Start of the changelog

Pull in v1.9.5-v1.9.7 CHANGELOG
2025-11-22 08:24:25 +01:00 · 2025-11-18 23:00:04 -06:00 · 2025-11-18 21:58:26 -06:00
36 changed files with 371 additions and 613 deletions
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,12 +7,64 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0

 ## [Unreleased]

+## [1.10.0] - ????
+
+### Added
+
+- PKCS11 support for P256 keys when built with `pkcs11` tag (#1153)
+- ASN.1 based v2 nebula certificates with support for ipv6 and multiple ip addresses.
+  Certificates now have a unified interface for external implementations. (#1212, #1216, #1345)
+  **TODO: External documentation link!**
+- Add the ability to mark packets on linux to better target nebula packets in iptables/nftables. (#1331)
+- Add ECMP support for `unsafe_routes`. (#1332)
+
 ### Changed

 - `default_local_cidr_any` now defaults to false, meaning that any firewall rule
  intended to target an `unsafe_routes` entry must explicitly declare it via the
  `local_cidr` field. This is almost always the intended behavior. This flag is
-  deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
+  deprecated and will be removed in a future release. (#1373)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix moving a udp address from one vpn address to another in the `static_host_map`
+  which could cause rapid re-handshaking with an incorrect remote. (#1259)
+- Improve smoke tests in environments where the docker network is not the default. (#1347)
+
+## [1.9.7] - 2025-10-10
+
+### Security
+
+- Fix an issue where Nebula could incorrectly accept and process a packet from an erroneous source IP when the sender's
+  certificate is configured with unsafe_routes (cert v1/v2) or multiple IPs (cert v2). (#1494)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Disable sending `recv_error` messages when a packet is received outside the allowable counter window. (#1459)
+- Improve error messages and remove some unnecessary fatal conditions in the Windows and generic udp listener. (#1543)
+
+## [1.9.6] - 2025-7-15
+
+### Added
+
+- Support dropping inactive tunnels. This is disabled by default in this release but can be enabled with `tunnels.drop_inactive`. See example config for more details. (#1413)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix Darwin freeze due to presence of some Network Extensions (#1426)
+- Ensure the same relay tunnel is always used when multiple relay tunnels are present (#1422)
+- Fix Windows freeze due to ICMP error handling (#1412)
+- Fix relay migration panic (#1403)
+
+## [1.9.5] - 2024-12-05
+
+### Added
+
+- Gracefully ignore v2 certificates. (#1282)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix relays that refuse to re-establish after one of the remote tunnel pairs breaks. (#1277)

 ## [1.9.4] - 2024-09-09

@@ -671,7 +723,11 @@ created.)

 - Initial public release.

-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.9.4...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.10.0...HEAD
+[1.10.0]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.10.0
+[1.9.7]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.7
+[1.9.6]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.6
+[1.9.5]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.5
 [1.9.4]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.4
 [1.9.3]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.3
 [1.9.2]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.2
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/sign.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/sign.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ type signFlags struct {
 func newSignFlags() *signFlags {
 	sf := signFlags{set: flag.NewFlagSet("sign", flag.ContinueOnError)}
 	sf.set.Usage = func() {}
-	sf.version = sf.set.Uint("version", 0, "Optional: version of the certificate format to use. The default is to match the version of the signing CA")
+	sf.version = sf.set.Uint("version", 0, "Optional: version of the certificate format to use, the default is to create both v1 and v2 certificates.")
 	sf.caKeyPath = sf.set.String("ca-key", "ca.key", "Optional: path to the signing CA key")
 	sf.caCertPath = sf.set.String("ca-crt", "ca.crt", "Optional: path to the signing CA cert")
 	sf.name = sf.set.String("name", "", "Required: name of the cert, usually a hostname")
@@ -167,10 +167,6 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return fmt.Errorf("ca certificate is expired")
 	}

-	if version == 0 {
-		version = caCert.Version()
-	}
-
 	// if no duration is given, expire one second before the root expires
 	if *sf.duration <= 0 {
 		*sf.duration = time.Until(caCert.NotAfter()) - time.Second*1
@@ -283,19 +279,21 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 	notBefore := time.Now()
 	notAfter := notBefore.Add(*sf.duration)

-	switch version {
-	case cert.Version1:
-		// Make sure we have only one ipv4 address
+	if version == 0 || version == cert.Version1 {
+		// Make sure we at least have an ip
 		if len(v4Networks) != 1 {
 			return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only have a single ipv4 address")
 		}

-		if len(v6Networks) > 0 {
-			return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only contain ipv4 addresses")
-		}
+		if version == cert.Version1 {
+			// If we are asked to mint a v1 certificate only then we cant just ignore any v6 addresses
+			if len(v6Networks) > 0 {
+				return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4")
+			}

-		if len(v6UnsafeNetworks) > 0 {
-			return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only contain ipv4 addresses")
+			if len(v6UnsafeNetworks) > 0 {
+				return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4")
+			}
 		}

 		t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
@@ -325,8 +323,9 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		}

 		crts = append(crts, nc)
+	}

-	case cert.Version2:
+	if version == 0 || version == cert.Version2 {
 		t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
 			Version:        cert.Version2,
 			Name:           *sf.name,
@@ -354,9 +353,6 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		}

 		crts = append(crts, nc)
-	default:
-		// this should be unreachable
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid version: %d", version)
 	}

 	if !isP11 && *sf.inPubPath == "" {
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/sign_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/sign_test.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func Test_signHelp(t *testing.T) {
 			"  -unsafe-networks string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. Unsafe networks this cert can route for\n"+
 			"  -version uint\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: version of the certificate format to use. The default is to match the version of the signing CA\n",
+			"    \tOptional: version of the certificate format to use, the default is to create both v1 and v2 certificates.\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
 }
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only contain ipv4 addresses")
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

--- a/connection_state.go
+++ b/connection_state.go
@@ -50,6 +50,11 @@ func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, crt cert.Certificate, i
 	}

 	static := noise.DHKey{Private: cs.privateKey, Public: crt.PublicKey()}
+
+	b := NewBits(ReplayWindow)
+	// Clear out bit 0, we never transmit it, and we don't want it showing as packet loss
+	b.Update(l, 0)
+
 	hs, err := noise.NewHandshakeState(noise.Config{
 		CipherSuite:   ncs,
 		Random:        rand.Reader,
@@ -69,7 +74,7 @@ func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, crt cert.Certificate, i
 	ci := &ConnectionState{
 		H:         hs,
 		initiator: initiator,
-		window:    NewBits(ReplayWindow),
+		window:    b,
 		myCert:    crt,
 	}
 	// always start the counter from 2, as packet 1 and packet 2 are handshake packets.
--- a/e2e/handshakes_test.go
+++ b/e2e/handshakes_test.go
@@ -25,12 +25,11 @@ import (

 func BenchmarkHotPath(b *testing.B) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)

 	// Put their info in our lighthouse
 	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)

 	// Start the servers
 	myControl.Start()
@@ -39,9 +38,6 @@ func BenchmarkHotPath(b *testing.B) {
 	r := router.NewR(b, myControl, theirControl)
 	r.CancelFlowLogs()

-	assertTunnel(b, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
 	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 		myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me"))
 		_ = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
@@ -51,39 +47,6 @@ func BenchmarkHotPath(b *testing.B) {
 	theirControl.Stop()
 }

-func BenchmarkHotPathRelay(b *testing.B) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me     ", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "relay  ", "10.128.0.128/24", m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them   ", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-
-	// Teach my how to get to the relay and that their can be reached via the relay
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
-	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), []netip.Addr{relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr()})
-	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-
-	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
-	r := router.NewR(b, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
-	r.CancelFlowLogs()
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	relayControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	assertTunnel(b, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
-	b.ResetTimer()
-
-	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-		myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me"))
-		_ = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-	}
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-	relayControl.Stop()
-}
-
 func TestGoodHandshake(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
--- a/e2e/helpers_test.go
+++ b/e2e/helpers_test.go
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ func deadline(t *testing.T, seconds time.Duration) doneCb {
 	}
 }

-func assertTunnel(t testing.TB, vpnIpA, vpnIpB netip.Addr, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control, r *router.R) {
+func assertTunnel(t *testing.T, vpnIpA, vpnIpB netip.Addr, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control, r *router.R) {
 	// Send a packet from them to me
 	controlB.InjectTunUDPPacket(vpnIpA, 80, vpnIpB, 90, []byte("Hi from B"))
 	bPacket := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(controlA)
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ func assertHostInfoPair(t *testing.T, addrA, addrB netip.AddrPort, vpnNetsA, vpn
 	assert.Equal(t, hBinA.RemoteIndex, hAinB.LocalIndex, "Host B remote index does not match host A local index")
 }

-func assertUdpPacket(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
+func assertUdpPacket(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
 	if toIp.Is6() {
 		assertUdpPacket6(t, expected, b, fromIp, toIp, fromPort, toPort)
 	} else {
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ func assertUdpPacket(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr,
 	}
 }

-func assertUdpPacket6(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
+func assertUdpPacket6(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
 	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(b, layers.LayerTypeIPv6, gopacket.Lazy)
 	v6 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv6).(*layers.IPv6)
 	assert.NotNil(t, v6, "No ipv6 data found")
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@ func assertUdpPacket6(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr,
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, data.Payload(), "Data was incorrect")
 }

-func assertUdpPacket4(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
+func assertUdpPacket4(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
 	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(b, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
 	v4 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
 	assert.NotNil(t, v4, "No ipv4 data found")
--- a/examples/config.yml
+++ b/examples/config.yml
@@ -383,9 +383,8 @@ firewall:
  #   host: `any` or a literal hostname, ie `test-host`
  #   group: `any` or a literal group name, ie `default-group`
  #   groups: Same as group but accepts a list of values. Multiple values are AND'd together and a certificate would have to contain all groups to pass
-  #   cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. `any` means any ip family and address.
-  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. `any` means any ip family and address.
-  #     This can be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
+  #   cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6.
+  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. This can be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
  #     By default, this is set to only the VPN (overlay) networks assigned via the certificate networks field unless `default_local_cidr_any` is set to true.
  #     If there are unsafe_routes present in this config file, `local_cidr` should be set appropriately for the intended us case.
  #   ca_name: An issuing CA name
--- a/firewall.go
+++ b/firewall.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"hash/fnv"
 	"net/netip"
 	"reflect"
-	"slices"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 )

 type FirewallInterface interface {
-	AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, cidr, localCidr string, caName string, caSha string) error
+	AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, addr, localAddr netip.Prefix, caName string, caSha string) error
 }

 type conn struct {
@@ -248,11 +247,22 @@ func NewFirewallFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, c *config.C) (*Firew
 }

 // AddRule properly creates the in memory rule structure for a firewall table.
-func (f *Firewall) AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, cidr, localCidr, caName string, caSha string) error {
+func (f *Firewall) AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, ip, localIp netip.Prefix, caName string, caSha string) error {
+	// Under gomobile, stringing a nil pointer with fmt causes an abort in debug mode for iOS
+	// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/14131
+	sIp := ""
+	if ip.IsValid() {
+		sIp = ip.String()
+	}
+	lIp := ""
+	if localIp.IsValid() {
+		lIp = localIp.String()
+	}
+
 	// We need this rule string because we generate a hash. Removing this will break firewall reload.
 	ruleString := fmt.Sprintf(
 		"incoming: %v, proto: %v, startPort: %v, endPort: %v, groups: %v, host: %v, ip: %v, localIp: %v, caName: %v, caSha: %s",
-		incoming, proto, startPort, endPort, groups, host, cidr, localCidr, caName, caSha,
+		incoming, proto, startPort, endPort, groups, host, sIp, lIp, caName, caSha,
 	)
 	f.rules += ruleString + "\n"

@@ -260,7 +270,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort
 	if !incoming {
 		direction = "outgoing"
 	}
-	f.l.WithField("firewallRule", m{"direction": direction, "proto": proto, "startPort": startPort, "endPort": endPort, "groups": groups, "host": host, "cidr": cidr, "localCidr": localCidr, "caName": caName, "caSha": caSha}).
+	f.l.WithField("firewallRule", m{"direction": direction, "proto": proto, "startPort": startPort, "endPort": endPort, "groups": groups, "host": host, "ip": sIp, "localIp": lIp, "caName": caName, "caSha": caSha}).
 		Info("Firewall rule added")

 	var (
@@ -287,7 +297,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort
 		return fmt.Errorf("unknown protocol %v", proto)
 	}

-	return fp.addRule(f, startPort, endPort, groups, host, cidr, localCidr, caName, caSha)
+	return fp.addRule(f, startPort, endPort, groups, host, ip, localIp, caName, caSha)
 }

 // GetRuleHash returns a hash representation of all inbound and outbound rules
@@ -327,6 +337,7 @@ func AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, inbound bool, c *config.C, fw
 	}

 	for i, t := range rs {
+		var groups []string
 		r, err := convertRule(l, t, table, i)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; %s", table, i, err)
@@ -336,10 +347,23 @@ func AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, inbound bool, c *config.C, fw
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; only one of port or code should be provided", table, i)
 		}

-		if r.Host == "" && len(r.Groups) == 0 && r.Cidr == "" && r.LocalCidr == "" && r.CAName == "" && r.CASha == "" {
+		if r.Host == "" && len(r.Groups) == 0 && r.Group == "" && r.Cidr == "" && r.LocalCidr == "" && r.CAName == "" && r.CASha == "" {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; at least one of host, group, cidr, local_cidr, ca_name, or ca_sha must be provided", table, i)
 		}

+		if len(r.Groups) > 0 {
+			groups = r.Groups
+		}
+
+		if r.Group != "" {
+			// Check if we have both groups and group provided in the rule config
+			if len(groups) > 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; only one of group or groups should be defined, both provided", table, i)
+			}
+
+			groups = []string{r.Group}
+		}
+
 		var sPort, errPort string
 		if r.Code != "" {
 			errPort = "code"
@@ -368,25 +392,23 @@ func AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, inbound bool, c *config.C, fw
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; proto was not understood; `%s`", table, i, r.Proto)
 		}

-		if r.Cidr != "" && r.Cidr != "any" {
-			_, err = netip.ParsePrefix(r.Cidr)
+		var cidr netip.Prefix
+		if r.Cidr != "" {
+			cidr, err = netip.ParsePrefix(r.Cidr)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; cidr did not parse; %s", table, i, err)
 			}
 		}

-		if r.LocalCidr != "" && r.LocalCidr != "any" {
-			_, err = netip.ParsePrefix(r.LocalCidr)
+		var localCidr netip.Prefix
+		if r.LocalCidr != "" {
+			localCidr, err = netip.ParsePrefix(r.LocalCidr)
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; local_cidr did not parse; %s", table, i, err)
 			}
 		}

-		if warning := r.sanity(); warning != nil {
-			l.Warnf("%s rule #%v; %s", table, i, warning)
-		}
-
-		err = fw.AddRule(inbound, proto, startPort, endPort, r.Groups, r.Host, r.Cidr, r.LocalCidr, r.CAName, r.CASha)
+		err = fw.AddRule(inbound, proto, startPort, endPort, groups, r.Host, cidr, localCidr, r.CAName, r.CASha)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%s rule #%v; `%s`", table, i, err)
 		}
@@ -633,7 +655,7 @@ func (ft *FirewallTable) match(p firewall.Packet, incoming bool, c *cert.CachedC
 	return false
 }

-func (fp firewallPort) addRule(f *Firewall, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, cidr, localCidr, caName string, caSha string) error {
+func (fp firewallPort) addRule(f *Firewall, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, ip, localIp netip.Prefix, caName string, caSha string) error {
 	if startPort > endPort {
 		return fmt.Errorf("start port was lower than end port")
 	}
@@ -646,7 +668,7 @@ func (fp firewallPort) addRule(f *Firewall, startPort int32, endPort int32, grou
 			}
 		}

-		if err := fp[i].addRule(f, groups, host, cidr, localCidr, caName, caSha); err != nil {
+		if err := fp[i].addRule(f, groups, host, ip, localIp, caName, caSha); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
@@ -677,7 +699,7 @@ func (fp firewallPort) match(p firewall.Packet, incoming bool, c *cert.CachedCer
 	return fp[firewall.PortAny].match(p, c, caPool)
 }

-func (fc *FirewallCA) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, cidr, localCidr, caName, caSha string) error {
+func (fc *FirewallCA) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, ip, localIp netip.Prefix, caName, caSha string) error {
 	fr := func() *FirewallRule {
 		return &FirewallRule{
 			Hosts:  make(map[string]*firewallLocalCIDR),
@@ -691,14 +713,14 @@ func (fc *FirewallCA) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, cidr, l
 			fc.Any = fr()
 		}

-		return fc.Any.addRule(f, groups, host, cidr, localCidr)
+		return fc.Any.addRule(f, groups, host, ip, localIp)
 	}

 	if caSha != "" {
 		if _, ok := fc.CAShas[caSha]; !ok {
 			fc.CAShas[caSha] = fr()
 		}
-		err := fc.CAShas[caSha].addRule(f, groups, host, cidr, localCidr)
+		err := fc.CAShas[caSha].addRule(f, groups, host, ip, localIp)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -708,7 +730,7 @@ func (fc *FirewallCA) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, cidr, l
 		if _, ok := fc.CANames[caName]; !ok {
 			fc.CANames[caName] = fr()
 		}
-		err := fc.CANames[caName].addRule(f, groups, host, cidr, localCidr)
+		err := fc.CANames[caName].addRule(f, groups, host, ip, localIp)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -740,24 +762,24 @@ func (fc *FirewallCA) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate, caPool
 	return fc.CANames[s.Certificate.Name()].match(p, c)
 }

-func (fr *FirewallRule) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host, cidr, localCidr string) error {
+func (fr *FirewallRule) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, ip, localCIDR netip.Prefix) error {
 	flc := func() *firewallLocalCIDR {
 		return &firewallLocalCIDR{
 			LocalCIDR: new(bart.Lite),
 		}
 	}

-	if fr.isAny(groups, host, cidr) {
+	if fr.isAny(groups, host, ip) {
 		if fr.Any == nil {
 			fr.Any = flc()
 		}

-		return fr.Any.addRule(f, localCidr)
+		return fr.Any.addRule(f, localCIDR)
 	}

 	if len(groups) > 0 {
 		nlc := flc()
-		err := nlc.addRule(f, localCidr)
+		err := nlc.addRule(f, localCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -773,34 +795,30 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host, cidr, localC
 		if nlc == nil {
 			nlc = flc()
 		}
-		err := nlc.addRule(f, localCidr)
+		err := nlc.addRule(f, localCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 		fr.Hosts[host] = nlc
 	}

-	if cidr != "" {
-		c, err := netip.ParsePrefix(cidr)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		nlc, _ := fr.CIDR.Get(c)
+	if ip.IsValid() {
+		nlc, _ := fr.CIDR.Get(ip)
 		if nlc == nil {
 			nlc = flc()
 		}
-		err = nlc.addRule(f, localCidr)
+		err := nlc.addRule(f, localCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
-		fr.CIDR.Insert(c, nlc)
+		fr.CIDR.Insert(ip, nlc)
 	}

 	return nil
 }

-func (fr *FirewallRule) isAny(groups []string, host string, cidr string) bool {
-	if len(groups) == 0 && host == "" && cidr == "" {
+func (fr *FirewallRule) isAny(groups []string, host string, ip netip.Prefix) bool {
+	if len(groups) == 0 && host == "" && !ip.IsValid() {
 		return true
 	}

@@ -814,7 +832,7 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) isAny(groups []string, host string, cidr string) bool {
 		return true
 	}

-	if cidr == "any" {
+	if ip.IsValid() && ip.Bits() == 0 {
 		return true
 	}

@@ -866,13 +884,8 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate) bool
 	return false
 }

-func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localCidr string) error {
-	if localCidr == "any" {
-		flc.Any = true
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if localCidr == "" {
+func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
+	if !localIp.IsValid() {
 		if !f.hasUnsafeNetworks || f.defaultLocalCIDRAny {
 			flc.Any = true
 			return nil
@@ -883,13 +896,12 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localCidr string) error {
 		}
 		return nil

+	} else if localIp.Bits() == 0 {
+		flc.Any = true
+		return nil
 	}

-	c, err := netip.ParsePrefix(localCidr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(c)
+	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(localIp)
 	return nil
 }

@@ -910,6 +922,7 @@ type rule struct {
 	Code      string
 	Proto     string
 	Host      string
+	Group     string
 	Groups    []string
 	Cidr      string
 	LocalCidr string
@@ -951,8 +964,7 @@ func convertRule(l *logrus.Logger, p any, table string, i int) (rule, error) {
 		l.Warnf("%s rule #%v; group was an array with a single value, converting to simple value", table, i)
 		m["group"] = v[0]
 	}
-
-	singleGroup := toString("group", m)
+	r.Group = toString("group", m)

 	if rg, ok := m["groups"]; ok {
 		switch reflect.TypeOf(rg).Kind() {
@@ -969,60 +981,9 @@ func convertRule(l *logrus.Logger, p any, table string, i int) (rule, error) {
 		}
 	}

-	//flatten group vs groups
-	if singleGroup != "" {
-		// Check if we have both groups and group provided in the rule config
-		if len(r.Groups) > 0 {
-			return r, fmt.Errorf("only one of group or groups should be defined, both provided")
-		}
-		r.Groups = []string{singleGroup}
-	}
-
 	return r, nil
 }

-// sanity returns an error if the rule would be evaluated in a way that would short-circuit a configured check on a wildcard value
-// rules are evaluated as "port AND proto AND (ca_sha OR ca_name) AND (host OR group OR groups OR cidr) AND local_cidr"
-func (r *rule) sanity() error {
-	//port, proto, local_cidr are AND, no need to check here
-	//ca_sha and ca_name don't have a wildcard value, no need to check here
-	groupsEmpty := len(r.Groups) == 0
-	hostEmpty := r.Host == ""
-	cidrEmpty := r.Cidr == ""
-
-	if (groupsEmpty && hostEmpty && cidrEmpty) == true {
-		return nil //no content!
-	}
-
-	groupsHasAny := slices.Contains(r.Groups, "any")
-	if groupsHasAny && len(r.Groups) > 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("groups spec [%s] contains the group '\"any\". This rule will ignore the other groups specified", r.Groups)
-	}
-
-	if r.Host == "any" {
-		if !groupsEmpty {
-			return fmt.Errorf("groups specified as %s, but host=any will match any host, regardless of groups", r.Groups)
-		}
-
-		if !cidrEmpty {
-			return fmt.Errorf("cidr specified as %s, but host=any will match any host, regardless of cidr", r.Cidr)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if groupsHasAny {
-		if !hostEmpty && r.Host != "any" {
-			return fmt.Errorf("groups spec [%s] contains the group '\"any\". This rule will ignore the specified host %s", r.Groups, r.Host)
-		}
-		if !cidrEmpty {
-			return fmt.Errorf("groups spec [%s] contains the group '\"any\". This rule will ignore the specified cidr %s", r.Groups, r.Cidr)
-		}
-	}
-
-	//todo alert on cidr-any
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 func parsePort(s string) (startPort, endPort int32, err error) {
 	if s == "any" {
 		startPort = firewall.PortAny
--- a/firewall_test.go
+++ b/firewall_test.go
@@ -73,106 +73,78 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	ti6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("fd12::34/128")
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoTCP, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoTCP, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	// An empty rule is any
 	assert.True(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Any.Any)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Groups)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Hosts)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].Any.Any)
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].Any.Groups[0].Groups, "g1")
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].Any.Hosts)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoICMP, 1, 1, []string{}, "h1", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoICMP, 1, 1, []string{}, "h1", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.InRules.ICMP[1].Any.Any)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.ICMP[1].Any.Groups)
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.ICMP[1].Any.Hosts, "h1")

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti.String(), "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	_, ok := fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti6.String(), "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti6)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "", ti.String(), "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti, "", ""))
 	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "", ti6.String(), "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti6, "", ""))
 	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti6)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", "", "", "ca-name", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-name", ""))
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].CANames, "ca-name")

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", "", "", "", "ca-sha"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "ca-sha"))
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].CAShas, "ca-sha")

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "any", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "any", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	anyIp, err := netip.ParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0")
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp.String(), "", "", ""))
-	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any)
-	table, ok := fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.CIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1"))
-	assert.True(t, table.Any)
-	table, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.CIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("9::9"))
-	assert.False(t, ok)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	anyIp6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("::/0")
 	require.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp6.String(), "", "", ""))
-	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any)
-	table, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.CIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("9::9"))
-	assert.True(t, table.Any)
-	table, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.CIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1"))
-	assert.False(t, ok)
-
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", "any", "", "", ""))
-	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
-
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", "", anyIp.String(), "", ""))
-	assert.False(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
-	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
-	assert.False(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("9::9")))
-
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", "", anyIp6.String(), "", ""))
-	assert.False(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
-	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("9::9")))
-	assert.False(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Lookup(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
-
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", "", "any", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)

 	// Test error conditions
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, math.MaxUint8, 0, 0, []string{}, "", "", "", "", ""))
-	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 0, []string{}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, math.MaxUint8, 0, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 }

 func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
@@ -208,7 +180,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, &c)

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// Drop outbound
@@ -227,28 +199,28 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {

 	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)

 	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))

 	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)

 	// test caName doesn't drop on match
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }

@@ -287,7 +259,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropV6(t *testing.T) {
 	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, &c)

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// Drop outbound
@@ -306,28 +278,28 @@ func TestFirewall_DropV6(t *testing.T) {

 	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)

 	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))

 	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)

 	// test caName doesn't drop on match
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", "", "", "ca-good-bad", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", "", "", "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }

@@ -338,12 +310,12 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 	}

 	pfix := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/32")
-	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix.String(), "", "", "")
-	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", "", pfix.String(), "", "")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix, "", "")

 	pfix6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd11::11/128")
-	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix6.String(), "", "", "")
-	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", "", pfix6.String(), "", "")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix6, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix6, "", "")
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	b.Run("fail on proto", func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -532,7 +504,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop2(t *testing.T) {
 	h1.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c1.Certificate)

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group", "test-group"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group", "test-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// h1/c1 lacks the proper groups
@@ -612,8 +584,8 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 	h3.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c3.Certificate)

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "host1", "", "", "", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "", "", "", "signer-sha"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "host1", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-sha"))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// c1 should pass because host match
@@ -627,7 +599,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test a remote address match
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "1.2.3.4/24", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/24"), netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 }

@@ -665,7 +637,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3V6(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test a remote address match
 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "fd12::34/120", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120"), netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }

@@ -704,7 +676,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c.Certificate)

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// Drop outbound
@@ -717,7 +689,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {

 	oldFw := fw
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 10, []string{"any"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 10, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	fw.Conntrack = oldFw.Conntrack
 	fw.rulesVersion = oldFw.rulesVersion + 1

@@ -726,7 +698,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {

 	oldFw = fw
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 11, 11, []string{"any"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 11, 11, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	fw.Conntrack = oldFw.Conntrack
 	fw.rulesVersion = oldFw.rulesVersion + 1

@@ -765,7 +737,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropIPSpoofing(t *testing.T) {

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)

-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// Packet spoofed by `c1`. Note that the remote addr is not a valid one.
@@ -959,28 +931,28 @@ func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	mf := &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "tcp", "host": "a"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoTCP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: "", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoTCP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding udp rule
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "udp", "host": "a"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoUDP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: "", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoUDP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding icmp rule
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "icmp", "host": "a"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoICMP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: "", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoICMP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding any rule
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "host": "a"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: "", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with cidr
 	cidr := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8")
@@ -988,14 +960,14 @@ func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": cidr.String()}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr.String(), localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with local_cidr
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": cidr.String()}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: "", localIp: cidr.String()}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with cidr ipv6
 	cidr6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00::/8")
@@ -1003,75 +975,49 @@ func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr6.String(), localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
-
-	// Test adding rule with any cidr
-	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": "any"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: "any", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
-
-	// Test adding rule with junk cidr
-	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": "junk/junk"}}}
-	require.EqualError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf), "firewall.inbound rule #0; cidr did not parse; netip.ParsePrefix(\"junk/junk\"): ParseAddr(\"junk\"): unable to parse IP")
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr6, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with local_cidr ipv6
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: "", localIp: cidr6.String()}, mf.lastCall)
-
-	// Test adding rule with any local_cidr
-	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": "any"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, localIp: "any"}, mf.lastCall)
-
-	// Test adding rule with junk local_cidr
-	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": "junk/junk"}}}
-	require.EqualError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf), "firewall.inbound rule #0; local_cidr did not parse; netip.ParsePrefix(\"junk/junk\"): ParseAddr(\"junk\"): unable to parse IP")
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr6}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with ca_sha
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "ca_sha": "12312313123"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: "", localIp: "", caSha: "12312313123"}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}, caSha: "12312313123"}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with ca_name
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "ca_name": "root01"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: "", localIp: "", caName: "root01"}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}, caName: "root01"}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test single group
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "group": "a"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a"}, ip: "", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a"}, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test single groups
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "groups": "a"}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a"}, ip: "", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a"}, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test multiple AND groups
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "groups": []string{"a", "b"}}}}
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
-	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a", "b"}, ip: "", localIp: ""}, mf.lastCall)
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a", "b"}, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test Add error
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
@@ -1094,7 +1040,7 @@ func TestFirewall_convertRule(t *testing.T) {
 	r, err := convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
 	assert.Contains(t, ob.String(), "test rule #1; group was an array with a single value, converting to simple value")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"group1"}, r.Groups)
+	assert.Equal(t, "group1", r.Group)

 	// Ensure group array of > 1 is errord
 	ob.Reset()
@@ -1114,63 +1060,7 @@ func TestFirewall_convertRule(t *testing.T) {

 	r, err = convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"group1"}, r.Groups)
-}
-
-func TestFirewall_convertRuleSanity(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
-	l.SetOutput(ob)
-
-	noWarningPlease := []map[string]any{
-		{"group": "group1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}},
-		{"host": "bob"},
-		{"cidr": "1.1.1.1/1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "host": "bob"},
-		{"cidr": "1.1.1.1/1", "host": "bob"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "cidr": "1.1.1.1/1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "cidr": "1.1.1.1/1", "host": "bob"},
-	}
-	for _, c := range noWarningPlease {
-		r, err := convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		require.NoError(t, r.sanity(), "should not generate a sanity warning, %+v", c)
-	}
-
-	yesWarningPlease := []map[string]any{
-		{"group": "group1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}},
-		{"cidr": "1.1.1.1/1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "host": "bob"},
-		{"cidr": "1.1.1.1/1", "host": "bob"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "cidr": "1.1.1.1/1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "cidr": "1.1.1.1/1", "host": "bob"},
-	}
-	for _, c := range yesWarningPlease {
-		c["host"] = "any"
-		r, err := convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		err = r.sanity()
-		require.Error(t, err, "I wanted a warning: %+v", c)
-	}
-	//reset the list
-	yesWarningPlease = []map[string]any{
-		{"group": "group1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}},
-		{"cidr": "1.1.1.1/1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "host": "bob"},
-		{"cidr": "1.1.1.1/1", "host": "bob"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "cidr": "1.1.1.1/1"},
-		{"groups": []any{"group2"}, "cidr": "1.1.1.1/1", "host": "bob"},
-	}
-	for _, c := range yesWarningPlease {
-		r, err := convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		r.Groups = append(r.Groups, "any")
-		err = r.sanity()
-		require.Error(t, err, "I wanted a warning: %+v", c)
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "group1", r.Group)
 }

 type testcase struct {
@@ -1251,7 +1141,7 @@ func newSetupFromCert(t *testing.T, l *logrus.Logger, c dummyCert) testsetup {
 		myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(prefix)
 	}
 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", "", "", "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))

 	return testsetup{
 		c:                  c,
@@ -1332,7 +1222,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop_EnforceIPMatch(t *testing.T) {
 		tc.p.LocalAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.0.3")
 		tc.err = ErrNoMatchingRule
 		tc.Test(t, unsafeSetup.fw) //should hit firewall and bounce off
-		require.NoError(t, unsafeSetup.fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", "", unsafePrefix.String(), "", ""))
+		require.NoError(t, unsafeSetup.fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, unsafePrefix, "", ""))
 		tc.err = nil
 		tc.Test(t, unsafeSetup.fw) //should pass
 	})
@@ -1345,8 +1235,8 @@ type addRuleCall struct {
 	endPort   int32
 	groups    []string
 	host      string
-	ip        string
-	localIp   string
+	ip        netip.Prefix
+	localIp   netip.Prefix
 	caName    string
 	caSha     string
 }
@@ -1356,7 +1246,7 @@ type mockFirewall struct {
 	nextCallReturn error
 }

-func (mf *mockFirewall) AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, ip, localIp, caName string, caSha string) error {
+func (mf *mockFirewall) AddRule(incoming bool, proto uint8, startPort int32, endPort int32, groups []string, host string, ip netip.Prefix, localIp netip.Prefix, caName string, caSha string) error {
 	mf.lastCall = addRuleCall{
 		incoming:  incoming,
 		proto:     proto,
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090
-	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.46.0
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0
 	golang.org/x/term v0.37.0
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACk
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0 h1:jMBrvKuj23MTlT0bQEOBcAE0mjg8mK9RXFhRH6nyF3Q=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0/go.mod h1:XTGrrkGJve7CYK7J8PEww4aY7gM3qMCElcJQ8n8JdX4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0 h1:A97SsFvM3AIwEEmTBiaxPPTYpDC47w720rdiiUvgoAU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0/go.mod h1:013i+Nw79BMiQiMsOPcVCB5ZIJbYkerPrGnOa00tvmc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090 h1:Di6/M8l0O2lCLc6VVRWhgCiApHV8MnQurBnFSHsQtNY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090/go.mod h1:FXUEEKJgO7OQYeo8N01OfiKP8RXMtf6e8aTskBGqWdc=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLL
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200625001655-4c5254603344/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.47.0 h1:Mx+4dIFzqraBXUugkia1OOvlD6LemFo1ALMHjrXDOhY=
-golang.org/x/net v0.47.0/go.mod h1:/jNxtkgq5yWUGYkaZGqo27cfGZ1c5Nen03aYrrKpVRU=
+golang.org/x/net v0.46.0 h1:giFlY12I07fugqwPuWJi68oOnpfqFnJIJzaIIm2JVV4=
+golang.org/x/net v0.46.0/go.mod h1:Q9BGdFy1y4nkUwiLvT5qtyhAnEHgnQ/zd8PfU6nc210=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
--- a/handshake_ix.go
+++ b/handshake_ix.go
@@ -99,11 +99,11 @@ func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, hh *HandshakeHostInfo) bool {
 	return true
 }

-func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H) {
+func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H) {
 	cs := f.pki.getCertState()
 	crt := cs.GetDefaultCertificate()
 	if crt == nil {
-		f.l.WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			WithField("certVersion", cs.initiatingVersion).
 			Error("Unable to handshake with host because no certificate is available")
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)

 	ci, err := NewConnectionState(f.l, cs, crt, false, noise.HandshakeIX)
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Error("Failed to create connection state")
 		return
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)

 	msg, _, _, err := ci.H.ReadMessage(nil, packet[header.Len:])
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Error("Failed to call noise.ReadMessage")
 		return
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 	hs := &NebulaHandshake{}
 	err = hs.Unmarshal(msg)
 	if err != nil || hs.Details == nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Error("Failed unmarshal handshake message")
 		return
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)

 	rc, err := cert.Recombine(cert.Version(hs.Details.CertVersion), hs.Details.Cert, ci.H.PeerStatic(), ci.Curve())
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Info("Handshake did not contain a certificate")
 		return
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 			fp = "<error generating certificate fingerprint>"
 		}

-		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			WithField("certVpnNetworks", rc.Networks()).
 			WithField("certFingerprint", fp)
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 		if myCertOtherVersion == nil {
 			if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 				f.l.WithError(err).WithFields(m{
-					"from":      via,
+					"udpAddr":   addr,
 					"handshake": m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"},
 					"cert":      remoteCert,
 				}).Debug("Might be unable to handshake with host due to missing certificate version")
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 	}

 	if len(remoteCert.Certificate.Networks()) == 0 {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("cert", remoteCert).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Info("No networks in certificate")
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 	vpnAddrs := make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnNetworks))
 	for i, network := range vpnNetworks {
 		if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(network.Addr()) {
-			f.l.WithField("vpnNetworks", vpnNetworks).WithField("from", via).
+			f.l.WithField("vpnNetworks", vpnNetworks).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
 				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -215,18 +215,18 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 		}
 	}

-	if !via.IsRelayed {
+	if addr.IsValid() {
+		// addr can be invalid when the tunnel is being relayed.
 		// We only want to apply the remote allow list for direct tunnels here
-		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(vpnAddrs, via.UdpAddr.Addr()) {
-			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
-				Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
+		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(vpnAddrs, addr.Addr()) {
+			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
 			return
 		}
 	}

 	myIndex, err := generateIndex(f.l)
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
 			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)

 	msgRxL := f.l.WithFields(m{
 		"vpnAddrs":       vpnAddrs,
-		"from":           via,
+		"udpAddr":        addr,
 		"certName":       certName,
 		"certVersion":    certVersion,
 		"fingerprint":    fingerprint,
@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)

 	hsBytes, err := hs.Marshal()
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
 			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 	nh := header.Encode(make([]byte, header.Len), header.Version, header.Handshake, header.HandshakeIXPSK0, hs.Details.InitiatorIndex, 2)
 	msg, dKey, eKey, err := ci.H.WriteMessage(nh, hsBytes)
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
 			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to call noise.WriteMessage")
 		return
 	} else if dKey == nil || eKey == nil {
-		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
 			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -329,9 +329,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 	ci.eKey = NewNebulaCipherState(eKey)

 	hostinfo.remotes = f.lightHouse.QueryCache(vpnAddrs)
-	if !via.IsRelayed {
-		hostinfo.SetRemote(via.UdpAddr)
-	}
+	hostinfo.SetRemote(addr)
 	hostinfo.buildNetworks(f.myVpnNetworksTable, remoteCert.Certificate)

 	existing, err := f.handshakeManager.CheckAndComplete(hostinfo, 0, f)
@@ -339,7 +337,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 		switch err {
 		case ErrAlreadySeen:
 			// Update remote if preferred
-			if existing.SetRemoteIfPreferred(f.hostMap, via) {
+			if existing.SetRemoteIfPreferred(f.hostMap, addr) {
 				// Send a test packet to ensure the other side has also switched to
 				// the preferred remote
 				f.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, vpnAddrs[0], []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
@@ -347,21 +345,21 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)

 			msg = existing.HandshakePacket[2]
 			f.messageMetrics.Tx(header.Handshake, header.MessageSubType(msg[1]), 1)
-			if !via.IsRelayed {
-				err := f.outside.WriteTo(msg, via.UdpAddr)
+			if addr.IsValid() {
+				err := f.outside.WriteTo(msg, addr)
 				if err != nil {
-					f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", existing.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+					f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", existing.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 						WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).WithField("cached", true).
 						WithError(err).Error("Failed to send handshake message")
 				} else {
-					f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", existing.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+					f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", existing.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 						WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).WithField("cached", true).
 						Info("Handshake message sent")
 				}
 				return
 			} else {
-				if via.relay == nil {
-					f.l.Error("Handshake send failed: both addr and via.relay are nil.")
+				if via == nil {
+					f.l.Error("Handshake send failed: both addr and via are nil.")
 					return
 				}
 				hostinfo.relayState.InsertRelayTo(via.relayHI.vpnAddrs[0])
@@ -373,7 +371,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 			}
 		case ErrExistingHostInfo:
 			// This means there was an existing tunnel and this handshake was older than the one we are currently based on
-			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
 				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("oldHandshakeTime", existing.lastHandshakeTime).
@@ -389,7 +387,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 			return
 		case ErrLocalIndexCollision:
 			// This means we failed to insert because of collision on localIndexId. Just let the next handshake packet retry
-			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
 				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -402,7 +400,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 		default:
 			// Shouldn't happen, but just in case someone adds a new error type to CheckAndComplete
 			// And we forget to update it here
-			f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+			f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
 				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -416,23 +414,30 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)

 	// Do the send
 	f.messageMetrics.Tx(header.Handshake, header.MessageSubType(msg[1]), 1)
-	if !via.IsRelayed {
-		err = f.outside.WriteTo(msg, via.UdpAddr)
-		log := f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
-			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
-			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
-			WithField("issuer", issuer).
-			WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
-			WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"})
+	if addr.IsValid() {
+		err = f.outside.WriteTo(msg, addr)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.WithError(err).Error("Failed to send handshake")
+			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+				WithField("certName", certName).
+				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
+				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
+				WithField("issuer", issuer).
+				WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
+				WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
+				WithError(err).Error("Failed to send handshake")
 		} else {
-			log.Info("Handshake message sent")
+			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+				WithField("certName", certName).
+				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
+				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
+				WithField("issuer", issuer).
+				WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
+				WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
+				Info("Handshake message sent")
 		}
 	} else {
-		if via.relay == nil {
-			f.l.Error("Handshake send failed: both addr and via.relay are nil.")
+		if via == nil {
+			f.l.Error("Handshake send failed: both addr and via are nil.")
 			return
 		}
 		hostinfo.relayState.InsertRelayTo(via.relayHI.vpnAddrs[0])
@@ -457,7 +462,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H)
 	return
 }

-func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, packet []byte, h *header.H) bool {
+func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, packet []byte, h *header.H) bool {
 	if hh == nil {
 		// Nothing here to tear down, got a bogus stage 2 packet
 		return true
@@ -467,10 +472,10 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 	defer hh.Unlock()

 	hostinfo := hh.hostinfo
-	if !via.IsRelayed {
+	if addr.IsValid() {
 		// The vpnAddr we know about is the one we tried to handshake with, use it to apply the remote allow list.
-		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(hostinfo.vpnAddrs, via.UdpAddr.Addr()) {
-			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
+		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(hostinfo.vpnAddrs, addr.Addr()) {
+			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
 			return false
 		}
 	}
@@ -478,7 +483,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 	ci := hostinfo.ConnectionState
 	msg, eKey, dKey, err := ci.H.ReadMessage(nil, packet[header.Len:])
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).WithField("header", h).
 			Error("Failed to call noise.ReadMessage")

@@ -487,7 +492,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 		// near future
 		return false
 	} else if dKey == nil || eKey == nil {
-		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Error("Noise did not arrive at a key")

@@ -499,7 +504,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 	hs := &NebulaHandshake{}
 	err = hs.Unmarshal(msg)
 	if err != nil || hs.Details == nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed unmarshal handshake message")

 		// The handshake state machine is complete, if things break now there is no chance to recover. Tear down and start again
@@ -508,7 +513,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack

 	rc, err := cert.Recombine(cert.Version(hs.Details.CertVersion), hs.Details.Cert, ci.H.PeerStatic(), ci.Curve())
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Info("Handshake did not contain a certificate")
@@ -522,7 +527,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 			fp = "<error generating certificate fingerprint>"
 		}

-		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			WithField("certFingerprint", fp).
@@ -537,7 +542,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 	}

 	if len(remoteCert.Certificate.Networks()) == 0 {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
 			WithField("cert", remoteCert).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
@@ -560,8 +565,8 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 	ci.eKey = NewNebulaCipherState(eKey)

 	// Make sure the current udpAddr being used is set for responding
-	if !via.IsRelayed {
-		hostinfo.SetRemote(via.UdpAddr)
+	if addr.IsValid() {
+		hostinfo.SetRemote(addr)
 	} else {
 		hostinfo.relayState.InsertRelayTo(via.relayHI.vpnAddrs[0])
 	}
@@ -583,7 +588,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 	// Ensure the right host responded
 	if !correctHostResponded {
 		f.l.WithField("intendedVpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("haveVpnNetworks", vpnNetworks).
-			WithField("from", via).
+			WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
 			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
@@ -597,7 +602,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 		f.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], func(newHH *HandshakeHostInfo) {
 			// Block the current used address
 			newHH.hostinfo.remotes = hostinfo.remotes
-			newHH.hostinfo.remotes.BlockRemote(via)
+			newHH.hostinfo.remotes.BlockRemote(addr)

 			f.l.WithField("blockedUdpAddrs", newHH.hostinfo.remotes.CopyBlockedRemotes()).
 				WithField("vpnNetworks", vpnNetworks).
@@ -620,7 +625,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, pack
 	ci.window.Update(f.l, 2)

 	duration := time.Since(hh.startTime).Nanoseconds()
-	msgRxL := f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("from", via).
+	msgRxL := f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 		WithField("certName", certName).
 		WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
--- a/handshake_manager.go
+++ b/handshake_manager.go
@@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
 	}
 }

-func (hm *HandshakeManager) HandleIncoming(via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H) {
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) HandleIncoming(addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H) {
 	// First remote allow list check before we know the vpnIp
-	if !via.IsRelayed {
-		if !hm.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowUnknownVpnAddr(via.UdpAddr.Addr()) {
-			hm.l.WithField("from", via).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
+	if addr.IsValid() {
+		if !hm.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowUnknownVpnAddr(addr.Addr()) {
+			hm.l.WithField("udpAddr", addr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -149,11 +149,11 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) HandleIncoming(via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *hea
 	case header.HandshakeIXPSK0:
 		switch h.MessageCounter {
 		case 1:
-			ixHandshakeStage1(hm.f, via, packet, h)
+			ixHandshakeStage1(hm.f, addr, via, packet, h)

 		case 2:
 			newHostinfo := hm.queryIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
-			tearDown := ixHandshakeStage2(hm.f, via, newHostinfo, packet, h)
+			tearDown := ixHandshakeStage2(hm.f, addr, via, newHostinfo, packet, h)
 			if tearDown && newHostinfo != nil {
 				hm.DeleteHostInfo(newHostinfo.hostinfo)
 			}
--- a/hostmap.go
+++ b/hostmap.go
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 package nebula

 import (
-	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
@@ -278,25 +276,9 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 }

 type ViaSender struct {
-	UdpAddr   netip.AddrPort
 	relayHI   *HostInfo // relayHI is the host info object of the relay
 	remoteIdx uint32    // remoteIdx is the index included in the header of the received packet
 	relay     *Relay    // relay contains the rest of the relay information, including the PeerIP of the host trying to communicate with us.
-	IsRelayed bool      // IsRelayed is true if the packet was sent through a relay
-}
-
-func (v *ViaSender) String() string {
-	if v.IsRelayed {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("%s (relayed)", v.UdpAddr)
-	}
-	return v.UdpAddr.String()
-}
-
-func (v *ViaSender) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	if v.IsRelayed {
-		return json.Marshal(m{"direct": v.UdpAddr})
-	}
-	return json.Marshal(m{"relay": v.UdpAddr})
 }

 type cachedPacket struct {
@@ -712,7 +694,6 @@ func (i *HostInfo) GetCert() *cert.CachedCertificate {
 	return nil
 }

-// TODO: Maybe use ViaSender here?
 func (i *HostInfo) SetRemote(remote netip.AddrPort) {
 	// We copy here because we likely got this remote from a source that reuses the object
 	if i.remote != remote {
@@ -723,14 +704,14 @@ func (i *HostInfo) SetRemote(remote netip.AddrPort) {

 // SetRemoteIfPreferred returns true if the remote was changed. The lastRoam
 // time on the HostInfo will also be updated.
-func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, via *ViaSender) bool {
-	if via.IsRelayed {
+func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, newRemote netip.AddrPort) bool {
+	if !newRemote.IsValid() {
+		// relays have nil udp Addrs
 		return false
 	}
-
 	currentRemote := i.remote
 	if !currentRemote.IsValid() {
-		i.SetRemote(via.UdpAddr)
+		i.SetRemote(newRemote)
 		return true
 	}

@@ -743,7 +724,7 @@ func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, via *ViaSender) bool {
 			return false
 		}

-		if l.Contains(via.UdpAddr.Addr()) {
+		if l.Contains(newRemote.Addr()) {
 			newIsPreferred = true
 		}
 	}
@@ -753,7 +734,7 @@ func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, via *ViaSender) bool {
 		i.lastRoam = time.Now()
 		i.lastRoamRemote = currentRemote

-		i.SetRemote(via.UdpAddr)
+		i.SetRemote(newRemote)

 		return true
 	}
--- a/interface.go
+++ b/interface.go
@@ -222,13 +222,6 @@ func (f *Interface) activate() {
 		WithField("boringcrypto", boringEnabled()).
 		Info("Nebula interface is active")

-	if f.routines > 1 {
-		if !f.inside.SupportsMultiqueue() || !f.outside.SupportsMultipleReaders() {
-			f.routines = 1
-			f.l.Warn("routines is not supported on this platform, falling back to a single routine")
-		}
-	}
-
 	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("routines", nil).Update(int64(f.routines))

 	// Prepare n tun queues
@@ -279,7 +272,7 @@ func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)

 	li.ListenOut(func(fromUdpAddr netip.AddrPort, payload []byte) {
-		f.readOutsidePackets(&ViaSender{UdpAddr: fromUdpAddr}, plaintext[:0], payload, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get(f.l))
+		f.readOutsidePackets(fromUdpAddr, nil, plaintext[:0], payload, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get(f.l))
 	})
 }

--- a/outside.go
+++ b/outside.go
@@ -19,21 +19,21 @@ const (
 	minFwPacketLen = 4
 )

-func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
+func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
 	err := h.Parse(packet)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Hole punch packets are 0 or 1 byte big, so lets ignore printing those errors
 		if len(packet) > 1 {
-			f.l.WithField("packet", packet).Infof("Error while parsing inbound packet from %s: %s", via, err)
+			f.l.WithField("packet", packet).Infof("Error while parsing inbound packet from %s: %s", ip, err)
 		}
 		return
 	}

 	//l.Error("in packet ", header, packet[HeaderLen:])
-	if !via.IsRelayed {
-		if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(via.UdpAddr.Addr()) {
+	if ip.IsValid() {
+		if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(ip.Addr()) {
 			if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-				f.l.WithField("from", via).Debug("Refusing to process double encrypted packet")
+				f.l.WithField("udpAddr", ip).Debug("Refusing to process double encrypted packet")
 			}
 			return
 		}
@@ -54,7 +54,8 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte

 	switch h.Type {
 	case header.Message:
-		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, via, h) {
+		// TODO handleEncrypted sends directly to addr on error. Handle this in the tunneling case.
+		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
 			return
 		}

@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte
 			// Successfully validated the thing. Get rid of the Relay header.
 			signedPayload = signedPayload[header.Len:]
 			// Pull the Roaming parts up here, and return in all call paths.
-			f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, via)
+			f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
 			// Track usage of both the HostInfo and the Relay for the received & authenticated packet
 			f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
 			f.connectionManager.RelayUsed(h.RemoteIndex)
@@ -95,14 +96,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte
 			case TerminalType:
 				// If I am the target of this relay, process the unwrapped packet
 				// From this recursive point, all these variables are 'burned'. We shouldn't rely on them again.
-				rVia := ViaSender{
-					UdpAddr:   via.UdpAddr,
-					relayHI:   hostinfo,
-					remoteIdx: relay.RemoteIndex,
-					relay:     relay,
-					IsRelayed: true,
-				}
-				f.readOutsidePackets(&rVia, out[:0], signedPayload, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache)
+				f.readOutsidePackets(netip.AddrPort{}, &ViaSender{relayHI: hostinfo, remoteIdx: relay.RemoteIndex, relay: relay}, out[:0], signedPayload, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache)
 				return
 			case ForwardingType:
 				// Find the target HostInfo relay object
@@ -132,32 +126,31 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte

 	case header.LightHouse:
 		f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
-		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, via, h) {
+		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
 			return
 		}

 		d, err := f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, h, nb)
 		if err != nil {
-			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
 				WithField("packet", packet).
 				Error("Failed to decrypt lighthouse packet")
 			return
 		}

-		//TODO: assert via is not relayed
-		lhf.HandleRequest(via.UdpAddr, hostinfo.vpnAddrs, d, f)
+		lhf.HandleRequest(ip, hostinfo.vpnAddrs, d, f)

 		// Fallthrough to the bottom to record incoming traffic

 	case header.Test:
 		f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
-		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, via, h) {
+		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
 			return
 		}

 		d, err := f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, h, nb)
 		if err != nil {
-			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
 				WithField("packet", packet).
 				Error("Failed to decrypt test packet")
 			return
@@ -166,7 +159,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte
 		if h.Subtype == header.TestRequest {
 			// This testRequest might be from TryPromoteBest, so we should roam
 			// to the new IP address before responding
-			f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, via)
+			f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
 			f.send(header.Test, header.TestReply, ci, hostinfo, d, nb, out)
 		}

@@ -177,34 +170,34 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte

 	case header.Handshake:
 		f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
-		f.handshakeManager.HandleIncoming(via, packet, h)
+		f.handshakeManager.HandleIncoming(ip, via, packet, h)
 		return

 	case header.RecvError:
 		f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
-		f.handleRecvError(via.UdpAddr, h)
+		f.handleRecvError(ip, h)
 		return

 	case header.CloseTunnel:
 		f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
-		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, via, h) {
+		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
 			return
 		}

-		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("from", via).
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
 			Info("Close tunnel received, tearing down.")

 		f.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
 		return

 	case header.Control:
-		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, via, h) {
+		if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
 			return
 		}

 		d, err := f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, h, nb)
 		if err != nil {
-			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("from", via).
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
 				WithField("packet", packet).
 				Error("Failed to decrypt Control packet")
 			return
@@ -214,11 +207,11 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte

 	default:
 		f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
-		hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debugf("Unexpected packet received from %s", via)
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debugf("Unexpected packet received from %s", ip)
 		return
 	}

-	f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, via)
+	f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)

 	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
 }
@@ -237,36 +230,36 @@ func (f *Interface) sendCloseTunnel(h *HostInfo) {
 	f.send(header.CloseTunnel, 0, h.ConnectionState, h, []byte{}, make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 }

-func (f *Interface) handleHostRoaming(hostinfo *HostInfo, via *ViaSender) {
-	if !via.IsRelayed && hostinfo.remote != via.UdpAddr {
-		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(hostinfo.vpnAddrs, via.UdpAddr.Addr()) {
-			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("newAddr", via.UdpAddr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied roaming")
+func (f *Interface) handleHostRoaming(hostinfo *HostInfo, udpAddr netip.AddrPort) {
+	if udpAddr.IsValid() && hostinfo.remote != udpAddr {
+		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(hostinfo.vpnAddrs, udpAddr.Addr()) {
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("newAddr", udpAddr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied roaming")
 			return
 		}

-		if !hostinfo.lastRoam.IsZero() && via.UdpAddr == hostinfo.lastRoamRemote && time.Since(hostinfo.lastRoam) < RoamingSuppressSeconds*time.Second {
+		if !hostinfo.lastRoam.IsZero() && udpAddr == hostinfo.lastRoamRemote && time.Since(hostinfo.lastRoam) < RoamingSuppressSeconds*time.Second {
 			if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-				hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("udpAddr", hostinfo.remote).WithField("newAddr", via.UdpAddr).
+				hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("udpAddr", hostinfo.remote).WithField("newAddr", udpAddr).
 					Debugf("Suppressing roam back to previous remote for %d seconds", RoamingSuppressSeconds)
 			}
 			return
 		}

-		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("udpAddr", hostinfo.remote).WithField("newAddr", via.UdpAddr).
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("udpAddr", hostinfo.remote).WithField("newAddr", udpAddr).
 			Info("Host roamed to new udp ip/port.")
 		hostinfo.lastRoam = time.Now()
 		hostinfo.lastRoamRemote = hostinfo.remote
-		hostinfo.SetRemote(via.UdpAddr)
+		hostinfo.SetRemote(udpAddr)
 	}

 }

 // handleEncrypted returns true if a packet should be processed, false otherwise
-func (f *Interface) handleEncrypted(ci *ConnectionState, via *ViaSender, h *header.H) bool {
+func (f *Interface) handleEncrypted(ci *ConnectionState, addr netip.AddrPort, h *header.H) bool {
 	// If connectionstate does not exist, send a recv error, if possible, to encourage a fast reconnect
 	if ci == nil {
-		if !via.IsRelayed {
-			f.maybeSendRecvError(via.UdpAddr, h.RemoteIndex)
+		if addr.IsValid() {
+			f.maybeSendRecvError(addr, h.RemoteIndex)
 		}
 		return false
 	}
--- a/overlay/device.go
+++ b/overlay/device.go
@@ -13,6 +13,5 @@ type Device interface {
 	Networks() []netip.Prefix
 	Name() string
 	RoutesFor(netip.Addr) routing.Gateways
-	SupportsMultiqueue() bool
 	NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error)
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_android.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_android.go
@@ -95,10 +95,6 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 	return "android"
 }

-func (t *tun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for android")
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_darwin.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_darwin.go
@@ -549,10 +549,6 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 	return t.Device
 }

-func (t *tun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for darwin")
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_disabled.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_disabled.go
@@ -105,10 +105,6 @@ func (t *disabledTun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(b), nil
 }

-func (t *disabledTun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
 func (t *disabledTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return t, nil
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
@@ -450,10 +450,6 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 	return t.Device
 }

-func (t *tun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for freebsd")
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_ios.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_ios.go
@@ -151,10 +151,6 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 	return "iOS"
 }

-func (t *tun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for ios")
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_linux.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_linux.go
@@ -216,10 +216,6 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *tun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/net/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -586,42 +582,48 @@ func (t *tun) isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 }

 func (t *tun) getGatewaysFromRoute(r *netlink.Route) routing.Gateways {
+
 	var gateways routing.Gateways

 	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(t.Device)
 	if err != nil {
-		t.l.WithField("deviceName", t.Device).Error("Ignoring route update: failed to get link by name")
+		t.l.WithField("Devicename", t.Device).Error("Ignoring route update: failed to get link by name")
 		return gateways
 	}

 	// If this route is relevant to our interface and there is a gateway then add it
-	if r.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index {
-		gwAddr, ok := getGatewayAddr(r.Gw, r.Via)
-		if ok {
-			if t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
-				gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, 1))
-			} else {
-				// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
-				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, gateway is not in our network")
-			}
+	if r.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(r.Gw) > 0 {
+		gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Gw)
+		if !ok {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid gateway address")
 		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid gateway or via address")
+			gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
+
+			if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
+				// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
+				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
+			} else {
+				gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, 1))
+			}
 		}
 	}

 	for _, p := range r.MultiPath {
 		// If this route is relevant to our interface and there is a gateway then add it
-		if p.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index {
-			gwAddr, ok := getGatewayAddr(p.Gw, p.Via)
-			if ok {
-				if t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
-					gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, p.Hops+1))
-				} else {
-					// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
-					t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, gateway is not in our network")
-				}
+		if p.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(p.Gw) > 0 {
+			gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(p.Gw)
+			if !ok {
+				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring multipath route update, invalid gateway address")
 			} else {
-				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid gateway or via address")
+				gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
+
+				if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
+					// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
+					t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
+				} else {
+					// p.Hops+1 = weight of the route
+					gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, p.Hops+1))
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -630,27 +632,10 @@ func (t *tun) getGatewaysFromRoute(r *netlink.Route) routing.Gateways {
 	return gateways
 }

-func getGatewayAddr(gw net.IP, via netlink.Destination) (netip.Addr, bool) {
-	// Try to use the old RTA_GATEWAY first
-	gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(gw)
-	if !ok {
-		// Fallback to the new RTA_VIA
-		rVia, ok := via.(*netlink.Via)
-		if ok {
-			gwAddr, ok = netip.AddrFromSlice(rVia.Addr)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if gwAddr.IsValid() {
-		gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
-		return gwAddr, true
-	}
-
-	return netip.Addr{}, false
-}
-
 func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
+
 	gateways := t.getGatewaysFromRoute(&r.Route)
+
 	if len(gateways) == 0 {
 		// No gateways relevant to our network, no routing changes required.
 		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, no gateways")
--- a/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
@@ -390,10 +390,6 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 	return t.Device
 }

-func (t *tun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for netbsd")
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
@@ -310,10 +310,6 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 	return t.Device
 }

-func (t *tun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for openbsd")
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_tester.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_tester.go
@@ -132,10 +132,6 @@ func (t *TestTun) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(p), nil
 }

-func (t *TestTun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *TestTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented")
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_windows.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_windows.go
@@ -234,10 +234,6 @@ func (t *winTun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
 	return t.tun.Write(b, 0)
 }

-func (t *winTun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (t *winTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for windows")
 }
--- a/overlay/user.go
+++ b/overlay/user.go
@@ -46,10 +46,6 @@ func (d *UserDevice) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
 	return routing.Gateways{routing.NewGateway(ip, 1)}
 }

-func (d *UserDevice) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
 func (d *UserDevice) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return d, nil
 }
--- a/remote_list.go
+++ b/remote_list.go
@@ -338,21 +338,21 @@ func (r *RemoteList) CopyCache() *CacheMap {
 }

 // BlockRemote locks and records the address as bad, it will be excluded from the deduplicated address list
-func (r *RemoteList) BlockRemote(bad *ViaSender) {
-	if bad.IsRelayed {
+func (r *RemoteList) BlockRemote(bad netip.AddrPort) {
+	if !bad.IsValid() {
+		// relays can have nil udp Addrs
 		return
 	}
-
 	r.Lock()
 	defer r.Unlock()

 	// Check if we already blocked this addr
-	if r.unlockedIsBad(bad.UdpAddr) {
+	if r.unlockedIsBad(bad) {
 		return
 	}

 	// We copy here because we are taking something else's memory and we can't trust everything
-	r.badRemotes = append(r.badRemotes, bad.UdpAddr)
+	r.badRemotes = append(r.badRemotes, bad)

 	// Mark the next interaction must recollect/dedupe
 	r.shouldRebuild = true
--- a/test/tun.go
+++ b/test/tun.go
@@ -34,10 +34,6 @@ func (NoopTun) Write([]byte) (int, error) {
 	return 0, nil
 }

-func (NoopTun) SupportsMultiqueue() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (NoopTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, errors.New("unsupported")
 }
--- a/udp/conn.go
+++ b/udp/conn.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ type Conn interface {
 	ListenOut(r EncReader)
 	WriteTo(b []byte, addr netip.AddrPort) error
 	ReloadConfig(c *config.C)
-	SupportsMultipleReaders() bool
 	Close() error
 }

@@ -34,9 +33,6 @@ func (NoopConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {
 func (NoopConn) ListenOut(_ EncReader) {
 	return
 }
-func (NoopConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
-	return false
-}
 func (NoopConn) WriteTo(_ []byte, _ netip.AddrPort) error {
 	return nil
 }
--- a/udp/udp_darwin.go
+++ b/udp/udp_darwin.go
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ func (u *StdConn) WriteTo(b []byte, ap netip.AddrPort) error {
 			return ErrInvalidIPv6RemoteForSocket
 		}

-		var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet4
-		rsa.Family = unix.AF_INET
-		rsa.Addr = ap.Addr().As4()
+		var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+		rsa.Family = unix.AF_INET6
+		rsa.Addr = ap.Addr().As16()
 		binary.BigEndian.PutUint16((*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa.Port))[:], ap.Port())
 		sa = unsafe.Pointer(&rsa)
 		addrLen = syscall.SizeofSockaddrInet4
@@ -184,10 +184,6 @@ func (u *StdConn) ListenOut(r EncReader) {
 	}
 }

-func (u *StdConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (u *StdConn) Rebind() error {
 	var err error
 	if u.isV4 {
--- a/udp/udp_generic.go
+++ b/udp/udp_generic.go
@@ -85,7 +85,3 @@ func (u *GenericConn) ListenOut(r EncReader) {
 		r(netip.AddrPortFrom(rua.Addr().Unmap(), rua.Port()), buffer[:n])
 	}
 }
-
-func (u *GenericConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
-	return false
-}
--- a/udp/udp_linux.go
+++ b/udp/udp_linux.go
@@ -72,10 +72,6 @@ func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip netip.Addr, port int, multi bool, batch in
 	return &StdConn{sysFd: fd, isV4: ip.Is4(), l: l, batch: batch}, err
 }

-func (u *StdConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
 func (u *StdConn) Rebind() error {
 	return nil
 }
--- a/udp/udp_rio_windows.go
+++ b/udp/udp_rio_windows.go
@@ -315,10 +315,6 @@ func (u *RIOConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {

 }

-func (u *RIOConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (u *RIOConn) Rebind() error {
 	return nil
 }
--- a/udp/udp_tester.go
+++ b/udp/udp_tester.go
@@ -127,10 +127,6 @@ func (u *TesterConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {
 	return u.Addr, nil
 }

-func (u *TesterConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
 func (u *TesterConn) Rebind() error {
 	return nil
 }
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Nate Brown	ee8e4d2017	Start of the changelog	2025-11-18 23:00:04 -06:00
Nate Brown	8d656fb890	Pull in v1.9.5-v1.9.7 CHANGELOG	2025-11-18 21:58:26 -06:00