePort = 0
+				fp.LocalPort = 0
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			// The next loop should be the transport layer since we are the first fragment
+			next = 8 // Fragment headers are always 8 bytes
+
+		case layers.IPProtocolAH:
+			// Auth headers, used by IPSec, have a different meaning for header length
+			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
+				break
+			}
+
+			next = int(data[offset+1]+2) << 2
+
+		default:
+			// Normal ipv6 header length processing
+			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
+				break
+			}
+
+			next = int(data[offset+1]+1) << 3
+		}
+
+		if next <= 0 {
+			// Safety check, each ipv6 header has to be at least 8 bytes
+			next = 8
+		}
+
+		protoAt = offset
+		offset = offset + next
+	}
+
+	return ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload
+}
+
+func parseV4(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
+	// Do we at least have an ipv4 header worth of data?
+	if len(data) < ipv4.HeaderLen {
+		return ErrIPv4PacketTooShort
+	}
+
+	// Adjust our start position based on the advertised ip header length
+	ihl := int(data[0]&0x0f) << 2
+
+	// Well-formed ip header length?
+	if ihl < ipv4.HeaderLen {
+		return ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength
+	}
+
+	// Check if this is the second or further fragment of a fragmented packet.
+	flagsfrags := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[6:8])
+	fp.Fragment = (flagsfrags & 0x1FFF) != 0
+
+	// Firewall handles protocol checks
+	fp.Protocol = data[9]
+
+	// Accounting for a variable header length, do we have enough data for our src/dst tuples?
+	minLen := ihl
+	if !fp.Fragment {
+		if fp.Protocol == firewall.ProtoICMP {
+			minLen += minFwPacketLen + 2
+		} else {
+			minLen += minFwPacketLen
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(data) < minLen {
+		return ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength
+	}
+
+	if incoming { // Firewall packets are locally oriented
+		fp.RemoteAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[12:16])
+		fp.LocalAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[16:20])
+	} else {
+		fp.LocalAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[12:16])
+		fp.RemoteAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(data[16:20])
+	}
+
+	if fp.Fragment {
+		fp.RemotePort = 0
+		fp.LocalPort = 0
+	} else if fp.Protocol == firewall.ProtoICMP { //note that orientation doesn't matter on ICMP
+		fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[ihl+4 : ihl+6]) //identifier
+		fp.LocalPort = 0                                             //code would be uint16(data[ihl+1])
+	} else if incoming {
+		fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[ihl : ihl+2])  //src port
+		fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[ihl+2 : ihl+4]) //dst port
+	} else {
+		fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[ihl : ihl+2])    //src port
+		fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[ihl+2 : ihl+4]) //dst port
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -378,7 +562,7 @@ func applyOuterECN(pkt []byte, outerECN byte, hostinfo *HostInfo, l *slog.Logger
 	}
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, out []byte, packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, parsedRx *batch.RxParsed, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, meta udp.RxMeta) {
+func (f *Interface) handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, out []byte, packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, meta udp.RxMeta) {
 	// RFC 6040 normal-mode combine: fold any outer CE mark stamped by the
 	// underlay into the inner header before firewall + TUN write. Other
 	// outer codepoints are advisory only — we keep the inner unchanged.
@@ -386,13 +570,7 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, out []byte, p
 		applyOuterECN(out, meta.OuterECN, hostinfo, f.l)
 	}
 
-	// Single IP+L4 walk feeds the firewall conntrack key (parsedRx.Key)
+	err := newPacket(out, true, fwPacket)
-	// and the batcher hint (parsedRx.tcp/udp). Replaces newPacket — and
-	// pointedly does NOT fill fwPacket.LocalAddr/RemoteAddr, since
-	// firewall.Drop's fast path uses Key alone and only hydrates fwPacket
-	// from Key on the slow path.
-	*fwPacket = firewall.Packet{}
-	err := batch.ParsePacket(out, true, parsedRx)
 	if err != nil {
 		hostinfo.logger(f.l).Warn("Error while validating inbound packet",
 			"error", err,
@@ -401,7 +579,7 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, out []byte, p
 		return
 	}
 
-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(parsedRx.Key, fwPacket, true, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fwPacket, true, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
 	if dropReason != nil {
 		// NOTE: We give `packet` as the `out` here since we already decrypted from it and we don't need it anymore
 		// This gives us a buffer to build the reject packet in
@@ -415,7 +593,7 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, out []byte, p
 		return
 	}
 
-	err = f.batchers[q].CommitInbound(out, parsedRx)
+	err = f.batchers[q].Commit(out)
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.Error("Failed to write to tun", "error", err)
 	}

outside_test.go

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/batch"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
@@ -22,13 +21,13 @@ func Test_newPacket(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// length fails
 	err := newPacket([]byte{}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrPacketTooShort)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPacketTooShort)
 
 	err = newPacket([]byte{0x40}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv4PacketTooShort)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4PacketTooShort)
 
 	err = newPacket([]byte{0x60}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
 
 	// length fail with ip options
 	h := ipv4.Header{
@@ -41,15 +40,15 @@ func Test_newPacket(t *testing.T) {
 
 	b, _ := h.Marshal()
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)
 
 	// not an ipv4 packet
 	err = newPacket([]byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrUnknownIPVersion)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnknownIPVersion)
 
 	// invalid ihl
 	err = newPacket([]byte{4<<4 | (8 >> 2 & 0x0f), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)
 
 	// account for variable ip header length - incoming
 	h = ipv4.Header{
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes(), true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
 
 	// A v6 packet with a hop-by-hop extension
 	// ICMPv6 Payload (Echo Request)
@@ -150,12 +149,12 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	// A full IPv6 header and 1 byte in the first extension, but missing
 	// the length byte.
 	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:41], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
 
 	// A full IPv6 header plus 1 full extension, but only 1 byte of the
 	// next layer, missing length byte
 	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:49], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
 	err = nil
 
 	// A good ICMP packet
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	b = buffer.Bytes()
 	b[6] = 255 // 255 is a reserved protocol number
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
 
 	// A good UDP packet
 	ip = layers.IPv6{
@@ -265,7 +264,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Too short UDP packet
 	err = newPacket(b[:len(b)-10], false, p) // pull off the last 10 bytes
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
 
 	// A good TCP packet
 	b[6] = byte(layers.IPProtocolTCP)
@@ -292,7 +291,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Too short TCP packet
 	err = newPacket(b[:len(b)-10], false, p) // pull off the last 10 bytes
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
 
 	// A good UDP packet with an AH header
 	ip = layers.IPv6{
@@ -337,12 +336,12 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Ensure buffer bounds checking during processing
 	err = newPacket(b[:41], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
 
 	// Invalid AH header
 	b = buffer.Bytes()
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
 }
 
 func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {
@@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Too short of a fragment packet
 	err = newPacket(secondFrag[:len(secondFrag)-10], false, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, batch.ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
 }
 
 func BenchmarkParseV6(b *testing.B) {
@@ -530,7 +529,7 @@ func BenchmarkParseV6(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("Normal", func(b *testing.B) {
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if err = newPacket(normalPacket, true, fp); err != nil {
+			if err = parseV6(normalPacket, true, fp); err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -538,7 +537,7 @@ func BenchmarkParseV6(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("FirstFragment", func(b *testing.B) {
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if err = newPacket(firstFrag, true, fp); err != nil {
+			if err = parseV6(firstFrag, true, fp); err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -546,7 +545,7 @@ func BenchmarkParseV6(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("SecondFragment", func(b *testing.B) {
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if err = newPacket(secondFrag, true, fp); err != nil {
+			if err = parseV6(secondFrag, true, fp); err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		}
@@ -591,7 +590,7 @@ func BenchmarkParseV6(b *testing.B) {
 
 	b.Run("200 HopByHop headers", func(b *testing.B) {
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			if err = newPacket(evilBytes, false, fp); err != nil {
+			if err = parseV6(evilBytes, false, fp); err != nil {
 				b.Fatal(err)
 			}
 		}

overlay/batch/batch.go

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-package batch
-
-import "net/netip"
-
-type RxBatcher interface {
-	// Reserve creates a pkt to borrow
-	Reserve(sz int) []byte
-	// Commit borrows pkt. The caller must keep pkt valid until the next Flush.
-	// Walks IP+L4 headers itself; prefer CommitInbound when the caller already
-	// has an RxParsed in hand from ParsePacket.
-	Commit(pkt []byte) error
-	// CommitInbound is Commit with a hint produced by ParsePacket, so the
-	// batcher can skip the IP+L4 re-parse. Borrowed slice contract is the
-	// same as Commit. Implementations that don't coalesce may delegate to
-	// Commit.
-	CommitInbound(pkt []byte, parsed *RxParsed) error
-	// Flush emits every queued packet in arrival order. Returns the
-	// first error observed; keeps draining so one bad packet doesn't hold up
-	// the rest. After Flush returns, borrowed payload slices may be recycled.
-	Flush() error
-}
-
-type TxBatcher interface {
-	// Reserve creates a pkt to borrow
-	Reserve(sz int) []byte
-	// Commit borrows pkt and records its destination plus the 2-bit
-	// IP-level ECN codepoint to set on the outer (carrier) header. The
-	// caller must keep pkt valid until the next Flush. Pass 0 (Not-ECT)
-	// to leave the outer ECN field unset.
-	Commit(pkt []byte, dst netip.AddrPort, outerECN byte)
-	// Flush emits every queued packet via the underlying batch writer in
-	// arrival order. Returns an errors.Join of one or more errors. After Flush returns,
-	// borrowed payload slices may be recycled.
-	Flush() error
-}

overlay/batch/coalesce_core.go

@@ -147,17 +147,3 @@ func mergeECNIntoSeed(seedHdr, pktHdr []byte, isV6 bool) {
 		seedHdr[1] |= pktHdr[1] & 0x03
 	}
 }
-
-// reserveFromBacking implements the Reserve half of the RxBatcher contract
-// shared by TCP and UDP coalescers. The backing slice grows on demand;
-// already-committed slices reference the old array and remain valid until
-// Flush resets backing.
-func reserveFromBacking(backing *[]byte, sz int) []byte {
-	if len(*backing)+sz > cap(*backing) {
-		newCap := max(cap(*backing)*2, sz)
-		*backing = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
-	}
-	start := len(*backing)
-	*backing = (*backing)[:start+sz]
-	return (*backing)[start : start+sz : start+sz]
-}

overlay/batch/inbound.go

@@ -1,443 +0,0 @@
-package batch
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
-)
-
-// IANA protocol numbers we recognise during the inbound parse. Kept local
-// (rather than reaching for the firewall constants for every one of these)
-// so the byte-comparison hot path doesn't depend on cross-package values.
-const (
-	ipProtoICMP         = 1
-	ipProtoIPv6Fragment = 44
-	ipProtoESP          = 50
-	ipProtoAH           = 51
-	ipProtoICMPv6       = 58
-	ipProtoNoNextHdr    = 59
-
-	icmpv6TypeEchoRequest = 128
-	icmpv6TypeEchoReply   = 129
-)
-
-// Packet parse errors — the canonical sentinel set for IP+L4 parsing.
-// Both inbound and outbound callers share this surface, so any code path
-// that ends up at firewall.PacketKey reports drops with the same errors.
-var (
-	ErrPacketTooShort          = errors.New("packet is too short")
-	ErrUnknownIPVersion        = errors.New("packet is an unknown ip version")
-	ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength = errors.New("invalid ipv4 header length")
-	ErrIPv4PacketTooShort      = errors.New("ipv4 packet is too short")
-	ErrIPv6PacketTooShort      = errors.New("ipv6 packet is too short")
-	ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload = errors.New("could not find payload in ipv6 packet")
-)
-
-// RxKind discriminates how an inbound plaintext packet should be committed
-// after its firewall.Packet has been built. RxKindPassthrough means the
-// IP shape is valid (firewall could match on it) but the coalescer's
-// strict checks reject it — caller should still write it via the
-// passthrough lane.
-type RxKind uint8
-
-const (
-	RxKindPassthrough RxKind = iota
-	RxKindTCP
-	RxKindUDP
-)
-
-// RxParsed is the unified result of one IP+L4 walk:
-//   - Key: the firewall's conntrack/cache lookup key. The dense form lets
-//     firewall.Drop hit conntrack without ever filling the rich Packet's
-//     netip.Addr fields. On a conntrack miss, Drop hydrates the caller's
-//     Packet from Key.
-//   - tcp/udp: the coalescer hint so commitParsed doesn't re-walk the
-//     headers. Meaningful only when Kind is RxKindTCP / RxKindUDP.
-type RxParsed struct {
-	Kind RxKind
-	Key  firewall.PacketKey
-	tcp  parsedTCP
-	udp  parsedUDP
-}
-
-// ParsePacket walks an IP packet once and fills parsed.Key. When incoming
-// is true and the L4 shape is coalesce-eligible, also fills parsed.tcp /
-// parsed.udp so CommitInbound can dispatch into the coalescer without
-// re-walking the headers.
-//
-// Direction selects the Key orientation:
-//
-//	incoming=true  → wire src → Key.RemoteAddr/Port, wire dst → Key.LocalAddr/Port
-//	incoming=false → wire src → Key.LocalAddr/Port,  wire dst → Key.RemoteAddr/Port
-//
-// ICMP always lands the identifier in Key.RemotePort, regardless of direction.
-//
-// Eligibility rules for the coalescer hint match the coalescer's own
-// parseTCPBase/parseUDP:
-//   - IPv4 strict: IHL == 20, no fragmentation (MF or offset), proto TCP/UDP.
-//   - IPv6 strict: NextHeader is directly TCP or UDP (no extension headers).
-//
-// The hint is only filled for incoming packets, since the outbound path
-// does not feed an inbound coalescer. Outbound callers see Kind stay at
-// RxKindPassthrough and parsed.tcp/udp stay zero.
-func ParsePacket(pkt []byte, incoming bool, parsed *RxParsed) error {
-	parsed.Kind = RxKindPassthrough
-	// Reset Key in full: v4 only writes the low 4 bytes of each address
-	// field, so without this a v6 call followed by a v4 reusing the same
-	// RxParsed would inherit the high 12 bytes — breaking the conntrack
-	// map equality for v4 flows.
-	parsed.Key = firewall.PacketKey{}
-	if len(pkt) < 1 {
-		return ErrPacketTooShort
-	}
-	switch pkt[0] >> 4 {
-	case 4:
-		return parsePacketV4(pkt, incoming, parsed)
-	case 6:
-		return parsePacketV6(pkt, incoming, parsed)
-	}
-	return ErrUnknownIPVersion
-}
-
-// parsePacketV4 fills parsed.Key from an IPv4 packet. Direction selects
-// Local/Remote orientation. When incoming and the shape is strict, also
-// fills the coalescer hint.
-func parsePacketV4(pkt []byte, incoming bool, parsed *RxParsed) error {
-	if len(pkt) < 20 {
-		return ErrIPv4PacketTooShort
-	}
-	ihl := int(pkt[0]&0x0f) << 2
-	if ihl < 20 {
-		return ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength
-	}
-	flagsfrags := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[6:8])
-	parsed.Key.Fragment = (flagsfrags & 0x1FFF) != 0
-	parsed.Key.Protocol = pkt[9]
-	parsed.Key.IsV6 = false
-
-	// minFwPacketLen (4) is the L4-header prefix the firewall needs to pull
-	// ports; ICMP needs two extra bytes for the identifier.
-	minLen := ihl
-	if !parsed.Key.Fragment {
-		if parsed.Key.Protocol == firewall.ProtoICMP {
-			minLen += 4 + 2
-		} else {
-			minLen += 4
-		}
-	}
-	if len(pkt) < minLen {
-		return ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength
-	}
-
-	if incoming {
-		copy(parsed.Key.RemoteAddr[:4], pkt[12:16])
-		copy(parsed.Key.LocalAddr[:4], pkt[16:20])
-	} else {
-		copy(parsed.Key.LocalAddr[:4], pkt[12:16])
-		copy(parsed.Key.RemoteAddr[:4], pkt[16:20])
-	}
-
-	switch {
-	case parsed.Key.Fragment:
-		parsed.Key.RemotePort = 0
-		parsed.Key.LocalPort = 0
-	case parsed.Key.Protocol == firewall.ProtoICMP:
-		parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl+4 : ihl+6])
-		parsed.Key.LocalPort = 0
-	case incoming:
-		parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl : ihl+2])
-		parsed.Key.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl+2 : ihl+4])
-	default:
-		parsed.Key.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl : ihl+2])
-		parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl+2 : ihl+4])
-	}
-
-	// Coalescer hint is inbound-only: no inbound coalescer fires on outgoing.
-	if !incoming {
-		return nil
-	}
-	// Coalescer-eligible? Strict shape: IHL==20, no MF/offset, TCP or UDP.
-	if ihl != 20 || (flagsfrags&0x3FFF) != 0 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	if parsed.Key.Protocol != ipProtoTCP && parsed.Key.Protocol != ipProtoUDP {
-		return nil
-	}
-	totalLen := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[2:4]))
-	if totalLen > len(pkt) || totalLen < 20 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	pktTrim := pkt[:totalLen]
-
-	switch parsed.Key.Protocol {
-	case ipProtoTCP:
-		fillParsedTCPv4(pktTrim, parsed)
-	case ipProtoUDP:
-		fillParsedUDPv4(pktTrim, parsed)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-// fillParsedTCPv4 fills parsed.tcp from a strict-shape IPv4+TCP packet
-// already validated to have IHL==20 and to be totalLen-trimmed.
-func fillParsedTCPv4(pkt []byte, parsed *RxParsed) {
-	if len(pkt) < 40 { // IPv4(20) + min TCP(20)
-		return
-	}
-	tcpOff := int(pkt[32]>>4) * 4
-	if tcpOff < 20 || tcpOff > 60 {
-		return
-	}
-	if len(pkt) < 20+tcpOff {
-		return
-	}
-	p := &parsed.tcp
-	p.ipHdrLen = 20
-	p.tcpHdrLen = tcpOff
-	p.hdrLen = 20 + tcpOff
-	p.payLen = len(pkt) - p.hdrLen
-	p.seq = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(pkt[24:28])
-	p.flags = pkt[33]
-	p.fk.isV6 = false
-	p.fk.sport = parsed.Key.RemotePort
-	p.fk.dport = parsed.Key.LocalPort
-	copy(p.fk.src[:4], pkt[12:16])
-	copy(p.fk.dst[:4], pkt[16:20])
-	parsed.Kind = RxKindTCP
-}
-
-// fillParsedUDPv4 fills parsed.udp from a strict-shape IPv4+UDP packet.
-func fillParsedUDPv4(pkt []byte, parsed *RxParsed) {
-	if len(pkt) < 28 { // IPv4(20) + UDP(8)
-		return
-	}
-	udpLen := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[24:26]))
-	if udpLen < 8 || udpLen > len(pkt)-20 {
-		return
-	}
-	p := &parsed.udp
-	p.ipHdrLen = 20
-	p.hdrLen = 28
-	p.payLen = udpLen - 8
-	p.fk.isV6 = false
-	p.fk.sport = parsed.Key.RemotePort
-	p.fk.dport = parsed.Key.LocalPort
-	copy(p.fk.src[:4], pkt[12:16])
-	copy(p.fk.dst[:4], pkt[16:20])
-	parsed.Kind = RxKindUDP
-}
-
-// parsePacketV6 fills parsed.Key from an IPv6 packet. Direction selects
-// Local/Remote orientation. The coalescer hint fast path only triggers
-// when NextHeader is directly TCP or UDP — any extension header chain
-// falls into the lenient walk below, and the hint stays unfilled.
-func parsePacketV6(pkt []byte, incoming bool, parsed *RxParsed) error {
-	if len(pkt) < 40 {
-		return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
-	}
-	parsed.Key.IsV6 = true
-	if incoming {
-		copy(parsed.Key.RemoteAddr[:], pkt[8:24])
-		copy(parsed.Key.LocalAddr[:], pkt[24:40])
-	} else {
-		copy(parsed.Key.LocalAddr[:], pkt[8:24])
-		copy(parsed.Key.RemoteAddr[:], pkt[24:40])
-	}
-
-	if proto := pkt[6]; proto == ipProtoTCP || proto == ipProtoUDP {
-		// Strict v6: ports are at the IP header end. Always fill key; only
-		// fill the coalescer hint if the L4 shape passes.
-		if len(pkt) < 44 {
-			return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
-		}
-		parsed.Key.Protocol = proto
-		parsed.Key.Fragment = false
-		if incoming {
-			parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[40:42])
-			parsed.Key.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[42:44])
-		} else {
-			parsed.Key.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[40:42])
-			parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[42:44])
-		}
-
-		// Coalescer hint is inbound-only.
-		if !incoming {
-			return nil
-		}
-		payloadLen := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[4:6]))
-		if 40+payloadLen > len(pkt) {
-			return nil
-		}
-		pktTrim := pkt[:40+payloadLen]
-
-		switch proto {
-		case ipProtoTCP:
-			fillParsedTCPv6(pktTrim, parsed)
-		case ipProtoUDP:
-			fillParsedUDPv6(pktTrim, parsed)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	// Slow path: walk extension header chain. Coalescer hint never fires
-	// here, so direction only matters for L4 port orientation.
-	return walkV6Headers(pkt, incoming, parsed)
-}
-
-func fillParsedTCPv6(pkt []byte, parsed *RxParsed) {
-	if len(pkt) < 60 { // IPv6(40) + min TCP(20)
-		return
-	}
-	tcpOff := int(pkt[52]>>4) * 4
-	if tcpOff < 20 || tcpOff > 60 {
-		return
-	}
-	if len(pkt) < 40+tcpOff {
-		return
-	}
-	p := &parsed.tcp
-	p.ipHdrLen = 40
-	p.tcpHdrLen = tcpOff
-	p.hdrLen = 40 + tcpOff
-	p.payLen = len(pkt) - p.hdrLen
-	p.seq = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(pkt[44:48])
-	p.flags = pkt[53]
-	p.fk.isV6 = true
-	p.fk.sport = parsed.Key.RemotePort
-	p.fk.dport = parsed.Key.LocalPort
-	copy(p.fk.src[:], pkt[8:24])
-	copy(p.fk.dst[:], pkt[24:40])
-	parsed.Kind = RxKindTCP
-}
-
-func fillParsedUDPv6(pkt []byte, parsed *RxParsed) {
-	if len(pkt) < 48 { // IPv6(40) + UDP(8)
-		return
-	}
-	udpLen := int(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[44:46]))
-	if udpLen < 8 || udpLen > len(pkt)-40 {
-		return
-	}
-	p := &parsed.udp
-	p.ipHdrLen = 40
-	p.hdrLen = 48
-	p.payLen = udpLen - 8
-	p.fk.isV6 = true
-	p.fk.sport = parsed.Key.RemotePort
-	p.fk.dport = parsed.Key.LocalPort
-	copy(p.fk.src[:], pkt[8:24])
-	copy(p.fk.dst[:], pkt[24:40])
-	parsed.Kind = RxKindUDP
-}
-
-// walkV6Headers handles every IPv6 case the strict "NextHeader == TCP/UDP"
-// fast path doesn't: ESP, NoNextHeader, ICMPv6, fragment headers (first vs
-// later), AH, generic extension headers. Coalescer eligibility is always
-// RxKindPassthrough on this path (parsed already initialised that way).
-// Direction matters only for the L4 port orientation when the chain
-// terminates at TCP/UDP.
-func walkV6Headers(pkt []byte, incoming bool, parsed *RxParsed) error {
-	dataLen := len(pkt)
-	protoAt := 6
-	offset := 40
-	next := 0
-	for {
-		if protoAt >= dataLen {
-			break
-		}
-		proto := pkt[protoAt]
-		switch proto {
-		case ipProtoESP, ipProtoNoNextHdr:
-			parsed.Key.Protocol = proto
-			parsed.Key.RemotePort = 0
-			parsed.Key.LocalPort = 0
-			parsed.Key.Fragment = false
-			return nil
-
-		case ipProtoICMPv6:
-			if dataLen < offset+6 {
-				return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
-			}
-			parsed.Key.Protocol = proto
-			parsed.Key.LocalPort = 0
-			switch pkt[offset+1] {
-			case icmpv6TypeEchoRequest, icmpv6TypeEchoReply:
-				parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset+4 : offset+6])
-			default:
-				parsed.Key.RemotePort = 0
-			}
-			parsed.Key.Fragment = false
-			return nil
-
-		case ipProtoTCP, ipProtoUDP:
-			// Reachable when an extension-header chain ends at TCP/UDP. The
-			// strict-eligible fast path above already handled the no-extension
-			// case; here we only fill firewall ports and stay passthrough.
-			if dataLen < offset+4 {
-				return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
-			}
-			parsed.Key.Protocol = proto
-			if incoming {
-				parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset : offset+2])
-				parsed.Key.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset+2 : offset+4])
-			} else {
-				parsed.Key.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset : offset+2])
-				parsed.Key.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset+2 : offset+4])
-			}
-			parsed.Key.Fragment = false
-			return nil
-
-		case ipProtoIPv6Fragment:
-			if dataLen < offset+8 {
-				return ErrIPv6PacketTooShort
-			}
-			fragmentOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset+2:offset+4]) &^ uint16(0x7)
-			if fragmentOffset != 0 {
-				// Non-first fragment: report the fragment flag and stop.
-				parsed.Key.Protocol = pkt[offset]
-				parsed.Key.Fragment = true
-				parsed.Key.RemotePort = 0
-				parsed.Key.LocalPort = 0
-				return nil
-			}
-			next = 8
-
-		case ipProtoAH:
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
-				break
-			}
-			next = int(pkt[offset+1]+2) << 2
-
-		default:
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
-				break
-			}
-			next = int(pkt[offset+1]+1) << 3
-		}
-
-		if next <= 0 {
-			next = 8
-		}
-		protoAt = offset
-		offset = offset + next
-	}
-	return ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload
-}
-
-// CommitInbound dispatches pkt to the appropriate lane using parsed.Kind,
-// skipping the IP+L4 re-parse that MultiCoalescer.Commit would otherwise
-// do. Borrowed slice contract is identical to MultiCoalescer.Commit.
-func (m *MultiCoalescer) CommitInbound(pkt []byte, parsed *RxParsed) error {
-	switch parsed.Kind {
-	case RxKindTCP:
-		if m.tcp != nil {
-			return m.tcp.commitParsed(pkt, parsed.tcp)
-		}
-	case RxKindUDP:
-		if m.udp != nil {
-			return m.udp.commitParsed(pkt, parsed.udp)
-		}
-	}
-	return m.pt.Commit(pkt)
-}

overlay/batch/inbound_bench_test.go

@@ -1,394 +0,0 @@
-package batch
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
-)
-
-// parseV4InboundBaseline mirrors what outside.go's parseV4(incoming=true)
-// does, so the "split" bench measures the *current* state: firewall-side
-// parse, then m.Commit re-parses inside the coalescer. Two walks per
-// packet. Kept faithful in shape (one read per field, AddrFromSlice for
-// the addrs) so the CPU profile matches the production parseV4.
-func parseV4InboundBaseline(pkt []byte, fp *firewall.Packet) bool {
-	if len(pkt) < 20 {
-		return false
-	}
-	ihl := int(pkt[0]&0x0f) << 2
-	if ihl < 20 {
-		return false
-	}
-	flagsfrags := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[6:8])
-	fp.Fragment = (flagsfrags & 0x1FFF) != 0
-	fp.Protocol = pkt[9]
-	minLen := ihl
-	if !fp.Fragment {
-		if fp.Protocol == firewall.ProtoICMP {
-			minLen += 4 + 2
-		} else {
-			minLen += 4
-		}
-	}
-	if len(pkt) < minLen {
-		return false
-	}
-	fp.RemoteAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(pkt[12:16])
-	fp.LocalAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(pkt[16:20])
-	switch {
-	case fp.Fragment:
-		fp.RemotePort = 0
-		fp.LocalPort = 0
-	case fp.Protocol == firewall.ProtoICMP:
-		fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl+4 : ihl+6])
-		fp.LocalPort = 0
-	default:
-		fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl : ihl+2])
-		fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[ihl+2 : ihl+4])
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
-// parseV6InboundBaseline is the v6 analogue: replicates parseV6's
-// extension-header walk so the split bench captures its true cost.
-func parseV6InboundBaseline(pkt []byte, fp *firewall.Packet) bool {
-	dataLen := len(pkt)
-	if dataLen < 40 {
-		return false
-	}
-	fp.RemoteAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(pkt[8:24])
-	fp.LocalAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(pkt[24:40])
-
-	protoAt := 6
-	offset := 40
-	next := 0
-	for {
-		if protoAt >= dataLen {
-			return false
-		}
-		proto := pkt[protoAt]
-		switch proto {
-		case ipProtoESP, ipProtoNoNextHdr:
-			fp.Protocol = proto
-			fp.RemotePort = 0
-			fp.LocalPort = 0
-			fp.Fragment = false
-			return true
-		case ipProtoICMPv6:
-			if dataLen < offset+6 {
-				return false
-			}
-			fp.Protocol = proto
-			fp.LocalPort = 0
-			switch pkt[offset+1] {
-			case icmpv6TypeEchoRequest, icmpv6TypeEchoReply:
-				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset+4 : offset+6])
-			default:
-				fp.RemotePort = 0
-			}
-			fp.Fragment = false
-			return true
-		case ipProtoTCP, ipProtoUDP:
-			if dataLen < offset+4 {
-				return false
-			}
-			fp.Protocol = proto
-			fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset : offset+2])
-			fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset+2 : offset+4])
-			fp.Fragment = false
-			return true
-		case ipProtoIPv6Fragment:
-			if dataLen < offset+8 {
-				return false
-			}
-			fragmentOffset := binary.BigEndian.Uint16(pkt[offset+2:offset+4]) &^ uint16(0x7)
-			if fragmentOffset != 0 {
-				fp.Protocol = pkt[offset]
-				fp.Fragment = true
-				fp.RemotePort = 0
-				fp.LocalPort = 0
-				return true
-			}
-			next = 8
-		case ipProtoAH:
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
-				return false
-			}
-			next = int(pkt[offset+1]+2) << 2
-		default:
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
-				return false
-			}
-			next = int(pkt[offset+1]+1) << 3
-		}
-		if next <= 0 {
-			next = 8
-		}
-		protoAt = offset
-		offset = offset + next
-	}
-}
-
-// runRxSplit drives the split path: faithful inbound parse for the firewall
-// side, then m.Commit re-parses to coalesce. v6 controls which baseline
-// parser we run.
-func runRxSplit(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int, v6 bool) {
-	b.Helper()
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, true, true)
-	var fp firewall.Packet
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		pkt := pkts[i%len(pkts)]
-		var ok bool
-		if v6 {
-			ok = parseV6InboundBaseline(pkt, &fp)
-		} else {
-			ok = parseV4InboundBaseline(pkt, &fp)
-		}
-		if !ok {
-			b.Fatal("baseline parse failed")
-		}
-		if err := m.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if (i+1)%batchSize == 0 {
-			if err := m.Flush(); err != nil {
-				b.Fatal(err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	_ = m.Flush()
-}
-
-// runRxUnified drives the unified path: ParseInbound walks once, filling
-// the conntrack key + coalescer hint in parsed; CommitInbound dispatches
-// without re-parsing.
-func runRxUnified(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int) {
-	b.Helper()
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, true, true)
-	var parsed RxParsed
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		pkt := pkts[i%len(pkts)]
-		if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if err := m.CommitInbound(pkt, &parsed); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if (i+1)%batchSize == 0 {
-			if err := m.Flush(); err != nil {
-				b.Fatal(err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	_ = m.Flush()
-}
-
-// buildUDPv4Bulk returns N UDP packets on a single 5-tuple suitable for the
-// UDP coalescer's append path.
-func buildUDPv4Bulk(n, payloadLen int) [][]byte {
-	pkts := make([][]byte, n)
-	pay := make([]byte, payloadLen)
-	for i := range n {
-		pkts[i] = buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)
-	}
-	return pkts
-}
-
-func buildTCPv6Bulk(n, payloadLen int) [][]byte {
-	pkts := make([][]byte, n)
-	pay := make([]byte, payloadLen)
-	seq := uint32(1000)
-	for i := range n {
-		pkts[i] = buildTCPv6(0, seq, tcpAck, pay)
-		seq += uint32(payloadLen)
-	}
-	return pkts
-}
-
-func buildICMPv4Bulk(n int) [][]byte {
-	pkts := make([][]byte, n)
-	for i := range pkts {
-		pkts[i] = buildICMPv4()
-	}
-	return pkts
-}
-
-// === TCPv4 ===
-
-func BenchmarkRxSplitTCPv4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4BulkFlow(tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxSplit(b, pkts, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, false)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxUnifiedTCPv4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4BulkFlow(tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxUnified(b, pkts, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs)
-}
-
-// === TCPv4 interleaved (4 flows) ===
-
-func BenchmarkRxSplitTCPv4Interleaved4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4Interleaved(4, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxSplit(b, pkts, len(pkts), false)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxUnifiedTCPv4Interleaved4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4Interleaved(4, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxUnified(b, pkts, len(pkts))
-}
-
-// === UDPv4 ===
-
-func BenchmarkRxSplitUDPv4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildUDPv4Bulk(udpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxSplit(b, pkts, udpCoalesceMaxSegs, false)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxUnifiedUDPv4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildUDPv4Bulk(udpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxUnified(b, pkts, udpCoalesceMaxSegs)
-}
-
-// === TCPv6 ===
-
-func BenchmarkRxSplitTCPv6(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv6Bulk(tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxSplit(b, pkts, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, true)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxUnifiedTCPv6(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv6Bulk(tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxUnified(b, pkts, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs)
-}
-
-// === ICMPv4 (passthrough) — measures the unified parser on the coalescer-
-// rejected path, where both lenient and unified must still fill fp. ===
-
-func BenchmarkRxSplitICMPv4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildICMPv4Bulk(64)
-	runRxSplit(b, pkts, 64, false)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxUnifiedICMPv4(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildICMPv4Bulk(64)
-	runRxUnified(b, pkts, 64)
-}
-
-// === Firewall fast-path (conntrack-hit) — exercises the savings from the
-// dense PacketKey: smaller hash key for the per-routine ConntrackCache,
-// and skipping the AddrFrom4 calls that the old path needed to fill the
-// netip.Addr-rich firewall.Packet up-front. ===
-//
-// The "split" baseline simulates the legacy path: parseV4InboundBaseline
-// fills a netip.Addr-rich Packet, then we probe a localCache keyed on
-// Packet. The "unified" path: ParseInbound fills only the dense PacketKey,
-// and we probe a localCache keyed on PacketKey. Both paths follow with
-// the coalescer Commit so the bench captures end-to-end RX-side cost.
-
-// runRxSplitWithCache mirrors runRxSplit but runs the legacy-style
-// firewall fast path (localCache keyed on firewall.Packet) on every
-// packet so we can compare against the unified path.
-func runRxSplitWithCache(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int) {
-	b.Helper()
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, true, true)
-	var fp firewall.Packet
-
-	// Pre-warm a per-packet cache keyed on the netip.Addr-rich Packet form.
-	cache := make(map[firewall.Packet]struct{}, len(pkts))
-	for _, pkt := range pkts {
-		var seedFp firewall.Packet
-		if !parseV4InboundBaseline(pkt, &seedFp) {
-			b.Fatal("seed parse failed")
-		}
-		cache[seedFp] = struct{}{}
-	}
-
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		pkt := pkts[i%len(pkts)]
-		if !parseV4InboundBaseline(pkt, &fp) {
-			b.Fatal("baseline parse failed")
-		}
-		if _, ok := cache[fp]; !ok {
-			b.Fatal("cache miss")
-		}
-		if err := m.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if (i+1)%batchSize == 0 {
-			if err := m.Flush(); err != nil {
-				b.Fatal(err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	_ = m.Flush()
-}
-
-// runRxUnifiedWithCache: unified path with a PacketKey-keyed localCache.
-// Each iteration: ParseInbound → conntrack-cache hit → CommitInbound.
-func runRxUnifiedWithCache(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int) {
-	b.Helper()
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, true, true)
-	var parsed RxParsed
-
-	cache := make(firewall.ConntrackCache, len(pkts))
-	for _, pkt := range pkts {
-		var seed RxParsed
-		if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &seed); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		cache[seed.Key] = struct{}{}
-	}
-
-	b.ReportAllocs()
-	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
-	b.ResetTimer()
-	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-		pkt := pkts[i%len(pkts)]
-		if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if _, ok := cache[parsed.Key]; !ok {
-			b.Fatal("cache miss")
-		}
-		if err := m.CommitInbound(pkt, &parsed); err != nil {
-			b.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if (i+1)%batchSize == 0 {
-			if err := m.Flush(); err != nil {
-				b.Fatal(err)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	_ = m.Flush()
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxSplitTCPv4WithCache(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4BulkFlow(tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxSplitWithCache(b, pkts, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxUnifiedTCPv4WithCache(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4BulkFlow(tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxUnifiedWithCache(b, pkts, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxSplitInterleaved4WithCache(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4Interleaved(4, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxSplitWithCache(b, pkts, len(pkts))
-}
-
-func BenchmarkRxUnifiedInterleaved4WithCache(b *testing.B) {
-	pkts := buildTCPv4Interleaved(4, tcpCoalesceMaxSegs, 1200)
-	runRxUnifiedWithCache(b, pkts, len(pkts))
-}

overlay/batch/inbound_test.go

@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-package batch
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
-)
-
-// TestParseInboundParity asserts that ParseInbound + Key.Hydrate produces
-// the same firewall.Packet that the lenient baseline parsers (which
-// mirror outside.go's parseV4/parseV6 with incoming=true) produce for
-// every shape we care about. Catches drift between the unified
-// parse-then-hydrate flow and the production newPacket behavior so
-// swapping one for the other is observably safe.
-func TestParseInboundParity(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		pkt  []byte
-		v6   bool
-	}{
-		{"tcp_v4", buildTCPv4Ports(1234, 443, 1000, tcpAck, []byte("payload")), false},
-		{"tcp_v4_psh", buildTCPv4Ports(1234, 443, 2000, tcpAckPsh, make([]byte, 1200)), false},
-		{"udp_v4", buildUDPv4(40000, 53, []byte("dnsquery")), false},
-		{"icmp_v4", buildICMPv4(), false},
-		{"tcp_v6", buildTCPv6(0, 5000, tcpAck, make([]byte, 800)), true},
-		{"udp_v6", buildUDPv6(40001, 53, []byte("v6dns")), true},
-	}
-
-	for _, tc := range cases {
-		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			var fpUnified, fpBaseline firewall.Packet
-			var parsed RxParsed
-
-			if err := ParsePacket(tc.pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("ParsePacket: %v", err)
-			}
-			parsed.Key.Hydrate(&fpUnified)
-			var ok bool
-			if tc.v6 {
-				ok = parseV6InboundBaseline(tc.pkt, &fpBaseline)
-			} else {
-				ok = parseV4InboundBaseline(tc.pkt, &fpBaseline)
-			}
-			if !ok {
-				t.Fatalf("baseline parse failed")
-			}
-
-			if fpUnified != fpBaseline {
-				t.Errorf("firewall.Packet mismatch:\n  unified:  %+v\n  baseline: %+v", fpUnified, fpBaseline)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// TestParseInboundFlowKey checks that the coalescer hint the unified parser
-// produces matches what parseTCPBase/parseUDP would produce on the same
-// packet — same flowKey, ipHdrLen, payLen, etc. The hint is only valid
-// when Kind is RxKindTCP/RxKindUDP.
-func TestParseInboundFlowKey(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("tcp_v4", func(t *testing.T) {
-		pkt := buildTCPv4Ports(1234, 443, 5000, tcpAck, make([]byte, 800))
-		var parsed RxParsed
-		if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if parsed.Kind != RxKindTCP {
-			t.Fatalf("kind=%v want TCP", parsed.Kind)
-		}
-		ref, ok := parseTCPBase(pkt)
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatal("parseTCPBase failed")
-		}
-		if parsed.tcp != ref {
-			t.Errorf("parsedTCP mismatch:\n  unified: %+v\n  ref:     %+v", parsed.tcp, ref)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("udp_v4", func(t *testing.T) {
-		pkt := buildUDPv4(40000, 53, []byte("dnsquery"))
-		var parsed RxParsed
-		if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if parsed.Kind != RxKindUDP {
-			t.Fatalf("kind=%v want UDP", parsed.Kind)
-		}
-		ref, ok := parseUDP(pkt)
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatal("parseUDP failed")
-		}
-		if parsed.udp != ref {
-			t.Errorf("parsedUDP mismatch:\n  unified: %+v\n  ref:     %+v", parsed.udp, ref)
-		}
-	})
-
-	t.Run("tcp_v6", func(t *testing.T) {
-		pkt := buildTCPv6(0, 9000, tcpAck, make([]byte, 800))
-		var parsed RxParsed
-		if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-			t.Fatal(err)
-		}
-		if parsed.Kind != RxKindTCP {
-			t.Fatalf("kind=%v want TCP", parsed.Kind)
-		}
-		ref, ok := parseTCPBase(pkt)
-		if !ok {
-			t.Fatal("parseTCPBase failed")
-		}
-		if parsed.tcp != ref {
-			t.Errorf("parsedTCP mismatch:\n  unified: %+v\n  ref:     %+v", parsed.tcp, ref)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-// TestParseInboundICMPPassthrough confirms ICMP packets populate the
-// conntrack key (including the ICMP identifier in RemotePort) but stay
-// RxKindPassthrough so the batcher writes them verbatim. After Hydrate
-// the firewall.Packet form should match what the legacy parseV4 produced.
-func TestParseInboundICMPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
-	pkt := buildICMPv4()
-	// Stamp a non-zero identifier into the ICMP header so we can check
-	// RemotePort gets it.
-	pkt[20] = 8 // type=echo
-	pkt[24] = 0xab
-	pkt[25] = 0xcd
-
-	var parsed RxParsed
-	if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if parsed.Kind != RxKindPassthrough {
-		t.Errorf("kind=%v want Passthrough", parsed.Kind)
-	}
-	var fp firewall.Packet
-	parsed.Key.Hydrate(&fp)
-	if fp.Protocol != firewall.ProtoICMP {
-		t.Errorf("Protocol=%d want %d", fp.Protocol, firewall.ProtoICMP)
-	}
-	if fp.RemotePort != 0xabcd {
-		t.Errorf("RemotePort=0x%x want 0xabcd", fp.RemotePort)
-	}
-	if fp.LocalPort != 0 {
-		t.Errorf("LocalPort=%d want 0", fp.LocalPort)
-	}
-	wantRemote := netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1")
-	wantLocal := netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.2")
-	if fp.RemoteAddr != wantRemote || fp.LocalAddr != wantLocal {
-		t.Errorf("addrs: remote=%v local=%v want %v/%v", fp.RemoteAddr, fp.LocalAddr, wantRemote, wantLocal)
-	}
-}
-
-// TestParseInboundV4Fragment confirms a fragmented v4 packet fills the
-// conntrack key with Fragment=true and falls into Passthrough on the
-// coalescer side.
-func TestParseInboundV4Fragment(t *testing.T) {
-	// Build a TCP packet then twiddle the IP flags to make it look like a
-	// non-first fragment (offset != 0).
-	pkt := buildTCPv4Ports(1234, 443, 1000, tcpAck, []byte("payload"))
-	// Set a non-zero fragment offset (bytes 6-7, low 13 bits).
-	pkt[6] = 0x00
-	pkt[7] = 0x10 // offset = 16 (in 8-byte units)
-
-	var parsed RxParsed
-	if err := ParsePacket(pkt, true, &parsed); err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-	if !parsed.Key.Fragment {
-		t.Error("Fragment=false, want true")
-	}
-	if parsed.Kind != RxKindPassthrough {
-		t.Errorf("kind=%v want Passthrough", parsed.Kind)
-	}
-}

overlay/batch/multi_coalesce.go

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ package batch
 
 import (
 	"errors"
-	"io"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )
 
 // MultiCoalescer fans plaintext packets out to lane-specific batchers based
@@ -27,37 +30,38 @@ type MultiCoalescer struct {
 	udp *UDPCoalescer
 	pt  *Passthrough
 
-	// arena shared across all lanes so a single Reserve grows one backing
+	// arena is shared across every lane (constructor hands the same
-	// slice; lane Commit calls borrow into this same arena.
+	// *Arena to TCP, UDP, and Passthrough), so there's exactly one
-	backing []byte
+	// backing slab per MultiCoalescer instance. Each lane's Flush calls
+	// Reset; the resets are idempotent because Multi.Flush drains lanes
+	// sequentially and never Reserves in between, so a later lane's
+	// slots stay readable across an earlier lane's Reset (the underlying
+	// bytes are still alive — Reset only re-slices len to 0).
+	arena *util.Arena
 }
 
 // NewMultiCoalescer builds a multi-lane batcher. tcpEnabled lets the caller
 // opt out of TCP coalescing (e.g. when the queue can't do TSO); udpEnabled
 // likewise gates UDP coalescing (only enable when USO was negotiated).
 // Either lane disabled redirects its traffic into the passthrough lane.
-func NewMultiCoalescer(w io.Writer, tcpEnabled, udpEnabled bool) *MultiCoalescer {
+// arena is the single backing slab shared across every lane; the caller
+// pre-sizes it via NewArena so the hot path never allocates.
+func NewMultiCoalescer(w tio.Queue, l *slog.Logger, arena *util.Arena, tcpEnabled, udpEnabled bool) *MultiCoalescer {
 	m := &MultiCoalescer{
-		pt:      NewPassthrough(w),
+		pt:    NewPassthrough(w, initialSlots, arena),
-		backing: make([]byte, 0, initialSlots*65535),
+		arena: arena,
 	}
 	if tcpEnabled {
-		m.tcp = NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+		m.tcp = NewTCPCoalescer(w, l, arena)
 	}
 	if udpEnabled {
-		m.udp = NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+		m.udp = NewUDPCoalescer(w, arena)
 	}
 	return m
 }
 
 func (m *MultiCoalescer) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	if len(m.backing)+sz > cap(m.backing) {
+	return m.arena.Reserve(sz)
-		newCap := max(cap(m.backing)*2, sz)
-		m.backing = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
-	}
-	start := len(m.backing)
-	m.backing = m.backing[:start+sz]
-	return m.backing[start : start+sz : start+sz]
 }
 
 // Commit dispatches pkt to the appropriate lane based on IP version + L4
@@ -128,6 +132,5 @@ func (m *MultiCoalescer) Flush() error {
 	if err := m.pt.Flush(); err != nil {
 		errs = append(errs, err)
 	}
-	m.backing = m.backing[:0]
 	return errors.Join(errs...)
 }

overlay/batch/multi_coalesce_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ package batch
 
 import (
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )
 
 // TestMultiCoalescerRoutesByProto confirms TCP/UDP/other land in the right
@@ -9,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 // else (ICMP here) falls through to plain Write.
 func TestMultiCoalescerRoutesByProto(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, true, true)
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0), true, true)
 
 	tcpPay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	udpPay := make([]byte, 1200)
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@ func TestMultiCoalescerRoutesByProto(t *testing.T) {
 // the kernel via the passthrough lane rather than being lost.
 func TestMultiCoalescerDisabledUDPFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, true, false) // TSO on, USO off
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0), true, false) // TSO on, USO off
 
 	if err := m.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 800))); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -73,7 +76,7 @@ func TestMultiCoalescerDisabledUDPFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
 // TestMultiCoalescerDisabledTCPFallsThrough mirrors the TSO=off case.
 func TestMultiCoalescerDisabledTCPFallsThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, false, true) // TSO off, USO on
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0), false, true) // TSO off, USO on
 
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := m.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {

overlay/batch/passthrough.go

@@ -3,36 +3,28 @@ package batch
 import (
 	"io"
 
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )
 
 // Passthrough is a RxBatcher that doesn't batch anything, it just accumulates and then sends packets.
 type Passthrough struct {
-	out     io.Writer
+	out   io.Writer
-	slots   [][]byte
+	slots [][]byte
-	backing []byte
+	// arena is injected; see TCPCoalescer.arena for the contract.
-	cursor  int
+	arena  *util.Arena
+	cursor int
 }
 
-func NewPassthrough(w io.Writer) *Passthrough {
+func NewPassthrough(w io.Writer, slots int, arena *util.Arena) *Passthrough {
-	const baseNumSlots = 128
 	return &Passthrough{
-		out:     w,
+		out:   w,
-		slots:   make([][]byte, 0, baseNumSlots),
+		slots: make([][]byte, 0, slots),
-		backing: make([]byte, 0, baseNumSlots*udp.MTU),
+		arena: arena,
 	}
 }
 
 func (p *Passthrough) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	if len(p.backing)+sz > cap(p.backing) {
+	return p.arena.Reserve(sz)
-		// Grow: allocate a fresh backing. Already-committed slices still
-		// reference the old array and remain valid until Flush drops them.
-		newCap := max(cap(p.backing)*2, sz)
-		p.backing = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
-	}
-	start := len(p.backing)
-	p.backing = p.backing[:start+sz]
-	return p.backing[start : start+sz : start+sz] //return zero length, sz-cap slice
 }
 
 func (p *Passthrough) Commit(pkt []byte) error {
@@ -40,13 +32,6 @@ func (p *Passthrough) Commit(pkt []byte) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// CommitInbound ignores the hint — Passthrough never coalesces, so there's
-// no IP/L4 re-parse to skip. Present so Passthrough satisfies the RxBatcher
-// interface alongside MultiCoalescer.
-func (p *Passthrough) CommitInbound(pkt []byte, _ *RxParsed) error {
-	return p.Commit(pkt)
-}
-
 func (p *Passthrough) Flush() error {
 	var firstErr error
 	for _, s := range p.slots {
@@ -57,6 +42,6 @@ func (p *Passthrough) Flush() error {
 	}
 	clear(p.slots)
 	p.slots = p.slots[:0]
-	p.backing = p.backing[:0]
+	p.arena.Reset()
 	return firstErr
 }

overlay/batch/rx_batch.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package batch
+
+type RxBatcher interface {
+	// Reserve creates a pkt to borrow
+	Reserve(sz int) []byte
+	// Commit borrows pkt. The caller must keep pkt valid until the next Flush
+	Commit(pkt []byte) error
+	// Flush emits every queued packet in arrival order. Returns the
+	// first error observed; keeps draining so one bad packet doesn't hold up
+	// the rest. After Flush returns, borrowed payload slices may be recycled.
+	Flush() error
+}

overlay/batch/tcp_coalesce.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package batch
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 // ipProtoTCP is the IANA protocol number for TCP. Hardcoded instead of
@@ -83,18 +86,24 @@ type TCPCoalescer struct {
 	lastSlot *coalesceSlot
 	pool     []*coalesceSlot // free list for reuse
 
-	backing []byte
+	// arena is injected; the coalescer borrows slices from it via Reserve
+	// and tells it to release them via Reset on Flush. When wrapped in
+	// MultiCoalescer the same *Arena is shared with the other lanes so
+	// there's exactly one backing slab per Multi instance.
+	arena *util.Arena
+	l     *slog.Logger
 }
 
-func NewTCPCoalescer(w io.Writer) *TCPCoalescer {
+func NewTCPCoalescer(w tio.Queue, l *slog.Logger, arena *util.Arena) *TCPCoalescer {
 	c := &TCPCoalescer{
 		plainW:    w,
 		slots:     make([]*coalesceSlot, 0, initialSlots),
 		openSlots: make(map[flowKey]*coalesceSlot, initialSlots),
 		pool:      make([]*coalesceSlot, 0, initialSlots),
-		backing:   make([]byte, 0, initialSlots*65535),
+		arena:     arena,
+		l:         l,
 	}
-	if gw, ok := tio.SupportsGSO(w, tio.GSOProtoTCP); ok {
+	if gw, ok := tio.SupportsGSO(w, wire.GSOProtoTCP); ok {
 		c.gsoW = gw
 	}
 	return c
@@ -171,7 +180,7 @@ func (p parsedTCP) coalesceable() bool {
 }
 
 func (c *TCPCoalescer) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	return reserveFromBacking(&c.backing, sz)
+	return c.arena.Reserve(sz)
 }
 
 // Commit borrows pkt. The caller must keep pkt valid until the next Flush,
@@ -271,7 +280,7 @@ func (c *TCPCoalescer) Flush() error {
 	clear(c.openSlots)
 	c.lastSlot = nil
 
-	c.backing = c.backing[:0]
+	c.arena.Reset()
 	return first
 }
 
@@ -412,7 +421,7 @@ func (c *TCPCoalescer) flushSlot(s *coalesceSlot) error {
 	tcsum := s.ipHdrLen + 16
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(hdr[tcsum:tcsum+2], foldOnceNoInvert(psum))
 
-	return c.gsoW.WriteGSO(hdr[:s.ipHdrLen], hdr[s.ipHdrLen:], s.payIovs, tio.GSOProtoTCP)
+	return c.gsoW.WriteGSO(hdr[:s.ipHdrLen], hdr[s.ipHdrLen:], s.payIovs, wire.GSOProtoTCP)
 }
 
 // headersMatch compares two IP+TCP header prefixes for byte-for-byte
@@ -488,22 +497,25 @@ func (c *TCPCoalescer) reorderForFlush() {
 				// the operator can quantify how often it happens; the data
 				// itself still emits in seq order, kernel TCP handles the
 				// gap via its OOO queue.
-				if prev.nextSeq != slotSeedSeq(s) {
+				if c.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-					logged = true
+					if prev.nextSeq != slotSeedSeq(s) {
-					gap := int64(slotSeedSeq(s)) - int64(prev.nextSeq)
+						logged = true
-					slog.Default().Warn("tcp coalesce: cross-slot seq gap",
+						gap := int64(slotSeedSeq(s)) - int64(prev.nextSeq)
-						"src", flowKeyAddr(s.fk, false),
+						c.l.Debug("tcp coalesce: cross-slot seq gap",
-						"dst", flowKeyAddr(s.fk, true),
+							"src", flowKeyAddr(s.fk, false),
-						"sport", s.fk.sport,
+							"dst", flowKeyAddr(s.fk, true),
-						"dport", s.fk.dport,
+							"sport", s.fk.sport,
-						"prev_seed_seq", slotSeedSeq(prev),
+							"dport", s.fk.dport,
-						"prev_next_seq", prev.nextSeq,
+							"prev_seed_seq", slotSeedSeq(prev),
-						"this_seed_seq", slotSeedSeq(s),
+							"prev_next_seq", prev.nextSeq,
-						"gap_bytes", gap,
+							"this_seed_seq", slotSeedSeq(s),
-						"prev_seg_count", prev.numSeg,
+							"gap_bytes", gap,
-						"prev_total_pay", prev.totalPay,
+							"prev_seg_count", prev.numSeg,
-					)
+							"prev_total_pay", prev.totalPay,
+						)
+					}
 				}
+
 				if canMergeSlots(prev, s) {
 					mergeSlots(prev, s)
 					c.release(s)
@@ -514,7 +526,7 @@ func (c *TCPCoalescer) reorderForFlush() {
 		out = append(out, s)
 	}
 	if logged {
-		slog.Default().Warn("==== end of batch ====")
+		c.l.Warn("==== end of batch ====")
 	}
 	c.slots = out
 }

overlay/batch/tcp_coalesce_bench_test.go

@@ -6,14 +6,19 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 // nopTunWriter is a zero-alloc tio.GSOWriter for benchmarks. Discards
 // everything but satisfies the interface the coalescer detects.
 type nopTunWriter struct{}
 
-func (nopTunWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) { return len(p), nil }
+func (nopTunWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error)                    { return len(p), nil }
-func (nopTunWriter) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, _ tio.GSOProto) error {
+func (nopTunWriter) Read(_ []wire.TunPacket, _ []byte) (int, error) { return 0, nil }
+func (nopTunWriter) Close() error                                   { return nil }
+func (nopTunWriter) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, _ wire.GSOProto) error {
 	return nil
 }
 func (nopTunWriter) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
@@ -70,7 +75,7 @@ func buildICMPv4() []byte {
 // between batches, and reports per-packet cost.
 func runCommitBench(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int) {
 	b.Helper()
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(nopTunWriter{})
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
 	b.ResetTimer()
@@ -139,7 +144,7 @@ func BenchmarkCommitNonCoalesceableTCP(b *testing.B) {
 // is the bench that shows the savings of skipping the lane's re-parse.
 func runMultiCommitBench(b *testing.B, pkts [][]byte, batchSize int) {
 	b.Helper()
-	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, true, true)
+	m := NewMultiCoalescer(nopTunWriter{}, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0), true, true)
 	b.ReportAllocs()
 	b.SetBytes(int64(len(pkts[0])))
 	b.ResetTimer()

overlay/batch/tcp_coalesce_test.go

@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 // fakeTunWriter records plain Writes and WriteGSO calls without touching a
@@ -52,7 +55,12 @@ func (w *fakeTunWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }
 
-func (w *fakeTunWriter) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, _ tio.GSOProto) error {
+// Read and Close exist solely to satisfy tio.Queue; coalescer tests never
+// invoke them.
+func (w *fakeTunWriter) Read(_ []wire.TunPacket, _ []byte) (int, error) { return 0, nil }
+func (w *fakeTunWriter) Close() error                                   { return nil }
+
+func (w *fakeTunWriter) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, _ wire.GSOProto) error {
 	hcopy := make([]byte, len(hdr)+len(transportHdr))
 	copy(hcopy, hdr)
 	copy(hcopy[len(hdr):], transportHdr)
@@ -127,7 +135,7 @@ const (
 
 func TestCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: false}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, []byte("hello"))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -146,7 +154,7 @@ func TestCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerNonTCPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pkt := make([]byte, 28)
 	pkt[0] = 0x45
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(pkt[2:4], 28)
@@ -166,7 +174,7 @@ func TestCoalescerNonTCPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, make([]byte, 1000))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -193,7 +201,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerCoalescesAdjacentACKs(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -233,7 +241,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCoalescesAdjacentACKs(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsSeqGap(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -252,7 +260,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsSeqGap(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsFlagMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -273,7 +281,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsFlagMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsFIN(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	fin := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck|tcpFin, []byte("x"))
 	if err := c.Commit(fin); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -289,7 +297,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsFIN(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerShortLastSegmentClosesChain(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	full := make([]byte, 1200)
 	half := make([]byte, 500)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, full)); err != nil {
@@ -324,7 +332,7 @@ func TestCoalescerShortLastSegmentClosesChain(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerPSHFinalizesChain(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -354,7 +362,7 @@ func TestCoalescerPSHFinalizesChain(t *testing.T) {
 // coalescer drops it the sender's push signal never reaches the receiver.
 func TestCoalescerPropagatesPSHFromAppended(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Seed has no PSH; second segment carries PSH and seals the chain.
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -382,7 +390,7 @@ func TestCoalescerPropagatesPSHFromAppended(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsDifferentFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	p1 := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)
 	p2 := buildTCPv4(2200, tcpAck, pay)
@@ -404,7 +412,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsDifferentFlow(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerRejectsIPOptions(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 500)
 	pkt := buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)
 	// Bump IHL to 6 to simulate 4 bytes of IP options. Don't actually add
@@ -424,7 +432,7 @@ func TestCoalescerRejectsIPOptions(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestCoalescerCapBySegments(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 512)
 	seq := uint32(1000)
 	for i := 0; i < tcpCoalesceMaxSegs+5; i++ {
@@ -448,7 +456,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCapBySegments(t *testing.T) {
 // flows coalesce independently in a single Flush.
 func TestCoalescerMultipleFlowsInSameBatch(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 
 	// Flow A: sport 1000. Flow B: sport 3000.
@@ -505,7 +513,7 @@ func TestCoalescerMultipleFlowsInSameBatch(t *testing.T) {
 // writing passthrough packets synchronously.
 func TestCoalescerPreservesArrivalOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &orderedFakeWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	// Sequence: coalesceable TCP, ICMP (passthrough), coalesceable TCP on
 	// a different flow. Expected emit order: gso(X), plain(ICMP), gso(Y).
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
@@ -548,7 +556,12 @@ func (w *orderedFakeWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }
 
-func (w *orderedFakeWriter) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, _ tio.GSOProto) error {
+// Read and Close exist solely to satisfy tio.Queue; order tests never
+// invoke them.
+func (w *orderedFakeWriter) Read(_ []wire.TunPacket, _ []byte) (int, error) { return 0, nil }
+func (w *orderedFakeWriter) Close() error                                   { return nil }
+
+func (w *orderedFakeWriter) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, _ wire.GSOProto) error {
 	w.events = append(w.events, "gso")
 	return nil
 }
@@ -573,7 +586,7 @@ func stringSliceEq(a, b []string) bool {
 // packet (SYN) mid-flow only flushes its own flow, not others.
 func TestCoalescerInterleavedFlowsPreserveOrdering(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 
 	// Flow A two segments.
@@ -678,7 +691,7 @@ func buildTCPv6(tcLow byte, seq uint32, flags byte, payload []byte) []byte {
 // retains ECE on the wire.
 func TestCoalescerCoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	flags := byte(tcpAck | tcpEce)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, flags, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -707,7 +720,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 // in-flow segment seeds a new slot rather than extending the prior burst.
 func TestCoalescerCwrSealsFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -740,7 +753,7 @@ func TestCoalescerCwrSealsFlow(t *testing.T) {
 // a CE-echoing window or none.
 func TestCoalescerEceMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck|tcpEce, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -765,7 +778,7 @@ func TestCoalescerEceMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // CE-marked packet still coalesces, and the merged superpacket carries CE.
 func TestCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4WithToS(ecnECT0, 1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -796,7 +809,7 @@ func TestCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 // headersMatch did not also relax DSCP — different DSCP must still split.
 func TestCoalescerDscpMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Same ECN (Not-ECT), different DSCP (0x10 vs 0x20 in upper 6 bits).
 	tosA := byte(0x10<<2) | ecnNotECT
@@ -819,7 +832,7 @@ func TestCoalescerDscpMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCoalescerCoalescesEceFlow.
 func TestCoalescerIPv6CoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	flags := byte(tcpAck | tcpEce)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv6(0, 1000, flags, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -850,7 +863,7 @@ func TestCoalescerIPv6CoalescesEceFlow(t *testing.T) {
 // seen had the wire never reordered.
 func TestCoalescerSortsReorderedSeedsAndMerges(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Arrival order: seq 1000, 3400, 2200. The 3400 seeds a separate slot
 	// because 3400 != nextSeq=2200, then 2200 fails to extend the 3400 slot
@@ -886,7 +899,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortsReorderedSeedsAndMerges(t *testing.T) {
 // without any cross-flow contamination.
 func TestCoalescerSortAcrossFlowsMergesEachIndependently(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Flow A (sport 1000) seq 100, 1300; flow B (sport 3000) seq 500, 1700.
 	// Arrival: A.1300, B.1700, A.100, B.500 — every flow reordered.
@@ -937,7 +950,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortAcrossFlowsMergesEachIndependently(t *testing.T) {
 // boundary by an arbitrary number of segments.
 func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPSHBoundary(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// Seq 1000 (no PSH) + 2200 (PSH) → seal one slot with PSH set.
 	// Seq 3400 (no PSH) is contiguous to 3400 from seq 2200+1200; without
@@ -965,7 +978,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPSHBoundary(t *testing.T) {
 // is sorted/merged independently.
 func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPassthroughBarrier(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// First two segments seed S1 (then a 3400 reorder seeds S2).
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv4(1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -998,7 +1011,7 @@ func TestCoalescerSortKeepsPassthroughBarrier(t *testing.T) {
 // TestCoalescerMergesCEMark. ECN bits live in TC[1:0] = byte 1 mask 0x30.
 func TestCoalescerIPv6MergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewTCPCoalescer(w, test.NewLogger(), util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	// tcLow is the low 4 bits of TC; ECN occupies the bottom 2 of those.
 	if err := c.Commit(buildTCPv6(ecnECT0, 1000, tcpAck, pay)); err != nil {

overlay/batch/tx_batch.go

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 package batch
 
-import "net/netip"
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+)
 
 const SendBatchCap = 128
 
@@ -11,37 +15,29 @@ type batchWriter interface {
 
 // SendBatch accumulates encrypted UDP packets and flushes them via WriteBatch.
 // One SendBatch is owned by each listenIn goroutine; no locking is needed.
-// The backing arena grows on demand: when there isn't room for the next slot
+// Slot bytes are borrowed from the injected Arena and remain valid until
-// we allocate a fresh backing array. Already-committed slices keep referencing
+// Flush, which Resets the arena.
-// the old array and remain valid until Flush drops them.
 type SendBatch struct {
-	out     batchWriter
+	out   batchWriter
-	bufs    [][]byte
+	bufs  [][]byte
-	dsts    []netip.AddrPort
+	dsts  []netip.AddrPort
-	ecns    []byte
+	ecns  []byte
-	backing []byte
+	arena *util.Arena
 }
 
-func NewSendBatch(out batchWriter, batchCap, slotCap int) *SendBatch {
+// NewSendBatch makes a SendBatch with batchCap slots backed by arena.
+func NewSendBatch(out batchWriter, batchCap int, arena *util.Arena) *SendBatch {
 	return &SendBatch{
-		out:     out,
+		out:   out,
-		bufs:    make([][]byte, 0, batchCap),
+		bufs:  make([][]byte, 0, batchCap),
-		dsts:    make([]netip.AddrPort, 0, batchCap),
+		dsts:  make([]netip.AddrPort, 0, batchCap),
-		ecns:    make([]byte, 0, batchCap),
+		ecns:  make([]byte, 0, batchCap),
-		backing: make([]byte, 0, batchCap*slotCap),
+		arena: arena,
 	}
 }
 
 func (b *SendBatch) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	if len(b.backing)+sz > cap(b.backing) {
+	return b.arena.Reserve(sz)
-		// Grow: allocate a fresh backing. Already-committed slices still
-		// reference the old array and remain valid until Flush drops them.
-		newCap := max(cap(b.backing)*2, sz)
-		b.backing = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
-	}
-	start := len(b.backing)
-	b.backing = b.backing[:start+sz]
-	return b.backing[start : start+sz : start+sz]
 }
 
 func (b *SendBatch) Commit(pkt []byte, dst netip.AddrPort, outerECN byte) {
@@ -59,6 +55,6 @@ func (b *SendBatch) Flush() error {
 	b.bufs = b.bufs[:0]
 	b.dsts = b.dsts[:0]
 	b.ecns = b.ecns[:0]
-	b.backing = b.backing[:0]
+	b.arena.Reset()
 	return err
 }

overlay/batch/tx_batch_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package batch
 import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )
 
 type fakeBatchWriter struct {
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ func (w *fakeBatchWriter) WriteBatch(bufs [][]byte, addrs []netip.AddrPort, ecns
 
 func TestSendBatchReserveCommitFlush(t *testing.T) {
 	fw := &fakeBatchWriter{}
-	b := NewSendBatch(fw, 4, 32)
+	b := NewSendBatch(fw, 4, util.NewArena(32))
 
 	ap := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:4242")
 	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ func TestSendBatchReserveCommitFlush(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestSendBatchSlotsDoNotOverlap(t *testing.T) {
 	fw := &fakeBatchWriter{}
-	b := NewSendBatch(fw, 3, 8)
+	b := NewSendBatch(fw, 3, util.NewArena(8))
 	ap := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:80")
 
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
@@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ func TestSendBatchSlotsDoNotOverlap(t *testing.T) {
 func TestSendBatchGrowPreservesCommitted(t *testing.T) {
 	fw := &fakeBatchWriter{}
 	// Tiny initial backing forces a grow on the second Reserve.
-	b := NewSendBatch(fw, 1, 4)
+	b := NewSendBatch(fw, 1, util.NewArena(4))
 	ap := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:80")
 
 	s1 := b.Reserve(4)

overlay/batch/udp_coalesce.go

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 // ipProtoUDP is the IANA protocol number for UDP.
@@ -66,7 +68,8 @@ type UDPCoalescer struct {
 	openSlots map[flowKey]*udpSlot
 	pool      []*udpSlot
 
-	backing []byte
+	// arena is injected; see TCPCoalescer.arena for the contract.
+	arena *util.Arena
 }
 
 // NewUDPCoalescer wraps w. The caller is responsible for only constructing
@@ -74,15 +77,15 @@ type UDPCoalescer struct {
 // the kernel may reject GSO_UDP_L4 writes. If w does not implement
 // tio.GSOWriter at all (single-packet Queue), the coalescer degrades to
 // plain Writes — same defensive shape as the TCP coalescer.
-func NewUDPCoalescer(w io.Writer) *UDPCoalescer {
+func NewUDPCoalescer(w tio.Queue, arena *util.Arena) *UDPCoalescer {
 	c := &UDPCoalescer{
 		plainW:    w,
 		slots:     make([]*udpSlot, 0, initialSlots),
 		openSlots: make(map[flowKey]*udpSlot, initialSlots),
 		pool:      make([]*udpSlot, 0, initialSlots),
-		backing:   make([]byte, 0, initialSlots*udpCoalesceBufSize),
+		arena:     arena,
 	}
-	if gw, ok := tio.SupportsGSO(w, tio.GSOProtoUDP); ok {
+	if gw, ok := tio.SupportsGSO(w, wire.GSOProtoUDP); ok {
 		c.gsoW = gw
 	}
 	return c
@@ -126,7 +129,7 @@ func parseUDP(pkt []byte) (parsedUDP, bool) {
 }
 
 func (c *UDPCoalescer) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
-	return reserveFromBacking(&c.backing, sz)
+	return c.arena.Reserve(sz)
 }
 
 // Commit borrows pkt. The caller must keep pkt valid until the next Flush.
@@ -183,7 +186,7 @@ func (c *UDPCoalescer) Flush() error {
 	clear(c.slots)
 	c.slots = c.slots[:0]
 	clear(c.openSlots)
-	c.backing = c.backing[:0]
+	c.arena.Reset()
 	return first
 }
 
@@ -312,7 +315,7 @@ func (c *UDPCoalescer) flushSlot(s *udpSlot) error {
 	udpCsumOff := s.ipHdrLen + 6
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(hdr[udpCsumOff:udpCsumOff+2], foldOnceNoInvert(psum))
 
-	return c.gsoW.WriteGSO(hdr[:s.ipHdrLen], hdr[s.ipHdrLen:], s.payIovs, tio.GSOProtoUDP)
+	return c.gsoW.WriteGSO(hdr[:s.ipHdrLen], hdr[s.ipHdrLen:], s.payIovs, wire.GSOProtoUDP)
 }
 
 // udpHeadersMatch compares two IP+UDP header prefixes for byte-equality on

overlay/batch/udp_coalesce_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package batch
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )
 
 // buildUDPv4 builds a minimal IPv4+UDP packet with the given payload and ports.
@@ -60,7 +62,7 @@ func buildUDPv6(sport, dport uint16, payload []byte) []byte {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: false}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 100))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerPassthroughWhenGSOUnavailable(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerNonUDPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	// ICMP packet
 	pkt := make([]byte, 28)
 	pkt[0] = 0x45
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerNonUDPPassthrough(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 800))
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -116,7 +118,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerSeedThenFlushAlone(t *testing.T) {
 
 func TestUDPCoalescerCoalescesEqualSized(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerCoalescesEqualSized(t *testing.T) {
 // Last segment may be shorter, sealing the chain.
 func TestUDPCoalescerShortLastSegmentSeals(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	full := make([]byte, 1200)
 	tail := make([]byte, 600)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, full)); err != nil {
@@ -189,7 +191,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerShortLastSegmentSeals(t *testing.T) {
 // A larger-than-gsoSize packet cannot extend the slot — it reseeds.
 func TestUDPCoalescerLargerThanSeedReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 800))); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
@@ -207,7 +209,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerLargerThanSeedReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // Different 5-tuples must not coalesce.
 func TestUDPCoalescerDifferentFlowsKeepSeparate(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 800)
 	if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
@@ -238,7 +240,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerDifferentFlowsKeepSeparate(t *testing.T) {
 // Caps at udpCoalesceMaxSegs.
 func TestUDPCoalescerCapsAtMaxSegs(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 100)
 	for i := 0; i < udpCoalesceMaxSegs+5; i++ {
 		if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -264,7 +266,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerCapsAtMaxSegs(t *testing.T) {
 // CE marks on appended segments must be merged into the seed's IP TOS.
 func TestUDPCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 800)
 	pkt0 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay) // ECN=00
 	pkt1 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)
@@ -293,7 +295,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerMergesCEMark(t *testing.T) {
 // IPv6 path: same flow, equal-sized → coalesced.
 func TestUDPCoalescerIPv6Coalesces(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 1200)
 	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
 		if err := c.Commit(buildUDPv6(1000, 53, pay)); err != nil {
@@ -329,7 +331,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerIPv6Coalesces(t *testing.T) {
 // DSCP differences must reseed (headers don't match outside ECN).
 func TestUDPCoalescerDSCPMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pay := make([]byte, 800)
 	pkt0 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)
 	pkt1 := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, pay)
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerDSCPMismatchReseeds(t *testing.T) {
 // Fragmented IPv4 must not be coalesced.
 func TestUDPCoalescerFragmentedIPv4PassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 200))
 	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(pkt[6:8], 0x2000) // MF=1
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {
@@ -368,7 +370,7 @@ func TestUDPCoalescerFragmentedIPv4PassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 // IPv4 with options is not admissible (we require IHL=5).
 func TestUDPCoalescerIPv4WithOptionsPassesThrough(t *testing.T) {
 	w := &fakeTunWriter{gsoEnabled: true}
-	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w)
+	c := NewUDPCoalescer(w, util.NewArena(0))
 	pkt := buildUDPv4(1000, 53, make([]byte, 200))
 	pkt[0] = 0x46 // IHL = 6 (24-byte IPv4 header — has options)
 	if err := c.Commit(pkt); err != nil {

overlay/overlaytest/noop.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 // NoopTun is an overlay.Device that silently discards every read and write.
@@ -15,6 +16,10 @@ import (
 // exercise the datapath.
 type NoopTun struct{}
 
+func (NoopTun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}
+
 func (NoopTun) RoutesFor(addr netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
 	return routing.Gateways{}
 }
@@ -31,8 +36,8 @@ func (NoopTun) Name() string {
 	return "noop"
 }
 
-func (NoopTun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (NoopTun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	return nil, nil
+	return 0, nil
 }
 
 func (NoopTun) Write([]byte) (int, error) {

overlay/tio/queueset_gso_linux.go

@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ func (c *offloadQueueSet) wakeForShutdown() error {
 }
 
 func (c *offloadQueueSet) Close() error {
+	if c.shutdownFd < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	errs := []error{}
 
 	// Signal all readers blocked in poll to wake up and exit
@@ -75,5 +79,12 @@ func (c *offloadQueueSet) Close() error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// All Offloads reference shutdownFd in their pollfd arrays, so close it
+	// only after every Offload.Close has returned.
+	if err := unix.Close(c.shutdownFd); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	c.shutdownFd = -1
+
 	return errors.Join(errs...)
 }

overlay/tio/queueset_poll_linux.go

@@ -48,11 +48,15 @@ func (c *pollQueueSet) Add(fd int) error {
 func (c *pollQueueSet) wakeForShutdown() error {
 	var buf [8]byte
 	binary.NativeEndian.PutUint64(buf[:], 1)
-	_, err := unix.Write(int(c.shutdownFd), buf[:])
+	_, err := unix.Write(c.shutdownFd, buf[:])
 	return err
 }
 
 func (c *pollQueueSet) Close() error {
+	if c.shutdownFd < 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	errs := []error{}
 
 	if err := c.wakeForShutdown(); err != nil {
@@ -65,5 +69,12 @@ func (c *pollQueueSet) Close() error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// All Polls reference shutdownFd in their pollfd arrays, so close it
+	// only after every Poll.Close has returned.
+	if err := unix.Close(c.shutdownFd); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, err)
+	}
+	c.shutdownFd = -1
+
 	return errors.Join(errs...)
 }

overlay/tio/segment_bench_test.go

@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@
 
 package tio
 
-import "testing"
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
+)
 
 // fakeBatch stands in for batch.TxBatcher inside the bench — same shape
 // of pointer-capturing closure that sendInsideMessage builds.
@@ -21,27 +25,27 @@ type fakeIface struct {
 }
 
 // BenchmarkSegmentSuperpacketAllocsTSO measures allocation per
-// SegmentSuperpacket call when a closure captures pointer-bearing
+// PerSegment call when a closure captures pointer-bearing receivers — the
-// receivers — the realistic shape of sendInsideMessage's closure.
+// realistic shape of sendInsideMessage's closure.
 func BenchmarkSegmentSuperpacketAllocsTSO(b *testing.B) {
 	const mss = 1400
 	const numSeg = 32
 	pkt := buildTSOv6(mss*numSeg, mss)
-	gso := GSOInfo{
+	gso := wire.GSOInfo{
 		Size:      mss,
 		HdrLen:    60, // 40 (IPv6) + 20 (TCP)
 		CsumStart: 40,
-		Proto:     GSOProtoTCP,
+		Proto:     wire.GSOProtoTCP,
 	}
-	p := Packet{Bytes: pkt, GSO: gso}
+	p := wire.TunPacket{Bytes: pkt, Meta: gso}
 
 	hi := &fakeHostInfo{remoteIndexId: 0xdeadbeef}
 	f := &fakeIface{rebindCount: 7, hi: hi}
 	fb := &fakeBatch{}
 
-	// SegmentSuperpacket consumes pkt destructively; refresh from a master
+	// PerSegment consumes pkt destructively; refresh from a master copy
-	// copy each iter (matches the production pattern where every TUN read
+	// each iter (matches the production pattern where every TUN read hands
-	// hands the segmenter a fresh kernel-supplied buffer).
+	// the segmenter a fresh kernel-supplied buffer).
 	master := append([]byte(nil), pkt...)
 	work := make([]byte, len(pkt))
 	p.Bytes = work
@@ -50,7 +54,7 @@ func BenchmarkSegmentSuperpacketAllocsTSO(b *testing.B) {
 	b.ResetTimer()
 	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 		copy(work, master)
-		err := SegmentSuperpacket(p, func(seg []byte) error {
+		err := p.PerSegment(func(seg []byte) error {
 			out := fb.Reserve(16 + len(seg) + 16)
 			out[0] = byte(f.rebindCount)
 			out[1] = byte(hi.counter)
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@ func BenchmarkSegmentSuperpacketAllocsTSO(b *testing.B) {
 			return nil
 		})
 		if err != nil {
-			b.Fatalf("SegmentSuperpacket: %v", err)
+			b.Fatalf("PerSegment: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 }

overlay/tio/segment_other.go

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-//go:build !linux || android || e2e_testing
-
-package tio
-
-import "fmt"
-
-func protoFromGSOType(_ uint8) (GSOProto, error) {
-	return 0, fmt.Errorf("GSO unsupported")
-}
-
-// SegmentSuperpacket invokes fn once per segment of pkt. On non-Linux
-// builds (and Android/e2e_testing) this package does not provide a Queue
-// implementation, so any caller that does construct a Packet here can only
-// be operating on non-superpacket bytes and the stub forwards them
-// directly. A non-zero GSO field is a programming error from the caller
-// and returns an explicit error rather than silently misbehaving.
-func SegmentSuperpacket(pkt Packet, fn func(seg []byte) error) error {
-	if pkt.GSO.IsSuperpacket() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("tio: GSO superpacket on platform without segmentation support")
-	}
-	return fn(pkt.Bytes)
-}

overlay/tio/tio.go

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ package tio
 
 import (
 	"io"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 // QueueSet holds one or many Queue objects and helps close them in an orderly way.
@@ -13,10 +15,8 @@ type QueueSet interface {
 	Add(fd int) error
 }
 
-// Capabilities advertises which kernel offload features a Queue
+// Capabilities advertises which kernel offload features a Queue successfully negotiated.
-// successfully negotiated. Callers consult this to decide which coalescers
+// Callers consult this to decide which coalescers to wire onto the write path.
-// to wire onto the write path — a Queue without TSO can't usefully accept a
-// TCPCoalescer, and a Queue without USO can't accept a UDPCoalescer.
 type Capabilities struct {
 	// TSO means the FD was opened with IFF_VNET_HDR and the kernel agreed
 	// to TUN_F_TSO4|TSO6 — i.e. WriteGSO with GSOProtoTCP is safe.
@@ -31,96 +31,21 @@ type Capabilities struct {
 type Queue interface {
 	io.Closer
 
-	// Read returns one or more packets. The returned Packet.Bytes slices
+	// Read will read at least 1 packet from the tun (up to len(p)).
-	// are borrowed from the Queue's internal buffer and are only valid
+	// mem will be used to provide the backing for each of p[n].Bytes.
-	// until the next Read or Close on this Queue - callers must encrypt
+	// Callers should size mem and p to avoid exhausting mem before p.
-	// or copy each slice before the next call. A Packet may carry a
+	// Returns the number of packets actually read, or error.
-	// GSO/USO superpacket (see GSOInfo); when GSO.IsSuperpacket() is
+	Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error)
-	// true the caller must segment Bytes before treating it as a single
-	// IP datagram. Not safe for concurrent Reads.
-	Read() ([]Packet, error)
 
 	// Write emits a single packet on the plaintext (outside→inside)
-	// delivery path. Not safe for concurrent Writes.
+	// delivery path.
 	Write(p []byte) (int, error)
-}
 
-// Packet is the unit Queue.Read returns. Bytes points into the queue's
+	// Capabilities returns the Queue's negotiated offload capabilities,
-// internal buffer and is only valid until the next Read or Close on the
+	// or the zero value when q does not advertise any.
-// queue that produced it. GSO is the zero value for an already-segmented
-// IP datagram; when non-zero it describes a kernel-supplied TSO/USO
-// superpacket the caller must segment before consuming.
-type Packet struct {
-	Bytes []byte
-	GSO   GSOInfo
-}
-
-// GSOInfo describes a kernel-supplied superpacket sitting in Packet.Bytes.
-// The zero value means "not a superpacket" — Bytes is one regular IP
-// datagram and no segmentation is required.
-type GSOInfo struct {
-	// Size is the GSO segment size: max payload bytes per segment
-	// (== TCP MSS for TSO, == UDP payload chunk for USO). Zero means
-	// not a superpacket.
-	Size uint16
-	// HdrLen is the total L3+L4 header length within Bytes (already
-	// corrected via correctHdrLen, so safe to slice on).
-	HdrLen uint16
-	// CsumStart is the L4 header offset inside Bytes (== L3 header
-	// length).
-	CsumStart uint16
-	// Proto picks the L4 protocol (TCP or UDP) so the segmenter knows
-	// which checksum/header layout to apply.
-	Proto GSOProto
-}
-
-// IsSuperpacket reports whether g describes a multi-segment GSO/USO
-// superpacket that needs segmentation before its bytes can be encrypted
-// and sent on the wire.
-func (g GSOInfo) IsSuperpacket() bool { return g.Size > 0 }
-
-// Clone returns a Packet whose Bytes is a freshly allocated copy of p.Bytes,
-// safe to retain past the next Read or Close on the originating Queue.
-// GSO metadata is copied verbatim. Use this only when a caller genuinely
-// needs to outlive the borrowed-slice contract — the hot path reads should
-// continue to consume the borrow synchronously to avoid the allocation.
-func (p Packet) Clone() Packet {
-	if p.Bytes == nil {
-		return p
-	}
-	cp := make([]byte, len(p.Bytes))
-	copy(cp, p.Bytes)
-	return Packet{Bytes: cp, GSO: p.GSO}
-}
-
-// CapsProvider is an optional interface implemented by Queues that
-// successfully negotiated kernel offload features at open time. Callers
-// pick a write-path coalescer based on the result. Queues that don't
-// implement it are treated as having no offload capability — callers must
-// fall back to plain per-packet writes.
-type CapsProvider interface {
 	Capabilities() Capabilities
 }
 
-// QueueCapabilities returns q's negotiated offload capabilities, or the
-// zero value when q does not advertise any.
-func QueueCapabilities(q Queue) Capabilities {
-	if cp, ok := q.(CapsProvider); ok {
-		return cp.Capabilities()
-	}
-	return Capabilities{}
-}
-
-// GSOProto selects the L4 protocol for a GSO superpacket. Determines which
-// VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_* type the writer stamps and which checksum offset
-// inside the transport header virtio NEEDS_CSUM expects.
-type GSOProto uint8
-
-const (
-	GSOProtoTCP GSOProto = iota
-	GSOProtoUDP
-)
-
 // GSOWriter is implemented by Queues that can emit a TCP or UDP superpacket
 // assembled from a header prefix plus one or more borrowed payload
 // fragments, in a single vectored write (writev with a leading
@@ -138,33 +63,28 @@ const (
 // in pays except possibly the last is exactly the same size. proto picks
 // the L4 protocol so the writer knows which GSOType / CsumOffset to set.
 //
-// Callers should also consult CapsProvider (via SupportsGSO or
+// Callers should also consult Queue.Capabilities (via SupportsGSO) for
-// QueueCapabilities) for the per-protocol negotiated capability; an
+// the per-protocol negotiated capability; an implementation of GSOWriter
-// implementation of GSOWriter is necessary but not sufficient since USO
+// is necessary but not sufficient since USO may not have been negotiated
-// may not have been negotiated even when TSO was.
+// even when TSO was.
 type GSOWriter interface {
-	WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, proto GSOProto) error
+	WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, proto wire.GSOProto) error
 }
 
 // SupportsGSO reports whether w implements GSOWriter and the underlying
-// queue advertises the negotiated capability for `want`. A writer that
+// queue advertises the negotiated capability for `want` via Capabilities.
-// implements GSOWriter but not CapsProvider is treated as permissive
+func SupportsGSO(w Queue, want wire.GSOProto) (GSOWriter, bool) {
-// (used by tests and fakes that don't negotiate).
-func SupportsGSO(w any, want GSOProto) (GSOWriter, bool) {
 	gw, ok := w.(GSOWriter)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, false
 	}
-	cp, ok := w.(CapsProvider)
+	caps := w.Capabilities()
-	if !ok {
-		return gw, true
-	}
-	caps := cp.Capabilities()
 	switch want {
-	case GSOProtoTCP:
+	case wire.GSOProtoTCP:
 		return gw, caps.TSO
-	case GSOProtoUDP:
+	case wire.GSOProtoUDP:
 		return gw, caps.USO
+	default:
+		return gw, false
 	}
-	return gw, false
 }

overlay/tio/tio_gso_linux.go

@@ -10,31 +10,20 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
 
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio/virtio"
 )
 
-// tunRxBufSize is the per-Read worst-case footprint inside rxBuf: one
+// tunRxBufSize is the per-Read worst-case footprint for one kernel-supplied
-// kernel-supplied packet body, which is at most ~64 KiB (tunReadBufSize).
+// packet body, which is at most ~64 KiB (tunReadBufSize). Segmentation
-// Segmentation happens at encrypt time on a per-routine MTU-sized scratch
+// happens at encrypt time via wire.TunPacket.PerSegment on a per-routine
-// (see SegmentSuperpacket), so rxBuf only holds raw kernel-supplied bytes.
+// MTU-sized scratch, so the caller-supplied read buffer only holds raw
-// We round up to give comfortable margin for the drain headroom check
+// kernel-supplied bytes. Used by Read's drain loop to gate further reads
-// below.
+// on whether the remaining buffer can still hold one worst-case packet.
 const tunRxBufSize = 64 * 1024
 
-// tunRxBufCap is the total size we allocate for the per-reader rx
-// buffer. With reads landing directly in rxBuf, each drain iteration
-// consumes up to tunRxBufSize of headroom for the kernel-supplied bytes.
-// Sized to two such iterations so the initial blocking read plus one
-// drain read both fit without partial-drop.
-const tunRxBufCap = tunRxBufSize * 2
-
-// tunDrainCap caps how many packets a single Read will accumulate via
-// the post-wake drain loop. Sized to soak up a burst of small ACKs while
-// bounding how much work a single caller holds before handing off.
-const tunDrainCap = 64
-
 // gsoMaxIovs caps the iovec budget WriteGSO assembles per call: 3 fixed
 // entries (virtio_net_hdr, IP hdr, transport hdr) plus up to gsoMaxIovs-3
 // payload fragments. Sized comfortably above the typical kernel GSO
@@ -49,7 +38,7 @@ const gsoMaxIovs = 256
 // CHECKSUM_UNNECESSARY so the receiving network stack skips L4 checksum
 // verification. All packets that reach the plain Write paths already carry
 // a valid L4 checksum (either supplied by a remote peer whose ciphertext we
-// AEAD-authenticated, produced by segmentTCPYield/segmentUDPYield during
+// AEAD-authenticated, produced by virtio.SegmentTCP/SegmentUDP during
 // superpacket segmentation, or built locally by CreateRejectPacket), so
 // trusting them is safe.
 var validVnetHdr = [virtio.Size]byte{unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_F_DATA_VALID}
@@ -67,18 +56,15 @@ type Offload struct {
 	// events.
 	writeLock sync.Mutex
 	closed    atomic.Bool
-	rxBuf     []byte   // backing store for kernel-handed packets read this drain
-	rxOff     int      // cursor into rxBuf for the current Read drain
-	pending   []Packet // packets returned from the most recent Read
 
 	// readVnetScratch holds the 10-byte virtio_net_hdr split off the front of
 	// every TUN read via readv(2). Decoupling the header from the packet body
-	// lets us read the body directly into rxBuf at the current rxOff with
+	// lets us read the body directly into the caller-supplied mem at the
-	// no userspace copy on the GSO_NONE fast path.
+	// current rxOff with no userspace copy on the GSO_NONE fast path.
 	readVnetScratch [virtio.Size]byte
 	// readIovs is the readv(2) iovec scratch wired once at construction —
 	// iovec[0] points at readVnetScratch; iovec[1].Base/Len is updated per
-	// read to address the current rxBuf slot.
+	// read to address the caller-supplied mem slot.
 	readIovs [2]unix.Iovec
 
 	// usoEnabled records whether the kernel agreed to TUN_F_USO* on this FD,
@@ -115,16 +101,15 @@ func newOffload(fd int, shutdownFd int, usoEnabled bool) (*Offload, error) {
 			{Fd: int32(shutdownFd), Events: unix.POLLIN},
 		},
 		writeLock: sync.Mutex{},
-
+		gsoIovs:   make([]unix.Iovec, 2, gsoMaxIovs),
-		rxBuf:   make([]byte, tunRxBufCap),
-		gsoIovs: make([]unix.Iovec, 2, gsoMaxIovs),
 	}
 
 	out.gsoIovs[0].Base = &out.gsoHdrBuf[0]
 	out.gsoIovs[0].SetLen(virtio.Size)
 
 	// readIovs[0] is wired once to the virtio_net_hdr scratch; per-read we
-	// only repoint readIovs[1] at the next rxBuf slot (see readPacket).
+	// only repoint readIovs[1] at the next caller-supplied mem slot
+	// (see readPacket).
 	out.readIovs[0].Base = &out.readVnetScratch[0]
 	out.readIovs[0].SetLen(virtio.Size)
 
@@ -186,20 +171,19 @@ func (r *Offload) blockOnWrite() error {
 }
 
 // readPacket issues a single readv(2) splitting the virtio_net_hdr off
-// into readVnetScratch and reading the packet body directly into rxBuf at
+// into readVnetScratch and reading the packet body directly into mem.
-// the current rxOff. Returns the body length (zero virtio header bytes,
+// Returns the body length (zero virtio header bytes, just the IP
-// just the IP packet/superpacket). block controls whether EAGAIN is
+// packet/superpacket). block controls whether EAGAIN is retried via poll:
-// retried via poll: the initial read of a drain blocks; subsequent drain
+// the initial read of a drain blocks; subsequent drain reads do not.
-// reads do not.
 //
-// The body iovec capacity is always tunReadBufSize; callers (the Read
+// The body iovec capacity is always tunReadBufSize; the Read drain loop
-// drain loop) gate entry on tunRxBufCap-rxOff >= tunRxBufSize, sized to
+// gates entry on len(mem)-rxOff >= tunRxBufSize, sized to hold one
-// hold one worst-case kernel-supplied packet body. Without that gate the
+// worst-case kernel-supplied packet body. Without that gate the body
-// body iovec could be smaller than the next inbound packet and the
+// iovec could be smaller than the next inbound packet and the kernel
-// kernel would truncate.
+// would truncate.
-func (r *Offload) readPacket(block bool) (int, error) {
+func (r *Offload) readPacket(mem []byte, block bool) (int, error) {
 	for {
-		r.readIovs[1].Base = &r.rxBuf[r.rxOff]
+		r.readIovs[1].Base = &mem[0]
 		r.readIovs[1].SetLen(tunReadBufSize)
 		n, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(unix.SYS_READV, uintptr(r.fd), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&r.readIovs[0])), uintptr(len(r.readIovs)))
 		if errno == 0 {
@@ -227,39 +211,43 @@ func (r *Offload) readPacket(block bool) (int, error) {
 	}
 }
 
-// Read returns one or more packets from the tun. Each Packet either
+// Read returns one or more packets from the tun. Each wire.TunPacket
-// carries a single ready-to-use IP datagram (GSO zero) or a TSO/USO
+// either carries a single ready-to-use IP datagram (GSO zero) or a TSO/USO
-// superpacket plus the GSOInfo a caller needs to segment it (see
+// superpacket plus the wire.GSOInfo a caller needs to segment it (see
-// SegmentSuperpacket). The first read blocks via poll; once the fd is
+// wire.TunPacket.PerSegment). The first read blocks via poll; once the fd
-// known readable we drain additional packets non-blocking until the
+// is known readable we drain additional packets non-blocking until the
-// kernel queue is empty (EAGAIN), we've collected tunDrainCap packets,
+// kernel queue is empty (EAGAIN), p is full, or mem no longer has room
-// or we're out of rxBuf headroom. This amortizes the poll wake over
+// for another worst-case packet (tunRxBufSize). This amortizes the poll
-// bursts of small packets (e.g. TCP ACKs). Packet.Bytes slices point
+// wake over bursts of small packets (e.g. TCP ACKs). The Bytes slices on
-// into the Offload's internal buffer and are only valid until the next
+// returned packets point into the caller-supplied mem and are only valid
-// Read or Close on this Queue.
+// until the next Read or Close on this Queue.
-func (r *Offload) Read() ([]Packet, error) {
+func (r *Offload) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	r.pending = r.pending[:0]
+	maxP := len(p)
-	r.rxOff = 0
+	maxM := len(mem)
+	p = p[:0]
+	rxOff := 0
 
 	// Initial (blocking) read. Retry on decode errors so a single bad
 	// packet does not stall the reader.
 	for {
-		n, err := r.readPacket(true)
+		n, err := r.readPacket(mem, true)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return 0, err
 		}
-		if err := r.decodeRead(n); err != nil {
+		if p, err = r.decodeRead(p, mem, n); err != nil {
 			// Drop and read again — a bad packet should not kill the reader.
 			continue
 		}
+
+		rxOff += n
 		break
 	}
 
-	// Drain: non-blocking reads until the kernel queue is empty, the drain
+	// Drain: non-blocking reads until the kernel queue is empty, p is full,
-	// cap is reached, or rxBuf no longer has room for another worst-case
+	// or mem no longer has room for another worst-case kernel-supplied
-	// kernel-supplied packet (tunRxBufSize).
+	// packet (tunRxBufSize).
-	for len(r.pending) < tunDrainCap && tunRxBufCap-r.rxOff >= tunRxBufSize {
+	for len(p) < maxP && maxM-rxOff >= tunRxBufSize {
-		n, err := r.readPacket(false)
+		n, err := r.readPacket(mem[rxOff:], false)
 		if err != nil {
 			// EAGAIN / EINTR / anything else: stop draining. We already
 			// have a valid batch from the first read.
@@ -268,68 +256,66 @@ func (r *Offload) Read() ([]Packet, error) {
 		if n <= 0 {
 			break
 		}
-		if err := r.decodeRead(n); err != nil {
+		if p, err = r.decodeRead(p, mem[rxOff:], n); err != nil {
 			// Drop this packet and stop the drain; we'd rather hand off
 			// what we have than keep spinning here.
 			break
 		}
+		rxOff += n
 	}
 
-	return r.pending, nil
+	return len(p), nil
 }
 
-// decodeRead processes the packet sitting in rxBuf at rxOff (length
+// decodeRead processes the packet sitting at mem[:pktLen]. The bytes stay
-// pktLen). The bytes stay in rxBuf — for GSO_NONE we slice them as a
+// in mem — for GSO_NONE we slice them as a regular IP datagram (running
-// regular IP datagram (running finishChecksum if NEEDS_CSUM is set);
+// finishChecksum if NEEDS_CSUM is set); for TSO/USO superpackets we attach
-// for TSO/USO superpackets we attach the corrected GSO metadata so the
+// the corrected GSO metadata so the caller can segment lazily at encrypt
-// caller can segment lazily at encrypt time. rxOff advances past the
+// time. The caller advances its own rxOff past the kernel-supplied body
-// kernel-supplied body and nothing else, since segmentation no longer
+// and nothing else, since segmentation no longer writes back into mem.
-// writes back into rxBuf.
+func (r *Offload) decodeRead(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte, pktLen int) ([]wire.TunPacket, error) {
-func (r *Offload) decodeRead(pktLen int) error {
 	if pktLen <= 0 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("short tun read: %d", pktLen)
+		return p, fmt.Errorf("short tun read: %d", pktLen)
 	}
 	var hdr virtio.Hdr
 	hdr.Decode(r.readVnetScratch[:])
 
-	body := r.rxBuf[r.rxOff : r.rxOff+pktLen]
+	body := mem[:pktLen]
 
 	if hdr.GSOType == unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_NONE {
 		if hdr.Flags&unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_F_NEEDS_CSUM != 0 {
 			if err := virtio.FinishChecksum(body, hdr); err != nil {
-				return err
+				return p, err
 			}
 		}
-		r.pending = append(r.pending, Packet{Bytes: body})
+		p = append(p, wire.TunPacket{Bytes: body})
-		r.rxOff += pktLen
+		return p, nil
-		return nil
 	}
 
 	// GSO superpacket: validate, fix the kernel-supplied HdrLen on the
 	// FORWARD path (CorrectHdrLen), pick the L4 protocol, and attach
-	// the metadata. The bytes stay in rxBuf untouched, segmentation
+	// the metadata. The bytes stay in mem untouched; segmentation
-	// happens in SegmentSuperpacket at encrypt time.
+	// happens in wire.TunPacket.PerSegment at encrypt time.
 	if err := virtio.CheckValid(body, hdr); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return p, err
 	}
 	if err := virtio.CorrectHdrLen(body, &hdr); err != nil {
-		return err
+		return p, err
 	}
 	proto, err := protoFromGSOType(hdr.GSOType)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return p, err
 	}
-	r.pending = append(r.pending, Packet{
+	p = append(p, wire.TunPacket{
 		Bytes: body,
-		GSO: GSOInfo{
+		Meta: wire.GSOInfo{
 			Size:      hdr.GSOSize,
 			HdrLen:    hdr.HdrLen,
 			CsumStart: hdr.CsumStart,
 			Proto:     proto,
 		},
 	})
-	r.rxOff += pktLen
+	return p, nil
-	return nil
 }
 
 func (r *Offload) Write(buf []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -384,7 +370,7 @@ func (r *Offload) Capabilities() Capabilities {
 	return Capabilities{TSO: true, USO: r.usoEnabled}
 }
 
-func (r *Offload) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, proto GSOProto) error {
+func (r *Offload) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, proto wire.GSOProto) error {
 	if len(hdr) == 0 || len(pays) == 0 || len(transportHdr) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -392,7 +378,7 @@ func (r *Offload) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, proto
 	// seq/ack/dataoff/flags/window), UDP=6 (after sport/dport/length).
 	var csumOff uint16
 	switch proto {
-	case GSOProtoUDP:
+	case wire.GSOProtoUDP:
 		csumOff = 6
 	default:
 		csumOff = 16
@@ -407,7 +393,7 @@ func (r *Offload) WriteGSO(hdr []byte, transportHdr []byte, pays [][]byte, proto
 	if len(pays) > 1 {
 		ipVer := hdr[0] >> 4
 		switch {
-		case proto == GSOProtoUDP && (ipVer == 4 || ipVer == 6):
+		case proto == wire.GSOProtoUDP && (ipVer == 4 || ipVer == 6):
 			vhdr.GSOType = unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_UDP_L4
 		case ipVer == 6:
 			vhdr.GSOType = unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_TCPV6

overlay/tio/tio_poll_linux.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
@@ -19,9 +20,6 @@ type Poll struct {
 	readPoll  [2]unix.PollFd
 	writePoll [2]unix.PollFd
 	closed    atomic.Bool
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]Packet
 }
 
 func newPoll(fd int, shutdownFd int) (*Poll, error) {
@@ -31,8 +29,7 @@ func newPoll(fd int, shutdownFd int) (*Poll, error) {
 	}
 
 	out := &Poll{
-		fd:      fd,
+		fd: fd,
-		readBuf: make([]byte, tunReadBufSize),
 		readPoll: [2]unix.PollFd{
 			{Fd: int32(fd), Events: unix.POLLIN},
 			{Fd: int32(shutdownFd), Events: unix.POLLIN},
@@ -97,13 +94,17 @@ func (t *Poll) blockOnWrite() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *Poll) Read() ([]Packet, error) {
+func (t *Poll) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := t.readOne(t.readBuf)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
-	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = wire.GSOInfo{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.readOne(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func (t *Poll) readOne(to []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -162,3 +163,7 @@ func (t *Poll) Close() error {
 
 	return err
 }
+
+func (t *Poll) Capabilities() Capabilities {
+	return Capabilities{}
+}

overlay/tio/tun_file_linux_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
@@ -27,16 +28,13 @@ func newReadPipe(t *testing.T) int {
 }
 
 func TestPoll_WakeForShutdown_WakesFriends(t *testing.T) {
-	pipe1 := newReadPipe(t)
-	pipe2 := newReadPipe(t)
 	parent, err := NewPollQueueSet()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, parent.Add(pipe1))
+	require.NoError(t, parent.Add(newReadPipe(t)))
-	require.NoError(t, parent.Add(pipe2))
+	require.NoError(t, parent.Add(newReadPipe(t)))
-	t.Cleanup(func() {
+	// QueueSet.Close owns the read fds we Added — don't register a separate
-		_ = unix.Close(pipe1)
+	// Cleanup to close them or we'll double-close whatever fd the kernel
-		_ = unix.Close(pipe2)
+	// has since reused.
-	})
 
 	readers := parent.Queues()
 	errs := make([]error, len(readers))
@@ -45,7 +43,8 @@ func TestPoll_WakeForShutdown_WakesFriends(t *testing.T) {
 		wg.Add(1)
 		go func(i int, r Queue) {
 			defer wg.Done()
-			_, errs[i] = r.Read()
+			pkts := make([]wire.TunPacket, 1)
+			_, errs[i] = r.Read(pkts, make([]byte, 64))
 		}(i, r)
 	}
 
@@ -71,7 +70,11 @@ func TestPoll_WakeForShutdown_WakesFriends(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestPoll_Close_Idempotent(t *testing.T) {
-	tf, err := newPoll(newReadPipe(t), 1)
+	shutdownFd, err := unix.Eventfd(0, unix.EFD_NONBLOCK|unix.EFD_CLOEXEC)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() { _ = unix.Close(shutdownFd) })
+
+	tf, err := newPoll(newReadPipe(t), shutdownFd)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	if err := tf.Close(); err != nil {
 		t.Fatalf("first Close: %v", err)
@@ -80,3 +83,24 @@ func TestPoll_Close_Idempotent(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("second Close should be a no-op, got %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestPollQueueSet_Close_ClosesEventfd(t *testing.T) {
+	qs, err := NewPollQueueSet()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, qs.Add(newReadPipe(t)))
+
+	fd := qs.(*pollQueueSet).shutdownFd
+	require.NoError(t, qs.Close())
+
+	// Closing the eventfd again should fail with EBADF, proving Close
+	// actually released it.
+	if err := unix.Close(fd); err == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("eventfd %d still open after QueueSet.Close", fd)
+	}
+
+	// Second Close must be a no-op (and must not double-close the eventfd
+	// in case the kernel handed it out to another caller in the meantime).
+	if err := qs.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("second Close: %v", err)
+	}
+}

overlay/tio/tun_linux_offload.go

@@ -6,46 +6,20 @@ package tio
 import (
 	"fmt"
 
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio/virtio"
 )
 
 // protoFromGSOType maps a virtio_net_hdr GSOType to the GSOProto value the
 // segment-time helpers use. Returns an error for GSO_NONE or any unknown
 // value — the caller should only invoke this on a confirmed superpacket.
-func protoFromGSOType(t uint8) (GSOProto, error) {
+func protoFromGSOType(t uint8) (wire.GSOProto, error) {
 	switch t {
 	case unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_TCPV4, unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_TCPV6:
-		return GSOProtoTCP, nil
+		return wire.GSOProtoTCP, nil
 	case unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_UDP_L4:
-		return GSOProtoUDP, nil
+		return wire.GSOProtoUDP, nil
 	default:
 		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unsupported virtio gso type: %d", t)
 	}
 }
-
-// SegmentSuperpacket invokes fn once per segment of pkt. For non-GSO pkts
-// fn is called once with pkt.Bytes (no segmentation, no copy). For GSO/USO
-// superpackets fn is called once per segment with a slice of pkt.Bytes
-// holding that segment's plaintext (a freshly-patched L3+L4 header sliced
-// in front of the original payload chunk). The slide is destructive: pkt is
-// consumed by this call and its bytes are in an undefined state when
-// SegmentSuperpacket returns. Callers must not retain pkt or any earlier
-// seg slice past fn's return for that segment. The scratch parameter is
-// unused on the destructive path and kept only for cross-platform
-// signature compatibility. Aborts and returns the first error from fn or
-// from per-segment construction.
-func SegmentSuperpacket(pkt Packet, fn func(seg []byte) error) error {
-	if !pkt.GSO.IsSuperpacket() {
-		return fn(pkt.Bytes)
-	}
-	switch pkt.GSO.Proto {
-	case GSOProtoTCP:
-		return virtio.SegmentTCP(pkt.Bytes, pkt.GSO.HdrLen, pkt.GSO.CsumStart, pkt.GSO.Size, fn)
-	case GSOProtoUDP:
-		return virtio.SegmentUDP(pkt.Bytes, pkt.GSO.HdrLen, pkt.GSO.CsumStart, pkt.GSO.Size, fn)
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported gso proto: %d", pkt.GSO.Proto)
-	}
-}

overlay/tio/tun_linux_offload_test.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/checksum"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio/virtio"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 // testSegScratchSize is a generous segmentation scratch sized to fit any
@@ -26,12 +27,11 @@ func verifyChecksum(b []byte, pseudo uint16) bool {
 }
 
 // segmentForTest is the test-only counterpart to the production
-// SegmentSuperpacket path. It handles GSO_NONE (with optional
+// wire.TunPacket.PerSegment path. It handles GSO_NONE (with optional
 // finishChecksum) inline and dispatches GSO superpackets through
-// SegmentSuperpacket, draining each yielded segment into a
+// PerSegment, draining each yielded segment into a freshly-copied [][]byte
-// freshly-copied [][]byte slot so callers can iterate after the call
+// slot so callers can iterate after the call returns. Tests pre-set
-// returns. Tests pre-set hdr.HdrLen correctly, so correctHdrLen is not
+// hdr.HdrLen correctly, so correctHdrLen is not invoked here.
-// invoked here.
 func segmentForTest(pkt []byte, hdr virtio.Hdr, out *[][]byte, scratch []byte) error {
 	if hdr.GSOType == unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_NONE {
 		cp := append([]byte(nil), pkt...)
@@ -47,13 +47,16 @@ func segmentForTest(pkt []byte, hdr virtio.Hdr, out *[][]byte, scratch []byte) e
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	gso := GSOInfo{
+	p := wire.TunPacket{
-		Size:      hdr.GSOSize,
+		Bytes: pkt,
-		HdrLen:    hdr.HdrLen,
+		Meta: wire.GSOInfo{
-		CsumStart: hdr.CsumStart,
+			Size:      hdr.GSOSize,
-		Proto:     proto,
+			HdrLen:    hdr.HdrLen,
+			CsumStart: hdr.CsumStart,
+			Proto:     proto,
+		},
 	}
-	return SegmentSuperpacket(Packet{Bytes: pkt, GSO: gso}, func(seg []byte) error {
+	return p.PerSegment(func(seg []byte) error {
 		*out = append(*out, append([]byte(nil), seg...))
 		return nil
 	})
@@ -592,8 +595,8 @@ func BenchmarkSegmentTCPv4(b *testing.B) {
 			scratch := make([]byte, testSegScratchSize)
 			out := make([][]byte, 0, 64)
 
-			// SegmentSuperpacket consumes its input destructively; restore
+			// PerSegment consumes its input destructively; restore pkt from
-			// pkt from a master copy each iteration. The restore mirrors the
+			// a master copy each iteration. The restore mirrors the
 			// kernel→userspace copy that hands a fresh GSO blob to the
 			// segmenter in production, so it's representative cost rather
 			// than bench overhead.
@@ -673,24 +676,21 @@ func buildTSOv6(payLen, gso int) []byte {
 	return pkt
 }
 
-// TestDecodeReadFitsMaxTSOAtDrainThreshold proves the rxBuf sizing is
+// TestDecodeReadFitsMaxTSO proves decodeRead can absorb a worst-case
-// correct: when rxOff is at the maximum value the drain headroom check
+// 64KiB TSO superpacket without dropping it. With segmentation deferred to
-// allows, decodeRead must still be able to absorb a worst-case 64KiB
+// encrypt time, decodeRead writes nothing — it just slices the
-// TSO superpacket without dropping the burst. With segmentation deferred
+// caller-supplied mem and attaches GSO metadata — so the size requirement
-// to encrypt time, decodeRead writes only the kernel-supplied bytes into
+// is just "fit one worst-case input."
-// rxBuf, so the size requirement is just "fit one worst-case input."
 //
 // Regression history: in a prior layout the rx buffer doubled as the
 // segmentation output, a near-threshold drain read returned "scratch too
 // small", the whole 45-segment TSO burst was dropped, and the remote's TCP
-// fast-retransmit collapsed cwnd. Keeping this test in the new layout
+// fast-retransmit collapsed cwnd. Keeping this test guards against
-// guards against re-introducing a drain headroom shortfall.
+// re-introducing per-call sizing assumptions inside decodeRead.
-func TestDecodeReadFitsMaxTSOAtDrainThreshold(t *testing.T) {
+func TestDecodeReadFitsMaxTSO(t *testing.T) {
 	const ipv6HdrLen = 40
 	const tcpHdrLen = 20
 	const headerLen = ipv6HdrLen + tcpHdrLen
-	// Maximum TUN read body. The tunReadBufSize cap on readv's body iovec
-	// is what bounds the kernel's superpacket length.
 	pktLen := tunReadBufSize
 	payLen := pktLen - headerLen
 	const targetSegs = 64
@@ -701,16 +701,12 @@ func TestDecodeReadFitsMaxTSOAtDrainThreshold(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("buildTSOv6 produced %d bytes, want %d", len(pkt), pktLen)
 	}
 
-	o := &Offload{
+	o := &Offload{}
-		rxBuf: make([]byte, tunRxBufCap),
+	// mem is sized exactly to one worst-case packet — the caller-side
-	}
+	// invariant the drain loop in Read enforces. decodeRead must process
-	// rxOff at the maximum value the drain headroom check permits before
+	// the burst within that window.
-	// it would refuse another read. Any drain-time read up to this
+	mem := make([]byte, pktLen)
-	// threshold MUST still process correctly.
+	copy(mem, pkt)
-	o.rxOff = tunRxBufCap - tunRxBufSize
-
-	// Stage the body in rxBuf as if readv(2) just placed it there.
-	copy(o.rxBuf[o.rxOff:], pkt)
 
 	// Encode the matching virtio_net_hdr.
 	hdr := virtio.Hdr{
@@ -723,50 +719,42 @@ func TestDecodeReadFitsMaxTSOAtDrainThreshold(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	hdr.Encode(o.readVnetScratch[:])
 
-	startRxOff := o.rxOff
+	var pkts []wire.TunPacket
-	if err := o.decodeRead(pktLen); err != nil {
+	pkts, err := o.decodeRead(pkts, mem, pktLen)
-		t.Fatalf("decodeRead at drain threshold returned %v — rxBuf sizing regression: "+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decodeRead returned %v — sizing regression: "+
 			"tunRxBufSize=%d must hold one worst-case input (%d)",
 			err, tunRxBufSize, pktLen)
 	}
 
-	if len(o.pending) != 1 {
+	if len(pkts) != 1 {
-		t.Fatalf("got %d packets, want 1 superpacket entry", len(o.pending))
+		t.Fatalf("got %d packets, want 1 superpacket entry", len(pkts))
 	}
-	got := o.pending[0]
+	got := pkts[0]
-	if !got.GSO.IsSuperpacket() {
+	if !got.Meta.IsSuperpacket() {
-		t.Fatalf("expected superpacket GSO metadata, got %+v", got.GSO)
+		t.Fatalf("expected superpacket GSO metadata, got %+v", got.Meta)
 	}
-	if got.GSO.Proto != GSOProtoTCP {
+	if got.Meta.Proto != wire.GSOProtoTCP {
-		t.Errorf("GSO.Proto=%d want TCP", got.GSO.Proto)
+		t.Errorf("Meta.Proto=%d want TCP", got.Meta.Proto)
 	}
-	if got.GSO.Size != uint16(gsoSize) {
+	if got.Meta.Size != uint16(gsoSize) {
-		t.Errorf("GSO.Size=%d want %d", got.GSO.Size, gsoSize)
+		t.Errorf("Meta.Size=%d want %d", got.Meta.Size, gsoSize)
 	}
-	if got.GSO.HdrLen != uint16(headerLen) {
+	if got.Meta.HdrLen != uint16(headerLen) {
-		t.Errorf("GSO.HdrLen=%d want %d", got.GSO.HdrLen, headerLen)
+		t.Errorf("Meta.HdrLen=%d want %d", got.Meta.HdrLen, headerLen)
 	}
-	if got.GSO.CsumStart != uint16(ipv6HdrLen) {
+	if got.Meta.CsumStart != uint16(ipv6HdrLen) {
-		t.Errorf("GSO.CsumStart=%d want %d", got.GSO.CsumStart, ipv6HdrLen)
+		t.Errorf("Meta.CsumStart=%d want %d", got.Meta.CsumStart, ipv6HdrLen)
 	}
 	if len(got.Bytes) != pktLen {
 		t.Errorf("len(Bytes)=%d want %d", len(got.Bytes), pktLen)
 	}
 
-	// rxOff advances exactly by the kernel-supplied body length — no
-	// segmentation output to account for any more.
-	if o.rxOff != startRxOff+pktLen {
-		t.Errorf("rxOff=%d want %d", o.rxOff, startRxOff+pktLen)
-	}
-	if o.rxOff > tunRxBufCap {
-		t.Fatalf("rxOff=%d overran rxBuf (cap=%d)", o.rxOff, tunRxBufCap)
-	}
-
 	// Validate that segmenting the returned superpacket reproduces the
 	// expected per-segment IPv6 payload length and TCP checksum.
 	wantSegs := (payLen + gsoSize - 1) / gsoSize
 	gotSegs := 0
-	if err := SegmentSuperpacket(got, func(seg []byte) error {
+	if err := got.PerSegment(func(seg []byte) error {
 		defer func() { gotSegs++ }()
 		if len(seg) < headerLen+1 {
 			t.Errorf("seg %d too short: %d", gotSegs, len(seg))
@@ -786,7 +774,7 @@ func TestDecodeReadFitsMaxTSOAtDrainThreshold(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 		return nil
 	}); err != nil {
-		t.Fatalf("SegmentSuperpacket: %v", err)
+		t.Fatalf("PerSegment: %v", err)
 	}
 	if gotSegs != wantSegs {
 		t.Fatalf("got %d segments, want %d", gotSegs, wantSegs)

overlay/tun_android.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 type tun struct {
@@ -25,18 +26,19 @@ type tun struct {
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	l           *slog.Logger
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (t *tun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := t.rwc.Read(t.readBuf)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
-	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.rwc.Read(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func (t *tun) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -57,7 +59,6 @@ func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip
 		fd:          deviceFd,
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		l:           l,
-		readBuf:     make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize),
 	}
 
 	err := t.reload(c, true)
@@ -128,3 +129,7 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() error {
 func (t *tun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
+
+func (t *tun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}

overlay/tun_darwin.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
@@ -35,9 +36,6 @@ type tun struct {
 
 	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
 	out []byte
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
 type ifReq struct {
@@ -133,7 +131,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*t
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		DefaultMTU:  c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
 		l:           l,
-		readBuf:     make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize),
 	}
 
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
@@ -507,22 +504,17 @@ func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) readOne(to []byte) (int, error) {
+func (t *tun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) <= 4 {
-
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-	n, err := t.rwc.Read(buf)
-
-	copy(to, buf[4:])
-	return n - 4, err
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
-	n, err := t.readOne(t.readBuf)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.rwc.Read(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[4:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 // Write is only valid for single threaded use
@@ -573,3 +565,7 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() error {
 func (t *tun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
+
+func (t *tun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}

overlay/tun_disabled.go

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 type disabledTun struct {
@@ -21,43 +22,8 @@ type disabledTun struct {
 	// Track these metrics since we don't have the tun device to do it for us
 	tx         metrics.Counter
 	rx         metrics.Counter
-	l          *slog.Logger
 	numReaders int
-}
+	l          *slog.Logger
-
-// disabledQueue is one tio.Queue view onto a shared disabledTun. Each queue
-// owns a private batchRet so concurrent Read calls from different reader
-// goroutines do not race on the returned slice.
-type disabledQueue struct {
-	parent   *disabledTun
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
-}
-
-func (q *disabledQueue) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
-	r, ok := <-q.parent.read
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, io.EOF
-	}
-
-	q.parent.tx.Inc(1)
-	if q.parent.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-		q.parent.l.Debug("Write payload", "raw", prettyPacket(r))
-	}
-
-	q.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: r}
-	return q.batchRet[:], nil
-}
-
-// Write on a queue forwards to the underlying disabledTun. All queues share
-// one ICMP-handling/log path so this is a thin pass-through.
-func (q *disabledQueue) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
-	return q.parent.Write(b)
-}
-
-// Close on a queue is a no-op. The shared channel and metrics are owned by
-// the disabledTun; Close on the device tears them down once for everybody.
-func (q *disabledQueue) Close() error {
-	return nil
 }
 
 func newDisabledTun(vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, queueLen int, metricsEnabled bool, l *slog.Logger) *disabledTun {
@@ -95,6 +61,37 @@ func (*disabledTun) Name() string {
 	return "disabled"
 }
 
+func (t *disabledTun) readOne(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	r, ok := <-t.read
+	if !ok {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+
+	if len(r) > len(b) {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("packet larger than mtu: %d > %d bytes", len(r), len(b))
+	}
+
+	t.tx.Inc(1)
+	if t.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
+		t.l.Debug("Write payload", "raw", prettyPacket(r))
+	}
+
+	return copy(b, r), nil
+}
+
+func (t *disabledTun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
+	}
+	p[0].Meta = wire.GSOInfo{}
+	n, err := t.readOne(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
+	return 1, nil
+}
+
 func (t *disabledTun) handleICMPEchoRequest(b []byte) bool {
 	out := make([]byte, len(b))
 	out = iputil.CreateICMPEchoResponse(b, out)
@@ -138,11 +135,15 @@ func (t *disabledTun) NewMultiQueueReader() error {
 func (t *disabledTun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	out := make([]tio.Queue, t.numReaders)
 	for i := range t.numReaders {
-		out[i] = &disabledQueue{parent: t}
+		out[i] = t
 	}
 	return out
 }
 
+func (t *disabledTun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}
+
 func (t *disabledTun) Close() error {
 	if t.read != nil {
 		close(t.read)

overlay/tun_freebsd.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
@@ -102,9 +103,6 @@ type tun struct {
 	readPoll  [2]unix.PollFd
 	writePoll [2]unix.PollFd
 	closed    atomic.Bool
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
 // blockOnRead waits until the tun fd is readable or shutdown has been signaled.
@@ -159,13 +157,17 @@ func (t *tun) blockOnWrite() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (t *tun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := t.readOne(t.readBuf)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
-	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.readOne(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func (t *tun) readOne(to []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -386,7 +388,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*t
 		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
 		l:           l,
 		fd:          fd,
-		readBuf:     make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize),
 		shutdownR:   shutdownR,
 		shutdownW:   shutdownW,
 		readPoll: [2]unix.PollFd{
@@ -609,6 +610,10 @@ func (t *tun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
 
+func (t *tun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}
+
 func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !r.Install {

overlay/tun_ios.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 type tun struct {
@@ -27,18 +28,19 @@ type tun struct {
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	l           *slog.Logger
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (t *tun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := t.rwc.Read(t.readBuf)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) <= 4 {
-	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.rwc.Read(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[4:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func (t *tun) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -59,7 +61,6 @@ func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		rwc:         &tunReadCloser{f: file},
 		l:           l,
-		readBuf:     make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize),
 	}
 
 	err := t.reload(c, true)
@@ -118,18 +119,9 @@ type tunReadCloser struct {
 	wBuf []byte
 }
 
+// Read returns a packet with the BSD 4-byte header, watch out!
 func (tr *tunReadCloser) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	tr.rMu.Lock()
+	return tr.f.Read(to)
-	defer tr.rMu.Unlock()
-
-	if cap(tr.rBuf) < len(to)+4 {
-		tr.rBuf = make([]byte, len(to)+4)
-	}
-	tr.rBuf = tr.rBuf[:len(to)+4]
-
-	n, err := tr.f.Read(tr.rBuf)
-	copy(to, tr.rBuf[4:])
-	return n - 4, err
 }
 
 func (tr *tunReadCloser) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -184,3 +176,7 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() error {
 func (t *tun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
+
+func (t *tun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}

overlay/tun_netbsd.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
@@ -66,24 +67,29 @@ type tun struct {
 	l           *slog.Logger
 	f           *os.File
 	fd          int
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (t *tun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := t.readOne(t.readBuf)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
-	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.readOne(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func (t *tun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
 
+func (t *tun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}
+
 var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
 
 func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *slog.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
@@ -118,7 +124,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*t
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
 		l:           l,
-		readBuf:     make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize),
 	}
 
 	err = t.reload(c, true)

overlay/tun_openbsd.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
@@ -59,18 +60,19 @@ type tun struct {
 	fd          int
 	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
 	out []byte
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (t *tun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := t.readOne(t.readBuf)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) <= 4 {
-	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.f.Read(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[4:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
@@ -107,7 +109,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*t
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
 		l:           l,
-		readBuf:     make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize),
 	}
 
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
@@ -137,15 +138,6 @@ func (t *tun) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) readOne(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
-
-	n, err := t.f.Read(buf)
-
-	copy(to, buf[4:])
-	return n - 4, err
-}
-
 // Write is only valid for single threaded use
 func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
 	buf := t.out
@@ -383,6 +375,10 @@ func (t *tun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
 
+func (t *tun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}
+
 func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
 	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
 	if err != nil {

overlay/tun_tester.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 type TestTun struct {
@@ -29,8 +30,6 @@ type TestTun struct {
 	closed    atomic.Bool
 	rxPackets chan []byte // Packets to receive into nebula
 	TxPackets chan []byte // Packets transmitted outside by nebula
-
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*TestTun, error) {
@@ -51,9 +50,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*T
 		l:           l,
 		rxPackets:   make(chan []byte, 10),
 		TxPackets:   make(chan []byte, 10),
-		batchRet: [1]tio.Packet{
-			tio.Packet{Bytes: make([]byte, udp.MTU)},
-		},
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -168,14 +164,17 @@ func (t *TestTun) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *TestTun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (t *TestTun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	t.batchRet[0].Bytes = t.batchRet[0].Bytes[:udp.MTU]
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
-	n, err := t.read(t.batchRet[0].Bytes)
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0].Bytes = t.batchRet[0].Bytes[:n]
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.read(mem)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func (t *TestTun) read(b []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -197,6 +196,10 @@ func (t *TestTun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
 
+func (t *TestTun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}
+
 func (t *TestTun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
 	return false
 }

overlay/tun_windows.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wintun"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows/tunnel/winipcfg"
 )
@@ -45,18 +46,19 @@ type winTun struct {
 	l               *slog.Logger
 
 	tun *wintun.NativeTun
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
-func (t *winTun) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (t *winTun) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
-	n, err := t.tun.Read(t.readBuf, 0)
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
-	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
-		return nil, err
 	}
-	t.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: t.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Meta = struct{}{}
-	return t.batchRet[:], nil
+	n, err := t.tun.Read(mem, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *slog.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (Device, error) {
@@ -81,7 +83,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*w
 	}
 
 	t := &winTun{
-		readBuf:     make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize),
 		Device:          deviceName,
 		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:             c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
@@ -284,6 +285,10 @@ func (t *winTun) Readers() []tio.Queue {
 	return []tio.Queue{t}
 }
 
+func (t *winTun) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
+}
+
 func (t *winTun) Close() error {
 	// It seems that the Windows networking stack doesn't like it when we destroy interfaces that have active routes,
 	// so to be certain, just remove everything before destroying.

overlay/user.go

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wire"
 )
 
 func NewUserDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, routines int) (Device, error) {
@@ -37,21 +38,23 @@ type UserDevice struct {
 
 	inboundReader *io.PipeReader
 	inboundWriter *io.PipeWriter
-
-	readBuf  []byte
-	batchRet [1]tio.Packet
 }
 
-func (d *UserDevice) Read() ([]tio.Packet, error) {
+func (d *UserDevice) Capabilities() tio.Capabilities {
-	if d.readBuf == nil {
+	return tio.Capabilities{}
-		d.readBuf = make([]byte, defaultBatchBufSize)
+}
+
+func (d *UserDevice) Read(p []wire.TunPacket, mem []byte) (int, error) {
+	if len(p) == 0 || len(mem) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil //todo should this be an err?
 	}
-	n, err := d.outboundReader.Read(d.readBuf)
+	p[0].Meta = wire.GSOInfo{}
+	n, err := d.outboundReader.Read(mem)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return 0, err
 	}
-	d.batchRet[0] = tio.Packet{Bytes: d.readBuf[:n]}
+	p[0].Bytes = mem[:n]
-	return d.batchRet[:], nil
+	return 1, nil
 }
 
 func (d *UserDevice) Activate() error {

udp/udp_ecn_outer_linux_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (
 // kernel stamps one outer codepoint per entry, so a run that straddled the
 // boundary would silently lose information).
 func TestPlanRunBreaksOnECNChange(t *testing.T) {
-	u := &StdConn{gsoSupported: true}
+	u := &StdConn{gsoSupported: true, maxGSOSegments: 63}
 	dst := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.1:4242")
 
 	bufs := [][]byte{

udp/udp_linux.go

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ package udp
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
 
@@ -55,7 +58,8 @@ type StdConn struct {
 	// probed once at socket creation. When true, WriteBatch packs same-
 	// destination consecutive packets into a single sendmmsg entry with a
 	// UDP_SEGMENT cmsg; otherwise each packet is its own entry.
-	gsoSupported bool
+	gsoSupported   bool
+	maxGSOSegments int
 
 	// UDP GRO (recvmsg with UDP_GRO cmsg) support. groSupported is probed
 	// once at socket creation. When true, listenOutBatch allocates larger
@@ -102,10 +106,11 @@ func NewListener(l *slog.Logger, ip netip.Addr, port int, multi bool, batch int)
 	}
 	//gotta find out if we got an AF_INET6 socket or not:
 	out := &StdConn{
-		udpConn: udpConn,
+		udpConn:        udpConn,
-		rawConn: rawConn,
+		rawConn:        rawConn,
-		l:       l,
+		l:              l,
-		batch:   batch,
+		batch:          batch,
+		maxGSOSegments: 1,
 	}
 
 	af, err := out.getSockOptInt(unix.SO_DOMAIN)
@@ -188,19 +193,6 @@ func (u *StdConn) prepareWriteMessages(n int) {
 	}
 }
 
-// maxGSOSegments caps the per-sendmsg GSO fan-out. Linux kernels have
-// historically capped UDP_MAX_SEGMENTS at 64; newer kernels raise it to 128.
-// We stay one below 64 because the kernel's check is
-//
-//	if (cork->length > cork->gso_size * UDP_MAX_SEGMENTS) return -EINVAL;
-//
-// and cork->length includes the 8-byte UDP header (udp_sendmsg passes
-// ulen = len + sizeof(udphdr) to ip_append_data). Packing exactly 64
-// same-size segments puts cork->length at gso_size*64 + 8, which is one
-// UDP-header over the bound and the kernel rejects the whole sendmmsg
-// with EINVAL. 63 leaves room for the header for any segSize >= 8.
-const maxGSOSegments = 63
-
 // maxGSOBytes bounds the total payload per sendmsg() when UDP_SEGMENT is
 // set. The kernel stitches all iovecs into a single skb whose length the
 // UDP length field can represent, and also enforces sk_gso_max_size (which
@@ -211,6 +203,8 @@ const maxGSOBytes = 65000
 // prepareGSO probes UDP_SEGMENT support and sets u.gsoSupported on success.
 // Best-effort; failure leaves it false.
 func (u *StdConn) prepareGSO() {
+	u.maxGSOSegments = 63 //gotta be one less than the max so we can still attach a header
+
 	var probeErr error
 	if err := u.rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
 		probeErr = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_UDP, unix.UDP_SEGMENT, 0)
@@ -224,8 +218,20 @@ func (u *StdConn) prepareGSO() {
 		recordCapability("udp.gso.enabled", false)
 		return
 	}
+
+	var un unix.Utsname
+	if err := unix.Uname(&un); err != nil {
+		u.l.Info("udp: GSO disabled", "reason", "kernel uname probe failed", "error", err)
+		recordCapability("udp.gso.enabled", false)
+		return
+	}
+	major, minor := parseRelease(string(un.Release[:]))
+	if major > 5 || (major == 5 && minor >= 5) {
+		u.maxGSOSegments = 127
+	}
+
 	u.gsoSupported = true
-	u.l.Info("udp: GSO enabled")
+	u.l.Info("udp: GSO enabled", "maxGSOSegments", u.maxGSOSegments)
 	recordCapability("udp.gso.enabled", true)
 }
 
@@ -269,26 +275,41 @@ func (u *StdConn) prepareGRO() {
 // codepoint through the EncReader for RFC 6040 combine on the decap side.
 // Best-effort: we keep going on failure.
 func (u *StdConn) prepareECNRecv() {
-	var probeErr error
+	var v4err, v6err error
 	if err := u.rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		if u.isV4 {
+		v4err = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IP, unix.IP_RECVTOS, 1)
-			probeErr = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IP, unix.IP_RECVTOS, 1)
+		if !u.isV4 {
-		} else {
+			v6err = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IPV6, unix.IPV6_RECVTCLASS, 1)
-			probeErr = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IPV6, unix.IPV6_RECVTCLASS, 1)
 		}
 	}); err != nil {
 		u.l.Info("udp: outer-ECN RX disabled", "reason", "rawconn control failed", "error", err)
 		recordCapability("udp.ecn_rx.enabled", false)
 		return
 	}
-	if probeErr != nil {
+	if u.isV4 { //only check the V4 attempt
-		u.l.Info("udp: outer-ECN RX disabled", "reason", "kernel rejected probe", "error", probeErr)
+		if v4err != nil {
-		recordCapability("udp.ecn_rx.enabled", false)
+			u.l.Info("udp: outer-ECN RX disabled", "reason", "kernel rejected probe", "error", v4err)
+			recordCapability("udp.ecn_rx.enabled", false)
+		} else {
+			u.ecnRecvSupported = true
+			u.l.Info("udp: outer-ECN RX enabled")
+			recordCapability("udp.ecn_rx.enabled", true)
+		}
+		return
+	} else {
+		if v6err != nil { //no V6 ECN? disable it.
+			u.l.Info("udp: outer-ECN RX disabled", "reason", "kernel rejected probe", "error", errors.Join(v4err, v6err))
+			recordCapability("udp.ecn_rx.enabled", false)
+			return
+		} else if v4err != nil { //no V4, but yes V6? Low level warning. Could be a V6-specific bind.
+			u.l.Debug("udp: outer-ECN RX degraded", "reason", "kernel rejected probe on IPv4", "error", v4err)
+		}
+		// all good
+		u.ecnRecvSupported = true
+		u.l.Info("udp: outer-ECN RX enabled")
+		recordCapability("udp.ecn_rx.enabled", true)
 		return
 	}
-	u.ecnRecvSupported = true
-	u.l.Info("udp: outer-ECN RX enabled")
-	recordCapability("udp.ecn_rx.enabled", true)
 }
 
 // recordCapability registers (or updates) a boolean gauge for one of the
@@ -501,15 +522,6 @@ func (u *StdConn) listenOutBatch(r EncReader, flush func()) error {
 	}
 }
 
-// headerCounter returns the big-endian uint64 message counter at bytes
-// [8:16] of a nebula packet, or 0 if the buffer is too short.
-func headerCounter(buf []byte) uint64 {
-	if len(buf) < 16 {
-		return 0
-	}
-	return binary.BigEndian.Uint64(buf[8:16])
-}
-
 // parseRecvCmsg walks the per-slot ancillary buffer once and extracts up to
 // two values of interest in a single pass: the UDP_GRO gso_size (when
 // wantGRO is true) and the outer IP-level ECN codepoint stamped on the
@@ -712,7 +724,7 @@ func (u *StdConn) planRun(bufs [][]byte, addrs []netip.AddrPort, ecns []byte, st
 	if ecns != nil {
 		ecn = ecns[start]
 	}
-	maxLen := maxGSOSegments
+	maxLen := u.maxGSOSegments
 	if iovBudget < maxLen {
 		maxLen = iovBudget
 	}
@@ -799,9 +811,7 @@ func writeSockaddr(buf []byte, addr netip.AddrPort, isV4 bool) (int, error) {
 		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(buf[2:4], addr.Port())
 		ip4 := ap.As4()
 		copy(buf[4:8], ip4[:])
-		for j := 8; j < 16; j++ {
+		clear(buf[8:16])
-			buf[j] = 0
-		}
 		return unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4, nil
 	}
 	// struct sockaddr_in6: { sa_family_t(2), in_port_t(2, BE), flowinfo(4), in6_addr(16), scope_id(4) }
@@ -919,3 +929,22 @@ func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []Conn) func() {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func parseRelease(r string) (major, minor int) {
+	// strip anything after the second dot or any non-digit
+	parts := strings.SplitN(r, ".", 3)
+	if len(parts) < 2 {
+		return 0, 0
+	}
+	major, _ = strconv.Atoi(parts[0])
+	// minor may have trailing junk like "15-generic"
+	mp := parts[1]
+	for i, c := range mp {
+		if c < '0' || c > '9' {
+			mp = mp[:i]
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	minor, _ = strconv.Atoi(mp)
+	return
+}

util/arena.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package util
+
+// Arena is an injectable byte-slab that hands out non-overlapping borrowed
+// slices via Reserve and releases them in bulk via Reset.
+//
+// Arena is not safe for concurrent use.
+//
+// Reserve borrows; the slice is valid until the next Reset. The slab grows
+// (by allocating a fresh, larger backing array) if a Reserve doesn't fit;
+// pre-size the arena via NewArena to avoid that path on the hot path.
+type Arena struct {
+	buf []byte
+}
+
+// NewArena returns an Arena with a pre-allocated backing of the given capacity
+func NewArena(capacity int) *Arena {
+	return &Arena{buf: make([]byte, 0, capacity)}
+}
+
+// Reserve hands out a non-overlapping sz-byte slice from the arena. If the
+// request doesn't fit the current backing, a fresh, larger backing is
+// allocated; already-borrowed slices reference the old backing and remain
+// valid until Reset.
+func (a *Arena) Reserve(sz int) []byte {
+	if len(a.buf)+sz > cap(a.buf) {
+		newCap := max(cap(a.buf)*2, sz)
+		a.buf = make([]byte, 0, newCap)
+	}
+	start := len(a.buf)
+	a.buf = a.buf[:start+sz]
+	return a.buf[start : start+sz : start+sz]
+}
+
+// Reset releases every slice handed out since the last Reset. Callers must
+// not use any previously-borrowed slice after this returns. The underlying
+// backing array is retained so subsequent Reserves don't re-allocate.
+func (a *Arena) Reset() {
+	a.buf = a.buf[:0]
+}

wire/wire.go

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package wire
+
+// TunPacket is the unit a read from a tun device returns.
+// On supported platforms, it may be a superpacket, but a single TunPacket will never have more than one destination.
+type TunPacket struct {
+	// Bytes contains the actual packet
+	Bytes []byte
+	// Meta contains other information to help process the packet correctly, such as offsets for segmentation offloads
+	// Fields in Meta should be as portable/platform-agnostic as possible.
+	Meta GSOInfo
+}
+
+// GSOInfo describes a kernel-supplied superpacket sitting in Packet.Bytes.
+// The zero value means "not a superpacket" — Bytes is one regular IP
+// datagram and no segmentation is required.
+type GSOInfo struct {
+	// Size is the GSO segment size: max payload bytes per segment
+	// (== TCP MSS for TSO, == UDP payload chunk for USO). Zero means
+	// not a superpacket.
+	Size uint16
+	// HdrLen is the total L3+L4 header length within Bytes (already
+	// corrected via correctHdrLen, so safe to slice on).
+	HdrLen uint16
+	// CsumStart is the L4 header offset inside Bytes (== L3 header
+	// length).
+	CsumStart uint16
+	// Proto picks the L4 protocol (TCP or UDP) so the segmenter knows
+	// which checksum/header layout to apply.
+	Proto GSOProto
+}
+
+// GSOProto selects the L4 protocol for a GSO superpacket. Determines which
+// VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_* type the writer stamps and which checksum offset
+// inside the transport header virtio NEEDS_CSUM expects.
+type GSOProto uint8
+
+const (
+	GSOProtoNone GSOProto = iota
+	GSOProtoTCP
+	GSOProtoUDP
+)
+
+// IsSuperpacket reports whether g describes a multi-segment GSO/USO
+// superpacket that needs segmentation before its bytes can be encrypted
+// and sent on the wire.
+func (g GSOInfo) IsSuperpacket() bool { return g.Size > 0 }

wire/wire_generic.go

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//go:build !linux
+// +build !linux
+
+package wire
+
+// PerSegment invokes fn once per segment of pkt.
+// This is a stub implementation that does not actually support segmentation
+func (t *TunPacket) PerSegment(fn func(seg []byte) error) error {
+	return fn(t.Bytes)
+}

wire/wire_linux.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package wire
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/tio/virtio"
+)
+
+// PerSegment invokes fn once per segment of t. For non-GSO packets fn is
+// called once with t.Bytes (no segmentation, no copy). For GSO/USO
+// superpackets fn is called once per segment with a slice of t.Bytes
+// holding that segment's plaintext (a freshly-patched L3+L4 header sliced
+// in front of the original payload chunk). The slide is destructive: t is
+// consumed by this call and its bytes are in an undefined state when
+// PerSegment returns. Callers must not retain t or any earlier seg slice
+// past fn's return for that segment. Aborts and returns the first error
+// from fn or from per-segment construction.
+func (t *TunPacket) PerSegment(fn func(seg []byte) error) error {
+	if !t.Meta.IsSuperpacket() {
+		return fn(t.Bytes)
+	}
+	switch t.Meta.Proto {
+	case GSOProtoTCP:
+		return virtio.SegmentTCP(t.Bytes, t.Meta.HdrLen, t.Meta.CsumStart, t.Meta.Size, fn)
+	case GSOProtoUDP:
+		return virtio.SegmentUDP(t.Bytes, t.Meta.HdrLen, t.Meta.CsumStart, t.Meta.Size, fn)
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("unsupported gso proto: %d", t.Meta.Proto)
+	}
+}