lint

* reduce staticcheck warnings
2025-11-22 08:24:25 +01:00 · 2025-04-14 14:33:46 -04:00
88 changed files with 1180 additions and 3254 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: true
 contact_links:
-  - name: 💨 Performance Issues
-    url: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/discussions/new/choose
-    about: 'We ask that you create a discussion instead of an issue for performance-related questions. This allows us to have a more open conversation about the issue and helps us to better understand the problem.'
-
-  - name: 📄 Documentation Issues
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/nebula-docs
-    about: "If you've found an issue with the website documentation, please file it in the nebula-docs repository."
-
-  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula Issues
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
-    about: "If you're using the mobile Nebula app and have found an issue, please file it in the mobile_nebula repository."
-
  - name: 📘 Documentation
    url: https://nebula.defined.net/docs/
-    about: 'The documentation is the best place to start if you are new to Nebula.'
+    about: Review documentation.

  - name: 💁 Support/Chat
-    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA
-    about: 'For faster support, join us on Slack for assistance!'
+    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU
+    about: 'This issue tracker is not for support questions. Join us on Slack for assistance!'
+
+  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula
+    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
+    about: 'This issue tracker is not for mobile support. Try the Mobile Nebula repo instead!'
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-Thank you for taking the time to submit a pull request!
-
-Please be sure to provide a clear description of what you're trying to achieve with the change.
-
- If you're submitting a new feature, please explain how to use it and document any new config options in the example config.
- If you're submitting a bugfix, please link the related issue or describe the circumstances surrounding the issue.
- If you're changing a default, explain why you believe the new default is appropriate for most users.
-
-P.S. If you're only updating the README or other docs, please file a pull request here instead: https://github.com/DefinedNet/nebula-docs
-->
--- a/.github/workflows/gofmt.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/gofmt.yml
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.24'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Install goimports
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.24'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.24'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ jobs:
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.24'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Import certificates
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
        check-latest: true

    - name: add hashicorp source
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke.yml
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.24'
        check-latest: true

    - name: build
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.24'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ jobs:
      run: make vet

    - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
+      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
      with:
-        version: v2.5
+        version: v2.0

    - name: Test
      run: make test
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.24'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.24'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build nebula
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ jobs:
      run: make vet

    - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
+      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
      with:
-        version: v2.5
+        version: v2.0

    - name: Test
      run: make test
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ It lets you seamlessly connect computers anywhere in the world. Nebula is portab
 It can be used to connect a small number of computers, but is also able to connect tens of thousands of computers.

 Nebula incorporates a number of existing concepts like encryption, security groups, certificates,
-and tunneling.
+and tunneling, and each of those individual pieces existed before Nebula in various forms.
 What makes Nebula different to existing offerings is that it brings all of these ideas together,
 resulting in a sum that is greater than its individual parts.

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Further documentation can be found [here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).

 You can read more about Nebula [here](https://medium.com/p/884110a5579).

-You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA).
+You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-2xqe6e7vn-k_KGi8s13nsr7cvHVvHvuQ).

 ## Supported Platforms

@@ -28,33 +28,33 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for
 #### Distribution Packages

 - [Arch Linux](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/nebula/)
-    ```sh
-    sudo pacman -S nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo pacman -S nebula
    ```

 - [Fedora Linux](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo dnf install nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo dnf install nebula
    ```

 - [Debian Linux](https://packages.debian.org/source/stable/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo apt install nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo apt install nebula
    ```

 - [Alpine Linux](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo apk add nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo apk add nebula
    ```

 - [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/n/nebula.rb)
-    ```sh
-    brew install nebula
+    ```
+    $ brew install nebula
    ```

 - [Docker](https://hub.docker.com/r/nebulaoss/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
+    ```
+    $ docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
    ```

 #### Mobile
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for

 ## Technical Overview

-Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software-defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
+Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
 Nebula uses certificates to assert a node's IP address, name, and membership within user-defined groups.
 Nebula's user-defined groups allow for provider agnostic traffic filtering between nodes.
-Discovery nodes (aka lighthouses) allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
+Discovery nodes allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
 Users can move data between nodes in any number of cloud service providers, datacenters, and endpoints, without needing to maintain a particular addressing scheme.

 Nebula uses Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (`ECDH`) key exchange and `AES-256-GCM` in its default configuration.
@@ -82,34 +82,28 @@ To set up a Nebula network, you'll need:

 #### 2. (Optional, but you really should..) At least one discovery node with a routable IP address, which we call a lighthouse.

-Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $6/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
+Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $5/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.

  Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.

+
 #### 3. A Nebula certificate authority, which will be the root of trust for a particular Nebula network.

-```sh
+  ```
  ./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
  ```
-
  This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.

-**Be aware!** By default, certificate authorities have a 1-year lifetime before expiration. See [this guide](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/guides/rotating-certificate-authority/) for details on rotating a CA.
-
 #### 4. Nebula host keys and certificates generated from that certificate authority
-
 This assumes you have four nodes, named lighthouse1, laptop, server1, host3. You can name the nodes any way you'd like, including FQDN. You'll also need to choose IP addresses and the associated subnet. In this example, we are creating a nebula network that will use 192.168.100.x/24 as its network range. This example also demonstrates nebula groups, which can later be used to define traffic rules in a nebula network.
-```sh
+```
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "lighthouse1" -ip "192.168.100.1/24"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "laptop" -ip "192.168.100.2/24" -groups "laptop,home,ssh"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "server1" -ip "192.168.100.9/24" -groups "servers"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "host3" -ip "192.168.100.10/24"
 ```

-By default, host certificates will expire 1 second before the CA expires. Use the `-duration` flag to specify a shorter lifetime.
-
 #### 5. Configuration files for each host
-
 Download a copy of the nebula [example configuration](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/blob/master/examples/config.yml).

 * On the lighthouse node, you'll need to ensure `am_lighthouse: true` is set.
@@ -124,13 +118,10 @@ For each host, copy the nebula binary to the host, along with `config.yml` from
 **DO NOT COPY `ca.key` TO INDIVIDUAL NODES.**

 #### 7. Run nebula on each host
-
-```sh
+```
 ./nebula -config /path/to/config.yml
 ```

-For more detailed instructions, [find the full documentation here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).
-
 ## Building Nebula from source

 Make sure you have [go](https://go.dev/doc/install) installed and clone this repo. Change to the nebula directory.
@@ -149,10 +140,8 @@ The default curve used for cryptographic handshakes and signatures is Curve25519

 In addition, Nebula can be built using the [BoringCrypto GOEXPERIMENT](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.20/src/crypto/internal/boring/README.md) by running either of the following make targets:

-```sh
    make bin-boringcrypto
    make release-boringcrypto
-```

 This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your compliance requirements.

@@ -160,3 +149,5 @@ This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your

 Nebula was created at Slack Technologies, Inc by Nate Brown and Ryan Huber, with contributions from Oliver Fross, Alan Lam, Wade Simmons, and Lining Wang.

+
+
--- a/allow_list_test.go
+++ b/allow_list_test.go
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": "abc",
 	}
-	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
+	_, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid value (type string): abc")

 	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 	}
-	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
+	_, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0")

 	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		"fd00::/8":       true,
 		"fd00:fd00::/16": false,
 	}
-	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
+	_, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0")

 	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			`docker.*`: "foo",
 		},
 	}
-	lr, err := NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
+	_, err = NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` has invalid value (type string): foo")

 	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			`eth.*`:    true,
 		},
 	}
-	lr, err = NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
+	_, err = NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` values must all be the same true/false value")

 	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			`docker.*`: false,
 		},
 	}
-	lr, err = NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
+	lr, err := NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
 	if assert.NoError(t, err) {
 		assert.NotNil(t, lr)
 	}
--- a/bits.go
+++ b/bits.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type Bits struct {
 func NewBits(bits uint64) *Bits {
 	return &Bits{
 		length:             bits,
-		bits:               make([]bool, bits, bits),
+		bits:               make([]bool, bits),
 		current:            0,
 		lostCounter:        metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("network.packets.lost", nil),
 		dupeCounter:        metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("network.packets.duplicate", nil),
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ func NewBits(bits uint64) *Bits {

 func (b *Bits) Check(l logrus.FieldLogger, i uint64) bool {
 	// If i is the next number, return true.
-	if i > b.current || (i == 0 && b.firstSeen == false && b.current < b.length) {
+	if i > b.current || (i == 0 && !b.firstSeen && b.current < b.length) {
 		return true
 	}

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ func (b *Bits) Update(l *logrus.Logger, i uint64) bool {
 	// If i is the next number, return true and update current.
 	if i == b.current+1 {
 		// Report missed packets, we can only understand what was missed after the first window has been gone through
-		if i > b.length && b.bits[i%b.length] == false {
+		if i > b.length && !b.bits[i%b.length] {
 			b.lostCounter.Inc(1)
 		}
 		b.bits[i%b.length] = true
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func (b *Bits) Update(l *logrus.Logger, i uint64) bool {
 	}

 	// Allow for the 0 packet to come in within the first window
-	if i == 0 && b.firstSeen == false && b.current < b.length {
+	if i == 0 && !b.firstSeen && b.current < b.length {
 		b.firstSeen = true
 		b.bits[i%b.length] = true
 		return true
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ func (b *Bits) Update(l *logrus.Logger, i uint64) bool {
 			return false
 		}

-		if b.bits[i%b.length] == true {
+		if b.bits[i%b.length] {
 			if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 				l.WithField("receiveWindow", m{"accepted": false, "currentCounter": b.current, "incomingCounter": i, "reason": "old duplicate"}).
 					Debug("Receive window")
--- a/calculated_remote.go
+++ b/calculated_remote.go
@@ -84,11 +84,16 @@ func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[[]*calcu

 	calculatedRemotes := new(bart.Table[[]*calculatedRemote])

-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[any]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
+	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
+		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
+		}
+
 		cidr, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s", k, rawCIDR)
@@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) ([]*calculat
 }

 func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[any]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid type: %T", raw)
 	}
--- a/cert/cert.go
+++ b/cert/cert.go
@@ -58,9 +58,6 @@ type Certificate interface {
 	// PublicKey is the raw bytes to be used in asymmetric cryptographic operations.
 	PublicKey() []byte

-	// MarshalPublicKeyPEM is the value of PublicKey marshalled to PEM
-	MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte
-
 	// Curve identifies which curve was used for the PublicKey and Signature.
 	Curve() Curve

@@ -138,7 +135,8 @@ func Recombine(v Version, rawCertBytes, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (Certific
 	case Version2:
 		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(rawCertBytes, publicKey, curve)
 	default:
-		return nil, ErrUnknownVersion
+		//TODO: CERT-V2 make a static var
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown certificate version %d", v)
 	}

 	if err != nil {
--- a/cert/cert_v1.go
+++ b/cert/cert_v1.go
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )

-const publicKeyLen = 32
-
 type certificateV1 struct {
 	details   detailsV1
 	signature []byte
@@ -83,10 +81,6 @@ func (c *certificateV1) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return c.details.publicKey
 }

-func (c *certificateV1) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
-	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
-}
-
 func (c *certificateV1) Signature() []byte {
 	return c.signature
 }
@@ -114,10 +108,8 @@ func (c *certificateV1) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
 		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return false
-		}
+		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
 		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
 		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
 	default:
--- a/cert/cert_v1_test.go
+++ b/cert/cert_v1_test.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package cert

 import (
-	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
 	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
 	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
@@ -62,58 +60,6 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
 }

-func TestCertificateV1_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name:           "testing",
-			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
-			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore:      before,
-			notAfter:       after,
-			publicKey:      pubKey,
-			isCA:           false,
-			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t, Version1, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = true
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	nc.details.curve = Curve_P256
-	nc.details.publicKey = pubP256Key
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = false
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-}
-
 func TestCertificateV1_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	nc := certificateV1{
 		details: detailsV1{
--- a/cert/cert_v2.go
+++ b/cert/cert_v2.go
@@ -114,10 +114,6 @@ func (c *certificateV2) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return c.publicKey
 }

-func (c *certificateV2) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
-	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
-}
-
 func (c *certificateV2) Signature() []byte {
 	return c.signature
 }
@@ -153,10 +149,8 @@ func (c *certificateV2) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
 		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return false
-		}
+		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
 		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
 		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
 	default:
--- a/cert/cert_v2_test.go
+++ b/cert/cert_v2_test.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 )

 func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
 	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
 	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
@@ -76,58 +75,6 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
 }

-func TestCertificateV2_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			name:           "testing",
-			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
-			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore:      before,
-			notAfter:       after,
-			isCA:           false,
-			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		publicKey: pubKey,
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t, Version2, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = true
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	nc.curve = Curve_P256
-	nc.publicKey = pubP256Key
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = false
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-}
-
 func TestCertificateV2_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	nc := certificateV2{
 		details: detailsV2{
@@ -166,14 +113,14 @@ func TestCertificateV2_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf"),
 	}

-	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
+	_, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMissingDetails)

 	rd, err := nc.details.Marshal()
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	nc.rawDetails = rd
-	b, err = nc.MarshalJSON()
+	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.JSONEq(
 		t,
@@ -227,8 +174,9 @@ func TestCertificateV2_VerifyPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)

 	c, _, priv, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca2, caKey2, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	rawPriv, b, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-
+	_, _, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
+	assert.Equal(t, err, nil)
+	assert.Equal(t, curve, Curve_P256)
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv[:16])
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)

@@ -314,6 +262,7 @@ func TestCertificateV2_marshalForSigningStability(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, expectedRawDetails, db)

 	expectedForSigning, err := hex.DecodeString(expectedRawDetailsStr + "00313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	b, err := nc.marshalForSigning()
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, expectedForSigning, b)
--- a/cert/crypto.go
+++ b/cert/crypto.go
@@ -227,6 +227,9 @@ func UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(b []byte) (*NebulaEncryptedData, error) {
 }

 func unmarshalArgon2Parameters(params *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) (*Argon2Parameters, error) {
+	// Are we testing the compilers types here?
+	// No value of int32 is lewss than math.MinInt32.
+	// By definition these checks can never be true.
 	if params.Version < math.MinInt32 || params.Version > math.MaxInt32 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Argon2Parameters Version must be at least %d and no more than %d", math.MinInt32, math.MaxInt32)
 	}
--- a/cert/crypto_test.go
+++ b/cert/crypto_test.go
@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ func TestNewArgon2Parameters(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestDecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
-	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE")
+	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE THIS KEY")
 	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiCPoDfGQiosxNPTbPn5EsMlc2MI
-c0Bt4oz6gTrFQhX3aBJcimhHKeAuhyTGvllD0Z19fe+DFPcLH3h5VrdjVfIAajg0
-KrbV3n9UHif/Au5skWmquNJzoW1E4MTdRbvpti6o+WdQ49DxjBFhx0YH8LBqrbPU
-0BGkUHmIO7daP24=
+CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCognnjujd67Vsv99p22wfAjQaDT
+oCMW1mdjkU3gACKNW4MSXOWR9Sts4C81yk1RUku2gvGKs3TB9LYoklLsIizSYOLl
+Vs//O1T0I1Xbml2XBAROsb/VSoDln/6LMqR4B6fn6B3GOsLBBqRI8daDl9lRMPB
+qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA
 -----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
 `)
 	shortKey := []byte(`# A key which, once decrypted, is too short
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiAVJwdfl3r+eqi/vF6S7OMdpjfo
-hAzmTCRnr58Su4AqmBJbCv3zleYCEKYJP6UI3S8ekLMGISsgO4hm5leukCCyqT0Z
-cQ76yrberpzkJKoPLGisX8f+xdy4aXSZl7oEYWQte1+vqbtl/eY9PGZhxUQdcyq7
-hqzIyrRqfUgVuA==
+CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCoga5h8owMEBWRSMMJKzuUvWce7
+k0qlBkQmCxiuLh80MuASW70YcKt8jeEIS2axo2V6zAKA9TSMcCsJW1kDDXEtL/xe
+GLF5T7sDl5COp4LU3pGxpV+KoeQ/S3gQCAAcnaOtnJQX+aSDnbO3jCHyP7U9CHbs
+rQr3bdH3Oy/WiYU=
 -----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
 `)
 	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner (not encrypted)
@@ -72,12 +72,14 @@ qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, curve, Curve_CURVE25519)

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper nebula encrypted Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	assert.Equal(t, curve, Curve_CURVE25519)

 	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
@@ -85,12 +87,14 @@ qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	assert.Equal(t, curve, Curve_CURVE25519)

 	// Fail due to invalid passphrase
 	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey([]byte("invalid passphrase"), privKey)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid passphrase or corrupt private key")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, rest)
+	assert.Equal(t, curve, Curve_CURVE25519)
 }

 func TestEncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
--- a/cert/errors.go
+++ b/cert/errors.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ var (
 	ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch   = errors.New("public key and private key are not a pair")
 	ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted        = errors.New("private key must be decrypted")
 	ErrCaNotFound                 = errors.New("could not find ca for the certificate")
-	ErrUnknownVersion             = errors.New("certificate version unrecognized")

 	ErrInvalidPEMBlock                   = errors.New("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner       = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")
--- a/cert/helper_test.go
+++ b/cert/helper_test.go
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ func NewTestCaCert(version Version, curve Curve, before, after time.Time, networ
 	switch curve {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
 		pub, priv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
 	case Curve_P256:
 		privk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
 		if err != nil {
--- a/cert/pem.go
+++ b/cert/pem.go
@@ -7,26 +7,19 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )

-const ( //cert banners
+const (
 	CertificateBanner                = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE"
 	CertificateV2Banner              = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE V2"
-)
-
-const ( //key-agreement-key banners
 	X25519PrivateKeyBanner           = "NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY"
 	X25519PublicKeyBanner            = "NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY"
-	P256PrivateKeyBanner   = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
-	P256PublicKeyBanner    = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
-)
-
-/* including "ECDSA" in the P256 banners is a clue that these keys should be used only for signing */
-const ( //signing key banners
-	EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
-	ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
-	ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner           = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
 	EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
 	Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY"
 	Ed25519PublicKeyBanner           = "NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY"
+
+	P256PrivateKeyBanner               = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
+	P256PublicKeyBanner                = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
+	EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
+	ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
 )

 // UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM will try to unmarshal the first pem block in a byte array, returning any non consumed
@@ -58,16 +51,6 @@ func UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(b []byte) (Certificate, []byte, error) {

 }

-func marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c Certificate) []byte {
-	if c.IsCA() {
-		return MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
-	} else {
-		return MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
-	}
-}
-
-// MarshalPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for ECDH.
-// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
 func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
 	switch curve {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
@@ -79,19 +62,6 @@ func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
 	}
 }

-// MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for signing.
-// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
-func MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: Ed25519PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	case Curve_P256:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: P256PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
 func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
 	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
 	if k == nil {
@@ -103,7 +73,7 @@ func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
 	case X25519PublicKeyBanner, Ed25519PublicKeyBanner:
 		expectedLen = 32
 		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-	case P256PublicKeyBanner, ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner:
+	case P256PublicKeyBanner:
 		// Uncompressed
 		expectedLen = 65
 		curve = Curve_P256
--- a/cert/pem_test.go
+++ b/cert/pem_test.go
@@ -97,12 +97,14 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 	// Fail due to short key
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid Ed25519 private key")

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")

@@ -110,6 +112,7 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }
@@ -159,12 +162,14 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	// Fail due to short key
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 private key")

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper private key banner")

@@ -172,12 +177,12 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }

 func TestUnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
@@ -231,7 +236,6 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 }

 func TestUnmarshalX25519PublicKey(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
@@ -242,12 +246,6 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 -----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	oldPubP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
 `)
 	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
@@ -264,22 +262,15 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 -END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----`)

-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)

 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)

-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-
 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
@@ -290,12 +281,14 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	// Fail due to short key
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)

@@ -303,6 +296,7 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
 	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }
--- a/cert/sign.go
+++ b/cert/sign.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
 	"net/netip"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -54,10 +55,15 @@ func (t *TBSCertificate) Sign(signer Certificate, curve Curve, key []byte) (Cert
 		}
 		return t.SignWith(signer, curve, sp)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		pk, err := ecdsa.ParseRawPrivateKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+		pk := &ecdsa.PrivateKey{
+			PublicKey: ecdsa.PublicKey{
+				Curve: elliptic.P256(),
+			},
+			// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L95
+			D: new(big.Int).SetBytes(key),
 		}
+		// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L119
+		pk.X, pk.Y = pk.Curve.ScalarBaseMult(key)
 		sp := func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 			// We need to hash first for ECDSA
 			// - https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/ecdsa#SignASN1
--- a/cert/sign_test.go
+++ b/cert/sign_test.go
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Sign(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	c, err := tbs.Sign(&certificateV1{details: detailsV1{notBefore: before, notAfter: after}}, Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, c)
--- a/cert_test/cert.go
+++ b/cert_test/cert.go
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ func NewTestCaCert(version cert.Version, curve cert.Curve, before, after time.Ti
 	switch curve {
 	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
 		pub, priv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
 	case cert.Curve_P256:
 		privk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
 		if err != nil {
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/ca.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/ca.go
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ func parseArgonParameters(memory uint, parallelism uint, iterations uint) (*cert
 	return cert.NewArgon2Parameters(uint32(memory), uint8(parallelism), uint32(iterations)), nil
 }

-func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error {
+func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, _ io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error {
 	cf := newCaFlags()
 	err := cf.set.Parse(args)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen.go
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func newKeygenFlags() *keygenFlags {
 	return &cf
 }

-func keygen(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
+func keygen(args []string, _ io.Writer, _ io.Writer) error {
 	cf := newKeygenFlags()
 	err := cf.set.Parse(args)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/main_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/main_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package main
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ func assertHelpError(t *testing.T, err error, msg string) {
 	case *helpError:
 		// good
 	default:
-		t.Fatal(fmt.Sprintf("err was not a helpError: %q, expected %q", err, msg))
+		t.Fatalf("err was not a helpError: %q, expected %q", err, msg)
 	}

 	require.EqualError(t, err, msg)
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/p11_stub.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/p11_stub.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ func p11Supported() bool {
 	return false
 }

-func p11Flag(set *flag.FlagSet) *string {
+func p11Flag(_ *flag.FlagSet) *string {
 	var ret = ""
 	return &ret
 }
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/print.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/print.go
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package main

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
-	"strings"

 	"github.com/skip2/go-qrcode"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ func newPrintFlags() *printFlags {
 	return &pf
 }

-func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
+func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, _ io.Writer) error {
 	pf := newPrintFlags()
 	err := pf.set.Parse(args)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 			qrBytes = append(qrBytes, b...)
 		}

-		if rawCert == nil || len(rawCert) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(rawCert)) == "" {
+		if len(rawCert) == 0 || len(bytes.TrimSpace(rawCert)) == 0 {
 			break
 		}

--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/verify.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/verify.go
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 package main

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func verify(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while adding ca cert to pool: %w", err)
 		}

-		if rawCACert == nil || len(rawCACert) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(rawCACert)) == "" {
+		if len(rawCACert) == 0 || len(bytes.TrimSpace(rawCACert)) == 0 {
 			break
 		}
 	}
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/verify_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/verify_test.go
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {
 	crt, _ := NewTestCert(ca, caPriv, "test-cert", time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
 	// Slightly evil hack to modify the certificate after it was sealed to generate an invalid signature
 	pub := crt.PublicKey()
-	for i, _ := range pub {
+	for i := range pub {
 		pub[i] = 0
 	}
 	b, _ = crt.MarshalPEM()
--- a/cmd/nebula-service/service.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-service/service.go
@@ -51,10 +51,7 @@ func (p *program) Stop(s service.Service) error {

 func fileExists(filename string) bool {
 	_, err := os.Stat(filename)
-	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return true
+	return !os.IsNotExist(err)
 }

 func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *string) {
--- a/config/config.go
+++ b/config/config.go
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func (c *C) Load(path string) error {

 func (c *C) LoadString(raw string) error {
 	if raw == "" {
-		return errors.New("Empty configuration")
+		return errors.New("empty configuration")
 	}
 	return c.parseRaw([]byte(raw))
 }
--- a/connection_manager.go
+++ b/connection_manager.go
@@ -4,16 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 )

@@ -30,6 +27,12 @@ const (
 )

 type connectionManager struct {
+	in     map[uint32]struct{}
+	inLock *sync.RWMutex
+
+	out     map[uint32]struct{}
+	outLock *sync.RWMutex
+
 	// relayUsed holds which relay localIndexs are in use
 	relayUsed     map[uint32]struct{}
 	relayUsedLock *sync.RWMutex
@@ -37,121 +40,121 @@ type connectionManager struct {
 	hostMap                 *HostMap
 	trafficTimer            *LockingTimerWheel[uint32]
 	intf                    *Interface
+	pendingDeletion         map[uint32]struct{}
 	punchy                  *Punchy
-
-	// Configuration settings
 	checkInterval           time.Duration
 	pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration
-	inactivityTimeout       atomic.Int64
-	dropInactive            atomic.Bool
-
 	metricsTxPunchy         metrics.Counter

 	l *logrus.Logger
 }

-func newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, hm *HostMap, p *Punchy) *connectionManager {
-	cm := &connectionManager{
-		hostMap:         hm,
-		l:               l,
-		punchy:          p,
+func newConnectionManager(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, intf *Interface, checkInterval, pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration, punchy *Punchy) *connectionManager {
+	var max time.Duration
+	if checkInterval < pendingDeletionInterval {
+		max = pendingDeletionInterval
+	} else {
+		max = checkInterval
+	}
+
+	nc := &connectionManager{
+		hostMap:                 intf.hostMap,
+		in:                      make(map[uint32]struct{}),
+		inLock:                  &sync.RWMutex{},
+		out:                     make(map[uint32]struct{}),
+		outLock:                 &sync.RWMutex{},
 		relayUsed:               make(map[uint32]struct{}),
 		relayUsedLock:           &sync.RWMutex{},
+		trafficTimer:            NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32](time.Millisecond*500, max),
+		intf:                    intf,
+		pendingDeletion:         make(map[uint32]struct{}),
+		checkInterval:           checkInterval,
+		pendingDeletionInterval: pendingDeletionInterval,
+		punchy:                  punchy,
 		metricsTxPunchy:         metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("messages.tx.punchy", nil),
+		l:                       l,
 	}

-	cm.reload(c, true)
-	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
-		cm.reload(c, false)
-	})
-
-	return cm
+	nc.Start(ctx)
+	return nc
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) {
-	if initial {
-		cm.checkInterval = time.Duration(c.GetInt("timers.connection_alive_interval", 5)) * time.Second
-		cm.pendingDeletionInterval = time.Duration(c.GetInt("timers.pending_deletion_interval", 10)) * time.Second
-
-		// We want at least a minimum resolution of 500ms per tick so that we can hit these intervals
-		// pretty close to their configured duration.
-		// The inactivity duration is checked each time a hostinfo ticks through so we don't need the wheel to contain it.
-		minDuration := min(time.Millisecond*500, cm.checkInterval, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
-		maxDuration := max(cm.checkInterval, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
-		cm.trafficTimer = NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32](minDuration, maxDuration)
-	}
-
-	if initial || c.HasChanged("tunnels.inactivity_timeout") {
-		old := cm.getInactivityTimeout()
-		cm.inactivityTimeout.Store((int64)(c.GetDuration("tunnels.inactivity_timeout", 10*time.Minute)))
-		if !initial {
-			cm.l.WithField("oldDuration", old).
-				WithField("newDuration", cm.getInactivityTimeout()).
-				Info("Inactivity timeout has changed")
-		}
-	}
-
-	if initial || c.HasChanged("tunnels.drop_inactive") {
-		old := cm.dropInactive.Load()
-		cm.dropInactive.Store(c.GetBool("tunnels.drop_inactive", false))
-		if !initial {
-			cm.l.WithField("oldBool", old).
-				WithField("newBool", cm.dropInactive.Load()).
-				Info("Drop inactive setting has changed")
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (cm *connectionManager) getInactivityTimeout() time.Duration {
-	return (time.Duration)(cm.inactivityTimeout.Load())
-}
-
-func (cm *connectionManager) In(h *HostInfo) {
-	h.in.Store(true)
-}
-
-func (cm *connectionManager) Out(h *HostInfo) {
-	h.out.Store(true)
-}
-
-func (cm *connectionManager) RelayUsed(localIndex uint32) {
-	cm.relayUsedLock.RLock()
+func (n *connectionManager) In(localIndex uint32) {
+	n.inLock.RLock()
 	// If this already exists, return
-	if _, ok := cm.relayUsed[localIndex]; ok {
-		cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+	if _, ok := n.in[localIndex]; ok {
+		n.inLock.RUnlock()
 		return
 	}
-	cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
-	cm.relayUsedLock.Lock()
-	cm.relayUsed[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	cm.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
+	n.inLock.RUnlock()
+	n.inLock.Lock()
+	n.in[localIndex] = struct{}{}
+	n.inLock.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (n *connectionManager) Out(localIndex uint32) {
+	n.outLock.RLock()
+	// If this already exists, return
+	if _, ok := n.out[localIndex]; ok {
+		n.outLock.RUnlock()
+		return
+	}
+	n.outLock.RUnlock()
+	n.outLock.Lock()
+	n.out[localIndex] = struct{}{}
+	n.outLock.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (n *connectionManager) RelayUsed(localIndex uint32) {
+	n.relayUsedLock.RLock()
+	// If this already exists, return
+	if _, ok := n.relayUsed[localIndex]; ok {
+		n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+		return
+	}
+	n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+	n.relayUsedLock.Lock()
+	n.relayUsed[localIndex] = struct{}{}
+	n.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
 }

 // getAndResetTrafficCheck returns if there was any inbound or outbound traffic within the last tick and
 // resets the state for this local index
-func (cm *connectionManager) getAndResetTrafficCheck(h *HostInfo, now time.Time) (bool, bool) {
-	in := h.in.Swap(false)
-	out := h.out.Swap(false)
-	if in || out {
-		h.lastUsed = now
-	}
+func (n *connectionManager) getAndResetTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32) (bool, bool) {
+	n.inLock.Lock()
+	n.outLock.Lock()
+	_, in := n.in[localIndex]
+	_, out := n.out[localIndex]
+	delete(n.in, localIndex)
+	delete(n.out, localIndex)
+	n.inLock.Unlock()
+	n.outLock.Unlock()
 	return in, out
 }

-// AddTrafficWatch must be called for every new HostInfo.
-// We will continue to monitor the HostInfo until the tunnel is dropped.
-func (cm *connectionManager) AddTrafficWatch(h *HostInfo) {
-	if h.out.Swap(true) == false {
-		cm.trafficTimer.Add(h.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
+func (n *connectionManager) AddTrafficWatch(localIndex uint32) {
+	// Use a write lock directly because it should be incredibly rare that we are ever already tracking this index
+	n.outLock.Lock()
+	if _, ok := n.out[localIndex]; ok {
+		n.outLock.Unlock()
+		return
 	}
+	n.out[localIndex] = struct{}{}
+	n.trafficTimer.Add(localIndex, n.checkInterval)
+	n.outLock.Unlock()
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) Start(ctx context.Context) {
-	clockSource := time.NewTicker(cm.trafficTimer.t.tickDuration)
+func (n *connectionManager) Start(ctx context.Context) {
+	go n.Run(ctx)
+}
+
+func (n *connectionManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
+	//TODO: this tick should be based on the min wheel tick? Check firewall
+	clockSource := time.NewTicker(500 * time.Millisecond)
 	defer clockSource.Stop()

 	p := []byte("")
-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+	nb := make([]byte, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)

 	for {
@@ -160,61 +163,61 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) Start(ctx context.Context) {
 			return

 		case now := <-clockSource.C:
-			cm.trafficTimer.Advance(now)
+			n.trafficTimer.Advance(now)
 			for {
-				localIndex, has := cm.trafficTimer.Purge()
+				localIndex, has := n.trafficTimer.Purge()
 				if !has {
 					break
 				}

-				cm.doTrafficCheck(localIndex, p, nb, out, now)
+				n.doTrafficCheck(localIndex, p, nb, out, now)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) {
-	decision, hostinfo, primary := cm.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, now)
+func (n *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) {
+	decision, hostinfo, primary := n.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, now)

 	switch decision {
 	case deleteTunnel:
-		if cm.hostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo) {
+		if n.hostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo) {
 			// Only clearing the lighthouse cache if this is the last hostinfo for this vpn ip in the hostmap
-			cm.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnAddrs(hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
+			n.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnAddrs(hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
 		}

 	case closeTunnel:
-		cm.intf.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
-		cm.intf.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
+		n.intf.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
+		n.intf.closeTunnel(hostinfo)

 	case swapPrimary:
-		cm.swapPrimary(hostinfo, primary)
+		n.swapPrimary(hostinfo, primary)

 	case migrateRelays:
-		cm.migrateRelayUsed(hostinfo, primary)
+		n.migrateRelayUsed(hostinfo, primary)

 	case tryRehandshake:
-		cm.tryRehandshake(hostinfo)
+		n.tryRehandshake(hostinfo)

 	case sendTestPacket:
-		cm.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
+		n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
 	}

-	cm.resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo)
+	n.resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo)
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+func (n *connectionManager) resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	if hostinfo != nil {
-		cm.relayUsedLock.Lock()
-		defer cm.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
+		n.relayUsedLock.Lock()
+		defer n.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
 		// No need to migrate any relays, delete usage info now.
 		for _, idx := range hostinfo.relayState.CopyRelayForIdxs() {
-			delete(cm.relayUsed, idx)
+			delete(n.relayUsed, idx)
 		}
 	}
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo) {
+func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	relayFor := oldhostinfo.relayState.CopyAllRelayFor()

 	for _, r := range relayFor {
@@ -224,51 +227,46 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo
 		var relayFrom netip.Addr
 		var relayTo netip.Addr
 		switch {
-		case ok:
-			switch existing.State {
-			case Established, PeerRequested, Disestablished:
+		case ok && existing.State == Established:
 			// This relay already exists in newhostinfo, then do nothing.
 			continue
-			case Requested:
+		case ok && existing.State == Requested:
 			// The relay exists in a Requested state; re-send the request
 			index = existing.LocalIndex
 			switch r.Type {
 			case TerminalType:
-					relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
+				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
 				relayTo = existing.PeerAddr
 			case ForwardingType:
 				relayFrom = existing.PeerAddr
 				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
 			default:
 				// should never happen
-					panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
-				}
 			}
 		case !ok:
-			cm.relayUsedLock.RLock()
-			if _, relayUsed := cm.relayUsed[r.LocalIndex]; !relayUsed {
+			n.relayUsedLock.RLock()
+			if _, relayUsed := n.relayUsed[r.LocalIndex]; !relayUsed {
 				// The relay hasn't been used; don't migrate it.
-				cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+				n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 				continue
 			}
-			cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+			n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 			// The relay doesn't exist at all; create some relay state and send the request.
 			var err error
-			index, err = AddRelay(cm.l, newhostinfo, cm.hostMap, r.PeerAddr, nil, r.Type, Requested)
+			index, err = AddRelay(n.l, newhostinfo, n.hostMap, r.PeerAddr, nil, r.Type, Requested)
 			if err != nil {
-				cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo")
+				n.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo")
 				continue
 			}
 			switch r.Type {
 			case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
+				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
 				relayTo = r.PeerAddr
 			case ForwardingType:
 				relayFrom = r.PeerAddr
 				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
 			default:
 				// should never happen
-				panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
 			}
 		}

@@ -281,12 +279,12 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo
 		switch newhostinfo.GetCert().Certificate.Version() {
 		case cert.Version1:
 			if !relayFrom.Is4() {
-				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+				n.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
 				continue
 			}

 			if !relayTo.Is4() {
-				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+				n.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
 				continue
 			}

@@ -298,16 +296,16 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo
 			req.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayFrom)
 			req.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayTo)
 		default:
-			newhostinfo.logger(cm.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while attempting to migrate relay")
+			newhostinfo.logger(n.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while attempting to migrate relay")
 			continue
 		}

 		msg, err := req.Marshal()
 		if err != nil {
-			cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay")
+			n.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay")
 		} else {
-			cm.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, newhostinfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
-			cm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, newhostinfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			n.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 				"relayFrom":           req.RelayFromAddr,
 				"relayTo":             req.RelayToAddr,
 				"initiatorRelayIndex": req.InitiatorRelayIndex,
@@ -318,45 +316,46 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo
 	}
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
-	// Read lock the main hostmap to order decisions based on tunnels being the primary tunnel
-	cm.hostMap.RLock()
-	defer cm.hostMap.RUnlock()
+func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
+	n.hostMap.RLock()
+	defer n.hostMap.RUnlock()

-	hostinfo := cm.hostMap.Indexes[localIndex]
+	hostinfo := n.hostMap.Indexes[localIndex]
 	if hostinfo == nil {
-		cm.l.WithField("localIndex", localIndex).Debugln("Not found in hostmap")
+		n.l.WithField("localIndex", localIndex).Debugf("Not found in hostmap")
+		delete(n.pendingDeletion, localIndex)
 		return doNothing, nil, nil
 	}

-	if cm.isInvalidCertificate(now, hostinfo) {
+	if n.isInvalidCertificate(now, hostinfo) {
+		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 		return closeTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}

-	primary := cm.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
+	primary := n.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
 	mainHostInfo := true
 	if primary != nil && primary != hostinfo {
 		mainHostInfo = false
 	}

 	// Check for traffic on this hostinfo
-	inTraffic, outTraffic := cm.getAndResetTrafficCheck(hostinfo, now)
+	inTraffic, outTraffic := n.getAndResetTrafficCheck(localIndex)

 	// A hostinfo is determined alive if there is incoming traffic
 	if inTraffic {
 		decision := doNothing
-		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(n.l).
 				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "alive", "method": "passive"}).
 				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}
-		hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Store(false)
+		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)

 		if mainHostInfo {
 			decision = tryRehandshake

 		} else {
-			if cm.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo) {
+			if n.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo) {
 				decision = swapPrimary
 			} else {
 				// migrate the relays to the primary, if in use.
@@ -364,55 +363,46 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim
 			}
 		}

-		cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
+		n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.checkInterval)

 		if !outTraffic {
 			// Send a punch packet to keep the NAT state alive
-			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 		}

 		return decision, hostinfo, primary
 	}

-	if hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load() {
+	if _, ok := n.pendingDeletion[hostinfo.localIndexId]; ok {
 		// We have already sent a test packet and nothing was returned, this hostinfo is dead
-		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+		hostinfo.logger(n.l).
 			WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "dead", "method": "active"}).
 			Info("Tunnel status")

+		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 		return deleteTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}

 	decision := doNothing
-	if hostinfo != nil && hostinfo.ConnectionState != nil && mainHostInfo {
+	if hostinfo.ConnectionState != nil && mainHostInfo {
 		if !outTraffic {
-			inactiveFor, isInactive := cm.isInactive(hostinfo, now)
-			if isInactive {
-				// Tunnel is inactive, tear it down
-				hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
-					WithField("inactiveDuration", inactiveFor).
-					WithField("primary", mainHostInfo).
-					Info("Dropping tunnel due to inactivity")
-
-				return closeTunnel, hostinfo, primary
-			}
-
 			// If we aren't sending or receiving traffic then its an unused tunnel and we don't to test the tunnel.
 			// Just maintain NAT state if configured to do so.
-			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
-			cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
+			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.checkInterval)
 			return doNothing, nil, nil
+
 		}

-		if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+		if n.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
 			// This is similar to the old punchy behavior with a slight optimization.
 			// We aren't receiving traffic but we are sending it, punch on all known
 			// ips in case we need to re-prime NAT state
-			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 		}

-		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(n.l).
 				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "testing", "method": "active"}).
 				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}
@@ -421,33 +411,17 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim
 		decision = sendTestPacket

 	} else {
-		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Debugf("Hostinfo sadness")
+		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(n.l).Debugf("Hostinfo sadness")
 		}
 	}

-	hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Store(true)
-	cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
+	n.pendingDeletion[hostinfo.localIndexId] = struct{}{}
+	n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.pendingDeletionInterval)
 	return decision, hostinfo, nil
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) isInactive(hostinfo *HostInfo, now time.Time) (time.Duration, bool) {
-	if cm.dropInactive.Load() == false {
-		// We aren't configured to drop inactive tunnels
-		return 0, false
-	}
-
-	inactiveDuration := now.Sub(hostinfo.lastUsed)
-	if inactiveDuration < cm.getInactivityTimeout() {
-		// It's not considered inactive
-		return inactiveDuration, false
-	}
-
-	// The tunnel is inactive
-	return inactiveDuration, true
-}
-
-func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current *HostInfo) bool {
+func (n *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current *HostInfo) bool {
 	// The primary tunnel is the most recent handshake to complete locally and should work entirely fine.
 	// If we are here then we have multiple tunnels for a host pair and neither side believes the same tunnel is primary.
 	// Let's sort this out.
@@ -455,90 +429,83 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current *HostInfo) bool {
 	// Only one side should swap because if both swap then we may never resolve to a single tunnel.
 	// vpn addr is static across all tunnels for this host pair so lets
 	// use that to determine if we should consider swapping.
-	if current.vpnAddrs[0].Compare(cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]) < 0 {
+	if current.vpnAddrs[0].Compare(n.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]) < 0 {
 		// Their primary vpn addr is less than mine. Do not swap.
 		return false
 	}

-	crt := cm.intf.pki.getCertState().getCertificate(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Version())
+	crt := n.intf.pki.getCertState().getCertificate(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Version())
 	// If this tunnel is using the latest certificate then we should swap it to primary for a bit and see if things
 	// settle down.
 	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature(), crt.Signature())
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
-	cm.hostMap.Lock()
+func (n *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
+	n.hostMap.Lock()
 	// Make sure the primary is still the same after the write lock. This avoids a race with a rehandshake.
-	if cm.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnAddrs[0]] == primary {
-		cm.hostMap.unlockedMakePrimary(current)
+	if n.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnAddrs[0]] == primary {
+		n.hostMap.unlockedMakePrimary(current)
 	}
-	cm.hostMap.Unlock()
+	n.hostMap.Unlock()
 }

 // isInvalidCertificate will check if we should destroy a tunnel if pki.disconnect_invalid is true and
 // the certificate is no longer valid. Block listed certificates will skip the pki.disconnect_invalid
 // check and return true.
-func (cm *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
+func (n *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
 	remoteCert := hostinfo.GetCert()
 	if remoteCert == nil {
 		return false
 	}

-	caPool := cm.intf.pki.GetCAPool()
+	caPool := n.intf.pki.GetCAPool()
 	err := caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(now, remoteCert)
 	if err == nil {
 		return false
 	}

-	if !cm.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
+	if !n.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
 		// Block listed certificates should always be disconnected
 		return false
 	}

-	hostinfo.logger(cm.l).WithError(err).
+	hostinfo.logger(n.l).WithError(err).
 		WithField("fingerprint", remoteCert.Fingerprint).
 		Info("Remote certificate is no longer valid, tearing down the tunnel")

 	return true
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	if !cm.punchy.GetPunch() {
+func (n *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	if !n.punchy.GetPunch() {
 		// Punching is disabled
 		return
 	}

-	if cm.intf.lightHouse.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(hostinfo.vpnAddrs) {
-		// Do not punch to lighthouses, we assume our lighthouse update interval is good enough.
-		// In the event the update interval is not sufficient to maintain NAT state then a publicly available lighthouse
-		// would lose the ability to notify us and punchy.respond would become unreliable.
-		return
-	}
-
-	if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
-		hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(cm.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges(), func(addr netip.AddrPort, preferred bool) {
-			cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
-			cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, addr)
+	if n.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+		hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(n.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges(), func(addr netip.AddrPort, preferred bool) {
+			n.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+			n.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, addr)
 		})

 	} else if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() {
-		cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
-		cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, hostinfo.remote)
+		n.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+		n.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, hostinfo.remote)
 	}
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	cs := cm.intf.pki.getCertState()
+func (n *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	cs := n.intf.pki.getCertState()
 	curCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert
 	myCrt := cs.getCertificate(curCrt.Version())
-	if curCrt.Version() >= cs.initiatingVersion && bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) == true {
+	if curCrt.Version() >= cs.initiatingVersion && bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) {
 		// The current tunnel is using the latest certificate and version, no need to rehandshake.
 		return
 	}

-	cm.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
+	n.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
 		WithField("reason", "local certificate is not current").
 		Info("Re-handshaking with remote")

-	cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
+	n.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
 }
--- a/connection_manager_test.go
+++ b/connection_manager_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package nebula

 import (
+	"context"
 	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"net/netip"
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 		addrMap:   map[netip.Addr]*RemoteList{},
 		queryChan: make(chan netip.Addr, 10),
 	}
-	lighthouses := []netip.Addr{}
+	lighthouses := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
 	staticList := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}

 	lh.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
@@ -63,12 +64,12 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)

 	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(l)
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
-	nc.intf = ifce
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
+	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
 	p := []byte("")
-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+	nb := make([]byte, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)

 	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
@@ -84,33 +85,32 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

 	// We saw traffic out to vpnIp
-	nc.Out(hostinfo)
-	nc.In(hostinfo)
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)

 	// Do a traffic check tick, should not be pending deletion but should not have any in/out packets recorded
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)

 	// Do another traffic check tick, this host should be pending deletion now
-	nc.Out(hostinfo)
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])

 	// Do a final traffic check tick, the host should now be removed
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 }

@@ -146,12 +146,12 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)

 	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(l)
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
-	nc.intf = ifce
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
+	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
 	p := []byte("")
-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+	nb := make([]byte, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)

 	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
@@ -167,129 +167,33 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

 	// We saw traffic out to vpnIp
-	nc.Out(hostinfo)
-	nc.In(hostinfo)
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)

 	// Do a traffic check tick, should not be pending deletion but should not have any in/out packets recorded
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)

 	// Do another traffic check tick, this host should be pending deletion now
-	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])

 	// We saw traffic, should no longer be pending deletion
-	nc.In(hostinfo)
+	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
-}
-
-func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
-	vpnAddrs := []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")}
-	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}
-
-	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
-	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)
-
-	cs := &CertState{
-		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
-		privateKey:        []byte{},
-		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
-	}
-
-	lh := newTestLighthouse()
-	ifce := &Interface{
-		hostMap:          hostMap,
-		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
-		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
-		firewall:         &Firewall{},
-		lightHouse:       lh,
-		pki:              &PKI{},
-		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, hostMap, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
-		l:                l,
-	}
-	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
-
-	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["tunnels"] = map[string]any{
-		"drop_inactive": true,
-	}
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
-	assert.True(t, nc.dropInactive.Load())
-	nc.intf = ifce
-
-	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
-	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnAddrs:      vpnAddrs,
-		localIndexId:  1099,
-		remoteIndexId: 9901,
-	}
-	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
-	}
-	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
-
-	// Do a traffic check tick, in and out should be cleared but should not be pending deletion
-	nc.Out(hostinfo)
-	nc.In(hostinfo)
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
-
-	now := time.Now()
-	decision, _, _ := nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now)
-	assert.Equal(t, tryRehandshake, decision)
-	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
-
-	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Second*5))
-	assert.Equal(t, doNothing, decision)
-	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
-
-	// Do another traffic check tick, should still not be pending deletion
-	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Second*10))
-	assert.Equal(t, doNothing, decision)
-	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
-
-	// Finally advance beyond the inactivity timeout
-	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Minute*10))
-	assert.Equal(t, closeTunnel, decision)
-	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
-	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 }
@@ -337,7 +241,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	cachedPeerCert, err := ncp.VerifyCertificate(now.Add(time.Second), peerCert)
-
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	cs := &CertState{
 		privateKey:       []byte{},
 		v1Cert:           &dummyCert{},
@@ -360,10 +264,10 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.disconnectInvalid.Store(true)

 	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(l)
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
-	nc.intf = ifce
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancel()
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
+	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
 	ifce.connectionManager = nc

 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
@@ -446,10 +350,6 @@ func (d *dummyCert) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return d.publicKey
 }

-func (d *dummyCert) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
-	return cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(d.curve, d.publicKey)
-}
-
 func (d *dummyCert) Signature() []byte {
 	return d.signature
 }
--- a/control.go
+++ b/control.go
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ type Control struct {
 	statsStart      func()
 	dnsStart        func()
 	lighthouseStart func()
-	connectionManagerStart func(context.Context)
 }

 type ControlHostInfo struct {
@@ -64,9 +63,6 @@ func (c *Control) Start() {
 	if c.dnsStart != nil {
 		go c.dnsStart()
 	}
-	if c.connectionManagerStart != nil {
-		go c.connectionManagerStart(c.ctx)
-	}
 	if c.lighthouseStart != nil {
 		c.lighthouseStart()
 	}
@@ -135,7 +131,8 @@ func (c *Control) ListHostmapIndexes(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {

 // GetCertByVpnIp returns the authenticated certificate of the given vpn IP, or nil if not found
 func (c *Control) GetCertByVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr) cert.Certificate {
-	if c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(vpnIp) {
+	_, found := c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(vpnIp)
+	if found {
 		// Only returning the default certificate since its impossible
 		// for any other host but ourselves to have more than 1
 		return c.f.pki.getCertState().GetDefaultCertificate().Copy()
@@ -218,7 +215,7 @@ func (c *Control) CloseTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr, localOnly bool) bool {
 			hostInfo.ConnectionState,
 			hostInfo,
 			[]byte{},
-			make([]byte, 12, 12),
+			make([]byte, 12),
 			make([]byte, mtu),
 		)
 	}
@@ -234,7 +231,7 @@ func (c *Control) CloseAllTunnels(excludeLighthouses bool) (closed int) {
 		if excludeLighthouses && c.f.lightHouse.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(h.vpnAddrs) {
 			return
 		}
-		c.f.send(header.CloseTunnel, 0, h.ConnectionState, h, []byte{}, make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+		c.f.send(header.CloseTunnel, 0, h.ConnectionState, h, []byte{}, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 		c.f.closeTunnel(h)

 		c.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", h.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", h.remote).
@@ -285,9 +282,7 @@ func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) ControlHostInfo {
 		CurrentRemote:          h.remote,
 	}

-	for i, a := range h.vpnAddrs {
-		chi.VpnAddrs[i] = a
-	}
+	copy(chi.VpnAddrs, h.vpnAddrs)

 	if h.ConnectionState != nil {
 		chi.MessageCounter = h.ConnectionState.messageCounter.Load()
--- a/control_test.go
+++ b/control_test.go
@@ -27,12 +27,10 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {

 	ipNet := net.IPNet{
 		IP: remote1.Addr().AsSlice(),
-		Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
 	}

 	ipNet2 := net.IPNet{
 		IP: remote2.Addr().AsSlice(),
-		Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
 	}

 	remotes := NewRemoteList([]netip.Addr{netip.IPv4Unspecified()}, nil)
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		localIndexId:  201,
 		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         nil,
+			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		localIndexId:  201,
 		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp2},
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         nil,
+			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
--- a/dns_server.go
+++ b/dns_server.go
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ type dnsRecords struct {
 	dnsMap4         map[string]netip.Addr
 	dnsMap6         map[string]netip.Addr
 	hostMap         *HostMap
-	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Lite
+	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
 }

 func newDnsRecords(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, hostMap *HostMap) *dnsRecords {
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ func (d *dnsRecords) isSelfNebulaOrLocalhost(addr string) bool {
 		return true
 	}

-	//if we found it in this table, it's good
-	return d.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(b)
+	_, found := d.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(b)
+	return found //if we found it in this table, it's good
 }

 func (d *dnsRecords) parseQuery(m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
--- a/e2e/handshakes_test.go
+++ b/e2e/handshakes_test.go
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ func TestReestablishRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	curIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
 	for curIndexes >= start {
 		curIndexes = len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		r.Logf("Wait for the dead index to go away:start=%v indexes, current=%v indexes", start, curIndexes)
+		r.Logf("Wait for the dead index to go away:start=%v indexes, currnet=%v indexes", start, curIndexes)
 		myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me should fail"))

 		r.RouteForAllExitFunc(func(p *udp.Packet, c *nebula.Control) router.ExitType {
@@ -1052,9 +1052,6 @@ func TestRehandshakingLoser(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Log("Stand up a tunnel between me and them")
 	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)

-	myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-
 	r.RenderHostmaps("Starting hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)

 	r.Log("Renew their certificate and spin until mine sees it")
--- a/e2e/helpers_test.go
+++ b/e2e/helpers_test.go
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ type m = map[string]any

 // newSimpleServer creates a nebula instance with many assumptions
 func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
+	l := NewTestLogger()
+
 	var vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	for _, sn := range strings.Split(sVpnNetworks, ",") {
 		vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
@@ -54,25 +56,6 @@ func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name
 		budpIp[3] = 239
 		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(budpIp), 4242)
 	}
-	return newSimpleServerWithUdp(v, caCrt, caKey, name, sVpnNetworks, udpAddr, overrides)
-}
-
-func newSimpleServerWithUdp(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, udpAddr netip.AddrPort, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
-	l := NewTestLogger()
-
-	var vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	for _, sn := range strings.Split(sVpnNetworks, ",") {
-		vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		vpnNetworks = append(vpnNetworks, vpnIpNet)
-	}
-
-	if len(vpnNetworks) == 0 {
-		panic("no vpn networks")
-	}
-
 	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := cert_test.NewTestCert(v, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnNetworks, nil, []string{})

 	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalPEM()
--- a/e2e/router/router.go
+++ b/e2e/router/router.go
@@ -700,7 +700,6 @@ func (r *R) FlushAll() {
 			r.Unlock()
 			panic("Can't FlushAll for host: " + p.To.String())
 		}
-		receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
 		r.Unlock()
 	}
 }
--- a/e2e/tunnels_test.go
+++ b/e2e/tunnels_test.go
@@ -1,105 +0,0 @@
-//go:build e2e_testing
-// +build e2e_testing
-
-package e2e
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
-)
-
-func TestDropInactiveTunnels(t *testing.T) {
-	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
-	// under ideal conditions
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "5s"}})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "10m"}})
-
-	// Share our underlay information
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-
-	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	r.Log("Go inactive and wait for the tunnels to get dropped")
-	waitStart := time.Now()
-	for {
-		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		if myIndexes == 0 && theirIndexes == 0 {
-			break
-		}
-
-		since := time.Since(waitStart)
-		r.Logf("my tunnels: %v; their tunnels: %v; duration: %v", myIndexes, theirIndexes, since)
-		if since > time.Second*30 {
-			t.Fatal("Tunnel should have been declared inactive after 5 seconds and before 30 seconds")
-		}
-
-		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
-		r.FlushAll()
-	}
-
-	r.Logf("Inactive tunnels were dropped within %v", time.Since(waitStart))
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestCrossStackRelaysWork(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me     ", "10.128.0.1/24,fc00::1/64", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "relay  ", "10.128.0.128/24,fc00::128/64", m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
-	theirUdp := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.2:4242")
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServerWithUdp(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them   ", "fc00::2/64", theirUdp, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-
-	//myVpnV4 := myVpnIpNet[0]
-	myVpnV6 := myVpnIpNet[1]
-	relayVpnV4 := relayVpnIpNet[0]
-	relayVpnV6 := relayVpnIpNet[1]
-	theirVpnV6 := theirVpnIpNet[0]
-
-	// Teach my how to get to the relay and that their can be reached via the relay
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnV4.Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnV6.Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
-	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnV6.Addr(), []netip.Addr{relayVpnV6.Addr()})
-	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnV6.Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-
-	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	relayControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger a handshake from me to them via the relay")
-	myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me"))
-
-	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-	r.Log("Assert the tunnel works")
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from me"), p, myVpnV6.Addr(), theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, 80)
-
-	t.Log("reply?")
-	theirControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from them"))
-	p = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(myControl)
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from them"), p, theirVpnV6.Addr(), myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, 80)
-
-	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
-	//t.Log("finish up")
-	//myControl.Stop()
-	//theirControl.Stop()
-	//relayControl.Stop()
-}
--- a/examples/config.yml
+++ b/examples/config.yml
@@ -275,10 +275,6 @@ tun:
  # On linux only, set to true to manage unsafe routes directly on the system route table with gateway routes instead of
  # in nebula configuration files. Default false, not reloadable.
  #use_system_route_table: false
-  # Buffer size for reading routes updates. 0 means default system buffer size. (/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default).
-  # If using massive routes updates, for example BGP, you may need to increase this value to avoid packet loss.
-  # SO_RCVBUFFORCE is used to avoid having to raise the system wide max
-  #use_system_route_table_buffer_size: 0

 # Configure logging level
 logging:
@@ -338,18 +334,6 @@ logging:
  # after receiving the response for lighthouse queries
  #trigger_buffer: 64

-# Tunnel manager settings
-#tunnels:
-  # drop_inactive controls whether inactive tunnels are maintained or dropped after the inactive_timeout period has
-  # elapsed.
-  # In general, it is a good idea to enable this setting. It will be enabled by default in a future release.
-  # This setting is reloadable
-  #drop_inactive: false
-
-  # inactivity_timeout controls how long a tunnel MUST NOT see any inbound or outbound traffic before being considered
-  # inactive and eligible to be dropped.
-  # This setting is reloadable
-  #inactivity_timeout: 10m

 # Nebula security group configuration
 firewall:
--- a/examples/go_service/main.go
+++ b/examples/go_service/main.go
@@ -5,12 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"net"
-	"os"

-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/service"
 )

@@ -63,16 +59,7 @@ pki:
 	if err := cfg.LoadString(configStr); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	logger := logrus.New()
-	logger.Out = os.Stdout
-
-	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(&cfg, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	svc, err := service.New(ctrl)
+	svc, err := service.New(&cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/firewall.go
+++ b/firewall.go
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ type Firewall struct {

 	// routableNetworks describes the vpn addresses as well as any unsafe networks issued to us in the certificate.
 	// The vpn addresses are a full bit match while the unsafe networks only match the prefix
-	routableNetworks *bart.Lite
+	routableNetworks *bart.Table[struct{}]

 	// assignedNetworks is a list of vpn networks assigned to us in the certificate.
 	assignedNetworks  []netip.Prefix
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ type firewallPort map[int32]*FirewallCA

 type firewallLocalCIDR struct {
 	Any       bool
-	LocalCIDR *bart.Lite
+	LocalCIDR *bart.Table[struct{}]
 }

 // NewFirewall creates a new Firewall object. A TimerWheel is created for you from the provided timeouts.
@@ -148,17 +148,17 @@ func NewFirewall(l *logrus.Logger, tcpTimeout, UDPTimeout, defaultTimeout time.D
 		tmax = defaultTimeout
 	}

-	routableNetworks := new(bart.Lite)
+	routableNetworks := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
 	var assignedNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	for _, network := range c.Networks() {
 		nprefix := netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen())
-		routableNetworks.Insert(nprefix)
+		routableNetworks.Insert(nprefix, struct{}{})
 		assignedNetworks = append(assignedNetworks, network)
 	}

 	hasUnsafeNetworks := false
 	for _, n := range c.UnsafeNetworks() {
-		routableNetworks.Insert(n)
+		routableNetworks.Insert(n, struct{}{})
 		hasUnsafeNetworks = true
 	}

@@ -431,7 +431,8 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *

 	// Make sure remote address matches nebula certificate
 	if h.networks != nil {
-		if !h.networks.Contains(fp.RemoteAddr) {
+		_, ok := h.networks.Lookup(fp.RemoteAddr)
+		if !ok {
 			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteAddr.Inc(1)
 			return ErrInvalidRemoteIP
 		}
@@ -444,7 +445,8 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *
 	}

 	// Make sure we are supposed to be handling this local ip address
-	if !f.routableNetworks.Contains(fp.LocalAddr) {
+	_, ok := f.routableNetworks.Lookup(fp.LocalAddr)
+	if !ok {
 		f.metrics(incoming).droppedLocalAddr.Inc(1)
 		return ErrInvalidLocalIP
 	}
@@ -604,7 +606,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) evict(p firewall.Packet) {
 		return
 	}

-	newT := t.Expires.Sub(time.Now())
+	newT := time.Until(t.Expires)

 	// Timeout is in the future, re-add the timer
 	if newT > 0 {
@@ -750,7 +752,7 @@ func (fc *FirewallCA) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate, caPool
 func (fr *FirewallRule) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, ip, localCIDR netip.Prefix) error {
 	flc := func() *firewallLocalCIDR {
 		return &firewallLocalCIDR{
-			LocalCIDR: new(bart.Lite),
+			LocalCIDR: new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
 		}
 	}

@@ -830,7 +832,7 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate) bool
 	}

 	// Shortcut path for if groups, hosts, or cidr contained an `any`
-	if fr.Any.match(p, c) {
+	if fr.Any.match(p) {
 		return true
 	}

@@ -847,21 +849,21 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate) bool
 			found = true
 		}

-		if found && sg.LocalCIDR.match(p, c) {
+		if found && sg.LocalCIDR.match(p) {
 			return true
 		}
 	}

 	if fr.Hosts != nil {
 		if flc, ok := fr.Hosts[c.Certificate.Name()]; ok {
-			if flc.match(p, c) {
+			if flc.match(p) {
 				return true
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	for _, v := range fr.CIDR.Supernets(netip.PrefixFrom(p.RemoteAddr, p.RemoteAddr.BitLen())) {
-		if v.match(p, c) {
+		if v.match(p) {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
@@ -877,7 +879,7 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
 		}

 		for _, network := range f.assignedNetworks {
-			flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(network)
+			flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(network, struct{}{})
 		}
 		return nil

@@ -886,11 +888,11 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(localIp)
+	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(localIp, struct{}{})
 	return nil
 }

-func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate) bool {
+func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) match(p firewall.Packet) bool {
 	if flc == nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -899,7 +901,8 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate
 		return true
 	}

-	return flc.LocalCIDR.Contains(p.LocalAddr)
+	_, ok := flc.LocalCIDR.Lookup(p.LocalAddr)
+	return ok
 }

 type rule struct {
--- a/firewall_test.go
+++ b/firewall_test.go
@@ -35,22 +35,27 @@ func TestNewFirewall(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, 3602, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelLen)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Hour, time.Minute, c)
+	conntrack = fw.Conntrack
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelDuration)
 	assert.Equal(t, 3602, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelLen)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Hour, time.Second, time.Minute, c)
+	conntrack = fw.Conntrack
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelDuration)
 	assert.Equal(t, 3602, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelLen)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Hour, time.Minute, time.Second, c)
+	conntrack = fw.Conntrack
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelDuration)
 	assert.Equal(t, 3602, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelLen)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Minute, time.Hour, time.Second, c)
+	conntrack = fw.Conntrack
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelDuration)
 	assert.Equal(t, 3602, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelLen)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Minute, time.Second, time.Hour, c)
+	conntrack = fw.Conntrack
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Hour, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelDuration)
 	assert.Equal(t, 3602, conntrack.TimerWheel.wheelLen)
 }
@@ -68,9 +73,6 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	ti, err := netip.ParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32")
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	ti6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("fd12::34/128")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoTCP, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	// An empty rule is any
 	assert.True(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Any.Any)
@@ -95,24 +97,12 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	_, ok := fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
-	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti6)
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti, "", ""))
 	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti6, "", ""))
-	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
-	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti6)
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-name", ""))
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].CANames, "ca-name")
@@ -132,13 +122,6 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)

-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	anyIp6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("::/0")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
-
 	// Test error conditions
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, math.MaxUint8, 0, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
@@ -221,82 +204,6 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }

-func TestFirewall_DropV6(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	l.SetOutput(ob)
-
-	p := firewall.Packet{
-		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
-		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
-		LocalPort:  10,
-		RemotePort: 90,
-		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
-		Fragment:   false,
-	}
-
-	c := dummyCert{
-		name:     "host1",
-		networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120")},
-		groups:   []string{"default-group"},
-		issuer:   "signer-shasum",
-	}
-	h := HostInfo{
-		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
-			peerCert: &cert.CachedCertificate{
-				Certificate:    &c,
-				InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"default-group": {}},
-			},
-		},
-		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34")},
-	}
-	h.buildNetworks(c.networks, c.unsafeNetworks)
-
-	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
-
-	// Drop outbound
-	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
-	// Allow inbound
-	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
-	// Allow outbound because conntrack
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
-
-	// test remote mismatch
-	oldRemote := p.RemoteAddr
-	p.RemoteAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::56")
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
-	p.RemoteAddr = oldRemote
-
-	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
-
-	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
-
-	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
-	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
-
-	// test caName doesn't drop on match
-	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
-}
-
 func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 	f := &Firewall{}
 	ft := FirewallTable{
@@ -306,10 +213,6 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 	pfix := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/32")
 	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
 	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix, "", "")
-
-	pfix6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd11::11/128")
-	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix6, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
-	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix6, "", "")
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	b.Run("fail on proto", func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -341,15 +244,6 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: ip.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
-	b.Run("pass proto, port, fail on local CIDRv6", func(b *testing.B) {
-		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
-			Certificate: &dummyCert{},
-		}
-		ip := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: ip.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
-		}
-	})

 	b.Run("pass proto, port, any local CIDR, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -363,18 +257,6 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 10}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
-	b.Run("pass proto, port, any local CIDRv6, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
-		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
-			Certificate: &dummyCert{
-				name:     "nope",
-				networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")},
-			},
-			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"nope": {}},
-		}
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 10}, true, c, cp))
-		}
-	})

 	b.Run("pass proto, port, specific local CIDR, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -388,18 +270,6 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
-	b.Run("pass proto, port, specific local CIDRv6, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
-		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
-			Certificate: &dummyCert{
-				name:     "nope",
-				networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99:99/128")},
-			},
-			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"nope": {}},
-		}
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix6.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
-		}
-	})

 	b.Run("pass on group on any local cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -424,17 +294,6 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.True(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
-	b.Run("pass on group on specific local cidr6", func(b *testing.B) {
-		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
-			Certificate: &dummyCert{
-				name: "nope",
-			},
-			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"good-group": {}},
-		}
-		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-			assert.True(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix6.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
-		}
-	})

 	b.Run("pass on name", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -593,42 +452,6 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 }

-func TestFirewall_Drop3V6(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	l.SetOutput(ob)
-
-	p := firewall.Packet{
-		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
-		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
-		LocalPort:  1,
-		RemotePort: 1,
-		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
-		Fragment:   false,
-	}
-
-	network := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120")
-	c := cert.CachedCertificate{
-		Certificate: &dummyCert{
-			name:     "host-owner",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{network},
-		},
-	}
-	h := HostInfo{
-		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
-			peerCert: &c,
-		},
-		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
-	}
-	h.buildNetworks(c.Certificate.Networks(), c.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
-
-	// Test a remote address match
-	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120"), netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
-}
-
 func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
@@ -692,50 +515,6 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 }

-func TestFirewall_DropIPSpoofing(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	l.SetOutput(ob)
-
-	c := cert.CachedCertificate{
-		Certificate: &dummyCert{
-			name:     "host-owner",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.1/24")},
-		},
-	}
-
-	c1 := cert.CachedCertificate{
-		Certificate: &dummyCert{
-			name:           "host",
-			networks:       []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.2/24")},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("198.51.100.0/24")},
-		},
-	}
-	h1 := HostInfo{
-		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
-			peerCert: &c1,
-		},
-		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{c1.Certificate.Networks()[0].Addr()},
-	}
-	h1.buildNetworks(c1.Certificate.Networks(), c1.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
-
-	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
-
-	// Packet spoofed by `c1`. Note that the remote addr is not a valid one.
-	p := firewall.Packet{
-		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.1"),
-		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.3"),
-		LocalPort:  1,
-		RemotePort: 1,
-		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
-		Fragment:   false,
-	}
-	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
-}
-
 func BenchmarkLookup(b *testing.B) {
 	ml := func(m map[string]struct{}, a [][]string) {
 		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
@@ -953,21 +732,6 @@ func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr}, mf.lastCall)

-	// Test adding rule with cidr ipv6
-	cidr6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00::/8")
-	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr6, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)
-
-	// Test adding rule with local_cidr ipv6
-	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr6}, mf.lastCall)
-
 	// Test adding rule with ca_sha
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,30 +1,32 @@
 module github.com/slackhq/nebula

-go 1.25
+go 1.23.6
+
+toolchain go1.24.1

 require (
-	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1
 	github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be
 	github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0
 	github.com/cyberdelia/go-metrics-graphite v0.0.0-20161219230853-39f87cc3b432
 	github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0
-	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4
+	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.1
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19
 	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65
 	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b
 	github.com/nbrownus/go-metrics-prometheus v0.0.0-20210712211119-974a6260965f
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.21.1
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090
-	golang.org/x/net v0.39.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.38.0
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.31.0
@@ -41,12 +43,13 @@ require (
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
+	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 h1:85+piFYR1tMbRrLcDwR18y4UKJ3aH1Tbzi24VRW1TK8=
-dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2/go.mod h1:E/hbnu0NxMFBjpMIE34DRGLWqDy0g5FuKDhCb31ngxA=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 h1:Ra4+bf83h2ztPIQYNP99R6m+Y7KfnARDfID+a+vLl4s=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1/go.mod h1:uNxQE+84aUszobStD9th8a29P2fMDhsBdgRYvZOxGmk=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0 h1:KjPQoQCEFdZDiP03phOvGi11+SVVhBG2wOWAorLsstg=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0/go.mod h1:xbMo+0i6+IGbYdJhF31t2eR1BIU0CYc12+BNAKwUTag=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4 h1:Ik47r1fy3jRVU+1eYzKSW3ho2UgBVTVnUS8O993584U=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4/go.mod h1:cEed+ge8dalcbpi8wtS9x9m2hn/fNJH5suhdGQOHnYk=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.1 h1:igNss0zDsSY8e+ophKgD9KJVPKBOo7uSVjyKCL7nIzo=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.1/go.mod h1:JJzMAhNF5Rjo4SF4jWBrANuJfqY+FvsFhW7t1UZJ+XY=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:zbhenjAZHb184qTLMA9ZjW7ThYL0H2mk7Q6pNt4vbaY=
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMyw
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19 h1:ves8RnFZPGiFnTS0uPQStjwru6uO6h+nlr9j6fL7kF8=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19/go.mod h1:iJ8V8n6KS+z2U1A8pUwu8bW5SyEMkXJB8Yo/Vo+TKTo=
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2 h1:ZvePhAHfvo0A7Mftk/tEzqEZ7Q4lgnR8sGz4xu1YX
 github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2/go.mod h1:CIMRFEJVL+0DS1a3Nx06NaMn4Dz63Ng6O7dl0qH0zVM=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 h1:c/Cqfb0r+Yi+JtIEq73FWXVkRonBlf0CRNYc8Zttxdo=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0/go.mod h1:2Pp+KzxcywXVXMr50+X0Q/Lsb43OQHYWRCY2AiWywWQ=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 h1:In6xLpyWOi1+C7tXUUWv2ot1QvBjxevKAaI6IXrJmUc=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11/go.mod h1:pMDklpSncoRMuLFrf1W9Ss9KT+0rH90U12bZKk7uwG0=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.3/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 h1:rb93p9lokFEsctTys46VnV1kLCDpVZ0a/Y92Vm0Zc6Q=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0/go.mod h1:R7ljNsLXhuQXYZYtw6GAE9AZg8Y7vEW5scdCXrWRXC0=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.21.1 h1:DOvXXTqVzvkIewV/CDPFdejpMCGeMcbGCQ8YOmu+Ibk=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.21.1/go.mod h1:U9NM32ykUErtVBxdvD3zfi+EuFkkaBvMb09mIfe0Zgg=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
@@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81P
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1 h1:3AEMt62VKqz90r0tmNhog0r/PpWKmrEShJU0wJW6bV0=
-github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1/go.mod h1:ARtKouGSTGchR8aMwmkzC0qiNPrrWO5JS/XMVl45+b4=
-github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 h1:DfiHV+j8bA32MFM7bfEunvT8IAqQ/NzSJHtcmW5zdEY=
-github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5/go.mod h1:SpkAiCQRtJ6TvvxPnOSyH3BMl6unz3xZlaprSwhNNJM=
+github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0 h1:X7l42GfcV4S6E4vHTsw48qbrV+9PVojNfIhZcwQdrZk=
+github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0/go.mod h1:i6NetklAujEcC6fK0JPjT8qSwWyO0HLn4UKG+hGqeJs=
+github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 h1:Oeaw1EM2JMxD51g9uhtC0D7erkIjgmj8+JZc26m1YX8=
+github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4/go.mod h1:SpkAiCQRtJ6TvvxPnOSyH3BMl6unz3xZlaprSwhNNJM=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLL
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200625001655-4c5254603344/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.39.0 h1:ZCu7HMWDxpXpaiKdhzIfaltL9Lp31x/3fCP11bc6/fY=
-golang.org/x/net v0.39.0/go.mod h1:X7NRbYVEA+ewNkCNyJ513WmMdQ3BineSwVtN2zD/d+E=
+golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 h1:vRMAPTMaeGqVhG5QyLJHqNDwecKTomGeqbnfZyKlBI8=
+golang.org/x/net v0.38.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
--- a/handshake_ix.go
+++ b/handshake_ix.go
@@ -192,7 +192,8 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet

 	for _, network := range remoteCert.Certificate.Networks() {
 		vpnAddr := network.Addr()
-		if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
+		if found {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnAddr", vpnAddr).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
 				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
@@ -203,7 +204,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		}

 		// vpnAddrs outside our vpn networks are of no use to us, filter them out
-		if !f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		if _, ok := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr); !ok {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -249,7 +250,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		HandshakePacket:   make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
 		lastHandshakeTime: hs.Details.Time,
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         nil,
+			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
@@ -342,7 +343,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 			if existing.SetRemoteIfPreferred(f.hostMap, addr) {
 				// Send a test packet to ensure the other side has also switched to
 				// the preferred remote
-				f.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, vpnAddrs[0], []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+				f.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, vpnAddrs[0], []byte(""), make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 			}

 			msg = existing.HandshakePacket[2]
@@ -385,7 +386,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 				Info("Handshake too old")

 			// Send a test packet to trigger an authenticated tunnel test, this should suss out any lingering tunnel issues
-			f.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, vpnAddrs[0], []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			f.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, vpnAddrs[0], []byte(""), make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 			return
 		case ErrLocalIndexCollision:
 			// This means we failed to insert because of collision on localIndexId. Just let the next handshake packet retry
@@ -457,11 +458,9 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 			Info("Handshake message sent")
 	}

-	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo)
+	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo.localIndexId)

-	hostinfo.remotes.RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs)
-
-	return
+	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
 }

 func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, packet []byte, h *header.H) bool {
@@ -578,7 +577,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 	for _, network := range vpnNetworks {
 		// vpnAddrs outside our vpn networks are of no use to us, filter them out
 		vpnAddr := network.Addr()
-		if !f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		if _, ok := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr); !ok {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -652,14 +651,14 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha

 	// Complete our handshake and update metrics, this will replace any existing tunnels for the vpnAddrs here
 	f.handshakeManager.Complete(hostinfo, f)
-	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo)
+	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo.localIndexId)

 	if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 		hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debugf("Sending %d stored packets", len(hh.packetStore))
 	}

 	if len(hh.packetStore) > 0 {
-		nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+		nb := make([]byte, 12)
 		out := make([]byte, mtu)
 		for _, cp := range hh.packetStore {
 			cp.callback(cp.messageType, cp.messageSubType, hostinfo, cp.packet, nb, out)
@@ -667,7 +666,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 		f.cachedPacketMetrics.sent.Inc(int64(len(hh.packetStore)))
 	}

-	hostinfo.remotes.RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs)
+	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
 	f.metricHandshakes.Update(duration)

 	return false
--- a/handshake_manager.go
+++ b/handshake_manager.go
@@ -274,7 +274,8 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered
 			}

 			// Don't relay through the host I'm trying to connect to
-			if hm.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(relay) {
+			_, found := hm.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(relay)
+			if found {
 				continue
 			}

@@ -292,7 +293,6 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered
 					idx, err := AddRelay(hm.l, relayHostInfo, hm.mainHostMap, vpnIp, nil, TerminalType, Requested)
 					if err != nil {
 						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).WithError(err).Info("Failed to add relay to hostmap")
-						continue
 					}

 					m := NebulaControl{
@@ -302,25 +302,37 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered

 					switch relayHostInfo.GetCert().Certificate.Version() {
 					case cert.Version1:
-						err = buildRelayInfoCertV1(&m, hm.f.myVpnNetworks, vpnIp)
-					case cert.Version2:
-						err = buildRelayInfoCertV2(&m, hm.f.myVpnNetworks, vpnIp)
-					default:
-						err = errors.New("unknown certificate version found while creating relay")
+						if !hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0].Is4() {
+							hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Error("can not establish v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+							continue
 						}
-					if err != nil {
-						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithError(err).Error("Refusing to relay")
+
+						if !vpnIp.Is4() {
+							hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Error("can not establish v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+							continue
+						}
+
+						b := hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0].As4()
+						m.OldRelayFromAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+						b = vpnIp.As4()
+						m.OldRelayToAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+					case cert.Version2:
+						m.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0])
+						m.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(vpnIp)
+					default:
+						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while creating relay")
 						continue
 					}

 					msg, err := m.Marshal()
 					if err != nil {
-						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithError(err).
+						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).
+							WithError(err).
 							Error("Failed to marshal Control message to create relay")
 					} else {
 						hm.f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, relayHostInfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 						hm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-							"relayFrom":           m.GetRelayFrom(),
+							"relayFrom":           hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0],
 							"relayTo":             vpnIp,
 							"initiatorRelayIndex": idx,
 							"relay":               relay}).
@@ -346,27 +358,39 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered
 					InitiatorRelayIndex: existingRelay.LocalIndex,
 				}

-				var err error
 				switch relayHostInfo.GetCert().Certificate.Version() {
 				case cert.Version1:
-					err = buildRelayInfoCertV1(&m, hm.f.myVpnNetworks, vpnIp)
-				case cert.Version2:
-					err = buildRelayInfoCertV2(&m, hm.f.myVpnNetworks, vpnIp)
-				default:
-					err = errors.New("unknown certificate version found while creating relay")
+					if !hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0].Is4() {
+						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Error("can not establish v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+						continue
 					}
-				if err != nil {
-					hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithError(err).Error("Refusing to relay")
+
+					if !vpnIp.Is4() {
+						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Error("can not establish v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+						continue
+					}
+
+					b := hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0].As4()
+					m.OldRelayFromAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+					b = vpnIp.As4()
+					m.OldRelayToAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+				case cert.Version2:
+					m.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0])
+					m.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(vpnIp)
+				default:
+					hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while creating relay")
 					continue
 				}
 				msg, err := m.Marshal()
 				if err != nil {
-					hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithError(err).Error("Failed to marshal Control message to create relay")
+					hostinfo.logger(hm.l).
+						WithError(err).
+						Error("Failed to marshal Control message to create relay")
 				} else {
 					// This must send over the hostinfo, not over hm.Hosts[ip]
 					hm.f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, relayHostInfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 					hm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-						"relayFrom":           m.GetRelayFrom(),
+						"relayFrom":           hm.f.myVpnAddrs[0],
 						"relayTo":             vpnIp,
 						"initiatorRelayIndex": existingRelay.LocalIndex,
 						"relay":               relay}).
@@ -427,7 +451,7 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) StartHandshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCb func(*Han
 		vpnAddrs:        []netip.Addr{vpnAddr},
 		HandshakePacket: make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         nil,
+			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
@@ -701,32 +725,3 @@ func generateIndex(l *logrus.Logger) (uint32, error) {
 func hsTimeout(tries int64, interval time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	return time.Duration(tries / 2 * ((2 * int64(interval)) + (tries-1)*int64(interval)))
 }
-
-var errNoRelayTooOld = errors.New("can not establish v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
-
-func buildRelayInfoCertV1(m *NebulaControl, myVpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, peerVpnIp netip.Addr) error {
-	relayFrom := myVpnNetworks[0].Addr()
-	if !relayFrom.Is4() {
-		return errNoRelayTooOld
-	}
-	if !peerVpnIp.Is4() {
-		return errNoRelayTooOld
-	}
-
-	b := relayFrom.As4()
-	m.OldRelayFromAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
-	b = peerVpnIp.As4()
-	m.OldRelayToAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
-	return nil
-}
-
-func buildRelayInfoCertV2(m *NebulaControl, myVpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, peerVpnIp netip.Addr) error {
-	for i := range myVpnNetworks {
-		if myVpnNetworks[i].Contains(peerVpnIp) {
-			m.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(myVpnNetworks[i].Addr())
-			m.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(peerVpnIp)
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	return errors.New("cannot establish relay, no networks in common")
-}
--- a/handshake_manager_test.go
+++ b/handshake_manager_test.go
@@ -65,30 +65,16 @@ func Test_NewHandshakeManagerVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotContains(t, blah.vpnIps, ip)
 }

-func testCountTimerWheelEntries(tw *LockingTimerWheel[netip.Addr]) (c int) {
-	for _, i := range tw.t.wheel {
-		n := i.Head
-		for n != nil {
-			c++
-			n = n.Next
-		}
-	}
-	return c
-}
-
 type mockEncWriter struct {
 }

 func (mw *mockEncWriter) SendMessageToVpnAddr(_ header.MessageType, _ header.MessageSubType, _ netip.Addr, _, _, _ []byte) {
-	return
 }

 func (mw *mockEncWriter) SendVia(_ *HostInfo, _ *Relay, _, _, _ []byte, _ bool) {
-	return
 }

 func (mw *mockEncWriter) SendMessageToHostInfo(_ header.MessageType, _ header.MessageSubType, _ *HostInfo, _, _, _ []byte) {
-	return
 }

 func (mw *mockEncWriter) Handshake(_ netip.Addr) {}
--- a/header/header.go
+++ b/header/header.go
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ type m = map[string]any

 const (
 	Version uint8 = 1
-	Len           = 16
+	Len     int   = 16
 )

 type MessageType uint8
--- a/hostmap.go
+++ b/hostmap.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -17,10 +16,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 )

+// const ProbeLen = 100
 const defaultPromoteEvery = 1000       // Count of packets sent before we try moving a tunnel to a preferred underlay ip address
 const defaultReQueryEvery = 5000       // Count of packets sent before re-querying a hostinfo to the lighthouse
 const defaultReQueryWait = time.Minute // Minimum amount of seconds to wait before re-querying a hostinfo the lighthouse. Evaluated every ReQueryEvery
 const MaxRemotes = 10
+const maxRecvError = 4

 // MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp is the max number of hostinfos we will track for a given vpn ip
 // 5 allows for an initial handshake and each host pair re-handshaking twice
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ type HostMap struct {
 type RelayState struct {
 	sync.RWMutex

-	relays []netip.Addr // Ordered set of VpnAddrs of Hosts to use as relays to access this peer
+	relays map[netip.Addr]struct{} // Set of vpnAddr's of Hosts to use as relays to access this peer
 	// For data race avoidance, the contents of a *Relay are treated immutably. To update a *Relay, copy the existing data,
 	// modify what needs to be updated, and store the new modified copy in the relayForByIp and relayForByIdx maps (with
 	// the RelayState Lock held)
@@ -78,12 +79,7 @@ type RelayState struct {
 func (rs *RelayState) DeleteRelay(ip netip.Addr) {
 	rs.Lock()
 	defer rs.Unlock()
-	for idx, val := range rs.relays {
-		if val == ip {
-			rs.relays = append(rs.relays[:idx], rs.relays[idx+1:]...)
-			return
-		}
-	}
+	delete(rs.relays, ip)
 }

 func (rs *RelayState) UpdateRelayForByIpState(vpnIp netip.Addr, state int) {
@@ -128,16 +124,16 @@ func (rs *RelayState) GetRelayForByAddr(addr netip.Addr) (*Relay, bool) {
 func (rs *RelayState) InsertRelayTo(ip netip.Addr) {
 	rs.Lock()
 	defer rs.Unlock()
-	if !slices.Contains(rs.relays, ip) {
-		rs.relays = append(rs.relays, ip)
-	}
+	rs.relays[ip] = struct{}{}
 }

 func (rs *RelayState) CopyRelayIps() []netip.Addr {
-	ret := make([]netip.Addr, len(rs.relays))
 	rs.RLock()
 	defer rs.RUnlock()
-	copy(ret, rs.relays)
+	ret := make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(rs.relays))
+	for ip := range rs.relays {
+		ret = append(ret, ip)
+	}
 	return ret
 }

@@ -224,9 +220,10 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 	// The host may have other vpn addresses that are outside our
 	// vpn networks but were removed because they are not usable
 	vpnAddrs  []netip.Addr
+	recvError atomic.Uint32

 	// networks are both all vpn and unsafe networks assigned to this host
-	networks   *bart.Lite
+	networks   *bart.Table[struct{}]
 	relayState RelayState

 	// HandshakePacket records the packets used to create this hostinfo
@@ -253,14 +250,6 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 	// Used to track other hostinfos for this vpn ip since only 1 can be primary
 	// Synchronised via hostmap lock and not the hostinfo lock.
 	next, prev *HostInfo
-
-	//TODO: in, out, and others might benefit from being an atomic.Int32. We could collapse connectionManager pendingDeletion, relayUsed, and in/out into this 1 thing
-	in, out, pendingDeletion atomic.Bool
-
-	// lastUsed tracks the last time ConnectionManager checked the tunnel and it was in use.
-	// This value will be behind against actual tunnel utilization in the hot path.
-	// This should only be used by the ConnectionManagers ticker routine.
-	lastUsed time.Time
 }

 type ViaSender struct {
@@ -512,16 +501,13 @@ func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp netip.Addr) *HostInfo {
 	return hm.queryVpnAddr(vpnIp, nil)
 }

-var errUnableToFindHost = errors.New("unable to find host")
-var errUnableToFindHostWithRelay = errors.New("unable to find host with relay")
-
 func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor(targetIps []netip.Addr, relayHostIp netip.Addr) (*HostInfo, *Relay, error) {
 	hm.RLock()
 	defer hm.RUnlock()

 	h, ok := hm.Hosts[relayHostIp]
 	if !ok {
-		return nil, nil, errUnableToFindHost
+		return nil, nil, errors.New("unable to find host")
 	}

 	for h != nil {
@@ -534,7 +520,7 @@ func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor(targetIps []netip.Addr, relayHostIp net
 		h = h.next
 	}

-	return nil, nil, errUnableToFindHostWithRelay
+	return nil, nil, errors.New("unable to find host with relay")
 }

 func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDisestablishVpnAddrRelayFor(hi *HostInfo) {
@@ -582,7 +568,7 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
 		dnsR.Add(remoteCert.Certificate.Name()+".", hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
 	}
 	for _, addr := range hostinfo.vpnAddrs {
-		hm.unlockedInnerAddHostInfo(addr, hostinfo, f)
+		hm.unlockedInnerAddHostInfo(addr, hostinfo)
 	}

 	hm.Indexes[hostinfo.localIndexId] = hostinfo
@@ -595,7 +581,7 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
 	}
 }

-func (hm *HostMap) unlockedInnerAddHostInfo(vpnAddr netip.Addr, hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
+func (hm *HostMap) unlockedInnerAddHostInfo(vpnAddr netip.Addr, hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	existing := hm.Hosts[vpnAddr]
 	hm.Hosts[vpnAddr] = hostinfo

@@ -662,7 +648,7 @@ func (i *HostInfo) TryPromoteBest(preferredRanges []netip.Prefix, ifce *Interfac

 			// Try to send a test packet to that host, this should
 			// cause it to detect a roaming event and switch remotes
-			ifce.sendTo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, i.ConnectionState, i, addr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			ifce.sendTo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, i.ConnectionState, i, addr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 		})
 	}

@@ -733,20 +719,26 @@ func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, newRemote netip.AddrPort) b
 	return false
 }

+func (i *HostInfo) RecvErrorExceeded() bool {
+	if i.recvError.Add(1) >= maxRecvError {
+		return true
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
 func (i *HostInfo) buildNetworks(networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix) {
 	if len(networks) == 1 && len(unsafeNetworks) == 0 {
 		// Simple case, no CIDRTree needed
 		return
 	}

-	i.networks = new(bart.Lite)
+	i.networks = new(bart.Table[struct{}])
 	for _, network := range networks {
-		nprefix := netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen())
-		i.networks.Insert(nprefix)
+		i.networks.Insert(network, struct{}{})
 	}

 	for _, network := range unsafeNetworks {
-		i.networks.Insert(network)
+		i.networks.Insert(network, struct{}{})
 	}
 }

@@ -802,7 +794,7 @@ func localAddrs(l *logrus.Logger, allowList *LocalAllowList) []netip.Addr {
 			}
 			addr = addr.Unmap()

-			if addr.IsLoopback() == false && addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast() == false {
+			if !addr.IsLoopback() && !addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast() {
 				isAllowed := allowList.Allow(addr)
 				if l.Level >= logrus.TraceLevel {
 					l.WithField("localAddr", addr).WithField("allowed", isAllowed).Trace("localAllowList.Allow")
--- a/hostmap_test.go
+++ b/hostmap_test.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -216,31 +215,3 @@ func TestHostMap_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	c.ReloadConfigString("preferred_ranges: [1.1.1.1/32]")
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1.1.1.1/32"}, toS(hm.GetPreferredRanges()))
 }
-
-func TestHostMap_RelayState(t *testing.T) {
-	h1 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 1}
-	a1 := netip.MustParseAddr("::1")
-	a2 := netip.MustParseAddr("2001::1")
-
-	h1.relayState.InsertRelayTo(a1)
-	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1}, h1.relayState.relays)
-	h1.relayState.InsertRelayTo(a2)
-	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1, a2}, h1.relayState.relays)
-	// Ensure that the first relay added is the first one returned in the copy
-	currentRelays := h1.relayState.CopyRelayIps()
-	require.Len(t, currentRelays, 2)
-	assert.Equal(t, a1, currentRelays[0])
-
-	// Deleting the last one in the list works ok
-	h1.relayState.DeleteRelay(a2)
-	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1}, h1.relayState.relays)
-
-	// Deleting an element not in the list works ok
-	h1.relayState.DeleteRelay(a2)
-	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1}, h1.relayState.relays)
-
-	// Deleting the only element in the list works ok
-	h1.relayState.DeleteRelay(a1)
-	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{}, h1.relayState.relays)
-
-}
--- a/inside.go
+++ b/inside.go
@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet

 	// Ignore local broadcast packets
 	if f.dropLocalBroadcast {
-		if f.myBroadcastAddrsTable.Contains(fwPacket.RemoteAddr) {
+		_, found := f.myBroadcastAddrsTable.Lookup(fwPacket.RemoteAddr)
+		if found {
 			return
 		}
 	}

-	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(fwPacket.RemoteAddr) {
+	_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(fwPacket.RemoteAddr)
+	if found {
 		// Immediately forward packets from self to self.
 		// This should only happen on Darwin-based and FreeBSD hosts, which
 		// routes packets from the Nebula addr to the Nebula addr through the Nebula
@@ -128,7 +130,8 @@ func (f *Interface) Handshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr) {
 // getOrHandshakeNoRouting returns nil if the vpnAddr is not routable.
 // If the 2nd return var is false then the hostinfo is not ready to be used in a tunnel
 func (f *Interface) getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCallback func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
-	if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+	_, found := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
+	if found {
 		return f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(vpnAddr, cacheCallback)
 	}

@@ -288,7 +291,7 @@ func (f *Interface) SendVia(via *HostInfo,
 	c := via.ConnectionState.messageCounter.Add(1)

 	out = header.Encode(out, header.Version, header.Message, header.MessageRelay, relay.RemoteIndex, c)
-	f.connectionManager.Out(via)
+	f.connectionManager.Out(via.localIndexId)

 	// Authenticate the header and payload, but do not encrypt for this message type.
 	// The payload consists of the inner, unencrypted Nebula header, as well as the end-to-end encrypted payload.
@@ -356,7 +359,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendNoMetrics(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType

 	//l.WithField("trace", string(debug.Stack())).Error("out Header ", &Header{Version, t, st, 0, hostinfo.remoteIndexId, c}, p)
 	out = header.Encode(out, header.Version, t, st, hostinfo.remoteIndexId, c)
-	f.connectionManager.Out(hostinfo)
+	f.connectionManager.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)

 	// Query our LH if we haven't since the last time we've been rebound, this will cause the remote to punch against
 	// all our addrs and enable a faster roaming.
--- a/interface.go
+++ b/interface.go
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ type InterfaceConfig struct {
 	Outside                 udp.Conn
 	Inside                  overlay.Device
 	pki                     *PKI
-	Cipher             string
 	Firewall                *Firewall
 	ServeDns                bool
 	HandshakeManager        *HandshakeManager
 	lightHouse              *LightHouse
-	connectionManager  *connectionManager
+	checkInterval           time.Duration
+	pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration
 	DropLocalBroadcast      bool
 	DropMulticast           bool
 	routines                int
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ type Interface struct {
 	serveDns              bool
 	createTime            time.Time
 	lightHouse            *LightHouse
-	myBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Lite
+	myBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
 	myVpnAddrs            []netip.Addr          // A list of addresses assigned to us via our certificate
-	myVpnAddrsTable       *bart.Lite
+	myVpnAddrsTable       *bart.Table[struct{}] // A table of addresses assigned to us via our certificate
 	myVpnNetworks         []netip.Prefix        // A list of networks assigned to us via our certificate
-	myVpnNetworksTable    *bart.Lite
+	myVpnNetworksTable    *bart.Table[struct{}] // A table of networks assigned to us via our certificate
 	dropLocalBroadcast    bool
 	dropMulticast         bool
 	routines              int
@@ -157,9 +157,6 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 	if c.Firewall == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("no firewall rules")
 	}
-	if c.connectionManager == nil {
-		return nil, errors.New("no connection manager")
-	}

 	cs := c.pki.getCertState()
 	ifce := &Interface{
@@ -184,7 +181,7 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 		myVpnAddrsTable:       cs.myVpnAddrsTable,
 		myBroadcastAddrsTable: cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable,
 		relayManager:          c.relayManager,
-		connectionManager:     c.connectionManager,
+
 		conntrackCacheTimeout: c.ConntrackCacheTimeout,

 		metricHandshakes: metrics.GetOrRegisterHistogram("handshakes", nil, metrics.NewExpDecaySample(1028, 0.015)),
@@ -201,7 +198,7 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 	ifce.reQueryEvery.Store(c.reQueryEvery)
 	ifce.reQueryWait.Store(int64(c.reQueryWait))

-	ifce.connectionManager.intf = ifce
+	ifce.connectionManager = newConnectionManager(ctx, c.l, ifce, c.checkInterval, c.pendingDeletionInterval, c.punchy)

 	return ifce, nil
 }
@@ -269,7 +266,7 @@ func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 	plaintext := make([]byte, udp.MTU)
 	h := &header.H{}
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+	nb := make([]byte, 12)

 	li.ListenOut(func(fromUdpAddr netip.AddrPort, payload []byte) {
 		f.readOutsidePackets(fromUdpAddr, nil, plaintext[:0], payload, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get(f.l))
@@ -282,7 +279,7 @@ func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader io.ReadWriteCloser, i int) {
 	packet := make([]byte, mtu)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+	nb := make([]byte, 12)

 	conntrackCache := firewall.NewConntrackCacheTicker(f.conntrackCacheTimeout)

@@ -325,7 +322,7 @@ func (f *Interface) reloadDisconnectInvalid(c *config.C) {

 func (f *Interface) reloadFirewall(c *config.C) {
 	//TODO: need to trigger/detect if the certificate changed too
-	if c.HasChanged("firewall") == false {
+	if !c.HasChanged("firewall") {
 		f.l.Debug("No firewall config change detected")
 		return
 	}
@@ -427,7 +424,7 @@ func (f *Interface) emitStats(ctx context.Context, i time.Duration) {

 			certState := f.pki.getCertState()
 			defaultCrt := certState.GetDefaultCertificate()
-			certExpirationGauge.Update(int64(defaultCrt.NotAfter().Sub(time.Now()) / time.Second))
+			certExpirationGauge.Update(int64(time.Until(defaultCrt.NotAfter()) / time.Second))
 			certInitiatingVersion.Update(int64(defaultCrt.Version()))

 			// Report the max certificate version we are capable of using
--- a/lighthouse.go
+++ b/lighthouse.go
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 )

 var ErrHostNotKnown = errors.New("host not known")
-var ErrBadDetailsVpnAddr = errors.New("invalid packet, malformed detailsVpnAddr")

 type LightHouse struct {
 	//TODO: We need a timer wheel to kick out vpnAddrs that haven't reported in a long time
@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	amLighthouse bool

 	myVpnNetworks      []netip.Prefix
-	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Lite
+	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
 	punchConn          udp.Conn
 	punchy             *Punchy

@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	// staticList exists to avoid having a bool in each addrMap entry
 	// since static should be rare
 	staticList  atomic.Pointer[map[netip.Addr]struct{}]
-	lighthouses atomic.Pointer[[]netip.Addr]
+	lighthouses atomic.Pointer[map[netip.Addr]struct{}]

 	interval     atomic.Int64
 	updateCancel context.CancelFunc
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@ func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C,
 		queryChan:          make(chan netip.Addr, c.GetUint32("handshakes.query_buffer", 64)),
 		l:                  l,
 	}
-	lighthouses := make([]netip.Addr, 0)
+	lighthouses := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
 	h.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
 	staticList := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
 	h.staticList.Store(&staticList)
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) GetStaticHostList() map[netip.Addr]struct{} {
 	return *lh.staticList.Load()
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) GetLighthouses() []netip.Addr {
+func (lh *LightHouse) GetLighthouses() map[netip.Addr]struct{} {
 	return *lh.lighthouses.Load()
 }

@@ -202,7 +201,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {

 			//TODO: we could technically insert all returned addrs instead of just the first one if a dns lookup was used
 			addr := addrs[0].Unmap()
-			if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(addr) {
+			_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(addr)
+			if found {
 				lh.l.WithField("addr", rawAddr).WithField("entry", i+1).
 					Warn("Ignoring lighthouse.advertise_addrs report because it is within the nebula network range")
 				continue
@@ -307,12 +307,13 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	}

 	if initial || c.HasChanged("lighthouse.hosts") {
-		lhList, err := lh.parseLighthouses(c)
+		lhMap := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
+		err := lh.parseLighthouses(c, lhMap)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

-		lh.lighthouses.Store(&lhList)
+		lh.lighthouses.Store(&lhMap)
 		if !initial {
 			//NOTE: we are not tearing down existing lighthouse connections because they might be used for non lighthouse traffic
 			lh.l.Info("lighthouse.hosts has changed")
@@ -346,37 +347,37 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) parseLighthouses(c *config.C) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+func (lh *LightHouse) parseLighthouses(c *config.C, lhMap map[netip.Addr]struct{}) error {
 	lhs := c.GetStringSlice("lighthouse.hosts", []string{})
 	if lh.amLighthouse && len(lhs) != 0 {
 		lh.l.Warn("lighthouse.am_lighthouse enabled on node but upstream lighthouses exist in config")
 	}
-	out := make([]netip.Addr, len(lhs))

 	for i, host := range lhs {
 		addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(host)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse lighthouse host entry", m{"host": host, "entry": i + 1}, err)
+			return util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse lighthouse host entry", m{"host": host, "entry": i + 1}, err)
 		}

-		if !lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(addr) {
-			return nil, util.NewContextualError("lighthouse host is not in our networks, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": addr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks}, nil)
+		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(addr)
+		if !found {
+			return util.NewContextualError("lighthouse host is not in our networks, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": addr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks}, nil)
 		}
-		out[i] = addr
+		lhMap[addr] = struct{}{}
 	}

-	if !lh.amLighthouse && len(out) == 0 {
+	if !lh.amLighthouse && len(lhMap) == 0 {
 		lh.l.Warn("No lighthouse.hosts configured, this host will only be able to initiate tunnels with static_host_map entries")
 	}

 	staticList := lh.GetStaticHostList()
-	for i := range out {
-		if _, ok := staticList[out[i]]; !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("lighthouse %s does not have a static_host_map entry", out[i])
+	for lhAddr := range lhMap {
+		if _, ok := staticList[lhAddr]; !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("lighthouse %s does not have a static_host_map entry", lhAddr)
 		}
 	}

-	return out, nil
+	return nil
 }

 func getStaticMapCadence(c *config.C) (time.Duration, error) {
@@ -430,7 +431,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) loadStaticMap(c *config.C, staticList map[netip.Addr]struc
 			return util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse static_host_map entry", m{"host": k, "entry": i + 1}, err)
 		}

-		if !lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
+		if !found {
 			return util.NewContextualError("static_host_map key is not in our network, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": vpnAddr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks, "entry": i + 1}, nil)
 		}

@@ -487,7 +489,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) QueryCache(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) *RemoteList {
 	lh.Lock()
 	defer lh.Unlock()
 	// Add an entry if we don't already have one
-	return lh.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnAddrs) //todo CERT-V2 this contains addrmap lookups we could potentially skip
+	return lh.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnAddrs)
 }

 // queryAndPrepMessage is a lock helper on RemoteList, assisting the caller to build a lighthouse message containing
@@ -520,15 +522,11 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) queryAndPrepMessage(vpnAddr netip.Addr, f func(*cache) (in
 }

 func (lh *LightHouse) DeleteVpnAddrs(allVpnAddrs []netip.Addr) {
-	// First we check the static host map. If any of the VpnAddrs to be deleted are present, do nothing.
-	staticList := lh.GetStaticHostList()
-	for _, addr := range allVpnAddrs {
-		if _, ok := staticList[addr]; ok {
+	// First we check the static mapping
+	// and do nothing if it is there
+	if _, ok := lh.GetStaticHostList()[allVpnAddrs[0]]; ok {
 		return
 	}
-	}
-
-	// None of the VpnAddrs were present. Now we can do the deletes.
 	lh.Lock()
 	rm, ok := lh.addrMap[allVpnAddrs[0]]
 	if ok {
@@ -570,7 +568,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) addStaticRemotes(i int, d time.Duration, network string, t
 	am.unlockedSetHostnamesResults(hr)

 	for _, addrPort := range hr.GetAddrs() {
-		if !lh.shouldAdd([]netip.Addr{vpnAddr}, addrPort.Addr()) {
+		if !lh.shouldAdd(vpnAddr, addrPort.Addr()) {
 			continue
 		}
 		switch {
@@ -632,41 +630,32 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) addCalculatedRemotes(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 	return len(calculatedV4) > 0 || len(calculatedV6) > 0
 }

-// unlockedGetRemoteList assumes you have the lh lock
+// unlockedGetRemoteList
+// assumes you have the lh lock
 func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedGetRemoteList(allAddrs []netip.Addr) *RemoteList {
-	// before we go and make a new remotelist, we need to make sure we don't have one for any of this set of vpnaddrs yet
-	for i, addr := range allAddrs {
-		am, ok := lh.addrMap[addr]
-		if ok {
-			if i != 0 {
-				lh.addrMap[allAddrs[0]] = am
-			}
-			return am
-		}
-	}
-
-	am := NewRemoteList(allAddrs, lh.shouldAdd)
+	am, ok := lh.addrMap[allAddrs[0]]
+	if !ok {
+		am = NewRemoteList(allAddrs, func(a netip.Addr) bool { return lh.shouldAdd(allAddrs[0], a) })
 		for _, addr := range allAddrs {
 			lh.addrMap[addr] = am
 		}
+	}
 	return am
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) shouldAdd(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, to netip.Addr) bool {
-	allow := lh.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(vpnAddrs, to)
+func (lh *LightHouse) shouldAdd(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to netip.Addr) bool {
+	allow := lh.GetRemoteAllowList().Allow(vpnAddr, to)
 	if lh.l.Level >= logrus.TraceLevel {
-		lh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", to).WithField("allow", allow).
+		lh.l.WithField("vpnAddr", vpnAddr).WithField("udpAddr", to).WithField("allow", allow).
 			Trace("remoteAllowList.Allow")
 	}
 	if !allow {
 		return false
 	}

-	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(to) {
-		return false
-	}
+	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(to)

-	return true
+	return !found
 }

 // unlockedShouldAddV4 checks if to is allowed by our allow list
@@ -682,11 +671,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV4(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V4AddrPort) bo
 		return false
 	}

-	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(udpAddr.Addr()) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	return true
+	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(udpAddr.Addr())
+	return !found
 }

 // unlockedShouldAddV6 checks if to is allowed by our allow list
@@ -702,32 +688,27 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV6(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V6AddrPort) bo
 		return false
 	}

-	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(udpAddr.Addr()) {
-		return false
-	}
+	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(udpAddr.Addr())

-	return true
+	return !found
 }

 func (lh *LightHouse) IsLighthouseAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
-	l := lh.GetLighthouses()
-	for i := range l {
-		if l[i] == vpnAddr {
+	if _, ok := lh.GetLighthouses()[vpnAddr]; ok {
 		return true
 	}
-	}
 	return false
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) IsAnyLighthouseAddr(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) bool {
+// TODO: CERT-V2 IsLighthouseAddr should be sufficient, we just need to update the vpnAddrs for lighthouses after a handshake
+// so that we know all the lighthouse vpnAddrs, not just the ones we were configured to talk to initially
+func (lh *LightHouse) IsAnyLighthouseAddr(vpnAddr []netip.Addr) bool {
 	l := lh.GetLighthouses()
-	for i := range vpnAddrs {
-		for j := range l {
-			if l[j] == vpnAddrs[i] {
+	for _, a := range vpnAddr {
+		if _, ok := l[a]; ok {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
-	}
 	return false
 }

@@ -737,7 +718,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) startQueryWorker() {
 	}

 	go func() {
-		nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+		nb := make([]byte, 12)
 		out := make([]byte, mtu)

 		for {
@@ -767,7 +748,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) innerQueryServer(addr netip.Addr, nb, out []byte) {
 	queried := 0
 	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()

-	for _, lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
+	for lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
 		hi := lh.ifce.GetHostInfo(lhVpnAddr)
 		if hi != nil {
 			v = hi.ConnectionState.myCert.Version()
@@ -865,7 +846,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {

 	lal := lh.GetLocalAllowList()
 	for _, e := range localAddrs(lh.l, lal) {
-		if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(e) {
+		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(e)
+		if found {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -877,7 +859,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 		}
 	}

-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+	nb := make([]byte, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)

 	var v1Update, v2Update []byte
@@ -885,7 +867,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 	updated := 0
 	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()

-	for _, lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
+	for lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
 		var v cert.Version
 		hi := lh.ifce.GetHostInfo(lhVpnAddr)
 		if hi != nil {
@@ -943,6 +925,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 						V4AddrPorts:   v4,
 						V6AddrPorts:   v6,
 						RelayVpnAddrs: relays,
+						VpnAddr:       netAddrToProtoAddr(lh.myVpnNetworks[0].Addr()),
 					},
 				}

@@ -978,7 +961,7 @@ type LightHouseHandler struct {
 func (lh *LightHouse) NewRequestHandler() *LightHouseHandler {
 	lhh := &LightHouseHandler{
 		lh:  lh,
-		nb:  make([]byte, 12, 12),
+		nb:  make([]byte, 12),
 		out: make([]byte, mtu),
 		l:   lh.l,
 		pb:  make([]byte, mtu),
@@ -1062,19 +1045,19 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQuery(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []neti
 		return
 	}

-	queryVpnAddr, useVersion, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
-	if err != nil {
+	useVersion := cert.Version1
+	var queryVpnAddr netip.Addr
+	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+		b := [4]byte{}
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
+		queryVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
+		useVersion = 1
+	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
+		queryVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
+		useVersion = 2
+	} else {
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithField("from", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("details", n.Details).
-				Debugln("Dropping malformed HostQuery")
-		}
-		return
-	}
-	if useVersion == cert.Version1 && queryVpnAddr.Is6() {
-		// this case really shouldn't be possible to represent, but reject it anyway.
-		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("queryVpnAddr", queryVpnAddr).
-				Debugln("invalid vpn addr for v1 handleHostQuery")
+			lhh.l.WithField("from", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("details", n.Details).Debugln("Dropping malformed HostQuery")
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -1083,6 +1066,9 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQuery(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []neti
 		n = lhh.resetMeta()
 		n.Type = NebulaMeta_HostQueryReply
 		if useVersion == cert.Version1 {
+			if !queryVpnAddr.Is4() {
+				return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid vpn addr for v1 handleHostQuery")
+			}
 			b := queryVpnAddr.As4()
 			n.Details.OldVpnAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
 		} else {
@@ -1127,9 +1113,8 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) sendHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAd
 			if ok {
 				whereToPunch = newDest
 			} else {
-				if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-					lhh.l.WithField("to", crt.Networks()).Debugln("unable to punch to host, no addresses in common")
-				}
+				//TODO: CERT-V2 this means the destination will have no addresses in common with the punch-ee
+				//choosing to do nothing for now, but maybe we return an error?
 			}
 		}

@@ -1167,7 +1152,7 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) coalesceAnswers(v cert.Version, c *cache, n *Nebul
 		if c.v4.learned != nil {
 			n.Details.V4AddrPorts = append(n.Details.V4AddrPorts, c.v4.learned)
 		}
-		if c.v4.reported != nil && len(c.v4.reported) > 0 {
+		if len(c.v4.reported) > 0 {
 			n.Details.V4AddrPorts = append(n.Details.V4AddrPorts, c.v4.reported...)
 		}
 	}
@@ -1176,7 +1161,7 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) coalesceAnswers(v cert.Version, c *cache, n *Nebul
 		if c.v6.learned != nil {
 			n.Details.V6AddrPorts = append(n.Details.V6AddrPorts, c.v6.learned)
 		}
-		if c.v6.reported != nil && len(c.v6.reported) > 0 {
+		if len(c.v6.reported) > 0 {
 			n.Details.V6AddrPorts = append(n.Details.V6AddrPorts, c.v6.reported...)
 		}
 	}
@@ -1188,17 +1173,19 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) coalesceAnswers(v cert.Version, c *cache, n *Nebul
 				if !r.Is4() {
 					continue
 				}
+
 				b = r.As4()
 				n.Details.OldRelayVpnAddrs = append(n.Details.OldRelayVpnAddrs, binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:]))
 			}
+
 		} else if v == cert.Version2 {
 			for _, r := range c.relay.relay {
 				n.Details.RelayVpnAddrs = append(n.Details.RelayVpnAddrs, netAddrToProtoAddr(r))
 			}
+
 		} else {
-			if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-				lhh.l.WithField("version", v).Debug("unsupported protocol version")
-			}
+			//TODO: CERT-V2 don't panic
+			panic("unsupported version")
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1208,16 +1195,18 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQueryReply(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs [
 		return
 	}

-	certVpnAddr, _, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
-	if err != nil {
-		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).Error("dropping malformed HostQueryReply")
-		}
-		return
+	lhh.lh.Lock()
+
+	var certVpnAddr netip.Addr
+	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+		b := [4]byte{}
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
+		certVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
+	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
+		certVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
 	}
 	relays := n.Details.GetRelays()

-	lhh.lh.Lock()
 	am := lhh.lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{certVpnAddr})
 	am.Lock()
 	lhh.lh.Unlock()
@@ -1242,24 +1231,27 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 		return
 	}

-	// not using GetVpnAddrAndVersion because we don't want to error on a blank detailsVpnAddr
 	var detailsVpnAddr netip.Addr
-	var useVersion cert.Version
-	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 { //v1 always sets this field
+	useVersion := cert.Version1
+	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
 		b := [4]byte{}
 		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
 		detailsVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
 		useVersion = cert.Version1
-	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil { //this field is "optional" in v2, but if it's set, we should enforce it
+	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
 		detailsVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
 		useVersion = cert.Version2
 	} else {
-		detailsVpnAddr = netip.Addr{}
-		useVersion = cert.Version2
+		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			lhh.l.WithField("details", n.Details).Debugf("dropping invalid HostUpdateNotification")
+		}
+		return
 	}

-	//Simple check that the host sent this not someone else, if detailsVpnAddr is filled
-	if detailsVpnAddr.IsValid() && !slices.Contains(fromVpnAddrs, detailsVpnAddr) {
+	//TODO: CERT-V2 hosts with only v2 certs cannot provide their ipv6 addr when contacting the lighthouse via v4?
+	//TODO: CERT-V2 why do we care about the vpnAddr in the packet? We know where it came from, right?
+	//Simple check that the host sent this not someone else
+	if !slices.Contains(fromVpnAddrs, detailsVpnAddr) {
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("answer", detailsVpnAddr).Debugln("Host sent invalid update")
 		}
@@ -1273,24 +1265,24 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 	am.Lock()
 	lhh.lh.Unlock()

-	am.unlockedSetV4(fromVpnAddrs[0], fromVpnAddrs[0], n.Details.V4AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV4)
-	am.unlockedSetV6(fromVpnAddrs[0], fromVpnAddrs[0], n.Details.V6AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV6)
+	am.unlockedSetV4(fromVpnAddrs[0], detailsVpnAddr, n.Details.V4AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV4)
+	am.unlockedSetV6(fromVpnAddrs[0], detailsVpnAddr, n.Details.V6AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV6)
 	am.unlockedSetRelay(fromVpnAddrs[0], relays)
 	am.Unlock()

 	n = lhh.resetMeta()
 	n.Type = NebulaMeta_HostUpdateNotificationAck
-	switch useVersion {
-	case cert.Version1:
+
+	if useVersion == cert.Version1 {
 		if !fromVpnAddrs[0].Is4() {
 			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).Error("Can not send HostUpdateNotificationAck for a ipv6 vpn ip in a v1 message")
 			return
 		}
 		vpnAddrB := fromVpnAddrs[0].As4()
 		n.Details.OldVpnAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(vpnAddrB[:])
-	case cert.Version2:
-		// do nothing, we want to send a blank message
-	default:
+	} else if useVersion == cert.Version2 {
+		n.Details.VpnAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(fromVpnAddrs[0])
+	} else {
 		lhh.l.WithField("useVersion", useVersion).Error("invalid protocol version")
 		return
 	}
@@ -1308,20 +1300,13 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []netip.Addr, w EncWriter) {
 	//It's possible the lighthouse is communicating with us using a non primary vpn addr,
 	//which means we need to compare all fromVpnAddrs against all configured lighthouse vpn addrs.
+	//maybe one day we'll have a better idea, if it matters.
 	if !lhh.lh.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(fromVpnAddrs) {
 		return
 	}

-	detailsVpnAddr, _, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
-	if err != nil {
-		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithField("details", n.Details).WithError(err).Debugln("dropping invalid HostPunchNotification")
-		}
-		return
-	}
-
 	empty := []byte{0}
-	punch := func(vpnPeer netip.AddrPort, logVpnAddr netip.Addr) {
+	punch := func(vpnPeer netip.AddrPort) {
 		if !vpnPeer.IsValid() {
 			return
 		}
@@ -1333,31 +1318,48 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpn
 		}()

 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			var logVpnAddr netip.Addr
+			if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+				b := [4]byte{}
+				binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
+				logVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
+			} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
+				logVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
+			}
 			lhh.l.Debugf("Punching on %v for %v", vpnPeer, logVpnAddr)
 		}
 	}

 	for _, a := range n.Details.V4AddrPorts {
-		punch(protoV4AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a), detailsVpnAddr)
+		punch(protoV4AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a))
 	}

 	for _, a := range n.Details.V6AddrPorts {
-		punch(protoV6AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a), detailsVpnAddr)
+		punch(protoV6AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a))
 	}

 	// This sends a nebula test packet to the host trying to contact us. In the case
 	// of a double nat or other difficult scenario, this may help establish
 	// a tunnel.
 	if lhh.lh.punchy.GetRespond() {
+		var queryVpnAddr netip.Addr
+		if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+			b := [4]byte{}
+			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
+			queryVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
+		} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
+			queryVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
+		}
+
 		go func() {
 			time.Sleep(lhh.lh.punchy.GetRespondDelay())
 			if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-				lhh.l.Debugf("Sending a nebula test packet to vpn addr %s", detailsVpnAddr)
+				lhh.l.Debugf("Sending a nebula test packet to vpn addr %s", queryVpnAddr)
 			}
 			//NOTE: we have to allocate a new output buffer here since we are spawning a new goroutine
 			// for each punchBack packet. We should move this into a timerwheel or a single goroutine
 			// managed by a channel.
-			w.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, detailsVpnAddr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			w.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, queryVpnAddr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 		}()
 	}
 }
@@ -1425,7 +1427,7 @@ func (d *NebulaMetaDetails) GetRelays() []netip.Addr {
 	return relays
 }

-// findNetworkUnion returns the first netip.Addr of addrs contained in the list of provided netip.Prefix, if able
+// FindNetworkUnion returns the first netip.Addr contained in the list of provided netip.Prefix, if able
 func findNetworkUnion(prefixes []netip.Prefix, addrs []netip.Addr) (netip.Addr, bool) {
 	for i := range prefixes {
 		for j := range addrs {
@@ -1436,27 +1438,3 @@ func findNetworkUnion(prefixes []netip.Prefix, addrs []netip.Addr) (netip.Addr,
 	}
 	return netip.Addr{}, false
 }
-
-func (d *NebulaMetaDetails) GetVpnAddrAndVersion() (netip.Addr, cert.Version, error) {
-	if d.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-		b := [4]byte{}
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], d.OldVpnAddr)
-		detailsVpnAddr := netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-		return detailsVpnAddr, cert.Version1, nil
-	} else if d.VpnAddr != nil {
-		detailsVpnAddr := protoAddrToNetAddr(d.VpnAddr)
-		return detailsVpnAddr, cert.Version2, nil
-	} else {
-		return netip.Addr{}, cert.Version1, ErrBadDetailsVpnAddr
-	}
-}
-
-func (d *NebulaControl) GetRelayFrom() netip.Addr {
-	if d.OldRelayFromAddr != 0 {
-		b := [4]byte{}
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], d.OldRelayFromAddr)
-		return netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-	} else {
-		return protoAddrToNetAddr(d.RelayFromAddr)
-	}
-}
--- a/lighthouse_test.go
+++ b/lighthouse_test.go
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ func TestOldIPv4Only(t *testing.T) {
 func Test_lhStaticMapping(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/16")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ func Test_lhStaticMapping(t *testing.T) {
 func TestReloadLighthouseInterval(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/16")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ func TestReloadLighthouseInterval(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkLighthouseHandleRequest(b *testing.B) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/0")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ func TestLighthouse_Memory(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}

 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -281,8 +281,8 @@ func TestLighthouse_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}

 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -484,132 +484,12 @@ func Test_findNetworkUnion(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, out, afe81)

 	//falsey cases
-	out, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{oneSevenTwo, fe80}, []netip.Addr{a1})
+	_, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{oneSevenTwo, fe80}, []netip.Addr{a1})
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	out, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{fc00, fe80}, []netip.Addr{a1})
+	_, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{fc00, fe80}, []netip.Addr{a1})
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	out, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{oneSevenTwo, fc00}, []netip.Addr{a1, afe81})
+	_, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{oneSevenTwo, fc00}, []netip.Addr{a1, afe81})
 	assert.False(t, ok)
-	out, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{fc00}, []netip.Addr{a1, afe81})
+	_, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{fc00}, []netip.Addr{a1, afe81})
 	assert.False(t, ok)
 }
-
-func TestLighthouse_Dont_Delete_Static_Hosts(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-
-	myUdpAddr2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("1.2.3.4:4242")
-
-	testSameHostNotStatic := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.41")
-	testStaticHost := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.42")
-	//myVpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.2")
-
-	c := config.NewC(l)
-	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"hosts":    []any{lh1},
-		"interval": "1s",
-	}
-
-	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
-	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{
-		lh1:           []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
-		"10.128.0.42": []any{"1.2.3.4:4242"},
-	}
-
-	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
-	cs := &CertState{
-		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
-		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
-	}
-	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
-
-	//test that we actually have the static entry:
-	out := lh.Query(testStaticHost)
-	assert.NotNil(t, out)
-	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testStaticHost)
-	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //why tho
-	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
-
-	//bolt on a lower numbered primary IP
-	am := lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{testStaticHost})
-	am.vpnAddrs = []netip.Addr{testSameHostNotStatic, testStaticHost}
-	lh.addrMap[testSameHostNotStatic] = am
-	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //???
-
-	//test that we actually have the static entry:
-	out = lh.Query(testStaticHost)
-	assert.NotNil(t, out)
-	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testSameHostNotStatic)
-	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[1], testStaticHost)
-	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
-
-	//test that we actually have the static entry for BOTH:
-	out2 := lh.Query(testSameHostNotStatic)
-	assert.Same(t, out2, out)
-
-	//now do the delete
-	lh.DeleteVpnAddrs([]netip.Addr{testSameHostNotStatic, testStaticHost})
-	//verify
-	out = lh.Query(testSameHostNotStatic)
-	assert.NotNil(t, out)
-	if out == nil {
-		t.Fatal("expected non-nil query for the static host")
-	}
-	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testSameHostNotStatic)
-	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[1], testStaticHost)
-	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
-}
-
-func TestLighthouse_DeletesWork(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-
-	myUdpAddr2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("1.2.3.4:4242")
-	testHost := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.42")
-
-	c := config.NewC(l)
-	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"hosts":    []any{lh1},
-		"interval": "1s",
-	}
-
-	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
-	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{
-		lh1: []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
-	}
-
-	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
-	cs := &CertState{
-		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
-		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
-	}
-	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
-
-	//insert the host
-	am := lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{testHost})
-	am.vpnAddrs = []netip.Addr{testHost}
-	am.addrs = []netip.AddrPort{myUdpAddr2}
-	lh.addrMap[testHost] = am
-	am.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //???
-
-	//test that we actually have the entry:
-	out := lh.Query(testHost)
-	assert.NotNil(t, out)
-	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testHost)
-	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //why tho
-	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
-
-	//now do the delete
-	lh.DeleteVpnAddrs([]netip.Addr{testHost})
-	//verify
-	out = lh.Query(testHost)
-	assert.Nil(t, out)
-}
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg

 	hostMap := NewHostMapFromConfig(l, c)
 	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
-	connManager := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, c, hostMap, punchy)
 	lightHouse, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx, l, c, pki.getCertState(), udpConns[0], punchy)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to initialize lighthouse handler", err)
@@ -221,6 +220,9 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		}
 	}

+	checkInterval := c.GetInt("timers.connection_alive_interval", 5)
+	pendingDeletionInterval := c.GetInt("timers.pending_deletion_interval", 10)
+
 	ifConfig := &InterfaceConfig{
 		HostMap:                 hostMap,
 		Inside:                  tun,
@@ -229,8 +231,9 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		Firewall:                fw,
 		ServeDns:                serveDns,
 		HandshakeManager:        handshakeManager,
-		connectionManager:     connManager,
 		lightHouse:              lightHouse,
+		checkInterval:           time.Second * time.Duration(checkInterval),
+		pendingDeletionInterval: time.Second * time.Duration(pendingDeletionInterval),
 		tryPromoteEvery:         c.GetUint32("counters.try_promote", defaultPromoteEvery),
 		reQueryEvery:            c.GetUint32("counters.requery_every_packets", defaultReQueryEvery),
 		reQueryWait:             c.GetDuration("timers.requery_wait_duration", defaultReQueryWait),
@@ -241,6 +244,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		version:                 buildVersion,
 		relayManager:            NewRelayManager(ctx, l, hostMap, c),
 		punchy:                  punchy,
+
 		ConntrackCacheTimeout: conntrackCacheTimeout,
 		l:                     l,
 	}
@@ -292,6 +296,5 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		statsStart,
 		dnsStart,
 		lightHouse.StartUpdateWorker,
-		connManager.Start,
 	}, nil
 }
--- a/message_metrics.go
+++ b/message_metrics.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ type MessageMetrics struct {

 func (m *MessageMetrics) Rx(t header.MessageType, s header.MessageSubType, i int64) {
 	if m != nil {
-		if t >= 0 && int(t) < len(m.rx) && s >= 0 && int(s) < len(m.rx[t]) {
+		if int(t) < len(m.rx) && int(s) < len(m.rx[t]) {
 			m.rx[t][s].Inc(i)
 		} else if m.rxUnknown != nil {
 			m.rxUnknown.Inc(i)
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ func (m *MessageMetrics) Rx(t header.MessageType, s header.MessageSubType, i int
 }
 func (m *MessageMetrics) Tx(t header.MessageType, s header.MessageSubType, i int64) {
 	if m != nil {
-		if t >= 0 && int(t) < len(m.tx) && s >= 0 && int(s) < len(m.tx[t]) {
+		if int(t) < len(m.tx) && int(s) < len(m.tx[t]) {
 			m.tx[t][s].Inc(i)
 		} else if m.txUnknown != nil {
 			m.txUnknown.Inc(i)
--- a/outside.go
+++ b/outside.go
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []

 	//l.Error("in packet ", header, packet[HeaderLen:])
 	if ip.IsValid() {
-		if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(ip.Addr()) {
+		_, found := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(ip.Addr())
+		if found {
 			if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 				f.l.WithField("udpAddr", ip).Debug("Refusing to process double encrypted packet")
 			}
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []
 			// Pull the Roaming parts up here, and return in all call paths.
 			f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
 			// Track usage of both the HostInfo and the Relay for the received & authenticated packet
-			f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
+			f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
 			f.connectionManager.RelayUsed(h.RemoteIndex)

 			relay, ok := hostinfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIdx(h.RemoteIndex)
@@ -213,7 +214,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []

 	f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)

-	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
+	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
 }

 // closeTunnel closes a tunnel locally, it does not send a closeTunnel packet to the remote
@@ -227,7 +228,7 @@ func (f *Interface) closeTunnel(hostInfo *HostInfo) {

 // sendCloseTunnel is a helper function to send a proper close tunnel packet to a remote
 func (f *Interface) sendCloseTunnel(h *HostInfo) {
-	f.send(header.CloseTunnel, 0, h.ConnectionState, h, []byte{}, make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+	f.send(header.CloseTunnel, 0, h.ConnectionState, h, []byte{}, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 }

 func (f *Interface) handleHostRoaming(hostinfo *HostInfo, udpAddr netip.AddrPort) {
@@ -254,18 +255,16 @@ func (f *Interface) handleHostRoaming(hostinfo *HostInfo, udpAddr netip.AddrPort

 }

-// handleEncrypted returns true if a packet should be processed, false otherwise
 func (f *Interface) handleEncrypted(ci *ConnectionState, addr netip.AddrPort, h *header.H) bool {
-	// If connectionstate does not exist, send a recv error, if possible, to encourage a fast reconnect
-	if ci == nil {
+	// If connectionstate exists and the replay protector allows, process packet
+	// Else, send recv errors for 300 seconds after a restart to allow fast reconnection.
+	if ci == nil || !ci.window.Check(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
 		if addr.IsValid() {
 			f.maybeSendRecvError(addr, h.RemoteIndex)
-		}
+			return false
+		} else {
 			return false
 		}
-	// If the window check fails, refuse to process the packet, but don't send a recv error
-	if !ci.window.Check(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
-		return false
 	}

 	return true
@@ -314,11 +313,12 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
 	offset := ipv6.HeaderLen // Start at the end of the ipv6 header
 	next := 0
 	for {
-		if protoAt >= dataLen {
+		if dataLen < offset {
 			break
 		}
-		proto := layers.IPProtocol(data[protoAt])

+		proto := layers.IPProtocol(data[protoAt])
+		//fmt.Println(proto, protoAt)
 		switch proto {
 		case layers.IPProtocolICMPv6, layers.IPProtocolESP, layers.IPProtocolNoNextHeader:
 			fp.Protocol = uint8(proto)
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {

 		case layers.IPProtocolAH:
 			// Auth headers, used by IPSec, have a different meaning for header length
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
+			if dataLen < offset+1 {
 				break
 			}

@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {

 		default:
 			// Normal ipv6 header length processing
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
+			if dataLen < offset+1 {
 				break
 			}

@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ func (f *Interface) decryptToTun(hostinfo *HostInfo, messageCounter uint64, out
 		return false
 	}

-	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
+	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	_, err = f.readers[q].Write(out)
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to write to tun")
@@ -539,6 +539,10 @@ func (f *Interface) handleRecvError(addr netip.AddrPort, h *header.H) {
 		return
 	}

+	if !hostinfo.RecvErrorExceeded() {
+		return
+	}
+
 	if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() && hostinfo.remote != addr {
 		f.l.Infoln("Someone spoofing recv_errors? ", addr, hostinfo.remote)
 		return
--- a/outside_test.go
+++ b/outside_test.go
@@ -117,45 +117,6 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes(), true, p)
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)

-	// A v6 packet with a hop-by-hop extension
-	// ICMPv6 Payload (Echo Request)
-	icmpLayer := layers.ICMPv6{
-		TypeCode: layers.ICMPv6TypeEchoRequest,
-	}
-	// Hop-by-Hop Extension Header
-	hopOption := layers.IPv6HopByHopOption{}
-	hopOption.OptionData = []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}
-	hopByHop := layers.IPv6HopByHop{}
-	hopByHop.Options = append(hopByHop.Options, &hopOption)
-
-	ip = layers.IPv6{
-		Version:    6,
-		HopLimit:   128,
-		NextHeader: layers.IPProtocolIPv6Destination,
-		SrcIP:      net.IPv6linklocalallrouters,
-		DstIP:      net.IPv6linklocalallnodes,
-	}
-
-	buffer.Clear()
-	err = gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, gopacket.SerializeOptions{
-		ComputeChecksums: false,
-		FixLengths:       true,
-	}, &ip, &hopByHop, &icmpLayer)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	// Ensure buffer length checks during parsing with the next 2 tests.
-
-	// A full IPv6 header and 1 byte in the first extension, but missing
-	// the length byte.
-	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:41], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
-
-	// A full IPv6 header plus 1 full extension, but only 1 byte of the
-	// next layer, missing length byte
-	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:49], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
-
 	// A good ICMP packet
 	ip = layers.IPv6{
 		Version:    6,
@@ -327,10 +288,6 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, uint16(22), p.LocalPort)
 	assert.False(t, p.Fragment)

-	// Ensure buffer bounds checking during processing
-	err = newPacket(b[:41], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
-
 	// Invalid AH header
 	b = buffer.Bytes()
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
--- a/overlay/route.go
+++ b/overlay/route.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package overlay
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
@@ -305,29 +304,3 @@ func parseUnsafeRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {

 	return routes, nil
 }
-
-func ipWithin(o *net.IPNet, i *net.IPNet) bool {
-	// Make sure o contains the lowest form of i
-	if !o.Contains(i.IP.Mask(i.Mask)) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Find the max ip in i
-	ip4 := i.IP.To4()
-	if ip4 == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	last := make(net.IP, len(ip4))
-	copy(last, ip4)
-	for x := range ip4 {
-		last[x] |= ^i.Mask[x]
-	}
-
-	// Make sure o contains the max
-	if !o.Contains(last) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	return true
-}
--- a/overlay/route_test.go
+++ b/overlay/route_test.go
@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ func Test_parseUnsafeRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	// no mtu
 	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 1)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, routes[0].MTU)

@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ func Test_makeRouteTree(t *testing.T) {

 	ip, err = netip.ParseAddr("1.1.0.1")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	r, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
+	_, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
 	assert.False(t, ok)
 }

--- a/overlay/tun.go
+++ b/overlay/tun.go
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package overlay

 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -72,51 +70,3 @@ func findRemovedRoutes(newRoutes, oldRoutes []Route) []Route {

 	return removed
 }
-
-func prefixToMask(prefix netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
-	pLen := 128
-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		pLen = 32
-	}
-
-	addr, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(net.CIDRMask(prefix.Bits(), pLen))
-	return addr
-}
-
-func flipBytes(b []byte) []byte {
-	for i := 0; i < len(b); i++ {
-		b[i] ^= 0xFF
-	}
-	return b
-}
-func orBytes(a []byte, b []byte) []byte {
-	ret := make([]byte, len(a))
-	for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
-		ret[i] = a[i] | b[i]
-	}
-	return ret
-}
-
-func getBroadcast(cidr netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
-	broadcast, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(
-		orBytes(
-			cidr.Addr().AsSlice(),
-			flipBytes(prefixToMask(cidr).AsSlice()),
-		),
-	)
-	return broadcast
-}
-
-func selectGateway(dest netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) (netip.Prefix, error) {
-	for _, gateway := range gateways {
-		if dest.Addr().Is4() && gateway.Addr().Is4() {
-			return gateway, nil
-		}
-
-		if dest.Addr().Is6() && gateway.Addr().Is6() {
-			return gateway, nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	return netip.Prefix{}, fmt.Errorf("no gateway found for %v in the list of vpn networks", dest)
-}
--- a/overlay/tun_darwin.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_darwin.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -294,6 +295,7 @@ func (t *tun) activate6(network netip.Prefix) error {
 			Vltime: 0xffffffff,
 			Pltime: 0xffffffff,
 		},
+		//TODO: CERT-V2 should we disable DAD (duplicate address detection) and mark this as a secured address?
 		Flags: _IN6_IFF_NODAD,
 	}

@@ -552,3 +554,13 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for darwin")
 }
+
+func prefixToMask(prefix netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
+	pLen := 128
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		pLen = 32
+	}
+
+	addr, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(net.CIDRMask(prefix.Bits(), pLen))
+	return addr
+}
--- a/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
@@ -10,9 +10,11 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
-	"time"
 	"unsafe"

 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
@@ -20,18 +22,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
-	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
-	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

 const (
 	// FIODGNAME is defined in sys/sys/filio.h on FreeBSD
 	// For 32-bit systems, use FIODGNAME_32 (not defined in this file: 0x80086678)
 	FIODGNAME = 0x80106678
-	TUNSIFMODE       = 0x8004745e
-	TUNSIFHEAD       = 0x80047460
-	OSIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 0x8088691b
-	IN6_IFF_NODAD    = 0x0020
 )

 type fiodgnameArg struct {
@@ -41,159 +37,43 @@ type fiodgnameArg struct {
 }

 type ifreqRename struct {
-	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Name [16]byte
 	Data uintptr
 }

 type ifreqDestroy struct {
-	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Name [16]byte
 	pad  [16]byte
 }

-type ifReq struct {
-	Name  [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	Flags uint16
-}
-
-type ifreqMTU struct {
-	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	MTU  int32
-}
-
-type addrLifetime struct {
-	Expire    uint64
-	Preferred uint64
-	Vltime    uint32
-	Pltime    uint32
-}
-
-type ifreqAlias4 struct {
-	Name     [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	Addr     unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-	DstAddr  unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-	MaskAddr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-	VHid     uint32
-}
-
-type ifreqAlias6 struct {
-	Name       [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	Addr       unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	DstAddr    unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	PrefixMask unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	Flags      uint32
-	Lifetime   addrLifetime
-	VHid       uint32
-}
-
 type tun struct {
 	Device      string
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	MTU         int
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
-	linkAddr    *netroute.LinkAddr
 	l           *logrus.Logger
-	devFd       int
-}

-func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	// use readv() to read from the tunnel device, to eliminate the need for copying the buffer
-	if t.devFd < 0 {
-		return -1, syscall.EINVAL
-	}
-
-	// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
-	head := make([]byte, 4)
-
-	iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
-		{&head[0], 4},
-		{&to[0], uint64(len(to))},
-	}
-
-	n, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_READV, uintptr(t.devFd), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
-
-	var err error
-	if errno != 0 {
-		err = syscall.Errno(errno)
-	} else {
-		err = nil
-	}
-	// fix bytes read number to exclude header
-	bytesRead := int(n)
-	if bytesRead < 0 {
-		return bytesRead, err
-	} else if bytesRead < 4 {
-		return 0, err
-	} else {
-		return bytesRead - 4, err
-	}
-}
-
-// Write is only valid for single threaded use
-func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
-	// use writev() to write to the tunnel device, to eliminate the need for copying the buffer
-	if t.devFd < 0 {
-		return -1, syscall.EINVAL
-	}
-
-	if len(from) <= 1 {
-		return 0, syscall.EIO
-	}
-	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
-	var head []byte
-	// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
-	if ipVer == 4 {
-		head = []byte{0, 0, 0, syscall.AF_INET}
-	} else if ipVer == 6 {
-		head = []byte{0, 0, 0, syscall.AF_INET6}
-	} else {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
-	}
-	iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
-		{&head[0], 4},
-		{&from[0], uint64(len(from))},
-	}
-
-	n, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_WRITEV, uintptr(t.devFd), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
-
-	var err error
-	if errno != 0 {
-		err = syscall.Errno(errno)
-	} else {
-		err = nil
-	}
-
-	return int(n) - 4, err
+	io.ReadWriteCloser
 }

 func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.devFd >= 0 {
-		err := syscall.Close(t.devFd)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.l.WithError(err).Error("Error closing device")
+	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
+		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
-		t.devFd = -1

-		c := make(chan struct{})
-		go func() {
-			// destroying the interface can block if a read() is still pending. Do this asynchronously.
-			defer close(c)
 		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
-			if err == nil {
-				defer syscall.Close(s)
-				ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
-				err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
-			}
 		if err != nil {
-				t.l.WithError(err).Error("Error destroying tunnel")
+			return err
 		}
-		}()
+		defer syscall.Close(s)

-		// wait up to 1 second so we start blocking at the ioctl
-		select {
-		case <-c:
-		case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
-		}
+		ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
+
+		// Destroy the interface
+		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
+		return err
 	}

 	return nil
@@ -205,37 +85,32 @@ func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun,

 func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
 	// Try to open existing tun device
-	var fd int
+	var file *os.File
 	var err error
 	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
 	if deviceName != "" {
-		fd, err = syscall.Open("/dev/"+deviceName, syscall.O_RDWR, 0)
+		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	}
 	if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) || deviceName == "" {
 		// If the device doesn't already exist, request a new one and rename it
-		fd, err = syscall.Open("/dev/tun", syscall.O_RDWR, 0)
+		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	// Read the name of the interface
+	rawConn, err := file.SyscallConn()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SyscallConn: %v", err)
+	}
+
 	var name [16]byte
+	var ctrlErr error
+	rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+		// Read the name of the interface
 		arg := fiodgnameArg{length: 16, buf: unsafe.Pointer(&name)}
-	ctrlErr := ioctl(uintptr(fd), FIODGNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
-
-	if ctrlErr == nil {
-		// set broadcast mode and multicast
-		ifmode := uint32(unix.IFF_BROADCAST | unix.IFF_MULTICAST)
-		ctrlErr = ioctl(uintptr(fd), TUNSIFMODE, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifmode)))
-	}
-
-	if ctrlErr == nil {
-		// turn on link-layer mode, to support ipv6
-		ifhead := uint32(1)
-		ctrlErr = ioctl(uintptr(fd), TUNSIFHEAD, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifhead)))
-	}
-
+		ctrlErr = ioctl(fd, FIODGNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
+	})
 	if ctrlErr != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -247,7 +122,11 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (

 	// If the name doesn't match the desired interface name, rename it now
 	if ifName != deviceName {
-		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(
+			syscall.AF_INET,
+			syscall.SOCK_DGRAM,
+			syscall.IPPROTO_IP,
+		)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -270,11 +149,11 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 	}

 	t := &tun{
+		ReadWriteCloser: file,
 		Device:          deviceName,
 		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:             c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
 		l:               l,
-		devFd:       fd,
 	}

 	err = t.reload(c, true)
@@ -293,111 +172,38 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 }

 func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
-		ifr := ifreqAlias4{
-			Name: t.deviceBytes(),
-			Addr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-				Family: unix.AF_INET,
-				Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
-			},
-			DstAddr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-				Family: unix.AF_INET,
-				Addr:   getBroadcast(cidr).As4(),
-			},
-			MaskAddr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-				Family: unix.AF_INET,
-				Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As4(),
-			},
-			VHid: 0,
-		}
-		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-		// Note: unix.SIOCAIFADDR corresponds to FreeBSD's OSIOCAIFADDR
-		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr))); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
-		}
-		return nil
+	var err error
+	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
 	}

-	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
-		ifr := ifreqAlias6{
-			Name: t.deviceBytes(),
-			Addr: unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-				Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-				Addr:   cidr.Addr().As16(),
-			},
-			PrefixMask: unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-				Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-				Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As16(),
-			},
-			Lifetime: addrLifetime{
-				Expire:    0,
-				Preferred: 0,
-				Vltime:    0xffffffff,
-				Pltime:    0xffffffff,
-			},
-			Flags: IN6_IFF_NODAD,
-		}
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET6, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), OSIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr))); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
-		}
-		return nil
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
 	}

-	return fmt.Errorf("unknown address type %v", cidr)
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	// Unsafe path routes
+	return t.addRoutes(false)
 }

 func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	// Setup our default MTU
-	err := t.setMTU()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	linkAddr, err := getLinkAddr(t.Device)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if linkAddr == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to discover link_addr for tun interface")
-	}
-	t.linkAddr = linkAddr
-
 	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
 		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
-}
-
-func (t *tun) setMTU() error {
-	// Set the MTU on the device
-	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-	ifm := ifreqMTU{Name: t.deviceBytes(), MTU: int32(t.MTU)}
-	err = ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifm)))
-	return err
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
@@ -462,16 +268,15 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 			continue
 		}

-		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.linkAddr)
-		if err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
-		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}

@@ -484,8 +289,9 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 			continue
 		}

-		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.linkAddr)
-		if err != nil {
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
@@ -500,120 +306,3 @@ func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
 	}
 	return
 }
-
-func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
-	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer unix.Close(sock)
-
-	route := &netroute.RouteMessage{
-		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
-		Type:    unix.RTM_ADD,
-		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP,
-		Seq:     1,
-	}
-
-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
-		}
-	} else {
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
-		}
-	}
-
-	data, err := route.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
-			// Try to do a change
-			route.Type = unix.RTM_CHANGE
-			data, err = route.Marshal()
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
-			}
-			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-			fmt.Println("DOING CHANGE")
-			return err
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
-	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer unix.Close(sock)
-
-	route := netroute.RouteMessage{
-		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
-		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
-		Seq:     1,
-	}
-
-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
-		}
-	} else {
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
-		}
-	}
-
-	data, err := route.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
-	}
-	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// getLinkAddr Gets the link address for the interface of the given name
-func getLinkAddr(name string) (*netroute.LinkAddr, error) {
-	rib, err := netroute.FetchRIB(unix.AF_UNSPEC, unix.NET_RT_IFLIST, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	msgs, err := netroute.ParseRIB(unix.NET_RT_IFLIST, rib)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	for _, m := range msgs {
-		switch m := m.(type) {
-		case *netroute.InterfaceMessage:
-			if m.Name == name {
-				sa, ok := m.Addrs[unix.RTAX_IFP].(*netroute.LinkAddr)
-				if ok {
-					return sa, nil
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil, nil
-}
--- a/overlay/tun_linux.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_linux.go
@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ type tun struct {
 	routeTree       atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	routeChan       chan struct{}
 	useSystemRoutes bool
-	useSystemRoutesBufferSize int

 	l *logrus.Logger
 }
@@ -130,7 +129,6 @@ func newTunGeneric(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, file *os.File, vpnNetworks []n
 		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
 		TXQueueLen:      c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
 		useSystemRoutes: c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
-		useSystemRoutesBufferSize: c.GetInt("tun.use_system_route_table_buffer_size", 0),
 		l:               l,
 	}

@@ -293,6 +291,7 @@ func (t *tun) addIPs(link netlink.Link) error {

 	//add all new addresses
 	for i := range newAddrs {
+		//TODO: CERT-V2 do we want to stack errors and try as many ops as possible?
 		//AddrReplace still adds new IPs, but if their properties change it will change them as well
 		if err := netlink.AddrReplace(link, newAddrs[i]); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -360,11 +359,6 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set tun tx queue length")
 	}

-	const modeNone = 1
-	if err = netlink.LinkSetIP6AddrGenMode(link, modeNone); err != nil {
-		t.l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to disable link local address generation")
-	}
-
 	if err = t.addIPs(link); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -537,13 +531,7 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 	rch := make(chan netlink.RouteUpdate)
 	doneChan := make(chan struct{})

-	netlinkOptions := netlink.RouteSubscribeOptions{
-		ReceiveBufferSize:      t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize,
-		ReceiveBufferForceSize: t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize != 0,
-		ErrorCallback:          func(e error) { t.l.WithError(e).Errorf("netlink error") },
-	}
-
-	if err := netlink.RouteSubscribeWithOptions(rch, doneChan, netlinkOptions); err != nil {
+	if err := netlink.RouteSubscribe(rch, doneChan); err != nil {
 		t.l.WithError(err).Errorf("failed to subscribe to system route changes")
 		return
 	}
@@ -553,14 +541,8 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 	go func() {
 		for {
 			select {
-			case r, ok := <-rch:
-				if ok {
+			case r := <-rch:
 				t.updateRoutes(r)
-				} else {
-					// may be should do something here as
-					// netlink stops sending updates
-					return
-				}
 			case <-doneChan:
 				// netlink.RouteSubscriber will close the rch for us
 				return
@@ -642,11 +624,6 @@ func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
 		return
 	}

-	if r.Dst == nil {
-		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, no destination address")
-		return
-	}
-
 	dstAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Dst.IP)
 	if !ok {
 		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid destination address")
--- a/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
 package overlay

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
+	"os/exec"
 	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
@@ -19,42 +20,11 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
-	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
-	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

-const (
-	SIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 0x8080696b
-	TUNSIFHEAD      = 0x80047442
-	TUNSIFMODE      = 0x80047458
-)
-
-type ifreqAlias4 struct {
-	Name     [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	Addr     unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-	DstAddr  unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-	MaskAddr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-}
-
-type ifreqAlias6 struct {
-	Name       [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	Addr       unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	DstAddr    unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	PrefixMask unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	Flags      uint32
-	Lifetime   addrLifetime
-}
-
-type ifreq struct {
-	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	data int
-}
-
-type addrLifetime struct {
-	Expire    uint64
-	Preferred uint64
-	Vltime    uint32
-	Pltime    uint32
+type ifreqDestroy struct {
+	Name [16]byte
+	pad  [16]byte
 }

 type tun struct {
@@ -64,18 +34,40 @@ type tun struct {
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger
-	f           *os.File
-	fd          int
+
+	io.ReadWriteCloser
 }

-var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
+func (t *tun) Close() error {
+	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
+		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
+
+		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
+
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}

 func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in NetBSD")
 }

+var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
+
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
 	// Try to open tun device
+	var file *os.File
 	var err error
 	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
 	if deviceName == "" {
@@ -85,19 +77,13 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
 	}

-	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true)
-	if err != nil {
-		l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to set the tun device as nonblocking")
-	}
-
 	t := &tun{
-		f:           os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), ""),
-		fd:          fd,
+		ReadWriteCloser: file,
 		Device:          deviceName,
 		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:             c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
@@ -119,225 +105,40 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 	return t, nil
 }

-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.f != nil {
-		if err := t.f.Close(); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error closing tun file: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		// t.f.Close should have handled it for us but let's be extra sure
-		_ = unix.Close(t.fd)
-
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		ifr := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
-		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr)))
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	rc, err := t.f.SyscallConn()
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to get syscall conn for tun: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	var errno syscall.Errno
-	var n uintptr
-	err = rc.Read(func(fd uintptr) bool {
-		// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
-		head := [4]byte{}
-		iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
-			{&head[0], 4},
-			{&to[0], uint64(len(to))},
-		}
-
-		n, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_READV, fd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
-		if errno.Temporary() {
-			// We got an EAGAIN, EINTR, or EWOULDBLOCK, go again
-			return false
-		}
-		return true
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		if err == syscall.EBADF || err.Error() == "use of closed file" {
-			// Go doesn't export poll.ErrFileClosing but happily reports it to us so here we are
-			// https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go#L121
-			return 0, os.ErrClosed
-		}
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to make read call for tun: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	if errno != 0 {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to make inner read call for tun: %w", errno)
-	}
-
-	// fix bytes read number to exclude header
-	bytesRead := int(n)
-	if bytesRead < 0 {
-		return bytesRead, nil
-	} else if bytesRead < 4 {
-		return 0, nil
-	} else {
-		return bytesRead - 4, nil
-	}
-}
-
-// Write is only valid for single threaded use
-func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
-	if len(from) <= 1 {
-		return 0, syscall.EIO
-	}
-
-	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
-	var head [4]byte
-	// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
-	if ipVer == 4 {
-		head[3] = syscall.AF_INET
-	} else if ipVer == 6 {
-		head[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
-	} else {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
-	}
-
-	rc, err := t.f.SyscallConn()
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-
-	var errno syscall.Errno
-	var n uintptr
-	err = rc.Write(func(fd uintptr) bool {
-		iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
-			{&head[0], 4},
-			{&from[0], uint64(len(from))},
-		}
-
-		n, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_WRITEV, fd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
-		// According to NetBSD documentation for TUN, writes will only return errors in which
-		// this packet will never be delivered so just go on living life.
-		return true
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-
-	if errno != 0 {
-		return 0, errno
-	}
-
-	return int(n) - 4, err
-}
-
 func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
-		var req ifreqAlias4
-		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
-		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
-		}
-		req.DstAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
-		}
-		req.MaskAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As4(),
+	var err error
+
+	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
 	}

-		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr(), err)
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
 	}

-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
-		var req ifreqAlias6
-		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
-		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As16(),
-		}
-		req.PrefixMask = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As16(),
-		}
-		req.Lifetime = addrLifetime{
-			Vltime: 0xffffffff,
-			Pltime: 0xffffffff,
-		}
-
-		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET6, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), SIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	return fmt.Errorf("unknown address type %v", cidr)
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	mode := int32(unix.IFF_BROADCAST)
-	err := ioctl(uintptr(t.fd), TUNSIFMODE, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&mode)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun device mode: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	v := 1
-	err = ioctl(uintptr(t.fd), TUNSIFHEAD, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&v)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun device head: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = t.doIoctlByName(unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uint32(t.MTU))
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun mtu: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		err = t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
 	}

+	// Unsafe path routes
 	return t.addRoutes(false)
 }

-func (t *tun) doIoctlByName(ctl uintptr, value uint32) error {
-	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-	defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-	ir := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes(), data: int(value)}
-	err = ioctl(uintptr(s), ctl, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ir)))
-	return err
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
@@ -396,23 +197,21 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {

 func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
-
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}

-		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
-		if err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
-		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}

@@ -425,8 +224,10 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 			continue
 		}

-		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
-		if err != nil {
+		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
@@ -441,109 +242,3 @@ func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
 	}
 	return
 }
-
-func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
-	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer unix.Close(sock)
-
-	route := &netroute.RouteMessage{
-		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
-		Type:    unix.RTM_ADD,
-		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP | unix.RTF_GATEWAY,
-		Seq:     1,
-	}
-
-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
-		}
-	} else {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
-		}
-	}
-
-	data, err := route.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
-			// Try to do a change
-			route.Type = unix.RTM_CHANGE
-			data, err = route.Marshal()
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
-			}
-			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-			return err
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
-	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer unix.Close(sock)
-
-	route := netroute.RouteMessage{
-		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
-		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
-		Seq:     1,
-	}
-
-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
-		}
-	} else {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
-		}
-	}
-
-	data, err := route.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
-	}
-	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
--- a/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
@@ -4,50 +4,23 @@
 package overlay

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
+	"os/exec"
 	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
-	"unsafe"

 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
-	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
-	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

-const (
-	SIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 0x8080691a
-)
-
-type ifreqAlias4 struct {
-	Name     [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	Addr     unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-	DstAddr  unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-	MaskAddr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-}
-
-type ifreqAlias6 struct {
-	Name       [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	Addr       unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	DstAddr    unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	PrefixMask unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-	Flags      uint32
-	Lifetime   [2]uint32
-}
-
-type ifreq struct {
-	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
-	data int
-}
-
 type tun struct {
 	Device      string
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
@@ -55,42 +28,44 @@ type tun struct {
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger
-	f           *os.File
-	fd          int
+
+	io.ReadWriteCloser
+
 	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
 	out []byte
 }

-var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
+func (t *tun) Close() error {
+	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
+		return t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

 func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in openbsd")
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in OpenBSD")
 }

+var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
+
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
-	// Try to open tun device
-	var err error
 	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
 	if deviceName == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
-	}
-	if !deviceNameRE.MatchString(deviceName) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
 	}

-	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	if !deviceNameRE.MatchString(deviceName) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
+	}
+
+	file, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true)
-	if err != nil {
-		l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to set the tun device as nonblocking")
-	}
-
 	t := &tun{
-		f:           os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), ""),
-		fd:          fd,
+		ReadWriteCloser: file,
 		Device:          deviceName,
 		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:             c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
@@ -112,154 +87,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 	return t, nil
 }

-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.f != nil {
-		if err := t.f.Close(); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error closing tun file: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		// t.f.Close should have handled it for us but let's be extra sure
-		_ = unix.Close(t.fd)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
-
-	n, err := t.f.Read(buf)
-
-	copy(to, buf[4:])
-	return n - 4, err
-}
-
-// Write is only valid for single threaded use
-func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := t.out
-	if cap(buf) < len(from)+4 {
-		buf = make([]byte, len(from)+4)
-		t.out = buf
-	}
-	buf = buf[:len(from)+4]
-
-	if len(from) == 0 {
-		return 0, syscall.EIO
-	}
-
-	// Determine the IP Family for the NULL L2 Header
-	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
-	if ipVer == 4 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET
-	} else if ipVer == 6 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
-	} else {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
-	}
-
-	copy(buf[4:], from)
-
-	n, err := t.f.Write(buf)
-	return n - 4, err
-}
-
-func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
-		var req ifreqAlias4
-		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
-		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
-		}
-		req.DstAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
-		}
-		req.MaskAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As4(),
-		}
-
-		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr(), err)
-		}
-
-		err = addRoute(cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set route for vpn network %v: %w", cidr, err)
-		}
-
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
-		var req ifreqAlias6
-		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
-		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As16(),
-		}
-		req.PrefixMask = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As16(),
-		}
-		req.Lifetime[0] = 0xffffffff
-		req.Lifetime[1] = 0xffffffff
-
-		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET6, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), SIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
-		}
-
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	return fmt.Errorf("unknown address type %v", cidr)
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	err := t.doIoctlByName(unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uint32(t.MTU))
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun mtu: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		err = t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
-}
-
-func (t *tun) doIoctlByName(ctl uintptr, value uint32) error {
-	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-	ir := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes(), data: int(value)}
-	err = ioctl(uintptr(s), ctl, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ir)))
-	return err
-}
-
 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	change, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -297,42 +124,63 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

+func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
+	var err error
+	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	// Unsafe path routes
+	return t.addRoutes(false)
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }

-func (t *tun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return t.vpnNetworks
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Name() string {
-	return t.Device
-}
-
-func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for openbsd")
-}
-
 func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
-
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}
-
-		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
-		if err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
-		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}

@@ -344,9 +192,10 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 		if !r.Install {
 			continue
 		}
-
-		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
-		if err != nil {
+		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
@@ -355,115 +204,52 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
-	for i, c := range t.Device {
-		o[i] = byte(c)
-	}
-	return
+func (t *tun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return t.vpnNetworks
 }

-func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
-	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer unix.Close(sock)
-
-	route := &netroute.RouteMessage{
-		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
-		Type:    unix.RTM_ADD,
-		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP | unix.RTF_GATEWAY,
-		Seq:     1,
+func (t *tun) Name() string {
+	return t.Device
 }

-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for freebsd")
 }
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
+
+func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
+
+	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Read(buf)
+
+	copy(to, buf[4:])
+	return n - 4, err
 }
+
+// Write is only valid for single threaded use
+func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
+	buf := t.out
+	if cap(buf) < len(from)+4 {
+		buf = make([]byte, len(from)+4)
+		t.out = buf
+	}
+	buf = buf[:len(from)+4]
+
+	if len(from) == 0 {
+		return 0, syscall.EIO
+	}
+
+	// Determine the IP Family for the NULL L2 Header
+	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
+	if ipVer == 4 {
+		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET
+	} else if ipVer == 6 {
+		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
 	} else {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
-		}
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
 	}

-	data, err := route.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
-	}
+	copy(buf[4:], from)

-	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
-			// Try to do a change
-			route.Type = unix.RTM_CHANGE
-			data, err = route.Marshal()
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
-			}
-			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-			return err
-		}
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
-	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
-	}
-	defer unix.Close(sock)
-
-	route := netroute.RouteMessage{
-		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
-		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
-		Seq:     1,
-	}
-
-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
-		}
-	} else {
-		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
-			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
-		}
-	}
-
-	data, err := route.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
-	}
-	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Write(buf)
+	return n - 4, err
 }
--- a/pkclient/pkclient.go
+++ b/pkclient/pkclient.go
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 package pkclient

 import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/x509"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"strconv"
@@ -50,27 +48,6 @@ func FromUrl(pkurl string) (*PKClient, error) {
 	return New(module, uint(slotid), pin, id, label)
 }

-func ecKeyToArray(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
-	x := make([]byte, 32)
-	y := make([]byte, 32)
-	key.X.FillBytes(x)
-	key.Y.FillBytes(y)
-	return append([]byte{0x04}, append(x, y...)...)
-}
-
-func formatPubkeyFromPublicKeyInfoAttr(d []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	e, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(d)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	switch t := e.(type) {
-	case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
-		return ecKeyToArray(e.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown public key type: %T", t)
-	}
-}
-
 func (c *PKClient) Test() error {
 	pub, err := c.GetPubKey()
 	if err != nil {
--- a/pkclient/pkclient_cgo.go
+++ b/pkclient/pkclient_cgo.go
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 package pkclient

 import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/x509"
 	"encoding/asn1"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -180,7 +182,6 @@ func (c *PKClient) DeriveNoise(peerPubKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_DECRYPT, true),
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_WRAP, true),
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_UNWRAP, true),
-		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_VALUE_LEN, NoiseKeySize),
 	}

 	// Set up the parameters which include the peer's public key
@@ -228,3 +229,24 @@ func (c *PKClient) GetPubKey() ([]byte, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown public key length: %d", len(d))
 	}
 }
+
+func ecKeyToArray(key *ecdsa.PublicKey) []byte {
+	x := make([]byte, 32)
+	y := make([]byte, 32)
+	key.X.FillBytes(x)
+	key.Y.FillBytes(y)
+	return append([]byte{0x04}, append(x, y...)...)
+}
+
+func formatPubkeyFromPublicKeyInfoAttr(d []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	e, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(d)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	switch t := e.(type) {
+	case *ecdsa.PublicKey:
+		return ecKeyToArray(e.(*ecdsa.PublicKey)), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown public key type: %T", t)
+	}
+}
--- a/pkclient/pkclient_stub.go
+++ b/pkclient/pkclient_stub.go
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ import "errors"
 type PKClient struct {
 }

-var notImplemented = errors.New("not implemented")
+var errNotImplemented = errors.New("not implemented")

 func New(hsmPath string, slotId uint, pin string, id string, label string) (*PKClient, error) {
-	return nil, notImplemented
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
 }

 func (c *PKClient) Close() error {
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ func (c *PKClient) Close() error {
 }

 func (c *PKClient) SignASN1(data []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, notImplemented
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
 }

 func (c *PKClient) DeriveNoise(_ []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, notImplemented
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
 }

 func (c *PKClient) GetPubKey() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, notImplemented
+	return nil, errNotImplemented
 }
--- a/pki.go
+++ b/pki.go
@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ type CertState struct {
 	cipher            string

 	myVpnNetworks            []netip.Prefix
-	myVpnNetworksTable       *bart.Lite
+	myVpnNetworksTable       *bart.Table[struct{}]
 	myVpnAddrs               []netip.Addr
-	myVpnAddrsTable          *bart.Lite
-	myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Lite
+	myVpnAddrsTable          *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
 }

 func NewPKIFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) (*PKI, error) {
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@ func (p *PKI) reloadCerts(c *config.C, initial bool) *util.ContextualError {

 	p.cs.Store(newState)

+	//TODO: CERT-V2 newState needs a stringer that does json
 	if initial {
 		p.l.WithField("cert", newState).Debug("Client nebula certificate(s)")
 	} else {
@@ -344,9 +345,9 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 	cs := CertState{
 		privateKey:               privateKey,
 		pkcs11Backed:             pkcs11backed,
-		myVpnNetworksTable:       new(bart.Lite),
-		myVpnAddrsTable:          new(bart.Lite),
-		myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable: new(bart.Lite),
+		myVpnNetworksTable:       new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
+		myVpnAddrsTable:          new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
+		myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable: new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
 	}

 	if v1 != nil && v2 != nil {
@@ -358,9 +359,7 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 			return nil, util.NewContextualError("v1 and v2 curve are not the same, ignoring", nil, nil)
 		}

-		if v1.Networks()[0] != v2.Networks()[0] {
-			return nil, util.NewContextualError("v1 and v2 networks are not the same", nil, nil)
-		}
+		//TODO: CERT-V2 make sure v2 has v1s address

 		cs.initiatingVersion = dv
 	}
@@ -416,16 +415,16 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p

 	for _, network := range crt.Networks() {
 		cs.myVpnNetworks = append(cs.myVpnNetworks, network)
-		cs.myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(network)
+		cs.myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(network, struct{}{})

 		cs.myVpnAddrs = append(cs.myVpnAddrs, network.Addr())
-		cs.myVpnAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen()))
+		cs.myVpnAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen()), struct{}{})

 		if network.Addr().Is4() {
 			addr := network.Masked().Addr().As4()
 			mask := net.CIDRMask(network.Bits(), network.Addr().BitLen())
 			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(addr[:], binary.BigEndian.Uint32(addr[:])|^binary.BigEndian.Uint32(mask))
-			cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(addr), network.Addr().BitLen()))
+			cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(addr), network.Addr().BitLen()), struct{}{})
 		}
 	}

--- a/relay_manager.go
+++ b/relay_manager.go
@@ -155,8 +155,6 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayResponse(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 		"vpnAddrs":            h.vpnAddrs}).
 		Info("handleCreateRelayResponse")

-	//peer == relayFrom
-	//target == relayTo
 	target := m.RelayToAddr
 	targetAddr := protoAddrToNetAddr(target)

@@ -192,12 +190,11 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayResponse(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 			InitiatorRelayIndex: peerRelay.RemoteIndex,
 		}

-		relayFrom := h.vpnAddrs[0]
 		if v == cert.Version1 {
 			peer := peerHostInfo.vpnAddrs[0]
 			if !peer.Is4() {
 				rm.l.WithField("relayFrom", peer).
-					WithField("relayTo", targetAddr).
+					WithField("relayTo", target).
 					WithField("initiatorRelayIndex", resp.InitiatorRelayIndex).
 					WithField("responderRelayIndex", resp.ResponderRelayIndex).
 					WithField("vpnAddrs", peerHostInfo.vpnAddrs).
@@ -210,22 +207,7 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayResponse(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 			b = targetAddr.As4()
 			resp.OldRelayToAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
 		} else {
-			ok = false
-			peerNetworks := h.GetCert().Certificate.Networks()
-			for i := range peerNetworks {
-				if peerNetworks[i].Contains(targetAddr) {
-					relayFrom = peerNetworks[i].Addr()
-					ok = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if !ok {
-				rm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{"from": f.myVpnNetworks, "to": targetAddr}).
-					Error("cannot establish relay, no networks in common")
-				return
-			}
-
-			resp.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayFrom)
+			resp.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(peerHostInfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 			resp.RelayToAddr = target
 		}

@@ -236,8 +218,8 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayResponse(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 		} else {
 			f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, peerHostInfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 			rm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-				"relayFrom":           relayFrom,
-				"relayTo":             targetAddr,
+				"relayFrom":           resp.RelayFromAddr,
+				"relayTo":             resp.RelayToAddr,
 				"initiatorRelayIndex": resp.InitiatorRelayIndex,
 				"responderRelayIndex": resp.ResponderRelayIndex,
 				"vpnAddrs":            peerHostInfo.vpnAddrs}).
@@ -259,13 +241,15 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 	logMsg.Info("handleCreateRelayRequest")
 	// Is the source of the relay me? This should never happen, but did happen due to
 	// an issue migrating relays over to newly re-handshaked host info objects.
-	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(from) {
+	_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(from)
+	if found {
 		logMsg.WithField("myIP", from).Error("Discarding relay request from myself")
 		return
 	}

 	// Is the target of the relay me?
-	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(target) {
+	_, found = f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(target)
+	if found {
 		existingRelay, ok := h.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(from)
 		if ok {
 			switch existingRelay.State {
@@ -331,7 +315,8 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f

 		msg, err := resp.Marshal()
 		if err != nil {
-			logMsg.WithError(err).Error("relayManager Failed to marshal Control CreateRelayResponse message to create relay")
+			logMsg.
+				WithError(err).Error("relayManager Failed to marshal Control CreateRelayResponse message to create relay")
 		} else {
 			f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, h, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 			rm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
@@ -377,10 +362,10 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 			Type:                NebulaControl_CreateRelayRequest,
 			InitiatorRelayIndex: index,
 		}
-		relayFrom := h.vpnAddrs[0]
+
 		if v == cert.Version1 {
-			if !relayFrom.Is4() {
-				rm.l.WithField("relayFrom", relayFrom).
+			if !h.vpnAddrs[0].Is4() {
+				rm.l.WithField("relayFrom", h.vpnAddrs[0]).
 					WithField("relayTo", target).
 					WithField("initiatorRelayIndex", req.InitiatorRelayIndex).
 					WithField("responderRelayIndex", req.ResponderRelayIndex).
@@ -389,37 +374,23 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 				return
 			}

-			b := relayFrom.As4()
+			b := h.vpnAddrs[0].As4()
 			req.OldRelayFromAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
 			b = target.As4()
 			req.OldRelayToAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
 		} else {
-			ok = false
-			peerNetworks := h.GetCert().Certificate.Networks()
-			for i := range peerNetworks {
-				if peerNetworks[i].Contains(target) {
-					relayFrom = peerNetworks[i].Addr()
-					ok = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-			if !ok {
-				rm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{"from": f.myVpnNetworks, "to": target}).
-					Error("cannot establish relay, no networks in common")
-				return
-			}
-
-			req.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayFrom)
+			req.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(h.vpnAddrs[0])
 			req.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(target)
 		}

 		msg, err := req.Marshal()
 		if err != nil {
-			logMsg.WithError(err).Error("relayManager Failed to marshal Control message to create relay")
+			logMsg.
+				WithError(err).Error("relayManager Failed to marshal Control message to create relay")
 		} else {
 			f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, peer, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 			rm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-				"relayFrom":           relayFrom,
+				"relayFrom":           h.vpnAddrs[0],
 				"relayTo":             target,
 				"initiatorRelayIndex": req.InitiatorRelayIndex,
 				"responderRelayIndex": req.ResponderRelayIndex,
@@ -432,7 +403,8 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 		if !ok {
 			_, err := AddRelay(rm.l, h, f.hostMap, target, &m.InitiatorRelayIndex, ForwardingType, PeerRequested)
 			if err != nil {
-				logMsg.WithError(err).Error("relayManager Failed to allocate a local index for relay")
+				logMsg.
+					WithError(err).Error("relayManager Failed to allocate a local index for relay")
 				return
 			}
 		}
--- a/remote_list.go
+++ b/remote_list.go
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 	// The full list of vpn addresses assigned to this host
 	vpnAddrs []netip.Addr

-	// A deduplicated set of underlay addresses. Any accessor should lock beforehand.
+	// A deduplicated set of addresses. Any accessor should lock beforehand.
 	addrs []netip.AddrPort

 	// A set of relay addresses. VpnIp addresses that the remote identified as relays.
@@ -202,9 +202,7 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 	cache map[netip.Addr]*cache

 	hr        *hostnamesResults
-
-	// shouldAdd is a nillable function that decides if x should be added to addrs.
-	shouldAdd func(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, x netip.Addr) bool
+	shouldAdd func(netip.Addr) bool

 	// This is a list of remotes that we have tried to handshake with and have returned from the wrong vpn ip.
 	// They should not be tried again during a handshake
@@ -215,7 +213,7 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 }

 // NewRemoteList creates a new empty RemoteList
-func NewRemoteList(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, shouldAdd func([]netip.Addr, netip.Addr) bool) *RemoteList {
+func NewRemoteList(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, shouldAdd func(netip.Addr) bool) *RemoteList {
 	r := &RemoteList{
 		vpnAddrs:  make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnAddrs)),
 		addrs:     make([]netip.AddrPort, 0),
@@ -265,9 +263,7 @@ func (r *RemoteList) CopyAddrs(preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) []netip.AddrPort
 	r.RLock()
 	defer r.RUnlock()
 	c := make([]netip.AddrPort, len(r.addrs))
-	for i, v := range r.addrs {
-		c[i] = v
-	}
+	copy(c, r.addrs)
 	return c
 }

@@ -328,9 +324,7 @@ func (r *RemoteList) CopyCache() *CacheMap {
 		}

 		if mc.relay != nil {
-			for _, a := range mc.relay.relay {
-				c.Relay = append(c.Relay, a)
-			}
+			c.Relay = append(c.Relay, mc.relay.relay...)
 		}
 	}

@@ -364,21 +358,10 @@ func (r *RemoteList) CopyBlockedRemotes() []netip.AddrPort {
 	defer r.RUnlock()

 	c := make([]netip.AddrPort, len(r.badRemotes))
-	for i, v := range r.badRemotes {
-		c[i] = v
-	}
+	copy(c, r.badRemotes)
 	return c
 }

-// RefreshFromHandshake locks and updates the RemoteList to account for data learned upon a completed handshake
-func (r *RemoteList) RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) {
-	r.Lock()
-	r.badRemotes = nil
-	r.vpnAddrs = make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnAddrs))
-	copy(r.vpnAddrs, vpnAddrs)
-	r.Unlock()
-}
-
 // ResetBlockedRemotes locks and clears the blocked remotes list
 func (r *RemoteList) ResetBlockedRemotes() {
 	r.Lock()
@@ -580,15 +563,13 @@ func (r *RemoteList) unlockedCollect() {
 		}

 		if c.relay != nil {
-			for _, v := range c.relay.relay {
-				relays = append(relays, v)
-			}
+			relays = append(relays, c.relay.relay...)
 		}
 	}

 	dnsAddrs := r.hr.GetAddrs()
 	for _, addr := range dnsAddrs {
-		if r.shouldAdd == nil || r.shouldAdd(r.vpnAddrs, addr.Addr()) {
+		if r.shouldAdd == nil || r.shouldAdd(addr.Addr()) {
 			if !r.unlockedIsBad(addr) {
 				addrs = append(addrs, addr)
 			}
@@ -646,15 +627,15 @@ func (r *RemoteList) unlockedSort(preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) {
 		a4 := a.Addr().Is4()
 		b4 := b.Addr().Is4()
 		switch {
-		case a4 == false && b4 == true:
+		case !a4 && b4:
 			// If i is v6 and j is v4, i is less than j
 			return true

-		case a4 == true && b4 == false:
+		case a4 && !b4:
 			// If j is v6 and i is v4, i is not less than j
 			return false

-		case a4 == true && b4 == true:
+		case a4 && b4:
 			// i and j are both ipv4
 			aPrivate := a.Addr().IsPrivate()
 			bPrivate := b.Addr().IsPrivate()
@@ -702,7 +683,6 @@ func (r *RemoteList) unlockedSort(preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) {
 	}

 	r.addrs = r.addrs[:a+1]
-	return
 }

 // minInt returns the minimum integer of a or b
--- a/service/service.go
+++ b/service/service.go
@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/buffer"
@@ -43,7 +46,14 @@ type Service struct {
 	}
 }

-func New(control *nebula.Control) (*Service, error) {
+func New(config *config.C) (*Service, error) {
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	logger.Out = os.Stdout
+
+	control, err := nebula.Main(config, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	control.Start()

 	ctx := control.Context()
--- a/service/service_test.go
+++ b/service/service_test.go
@@ -5,17 +5,13 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"dario.cat/mergo"
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
@@ -75,15 +71,7 @@ func newSimpleService(caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, udpIp n
 		panic(err)
 	}

-	logger := logrus.New()
-	logger.Out = os.Stdout
-
-	control, err := nebula.Main(&c, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	s, err := New(control)
+	s, err := New(&c)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
--- a/ssh.go
+++ b/ssh.go
@@ -527,11 +527,11 @@ func sshStartCpuProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return err
 }

-func sshVersion(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("%s", ifce.version))
+func sshVersion(ifce *Interface, _ any, _ []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+	return w.WriteLine(ifce.version)
 }

-func sshQueryLighthouse(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshQueryLighthouse(ifce *Interface, _ any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine("No vpn address was provided")
 	}
@@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ func sshCloseTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) er
 			hostInfo.ConnectionState,
 			hostInfo,
 			[]byte{},
-			make([]byte, 12, 12),
+			make([]byte, 12),
 			make([]byte, mtu),
 		)
 	}
@@ -614,12 +614,12 @@ func sshCreateTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) e

 	hostInfo := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnAddr)
 	if hostInfo != nil {
-		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Tunnel already exists"))
+		return w.WriteLine("Tunnel already exists")
 	}

 	hostInfo = ifce.handshakeManager.QueryVpnAddr(vpnAddr)
 	if hostInfo != nil {
-		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Tunnel already handshaking"))
+		return w.WriteLine("Tunnel already handshaking")
 	}

 	var addr netip.AddrPort
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ func sshGetMutexProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Mutex profile created at %s", a))
 }

-func sshLogLevel(l *logrus.Logger, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshLogLevel(l *logrus.Logger, _ any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Log level is: %s", l.Level))
 	}
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ func sshLogLevel(l *logrus.Logger, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) erro
 	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Log level is: %s", l.Level))
 }

-func sshLogFormat(l *logrus.Logger, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshLogFormat(l *logrus.Logger, _ any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Log format is: %s", reflect.TypeOf(l.Formatter)))
 	}
@@ -822,10 +822,10 @@ func sshPrintCert(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) erro
 	return w.WriteLine(cert.String())
 }

-func sshPrintRelays(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshPrintRelays(ifce *Interface, fs any, _ []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	args, ok := fs.(*sshPrintTunnelFlags)
 	if !ok {
-		w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("sshPrintRelays failed to convert args type"))
+		w.WriteLine("sshPrintRelays failed to convert args type")
 		return nil
 	}

--- a/sshd/server.go
+++ b/sshd/server.go
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ type SSHServer struct {
 	trustedCAs  []ssh.PublicKey

 	// List of available commands
-	helpCommand *Command
 	commands    *radix.Tree
 	listener    net.Listener

@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ func NewSSHServer(l *logrus.Entry) (*SSHServer, error) {
 		conns:       make(map[int]*session),
 	}

-	cc := ssh.CertChecker{
+	cc := &ssh.CertChecker{
 		IsUserAuthority: func(auth ssh.PublicKey) bool {
 			for _, ca := range s.trustedCAs {
 				if bytes.Equal(ca.Marshal(), auth.Marshal()) {
@@ -77,10 +76,11 @@ func NewSSHServer(l *logrus.Entry) (*SSHServer, error) {

 		},
 	}
+	s.certChecker = cc

 	s.config = &ssh.ServerConfig{
 		PublicKeyCallback: cc.Authenticate,
-		ServerVersion:     fmt.Sprintf("SSH-2.0-Nebula???"),
+		ServerVersion:     "SSH-2.0-Nebula???",
 	}

 	s.RegisterCommand(&Command{
--- a/sshd/session.go
+++ b/sshd/session.go
@@ -170,7 +170,6 @@ func (s *session) dispatchCommand(line string, w StringWriter) {
 	}

 	_ = execCommand(c, args[1:], w)
-	return
 }

 func (s *session) Close() {
--- a/udp/conn.go
+++ b/udp/conn.go
@@ -30,15 +30,11 @@ func (NoopConn) Rebind() error {
 func (NoopConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {
 	return netip.AddrPort{}, nil
 }
-func (NoopConn) ListenOut(_ EncReader) {
-	return
-}
+func (NoopConn) ListenOut(_ EncReader) {}
 func (NoopConn) WriteTo(_ []byte, _ netip.AddrPort) error {
 	return nil
 }
-func (NoopConn) ReloadConfig(_ *config.C) {
-	return
-}
+func (NoopConn) ReloadConfig(_ *config.C) {}
 func (NoopConn) Close() error {
 	return nil
 }
--- a/udp/errors.go
+++ b/udp/errors.go
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-package udp
-
-import "errors"
-
-var ErrInvalidIPv6RemoteForSocket = errors.New("listener is IPv4, but writing to IPv6 remote")
--- a/udp/udp_darwin.go
+++ b/udp/udp_darwin.go
@@ -3,62 +3,20 @@

 package udp

+// Darwin support is primarily implemented in udp_generic, besides NewListenConfig
+
 import (
-	"context"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"syscall"
-	"unsafe"

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

-type StdConn struct {
-	*net.UDPConn
-	isV4  bool
-	sysFd uintptr
-	l     *logrus.Logger
-}
-
-var _ Conn = &StdConn{}
-
 func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip netip.Addr, port int, multi bool, batch int) (Conn, error) {
-	lc := NewListenConfig(multi)
-	pc, err := lc.ListenPacket(context.TODO(), "udp", net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", port)))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if uc, ok := pc.(*net.UDPConn); ok {
-		c := &StdConn{UDPConn: uc, l: l}
-
-		rc, err := uc.SyscallConn()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open udp socket: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		err = rc.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-			c.sysFd = fd
-		})
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get udp fd: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		la, err := c.LocalAddr()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		c.isV4 = la.Addr().Is4()
-
-		return c, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected PacketConn: %T %#v", pc, pc)
+	return NewGenericListener(l, ip, port, multi, batch)
 }

 func NewListenConfig(multi bool) net.ListenConfig {
@@ -85,116 +43,16 @@ func NewListenConfig(multi bool) net.ListenConfig {
 	}
 }

-//go:linkname sendto golang.org/x/sys/unix.sendto
-//go:noescape
-func sendto(s int, buf []byte, flags int, to unsafe.Pointer, addrlen int32) (err error)
-
-func (u *StdConn) WriteTo(b []byte, ap netip.AddrPort) error {
-	var sa unsafe.Pointer
-	var addrLen int32
-
-	if u.isV4 {
-		if ap.Addr().Is6() {
-			return ErrInvalidIPv6RemoteForSocket
-		}
-
-		var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-		rsa.Family = unix.AF_INET6
-		rsa.Addr = ap.Addr().As16()
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16((*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa.Port))[:], ap.Port())
-		sa = unsafe.Pointer(&rsa)
-		addrLen = syscall.SizeofSockaddrInet4
-	} else {
-		var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet6
-		rsa.Family = unix.AF_INET6
-		rsa.Addr = ap.Addr().As16()
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16((*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa.Port))[:], ap.Port())
-		sa = unsafe.Pointer(&rsa)
-		addrLen = syscall.SizeofSockaddrInet6
-	}
-
-	// Golang stdlib doesn't handle EAGAIN correctly in some situations so we do writes ourselves
-	// See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/73919
-	for {
-		//_, _, err := unix.Syscall6(unix.SYS_SENDTO, u.sysFd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&b[0])), uintptr(len(b)), 0, sa, addrLen)
-		err := sendto(int(u.sysFd), b, 0, sa, addrLen)
-		if err == nil {
-			// Written, get out before the error handling
-			return nil
-		}
-
-		if errors.Is(err, syscall.EINTR) {
-			// Write was interrupted, retry
-			continue
-		}
-
-		if errors.Is(err, syscall.EAGAIN) {
-			return &net.OpError{Op: "sendto", Err: unix.EWOULDBLOCK}
-		}
-
-		if errors.Is(err, syscall.EBADF) {
-			return net.ErrClosed
-		}
-
-		return &net.OpError{Op: "sendto", Err: err}
-	}
-}
-
-func (u *StdConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {
-	a := u.UDPConn.LocalAddr()
-
-	switch v := a.(type) {
-	case *net.UDPAddr:
-		addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(v.IP)
-		if !ok {
-			return netip.AddrPort{}, fmt.Errorf("LocalAddr returned invalid IP address: %s", v.IP)
-		}
-		return netip.AddrPortFrom(addr, uint16(v.Port)), nil
-
-	default:
-		return netip.AddrPort{}, fmt.Errorf("LocalAddr returned: %#v", a)
-	}
-}
-
-func (u *StdConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
-	// TODO
-}
-
-func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []Conn) func() {
-	// No UDP stats for non-linux
-	return func() {}
-}
-
-func (u *StdConn) ListenOut(r EncReader) {
-	buffer := make([]byte, MTU)
-
-	for {
-		// Just read one packet at a time
-		n, rua, err := u.ReadFromUDPAddrPort(buffer)
+func (u *GenericConn) Rebind() error {
+	rc, err := u.UDPConn.SyscallConn()
 	if err != nil {
-			if errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
-				u.l.WithError(err).Debug("udp socket is closed, exiting read loop")
-				return
-			}
-
-			u.l.WithError(err).Error("unexpected udp socket receive error")
-		}
-
-		r(netip.AddrPortFrom(rua.Addr().Unmap(), rua.Port()), buffer[:n])
-	}
-}
-
-func (u *StdConn) Rebind() error {
-	var err error
-	if u.isV4 {
-		err = syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), syscall.IPPROTO_IP, syscall.IP_BOUND_IF, 0)
-	} else {
-		err = syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), syscall.IPPROTO_IPV6, syscall.IPV6_BOUND_IF, 0)
+		return err
 	}

+	return rc.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+		err := syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IPV6, unix.IPV6_BOUND_IF, 0)
 		if err != nil {
 			u.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to rebind udp socket")
 		}
-
-	return nil
+	})
 }
--- a/udp/udp_generic.go
+++ b/udp/udp_generic.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-//go:build (!linux || android) && !e2e_testing && !darwin
+//go:build (!linux || android) && !e2e_testing
 // +build !linux android
 // +build !e2e_testing
-// +build !darwin

 // udp_generic implements the nebula UDP interface in pure Go stdlib. This
 // means it can be used on platforms like Darwin and Windows.
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ func NewGenericListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip netip.Addr, port int, multi bool, b
 	if uc, ok := pc.(*net.UDPConn); ok {
 		return &GenericConn{UDPConn: uc, l: l}, nil
 	}
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unexpected PacketConn: %T %#v", pc, pc)
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("unexpected PacketConn: %T %#v", pc, pc)
 }

 func (u *GenericConn) WriteTo(b []byte, addr netip.AddrPort) error {
@@ -67,10 +66,6 @@ func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []Conn) func() {
 	return func() {}
 }

-type rawMessage struct {
-	Len uint32
-}
-
 func (u *GenericConn) ListenOut(r EncReader) {
 	buffer := make([]byte, MTU)

--- a/udp/udp_linux.go
+++ b/udp/udp_linux.go
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func (u *StdConn) writeTo6(b []byte, ip netip.AddrPort) error {

 func (u *StdConn) writeTo4(b []byte, ip netip.AddrPort) error {
 	if !ip.Addr().Is4() {
-		return ErrInvalidIPv6RemoteForSocket
+		return fmt.Errorf("Listener is IPv4, but writing to IPv6 remote")
 	}

 	var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet4
--- a/udp/udp_rio_windows.go
+++ b/udp/udp_rio_windows.go
@@ -92,25 +92,6 @@ func (u *RIOConn) bind(sa windows.Sockaddr) error {
 	// Enable v4 for this socket
 	syscall.SetsockoptInt(syscall.Handle(u.sock), syscall.IPPROTO_IPV6, syscall.IPV6_V6ONLY, 0)

-	// Disable reporting of PORT_UNREACHABLE and NET_UNREACHABLE errors from the UDP socket receive call.
-	// These errors are returned on Windows during UDP receives based on the receipt of ICMP packets. Disable
-	// the UDP receive error returns with these ioctl calls.
-	ret := uint32(0)
-	flag := uint32(0)
-	size := uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(flag))
-	err = syscall.WSAIoctl(syscall.Handle(u.sock), syscall.SIO_UDP_CONNRESET, (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&flag)), size, nil, 0, &ret, nil, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	ret = 0
-	flag = 0
-	size = uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(flag))
-	SIO_UDP_NETRESET := uint32(syscall.IOC_IN | syscall.IOC_VENDOR | 15)
-	err = syscall.WSAIoctl(syscall.Handle(u.sock), SIO_UDP_NETRESET, (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&flag)), size, nil, 0, &ret, nil, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
 	err = u.rx.Open()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -141,13 +122,9 @@ func (u *RIOConn) ListenOut(r EncReader) {
 		// Just read one packet at a time
 		n, rua, err := u.receive(buffer)
 		if err != nil {
-			if errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
 			u.l.WithError(err).Debug("udp socket is closed, exiting read loop")
 			return
 		}
-			u.l.WithError(err).Error("unexpected udp socket receive error")
-			continue
-		}

 		r(netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(rua.Addr).Unmap(), (rua.Port>>8)|((rua.Port&0xff)<<8)), buffer[:n])
 	}