fix lighthouse.calculated_remotes parsing (#1438)

This was broken with the change to yaml.v3:

- https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/pull/1148

We forgot to update these references to `map[string]any`.

Without this fix, Nebula crashes with an error like this:

    {"error":"config `lighthouse.calculated_remotes` has invalid type: map[string]interface {}","level":"error","msg":"Invalid lighthouse.calculated_remotes","time":"2025-07-29T15:50:06.479499Z"}

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug-report.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ body:
   - type: input
     id: version
     attributes:
-      label: What version of `nebula` are you using?
+      label: What version of `nebula` are you using? (`nebula -version`)
       placeholder: 0.0.0
     validations:
       required: true
@@ -41,10 +41,17 @@ body:
     attributes:
       label: Logs from affected hosts
       description: |
-        Provide logs from all affected hosts during the time of the issue.
+        Please provide logs from ALL affected hosts during the time of the issue. If you do not provide logs we will be unable to assist you!
+
+        [Learn how to find Nebula logs here.](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/guides/viewing-nebula-logs/)
+
         Improve formatting by using <code>```</code> at the beginning and end of each log block.
+      value: |
+        ```
+
+        ```
     validations:
-      required: false
+      required: true
 
   - type: textarea
     id: configs
@@ -52,6 +59,11 @@ body:
       label: Config files from affected hosts
       description: |
         Provide config files for all affected hosts.
+
         Improve formatting by using <code>```</code> at the beginning and end of each config file.
+      value: |
+        ```
+
+        ```
     validations:
-      required: false
+      required: true

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: true
 contact_links:
+  - name: 💨 Performance Issues
+    url: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/discussions/new/choose
+    about: 'We ask that you create a discussion instead of an issue for performance-related questions. This allows us to have a more open conversation about the issue and helps us to better understand the problem.'
+
+  - name: 📄 Documentation Issues
+    url: https://github.com/definednet/nebula-docs
+    about: "If you've found an issue with the website documentation, please file it in the nebula-docs repository."
+
+  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula Issues
+    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
+    about: "If you're using the mobile Nebula app and have found an issue, please file it in the mobile_nebula repository."
+
   - name: 📘 Documentation
     url: https://nebula.defined.net/docs/
-    about: Review documentation.
+    about: 'The documentation is the best place to start if you are new to Nebula.'
 
   - name: 💁 Support/Chat
-    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU
-    about: 'This issue tracker is not for support questions. Join us on Slack for assistance!'
-
-  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
-    about: 'This issue tracker is not for mobile support. Try the Mobile Nebula repo instead!'
+    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA
+    about: 'For faster support, join us on Slack for assistance!'

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!--
+Thank you for taking the time to submit a pull request!
+
+Please be sure to provide a clear description of what you're trying to achieve with the change.
+
+- If you're submitting a new feature, please explain how to use it and document any new config options in the example config.
+- If you're submitting a bugfix, please link the related issue or describe the circumstances surrounding the issue.
+- If you're changing a default, explain why you believe the new default is appropriate for most users.
+
+P.S. If you're only updating the README or other docs, please file a pull request here instead: https://github.com/DefinedNet/nebula-docs
+-->

.github/workflows/gofmt.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
       with:
-        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        go-version: '1.24'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Install goimports

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+          go-version: '1.24'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
           mv build/*.tar.gz release
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: linux-latest
           path: release
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+          go-version: '1.24'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
           mv dist\windows\wintun build\dist\windows\
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: windows-latest
           path: build
@@ -64,18 +64,18 @@ jobs:
     name: Build Universal Darwin
     env:
       HAS_SIGNING_CREDS: ${{ secrets.AC_USERNAME != '' }}
-    runs-on: macos-11
+    runs-on: macos-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
         with:
-          go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+          go-version: '1.24'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Import certificates
         if: env.HAS_SIGNING_CREDS == 'true'
-        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v2
+        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v5
         with:
           p12-file-base64: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_P12_BASE64 }}
           p12-password: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD }}
@@ -104,11 +104,57 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: darwin-latest
           path: ./release/*
 
+  build-docker:
+    name: Create and Upload Docker Images
+    # Technically we only need build-linux to succeed, but if any platforms fail we'll
+    # want to investigate and restart the build
+    needs: [build-linux, build-darwin, build-windows]
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      HAS_DOCKER_CREDS: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME != '' && secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN != '' }}
+    # XXX It's not possible to write a conditional here, so instead we do it on every step
+    #if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
+    steps:
+      # Be sure to checkout the code before downloading artifacts, or they will
+      # be overwritten
+      - name: Checkout code
+        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+      - name: Download artifacts
+        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: linux-latest
+          path: artifacts
+
+      - name: Login to Docker Hub
+        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
+        with:
+          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
+          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
+        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+      - name: Build and push images
+        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
+        env:
+          DOCKER_IMAGE_REPO: ${{ vars.DOCKER_IMAGE_REPO || 'nebulaoss/nebula' }}
+          DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG: ${{ vars.DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG || 'latest' }}
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p build/linux-{amd64,arm64}
+          tar -zxvf artifacts/nebula-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C build/linux-amd64/
+          tar -zxvf artifacts/nebula-linux-arm64.tar.gz -C build/linux-arm64/
+          docker buildx build . --push -f docker/Dockerfile --platform linux/amd64,linux/arm64 --tag "${DOCKER_IMAGE_REPO}:${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}" --tag "${DOCKER_IMAGE_REPO}:${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}"
+
   release:
     name: Create and Upload Release
     needs: [build-linux, build-darwin, build-windows]
@@ -117,7 +163,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
       - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           path: artifacts
 

.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+name: smoke-extra
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    types: [opened, synchronize, labeled, reopened]
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/smoke**'
+      - '**Makefile'
+      - '**.go'
+      - '**.proto'
+      - 'go.mod'
+      - 'go.sum'
+jobs:
+
+  smoke-extra:
+    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'smoke-test-extra')
+    name: Run extra smoke tests
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      with:
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        check-latest: true
+
+    - name: add hashicorp source
+      run: wget -O- https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg && echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hashicorp.list
+
+    - name: install vagrant
+      run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y vagrant virtualbox
+
+    - name: freebsd-amd64
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/freebsd-amd64
+
+    - name: openbsd-amd64
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/openbsd-amd64
+
+    - name: netbsd-amd64
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/netbsd-amd64
+
+    - name: linux-386
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/linux-386
+
+    - name: linux-amd64-ipv6disable
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/linux-amd64-ipv6disable
+
+    timeout-minutes: 30

.github/workflows/smoke.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
       with:
-        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        go-version: '1.24'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: build

.github/workflows/smoke/build.sh

@@ -5,27 +5,36 @@ set -e -x
 rm -rf ./build
 mkdir ./build
 
+# TODO: Assumes your docker bridge network is a /24, and the first container that launches will be .1
+# - We could make this better by launching the lighthouse first and then fetching what IP it is.
+NET="$(docker network inspect bridge -f '{{ range .IPAM.Config }}{{ .Subnet }}{{ end }}' | cut -d. -f1-3)"
+
 (
     cd build
 
     cp ../../../../build/linux-amd64/nebula .
     cp ../../../../build/linux-amd64/nebula-cert .
 
+    if [ "$1" ]
+    then
+        cp "../../../../build/$1/nebula" "$1-nebula"
+    fi
+
     HOST="lighthouse1" \
         AM_LIGHTHOUSE=true \
         ../genconfig.sh >lighthouse1.yml
 
     HOST="host2" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $NET.2:4242" \
         ../genconfig.sh >host2.yml
 
     HOST="host3" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $NET.2:4242" \
         INBOUND='[{"port": "any", "proto": "icmp", "group": "lighthouse"}]' \
         ../genconfig.sh >host3.yml
 
     HOST="host4" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $NET.2:4242" \
         OUTBOUND='[{"port": "any", "proto": "icmp", "group": "lighthouse"}]' \
         ../genconfig.sh >host4.yml
 

.github/workflows/smoke/genconfig.sh

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ listen:
   port: ${LISTEN_PORT:-4242}
 
 tun:
-  dev: ${TUN_DEV:-nebula1}
+  dev: ${TUN_DEV:-tun0}
 
 firewall:
   inbound_action: reject

.github/workflows/smoke/smoke-relay.sh

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sleep 1
+sleep 5
 
 if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
 then

.github/workflows/smoke/smoke-vagrant.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e -x
+
+set -o pipefail
+
+export VAGRANT_CWD="$PWD/vagrant-$1"
+
+mkdir -p logs
+
+cleanup() {
+    echo
+    echo " *** cleanup"
+    echo
+
+    set +e
+    if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
+    then
+        docker kill lighthouse1 host2
+    fi
+    vagrant destroy -f
+}
+
+trap cleanup EXIT
+
+CONTAINER="nebula:${NAME:-smoke}"
+
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml -test
+docker run --name host2 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test
+
+vagrant up
+vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml -test" -- -T
+
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
+sleep 1
+docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
+sleep 1
+vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && sudo sh -c 'echo \$\$ >/nebula/pid && exec /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml'" 2>&1 -- -T | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
+sleep 15
+
+# grab tcpdump pcaps for debugging
+docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.inside.log >logs/lighthouse1.inside.pcap &
+docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.outside.log >logs/lighthouse1.outside.pcap &
+docker exec host2 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.inside.log >logs/host2.inside.pcap &
+docker exec host2 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.outside.log >logs/host2.outside.pcap &
+# vagrant ssh -c "tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U" 2>logs/host3.inside.log >logs/host3.inside.pcap &
+# vagrant ssh -c "tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U" 2>logs/host3.outside.log >logs/host3.outside.pcap &
+
+#docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
+#vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000" &
+#docker exec host2 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host2' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &
+#vagrant ssh -c "ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host3' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000" &
+
+set +x
+echo
+echo " *** Testing ping from lighthouse1"
+echo
+set -x
+docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
+docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
+
+set +x
+echo
+echo " *** Testing ping from host2"
+echo
+set -x
+docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
+# Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
+! docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1
+
+#set +x
+#echo
+#echo " *** Testing ncat from host2"
+#echo
+#set -x
+# Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
+#! docker exec host2 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.3 2000 || exit 1
+#! docker exec host2 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.3 3000 | grep -q host3 || exit 1
+
+set +x
+echo
+echo " *** Testing ping from host3"
+echo
+set -x
+vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.1" -- -T
+vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.2" -- -T
+
+#set +x
+#echo
+#echo " *** Testing ncat from host3"
+#echo
+#set -x
+#vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.2 2000"
+#vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.2 3000" | grep -q host2
+
+vagrant ssh -c "sudo xargs kill </nebula/pid" -- -T
+docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
+sleep 1
+
+if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
+then
+    echo "nebula still running after SIGTERM sent" >&2
+    exit 1
+fi

.github/workflows/smoke/smoke.sh

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sleep 1
+sleep 5
 
 if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
 then

.github/workflows/smoke/vagrant-freebsd-amd64/Vagrantfile

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "generic/freebsd14"
+
+  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula", type: "rsync"
+end

.github/workflows/smoke/vagrant-linux-386/Vagrantfile

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/xenial32"
+
+  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula"
+end

.github/workflows/smoke/vagrant-linux-amd64-ipv6disable/Vagrantfile

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/jammy64"
+
+  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula"
+
+  config.vm.provision :shell do |shell|
+    shell.inline = <<-EOF
+      sed -i 's/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="ipv6.disable=1"/' /etc/default/grub
+      update-grub
+    EOF
+    shell.privileged = true
+    shell.reboot = true
+  end
+end

.github/workflows/smoke/vagrant-netbsd-amd64/Vagrantfile

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "generic/netbsd9"
+
+  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula", type: "rsync"
+end

.github/workflows/smoke/vagrant-openbsd-amd64/Vagrantfile

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# -*- mode: ruby -*-
+# vi: set ft=ruby :
+Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
+  config.vm.box = "generic/openbsd7"
+
+  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula", type: "rsync"
+end

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
       with:
-        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        go-version: '1.24'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -31,16 +31,24 @@ jobs:
     - name: Vet
       run: make vet
 
+    - name: golangci-lint
+      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
+      with:
+        version: v2.1
+
     - name: Test
       run: make test
 
     - name: End 2 end
       run: make e2evv
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+    - name: Build test mobile
+      run: make build-test-mobile
+
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:
-        name: e2e packet flow
-        path: e2e/mermaid/
+        name: e2e packet flow linux-latest
+        path: e2e/mermaid/linux-latest
         if-no-files-found: warn
 
   test-linux-boringcrypto:
@@ -52,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
       with:
-        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        go-version: '1.24'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -62,21 +70,39 @@ jobs:
       run: make test-boringcrypto
 
     - name: End 2 end
-      run: make e2evv GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1
+      run: make e2e GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 TEST_ENV="TEST_LOGS=1" TEST_FLAGS="-v -ldflags -checklinkname=0"
 
-  test:
-    name: Build and test on ${{ matrix.os }}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
-    strategy:
-      matrix:
-        os: [windows-latest, macos-11]
+  test-linux-pkcs11:
+    name: Build and test on linux with pkcs11
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
     - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
       with:
-        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        go-version: '1.22'
+        check-latest: true
+
+    - name: Build
+      run: make bin-pkcs11
+
+    - name: Test
+      run: make test-pkcs11
+
+  test:
+    name: Build and test on ${{ matrix.os }}
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [windows-latest, macos-latest]
+    steps:
+
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      with:
+        go-version: '1.24'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build nebula
@@ -88,14 +114,19 @@ jobs:
     - name: Vet
       run: make vet
 
+    - name: golangci-lint
+      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
+      with:
+        version: v2.1
+
     - name: Test
       run: make test
 
     - name: End 2 end
       run: make e2evv
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
       with:
-        name: e2e packet flow
-        path: e2e/mermaid/
+        name: e2e packet flow ${{ matrix.os }}
+        path: e2e/mermaid/${{ matrix.os }}
         if-no-files-found: warn

.gitignore

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 /nebula-darwin
 /nebula.exe
 /nebula-cert.exe
-/coverage.out
+**/coverage.out
+**/cover.out
 /cpu.pprof
 /build
 /*.tar.gz
@@ -13,5 +14,6 @@
 **.crt
 **.key
 **.pem
+**.pub
 !/examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/roles/nebula/files/vagrant-test-ca.key
 !/examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/roles/nebula/files/vagrant-test-ca.crt

.golangci.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+version: "2"
+linters:
+  default: none
+  enable:
+    - testifylint
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    presets:
+      - comments
+      - common-false-positives
+      - legacy
+      - std-error-handling
+    paths:
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
+formatters:
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    paths:
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -7,6 +7,130 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+### Changed
+
+- `default_local_cidr_any` now defaults to false, meaning that any firewall rule
+  intended to target an `unsafe_routes` entry must explicitly declare it via the
+  `local_cidr` field. This is almost always the intended behavior. This flag is
+  deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
+
+## [1.9.4] - 2024-09-09
+
+### Added
+
+- Support UDP dialing with gVisor. (#1181)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Make some Nebula state programmatically available via control object. (#1188)
+- Switch internal representation of IPs to netip, to prepare for IPv6 support
+  in the overlay. (#1173)
+- Minor build and cleanup changes. (#1171, #1164, #1162)
+- Various dependency updates. (#1195, #1190, #1174, #1168, #1167, #1161, #1147, #1146)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix a bug on big endian hosts, like mips. (#1194)
+- Fix a rare panic if a local index collision happens. (#1191)
+- Fix integer wraparound in the calculation of handshake timeouts on 32-bit targets. (#1185)
+
+## [1.9.3] - 2024-06-06
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Initialize messageCounter to 2 instead of verifying later. (#1156)
+
+## [1.9.2] - 2024-06-03
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Ensure messageCounter is set before handshake is complete. (#1154)
+
+## [1.9.1] - 2024-05-29
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fixed a potential deadlock in GetOrHandshake. (#1151)
+
+## [1.9.0] - 2024-05-07
+
+### Deprecated
+
+- This release adds a new setting `default_local_cidr_any` that defaults to
+  true to match previous behavior, but will default to false in the next
+  release (1.10). When set to false, `local_cidr` is matched correctly for
+  firewall rules on hosts acting as unsafe routers, and should be set for any
+  firewall rules you want to allow unsafe route hosts to access. See the issue
+  and example config for more details. (#1071, #1099)
+
+### Added
+
+- Nebula now has an official Docker image `nebulaoss/nebula` that is
+  distroless and contains just the `nebula` and `nebula-cert` binaries. You
+  can find it here: https://hub.docker.com/r/nebulaoss/nebula (#1037)
+
+- Experimental binaries for `loong64` are now provided. (#1003)
+
+- Added example service script for OpenRC. (#711)
+
+- The SSH daemon now supports inlined host keys. (#1054)
+
+- The SSH daemon now supports certificates with `sshd.trusted_cas`. (#1098)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Config setting `tun.unsafe_routes` is now reloadable. (#1083)
+
+- Small documentation and internal improvements. (#1065, #1067, #1069, #1108,
+  #1109, #1111, #1135)
+
+- Various dependency updates. (#1139, #1138, #1134, #1133, #1126, #1123, #1110,
+  #1094, #1092, #1087, #1086, #1085, #1072, #1063, #1059, #1055, #1053, #1047,
+  #1046, #1034, #1022)
+
+### Removed
+
+- Support for the deprecated `local_range` option has been removed. Please
+  change to `preferred_ranges` (which is also now reloadable). (#1043)
+
+- We are now building with go1.22, which means that for Windows you need at
+  least Windows 10 or Windows Server 2016. This is because support for earlier
+  versions was removed in Go 1.21. See https://go.dev/doc/go1.21#windows (#981)
+
+- Removed vagrant example, as it was unmaintained. (#1129)
+
+- Removed Fedora and Arch nebula.service files, as they are maintained in the
+  upstream repos. (#1128, #1132)
+
+- Remove the TCP round trip tracking metrics, as they never had correct data
+  and were an experiment to begin with. (#1114)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fixed a potential deadlock introduced in 1.8.1. (#1112)
+
+- Fixed support for Linux when IPv6 has been disabled at the OS level. (#787)
+
+- DNS will return NXDOMAIN now when there are no results. (#845)
+
+- Allow `::` in `lighthouse.dns.host`. (#1115)
+
+- Capitalization of `NotAfter` fixed in DNS TXT response. (#1127)
+
+- Don't log invalid certificates. It is untrusted data and can cause a large
+  volume of logs. (#1116)
+
+## [1.8.2] - 2024-01-08
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix multiple routines when listen.port is zero. This was a regression
+  introduced in v1.6.0. (#1057)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Small dependency update for Noise. (#1038)
+
 ## [1.8.1] - 2023-12-19
 
 ### Security
@@ -547,7 +671,13 @@ created.)
 
 - Initial public release.
 
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.8.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.9.4...HEAD
+[1.9.4]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.4
+[1.9.3]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.3
+[1.9.2]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.2
+[1.9.1]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.1
+[1.9.0]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.0
+[1.8.2]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.8.2
 [1.8.1]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.8.1
 [1.8.0]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.8.0
 [1.7.2]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.7.2

LOGGING.md

@@ -33,6 +33,5 @@ l.WithError(err).
     WithField("vpnIp", IntIp(hostinfo.hostId)).
     WithField("udpAddr", addr).
     WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix"}).
-    WithField("cert", remoteCert).
     Info("Invalid certificate from host")
 ```

Makefile

@@ -1,22 +1,14 @@
-GOMINVERSION = 1.20
 NEBULA_CMD_PATH = "./cmd/nebula"
-GO111MODULE = on
-export GO111MODULE
 CGO_ENABLED = 0
 export CGO_ENABLED
 
 # Set up OS specific bits
 ifeq ($(OS),Windows_NT)
-	#TODO: we should be able to ditch awk as well
-	GOVERSION := $(shell go version | awk "{print substr($$3, 3)}")
-	GOISMIN := $(shell IF "$(GOVERSION)" GEQ "$(GOMINVERSION)" ECHO 1)
 	NEBULA_CMD_SUFFIX = .exe
 	NULL_FILE = nul
 	# RIO on windows does pointer stuff that makes go vet angry
 	VET_FLAGS = -unsafeptr=false
 else
-	GOVERSION := $(shell go version | awk '{print substr($$3, 3)}')
-	GOISMIN := $(shell expr "$(GOVERSION)" ">=" "$(GOMINVERSION)")
 	NEBULA_CMD_SUFFIX =
 	NULL_FILE = /dev/null
 endif
@@ -30,6 +22,9 @@ ifndef BUILD_NUMBER
 	endif
 endif
 
+DOCKER_IMAGE_REPO ?= nebulaoss/nebula
+DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG ?= latest
+
 LDFLAGS = -X main.Build=$(BUILD_NUMBER)
 
 ALL_LINUX = linux-amd64 \
@@ -44,7 +39,8 @@ ALL_LINUX = linux-amd64 \
 	linux-mips64 \
 	linux-mips64le \
 	linux-mips-softfloat \
-	linux-riscv64
+	linux-riscv64 \
+	linux-loong64
 
 ALL_FREEBSD = freebsd-amd64 \
 	freebsd-arm64
@@ -67,7 +63,7 @@ ALL = $(ALL_LINUX) \
 e2e:
 	$(TEST_ENV) go test -tags=e2e_testing -count=1 $(TEST_FLAGS) ./e2e
 
-e2ev: TEST_FLAGS = -v
+e2ev: TEST_FLAGS += -v
 e2ev: e2e
 
 e2evv: TEST_ENV += TEST_LOGS=1
@@ -82,8 +78,12 @@ e2evvvv: e2ev
 e2e-bench: TEST_FLAGS = -bench=. -benchmem -run=^$
 e2e-bench: e2e
 
+DOCKER_BIN = build/linux-amd64/nebula build/linux-amd64/nebula-cert
+
 all: $(ALL:%=build/%/nebula) $(ALL:%=build/%/nebula-cert)
 
+docker: docker/linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)
+
 release: $(ALL:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)
 
 release-linux: $(ALL_LINUX:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ release-netbsd: $(ALL_NETBSD:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)
 
 release-boringcrypto: build/nebula-linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto.tar.gz
 
-BUILD_ARGS = -trimpath
+BUILD_ARGS += -trimpath
 
 bin-windows: build/windows-amd64/nebula.exe build/windows-amd64/nebula-cert.exe
 	mv $? .
@@ -116,6 +116,10 @@ bin-freebsd-arm64: build/freebsd-arm64/nebula build/freebsd-arm64/nebula-cert
 bin-boringcrypto: build/linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto/nebula build/linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto/nebula-cert
 	mv $? .
 
+bin-pkcs11: BUILD_ARGS += -tags pkcs11
+bin-pkcs11: CGO_ENABLED = 1
+bin-pkcs11: bin
+
 bin:
 	go build $(BUILD_ARGS) -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o ./nebula${NEBULA_CMD_SUFFIX} ${NEBULA_CMD_PATH}
 	go build $(BUILD_ARGS) -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o ./nebula-cert${NEBULA_CMD_SUFFIX} ./cmd/nebula-cert
@@ -133,6 +137,8 @@ build/linux-mips-softfloat/%: LDFLAGS += -s -w
 # boringcrypto
 build/linux-amd64-boringcrypto/%: GOENV += GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1
 build/linux-arm64-boringcrypto/%: GOENV += GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1
+build/linux-amd64-boringcrypto/%: LDFLAGS += -checklinkname=0
+build/linux-arm64-boringcrypto/%: LDFLAGS += -checklinkname=0
 
 build/%/nebula: .FORCE
 	GOOS=$(firstword $(subst -, , $*)) \
@@ -156,6 +162,9 @@ build/nebula-%.tar.gz: build/%/nebula build/%/nebula-cert
 build/nebula-%.zip: build/%/nebula.exe build/%/nebula-cert.exe
 	cd build/$* && zip ../nebula-$*.zip nebula.exe nebula-cert.exe
 
+docker/%: build/%/nebula build/%/nebula-cert
+	docker build . $(DOCKER_BUILD_ARGS) -f docker/Dockerfile --platform "$(subst -,/,$*)" --tag "${DOCKER_IMAGE_REPO}:${DOCKER_IMAGE_TAG}" --tag "${DOCKER_IMAGE_REPO}:$(BUILD_NUMBER)"
+
 vet:
 	go vet $(VET_FLAGS) -v ./...
 
@@ -163,12 +172,21 @@ test:
 	go test -v ./...
 
 test-boringcrypto:
-	GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -v ./...
+	GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -ldflags "-checklinkname=0" -v ./...
+
+test-pkcs11:
+	CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -v -tags pkcs11 ./...
 
 test-cov-html:
 	go test -coverprofile=coverage.out
 	go tool cover -html=coverage.out
 
+build-test-mobile:
+	GOARCH=amd64 GOOS=ios go build $(shell go list ./... | grep -v '/cmd/\|/examples/')
+	GOARCH=arm64 GOOS=ios go build $(shell go list ./... | grep -v '/cmd/\|/examples/')
+	GOARCH=amd64 GOOS=android go build $(shell go list ./... | grep -v '/cmd/\|/examples/')
+	GOARCH=arm64 GOOS=android go build $(shell go list ./... | grep -v '/cmd/\|/examples/')
+
 bench:
 	go test -bench=.
 
@@ -180,7 +198,7 @@ bench-cpu-long:
 	go test -bench=. -benchtime=60s -cpuprofile=cpu.pprof
 	go tool pprof go-audit.test cpu.pprof
 
-proto: nebula.pb.go cert/cert.pb.go
+proto: nebula.pb.go cert/cert_v1.pb.go
 
 nebula.pb.go: nebula.proto .FORCE
 	go build github.com/gogo/protobuf/protoc-gen-gogofaster
@@ -213,6 +231,10 @@ smoke-docker-race: BUILD_ARGS = -race
 smoke-docker-race: CGO_ENABLED = 1
 smoke-docker-race: smoke-docker
 
+smoke-vagrant/%: bin-docker build/%/nebula
+	cd .github/workflows/smoke/ && ./build.sh $*
+	cd .github/workflows/smoke/ && ./smoke-vagrant.sh $*
+
 .FORCE:
-.PHONY: e2e e2ev e2evv e2evvv e2evvvv test test-cov-html bench bench-cpu bench-cpu-long bin proto release service smoke-docker smoke-docker-race
+.PHONY: bench bench-cpu bench-cpu-long bin build-test-mobile e2e e2ev e2evv e2evvv e2evvvv proto release service smoke-docker smoke-docker-race test test-cov-html smoke-vagrant/%
 .DEFAULT_GOAL := bin

README.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ It lets you seamlessly connect computers anywhere in the world. Nebula is portab
 It can be used to connect a small number of computers, but is also able to connect tens of thousands of computers.
 
 Nebula incorporates a number of existing concepts like encryption, security groups, certificates,
-and tunneling, and each of those individual pieces existed before Nebula in various forms.
+and tunneling.
 What makes Nebula different to existing offerings is that it brings all of these ideas together,
 resulting in a sum that is greater than its individual parts.
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Further documentation can be found [here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).
 
 You can read more about Nebula [here](https://medium.com/p/884110a5579).
 
-You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU).
+You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA).
 
 ## Supported Platforms
 
@@ -27,18 +27,34 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for
 
 #### Distribution Packages
 
-- [Arch Linux](https://archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/nebula/)
-    ```
-    $ sudo pacman -S nebula
-    ```
-- [Fedora Linux](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/nebula)
-    ```
-    $ sudo dnf install nebula
+- [Arch Linux](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/nebula/)
+    ```sh
+    sudo pacman -S nebula
     ```
 
-- [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/nebula.rb)
+- [Fedora Linux](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/nebula)
+    ```sh
+    sudo dnf install nebula
     ```
-    $ brew install nebula
+
+- [Debian Linux](https://packages.debian.org/source/stable/nebula)
+    ```sh
+    sudo apt install nebula
+    ```
+
+- [Alpine Linux](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=nebula)
+    ```sh
+    sudo apk add nebula
+    ```
+
+- [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/n/nebula.rb)
+    ```sh
+    brew install nebula
+    ```
+
+- [Docker](https://hub.docker.com/r/nebulaoss/nebula)
+    ```sh
+    docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
     ```
 
 #### Mobile
@@ -48,10 +64,10 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for
 
 ## Technical Overview
 
-Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
+Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software-defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
 Nebula uses certificates to assert a node's IP address, name, and membership within user-defined groups.
 Nebula's user-defined groups allow for provider agnostic traffic filtering between nodes.
-Discovery nodes allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
+Discovery nodes (aka lighthouses) allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
 Users can move data between nodes in any number of cloud service providers, datacenters, and endpoints, without needing to maintain a particular addressing scheme.
 
 Nebula uses Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (`ECDH`) key exchange and `AES-256-GCM` in its default configuration.
@@ -66,28 +82,34 @@ To set up a Nebula network, you'll need:
 
 #### 2. (Optional, but you really should..) At least one discovery node with a routable IP address, which we call a lighthouse.
 
-Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $5/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
-
-  Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.
+Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $6/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
 
+Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.
 
 #### 3. A Nebula certificate authority, which will be the root of trust for a particular Nebula network.
 
-  ```
-  ./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
-  ```
-  This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.
+```sh
+./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
+```
+
+This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.
+
+**Be aware!** By default, certificate authorities have a 1-year lifetime before expiration. See [this guide](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/guides/rotating-certificate-authority/) for details on rotating a CA.
 
 #### 4. Nebula host keys and certificates generated from that certificate authority
+
 This assumes you have four nodes, named lighthouse1, laptop, server1, host3. You can name the nodes any way you'd like, including FQDN. You'll also need to choose IP addresses and the associated subnet. In this example, we are creating a nebula network that will use 192.168.100.x/24 as its network range. This example also demonstrates nebula groups, which can later be used to define traffic rules in a nebula network.
-```
+```sh
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "lighthouse1" -ip "192.168.100.1/24"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "laptop" -ip "192.168.100.2/24" -groups "laptop,home,ssh"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "server1" -ip "192.168.100.9/24" -groups "servers"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "host3" -ip "192.168.100.10/24"
 ```
 
+By default, host certificates will expire 1 second before the CA expires. Use the `-duration` flag to specify a shorter lifetime.
+
 #### 5. Configuration files for each host
+
 Download a copy of the nebula [example configuration](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/blob/master/examples/config.yml).
 
 * On the lighthouse node, you'll need to ensure `am_lighthouse: true` is set.
@@ -102,10 +124,13 @@ For each host, copy the nebula binary to the host, along with `config.yml` from
 **DO NOT COPY `ca.key` TO INDIVIDUAL NODES.**
 
 #### 7. Run nebula on each host
-```
+
+```sh
 ./nebula -config /path/to/config.yml
 ```
 
+For more detailed instructions, [find the full documentation here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).
+
 ## Building Nebula from source
 
 Make sure you have [go](https://go.dev/doc/install) installed and clone this repo. Change to the nebula directory.
@@ -124,8 +149,10 @@ The default curve used for cryptographic handshakes and signatures is Curve25519
 
 In addition, Nebula can be built using the [BoringCrypto GOEXPERIMENT](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.20/src/crypto/internal/boring/README.md) by running either of the following make targets:
 
-    make bin-boringcrypto
-    make release-boringcrypto
+```sh
+make bin-boringcrypto
+make release-boringcrypto
+```
 
 This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your compliance requirements.
 
@@ -133,5 +160,3 @@ This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your
 
 Nebula was created at Slack Technologies, Inc by Nate Brown and Ryan Huber, with contributions from Oliver Fross, Alan Lam, Wade Simmons, and Lining Wang.
 
-
-

allow_list.go

@@ -2,17 +2,16 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"
 
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cidr"
+	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 )
 
 type AllowList struct {
 	// The values of this cidrTree are `bool`, signifying allow/deny
-	cidrTree *cidr.Tree6[bool]
+	cidrTree *bart.Table[bool]
 }
 
 type RemoteAllowList struct {
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ type RemoteAllowList struct {
 
 	// Inside Range Specific, keys of this tree are inside CIDRs and values
 	// are *AllowList
-	insideAllowLists *cidr.Tree6[*AllowList]
+	insideAllowLists *bart.Table[*AllowList]
 }
 
 type LocalAllowList struct {
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ type AllowListNameRule struct {
 
 func NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*LocalAllowList, error) {
 	var nameRules []AllowListNameRule
-	handleKey := func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error) {
+	handleKey := func(key string, value any) (bool, error) {
 		if key == "interfaces" {
 			var err error
 			nameRules, err = getAllowListInterfaces(k, value)
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@ func NewRemoteAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k, rangesKey string) (*RemoteAllo
 
 // If the handleKey func returns true, the rest of the parsing is skipped
 // for this key. This allows parsing of special values like `interfaces`.
-func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
+func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
 	r := c.Get(k)
 	if r == nil {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -82,13 +81,13 @@ func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, va
 
 // If the handleKey func returns true, the rest of the parsing is skipped
 // for this key. This allows parsing of special values like `interfaces`.
-func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, raw)
 	}
 
-	tree := cidr.NewTree6[bool]()
+	tree := new(bart.Table[bool])
 
 	// Keep track of the rules we have added for both ipv4 and ipv6
 	type allowListRules struct {
@@ -101,12 +100,7 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value in
 	rules4 := allowListRules{firstValue: true, allValuesMatch: true, defaultSet: false}
 	rules6 := allowListRules{firstValue: true, allValuesMatch: true, defaultSet: false}
 
-	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
-		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
-		}
-
+	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
 		if handleKey != nil {
 			handled, err := handleKey(rawCIDR, rawValue)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -117,23 +111,24 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value in
 			}
 		}
 
-		value, ok := rawValue.(bool)
+		value, ok := config.AsBool(rawValue)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid value (type %T): %v", k, rawValue, rawValue)
 		}
 
-		_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rawCIDR)
+		ipNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s", k, rawCIDR)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s. %w", k, rawCIDR, err)
 		}
 
-		// TODO: should we error on duplicate CIDRs in the config?
-		tree.AddCIDR(ipNet, value)
+		ipNet = netip.PrefixFrom(ipNet.Addr().Unmap(), ipNet.Bits())
 
-		maskBits, maskSize := ipNet.Mask.Size()
+		tree.Insert(ipNet, value)
+
+		maskBits := ipNet.Bits()
 
 		var rules *allowListRules
-		if maskSize == 32 {
+		if ipNet.Addr().Is4() {
 			rules = &rules4
 		} else {
 			rules = &rules6
@@ -156,8 +151,7 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value in
 
 	if !rules4.defaultSet {
 		if rules4.allValuesMatch {
-			_, zeroCIDR, _ := net.ParseCIDR("0.0.0.0/0")
-			tree.AddCIDR(zeroCIDR, !rules4.allValues)
+			tree.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), 0), !rules4.allValues)
 		} else {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0", k)
 		}
@@ -165,8 +159,7 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value in
 
 	if !rules6.defaultSet {
 		if rules6.allValuesMatch {
-			_, zeroCIDR, _ := net.ParseCIDR("::/0")
-			tree.AddCIDR(zeroCIDR, !rules6.allValues)
+			tree.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.IPv6Unspecified(), 0), !rules6.allValues)
 		} else {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0", k)
 		}
@@ -175,22 +168,18 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value in
 	return &AllowList{cidrTree: tree}, nil
 }
 
-func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v interface{}) ([]AllowListNameRule, error) {
+func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v any) ([]AllowListNameRule, error) {
 	var nameRules []AllowListNameRule
 
-	rawRules, ok := v.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+	rawRules, ok := v.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` is invalid (type %T): %v", k, v, v)
 	}
 
 	firstEntry := true
 	var allValues bool
-	for rawName, rawAllow := range rawRules {
-		name, ok := rawName.(string)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawName, rawName)
-		}
-		allow, ok := rawAllow.(bool)
+	for name, rawAllow := range rawRules {
+		allow, ok := config.AsBool(rawAllow)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` has invalid value (type %T): %v", k, rawAllow, rawAllow)
 		}
@@ -218,72 +207,49 @@ func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v interface{}) ([]AllowListNameRule, error
 	return nameRules, nil
 }
 
-func getRemoteAllowRanges(c *config.C, k string) (*cidr.Tree6[*AllowList], error) {
+func getRemoteAllowRanges(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[*AllowList], error) {
 	value := c.Get(k)
 	if value == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	remoteAllowRanges := cidr.NewTree6[*AllowList]()
+	remoteAllowRanges := new(bart.Table[*AllowList])
 
-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
-		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
-		}
-
+	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
 		allowList, err := newAllowList(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", k, rawCIDR), rawValue, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
 
-		_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rawCIDR)
+		ipNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s", k, rawCIDR)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s. %w", k, rawCIDR, err)
 		}
 
-		remoteAllowRanges.AddCIDR(ipNet, allowList)
+		remoteAllowRanges.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(ipNet.Addr().Unmap(), ipNet.Bits()), allowList)
 	}
 
 	return remoteAllowRanges, nil
 }
 
-func (al *AllowList) Allow(ip net.IP) bool {
+func (al *AllowList) Allow(addr netip.Addr) bool {
 	if al == nil {
 		return true
 	}
 
-	_, result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	result, _ := al.cidrTree.Lookup(addr)
 	return result
 }
 
-func (al *AllowList) AllowIpV4(ip iputil.VpnIp) bool {
+func (al *LocalAllowList) Allow(udpAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 	if al == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-
-	_, result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContainsIpV4(ip)
-	return result
-}
-
-func (al *AllowList) AllowIpV6(hi, lo uint64) bool {
-	if al == nil {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	_, result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo)
-	return result
-}
-
-func (al *LocalAllowList) Allow(ip net.IP) bool {
-	if al == nil {
-		return true
-	}
-	return al.AllowList.Allow(ip)
+	return al.AllowList.Allow(udpAddr)
 }
 
 func (al *LocalAllowList) AllowName(name string) bool {
@@ -301,43 +267,37 @@ func (al *LocalAllowList) AllowName(name string) bool {
 	return !al.nameRules[0].Allow
 }
 
-func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowUnknownVpnIp(ip net.IP) bool {
+func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowUnknownVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 	if al == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return al.AllowList.Allow(ip)
+	return al.AllowList.Allow(vpnAddr)
 }
 
-func (al *RemoteAllowList) Allow(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, ip net.IP) bool {
-	if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnIp).Allow(ip) {
+func (al *RemoteAllowList) Allow(vpnAddr netip.Addr, udpAddr netip.Addr) bool {
+	if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnAddr).Allow(udpAddr) {
 		return false
 	}
-	return al.AllowList.Allow(ip)
+	return al.AllowList.Allow(udpAddr)
 }
 
-func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowIpV4(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, ip iputil.VpnIp) bool {
-	if al == nil {
-		return true
-	}
-	if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnIp).AllowIpV4(ip) {
+func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowAll(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, udpAddr netip.Addr) bool {
+	if !al.AllowList.Allow(udpAddr) {
 		return false
 	}
-	return al.AllowList.AllowIpV4(ip)
+
+	for _, vpnAddr := range vpnAddrs {
+		if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnAddr).Allow(udpAddr) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	return true
 }
 
-func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowIpV6(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, hi, lo uint64) bool {
-	if al == nil {
-		return true
-	}
-	if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnIp).AllowIpV6(hi, lo) {
-		return false
-	}
-	return al.AllowList.AllowIpV6(hi, lo)
-}
-
-func (al *RemoteAllowList) getInsideAllowList(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *AllowList {
+func (al *RemoteAllowList) getInsideAllowList(vpnAddr netip.Addr) *AllowList {
 	if al.insideAllowLists != nil {
-		ok, inside := al.insideAllowLists.MostSpecificContainsIpV4(vpnIp)
+		inside, ok := al.insideAllowLists.Lookup(vpnAddr)
 		if ok {
 			return inside
 		}

allow_list_test.go

@@ -1,40 +1,41 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"regexp"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cidr"
+	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"192.168.0.0": true,
 	}
 	r, err := newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid CIDR: 192.168.0.0")
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid CIDR: 192.168.0.0. netip.ParsePrefix(\"192.168.0.0\"): no '/'")
 	assert.Nil(t, r)
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": "abc",
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid value (type string): abc")
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid value (type string): abc")
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0")
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0")
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":      true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24":  true,
@@ -42,9 +43,9 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		"fd00:fd00::/16": false,
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0")
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0")
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":     true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":    false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24": true,
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotNil(t, r)
 	}
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":      true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24":  true,
@@ -69,25 +70,25 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Test interface names
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
-		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+		"interfaces": map[string]any{
 			`docker.*`: "foo",
 		},
 	}
 	lr, err := NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` has invalid value (type string): foo")
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` has invalid value (type string): foo")
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
-		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+		"interfaces": map[string]any{
 			`docker.*`: false,
 			`eth.*`:    true,
 		},
 	}
 	lr, err = NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` values must all be the same true/false value")
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` values must all be the same true/false value")
 
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
-		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+		"interfaces": map[string]any{
 			`docker.*`: false,
 		},
 	}
@@ -98,30 +99,30 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestAllowList_Allow(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, true, ((*AllowList)(nil)).Allow(net.ParseIP("1.1.1.1")))
+	assert.True(t, ((*AllowList)(nil)).Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
 
-	tree := cidr.NewTree6[bool]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("0.0.0.0/0"), true)
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"), false)
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("10.42.42.42/32"), true)
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("10.42.0.0/16"), true)
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("10.42.42.0/24"), true)
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("10.42.42.0/24"), false)
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("::1/128"), true)
-	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("::2/128"), false)
+	tree := new(bart.Table[bool])
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), true)
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8"), false)
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("10.42.42.42/32"), true)
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("10.42.0.0/16"), true)
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("10.42.42.0/24"), true)
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("10.42.42.0/24"), false)
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("::1/128"), true)
+	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("::2/128"), false)
 	al := &AllowList{cidrTree: tree}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(net.ParseIP("1.1.1.1")))
-	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(net.ParseIP("10.0.0.4")))
-	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(net.ParseIP("10.42.42.42")))
-	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(net.ParseIP("10.42.42.41")))
-	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(net.ParseIP("10.42.0.1")))
-	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(net.ParseIP("::1")))
-	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(net.ParseIP("::2")))
+	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
+	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.4")))
+	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.42")))
+	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.41")))
+	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.0.1")))
+	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::1")))
+	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::2")))
 }
 
 func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, true, ((*LocalAllowList)(nil)).AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.True(t, ((*LocalAllowList)(nil)).AllowName("docker0"))
 
 	rules := []AllowListNameRule{
 		{Name: regexp.MustCompile("^docker.*$"), Allow: false},
@@ -129,9 +130,9 @@ func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	al := &LocalAllowList{nameRules: rules}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("docker0"))
-	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("tun0"))
-	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("eth0"))
+	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("tun0"))
+	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("eth0"))
 
 	rules = []AllowListNameRule{
 		{Name: regexp.MustCompile("^eth.*$"), Allow: true},
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	al = &LocalAllowList{nameRules: rules}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("docker0"))
-	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("eth0"))
-	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("ens5"))
+	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("eth0"))
+	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("ens5"))
 }

calculated_remote.go

@@ -1,41 +1,40 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
 
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cidr"
+	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 )
 
 // This allows us to "guess" what the remote might be for a host while we wait
 // for the lighthouse response. See "lighthouse.calculated_remotes" in the
 // example config file.
 type calculatedRemote struct {
-	ipNet  net.IPNet
-	maskIP iputil.VpnIp
-	mask   iputil.VpnIp
-	port   uint32
+	ipNet netip.Prefix
+	mask  netip.Prefix
+	port  uint32
 }
 
-func newCalculatedRemote(ipNet *net.IPNet, port int) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
-	// Ensure this is an IPv4 mask that we expect
-	ones, bits := ipNet.Mask.Size()
-	if ones == 0 || bits != 32 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid mask: %v", ipNet)
+func newCalculatedRemote(cidr, maskCidr netip.Prefix, port int) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
+	if maskCidr.Addr().BitLen() != cidr.Addr().BitLen() {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid mask: %s for cidr: %s", maskCidr, cidr)
 	}
+
+	masked := maskCidr.Masked()
 	if port < 0 || port > math.MaxUint16 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port: %d", port)
 	}
 
 	return &calculatedRemote{
-		ipNet:  *ipNet,
-		maskIP: iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet.IP),
-		mask:   iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet.Mask),
-		port:   uint32(port),
+		ipNet: maskCidr,
+		mask:  masked,
+		port:  uint32(port),
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -43,49 +42,70 @@ func (c *calculatedRemote) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("CalculatedRemote(mask=%v port=%d)", c.ipNet, c.port)
 }
 
-func (c *calculatedRemote) Apply(ip iputil.VpnIp) *Ip4AndPort {
-	// Combine the masked bytes of the "mask" IP with the unmasked bytes
-	// of the overlay IP
-	masked := (c.maskIP & c.mask) | (ip & ^c.mask)
+func (c *calculatedRemote) ApplyV4(addr netip.Addr) *V4AddrPort {
+	// Combine the masked bytes of the "mask" IP with the unmasked bytes of the overlay IP
+	maskb := net.CIDRMask(c.mask.Bits(), c.mask.Addr().BitLen())
+	mask := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(maskb[:])
 
-	return &Ip4AndPort{Ip: uint32(masked), Port: c.port}
+	b := c.mask.Addr().As4()
+	maskAddr := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+
+	b = addr.As4()
+	intAddr := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+
+	return &V4AddrPort{(maskAddr & mask) | (intAddr & ^mask), c.port}
 }
 
-func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*cidr.Tree4[[]*calculatedRemote], error) {
+func (c *calculatedRemote) ApplyV6(addr netip.Addr) *V6AddrPort {
+	mask := net.CIDRMask(c.mask.Bits(), c.mask.Addr().BitLen())
+	maskAddr := c.mask.Addr().As16()
+	calcAddr := addr.As16()
+
+	ap := V6AddrPort{Port: c.port}
+
+	maskb := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(mask[:8])
+	maskAddrb := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(maskAddr[:8])
+	calcAddrb := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(calcAddr[:8])
+	ap.Hi = (maskAddrb & maskb) | (calcAddrb & ^maskb)
+
+	maskb = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(mask[8:])
+	maskAddrb = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(maskAddr[8:])
+	calcAddrb = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(calcAddr[8:])
+	ap.Lo = (maskAddrb & maskb) | (calcAddrb & ^maskb)
+
+	return &ap
+}
+
+func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[[]*calculatedRemote], error) {
 	value := c.Get(k)
 	if value == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
-	calculatedRemotes := cidr.NewTree4[[]*calculatedRemote]()
+	calculatedRemotes := new(bart.Table[[]*calculatedRemote])
 
-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[any]any)
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
-		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
-		}
-
-		_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rawCIDR)
+	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
+		cidr, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s", k, rawCIDR)
 		}
 
-		entry, err := newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(rawValue)
+		entry, err := newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr, rawValue)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config '%s.%s': %w", k, rawCIDR, err)
 		}
 
-		calculatedRemotes.AddCIDR(ipNet, entry)
+		calculatedRemotes.Insert(cidr, entry)
 	}
 
 	return calculatedRemotes, nil
 }
 
-func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(raw any) ([]*calculatedRemote, error) {
+func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) ([]*calculatedRemote, error) {
 	rawList, ok := raw.([]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("calculated_remotes entry has invalid type: %T", raw)
@@ -93,7 +113,7 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(raw any) ([]*calculatedRemote, error) {
 
 	var l []*calculatedRemote
 	for _, e := range rawList {
-		c, err := newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(e)
+		c, err := newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr, e)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("calculated_remotes entry: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -103,8 +123,8 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(raw any) ([]*calculatedRemote, error) {
 	return l, nil
 }
 
-func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[any]any)
+func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid type: %T", raw)
 	}
@@ -117,7 +137,7 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid mask (type %T): %v", rawValue, rawValue)
 	}
-	_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rawMask)
+	maskCidr, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawMask)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid mask: %s", rawMask)
 	}
@@ -139,5 +159,5 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port (type %T): %v", rawValue, rawValue)
 	}
 
-	return newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, port)
+	return newCalculatedRemote(cidr, maskCidr, port)
 }

calculated_remote_test.go

@@ -1,27 +1,81 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestCalculatedRemoteApply(t *testing.T) {
-	_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR("192.168.1.0/24")
+	// Test v4 addresses
+	ipNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24")
+	c, err := newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	c, err := newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, 4242)
+	input, err := netip.ParseAddr("10.0.10.182")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	input := iputil.Ip2VpnIp([]byte{10, 0, 10, 182})
+	expected, err := netip.ParseAddr("192.168.1.182")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	expected := &Ip4AndPort{
-		Ip:   uint32(iputil.Ip2VpnIp([]byte{192, 168, 1, 182})),
-		Port: 4242,
-	}
+	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV4AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV4(input))
 
-	assert.Equal(t, expected, c.Apply(input))
+	// Test v6 addresses
+	ipNet = netip.MustParsePrefix("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::0/64")
+	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef:beef")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))
+
+	// Test v6 addresses part 2
+	ipNet = netip.MustParsePrefix("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::0/80")
+	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))
+
+	// Test v6 addresses part 2
+	ipNet = netip.MustParsePrefix("ffff:ffff:ffff::0/48")
+	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))
+}
+
+func Test_newCalculatedRemote(t *testing.T) {
+	c, err := newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), 4242)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid mask: 1.0.0.0/32 for cidr: 1::1/128")
+	require.Nil(t, c)
+
+	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), 4242)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid mask: 1::1/128 for cidr: 1.0.0.0/32")
+	require.Nil(t, c)
+
+	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), 4242)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, c)
+
+	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), 4242)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, c)
 }

cert/Makefile

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 GO111MODULE = on
 export GO111MODULE
 
-cert.pb.go: cert.proto .FORCE
+cert_v1.pb.go: cert_v1.proto .FORCE
 	go build google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go
 	PATH="$(CURDIR):$(PATH)" protoc --go_out=. --go_opt=paths=source_relative $<
 	rm protoc-gen-go

cert/README.md

@@ -2,14 +2,25 @@
 
 This is a library for interacting with `nebula` style certificates and authorities.
 
-A `protobuf` definition of the certificate format is also included
+There are now 2 versions of `nebula` certificates:
 
-### Compiling the protobuf definition
+## v1
 
-Make sure you have `protoc` installed.
+This version is deprecated.
+
+A `protobuf` definition of the certificate format is included at `cert_v1.proto`
+
+To compile the definition you will need `protoc` installed.
 
 To compile for `go` with the same version of protobuf specified in go.mod:
 
 ```bash
-make
+make proto
 ```
+
+## v2
+
+This is the latest version which uses asn.1 DER encoding. It can support ipv4 and ipv6 and tolerate
+future certificate changes better than v1.
+
+`cert_v2.asn1` defines the wire format and can be used to compile marshalers.

cert/asn1.go

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte/asn1"
+)
+
+// readOptionalASN1Boolean reads an asn.1 boolean with a specific tag instead of a asn.1 tag wrapping a boolean with a value
+// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/64811#issuecomment-1944446920
+func readOptionalASN1Boolean(b *cryptobyte.String, out *bool, tag asn1.Tag, defaultValue bool) bool {
+	var present bool
+	var child cryptobyte.String
+	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&child, &present, tag) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !present {
+		*out = defaultValue
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Ensure we have 1 byte
+	if len(child) == 1 {
+		*out = child[0] > 0
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// readOptionalASN1Byte reads an asn.1 uint8 with a specific tag instead of a asn.1 tag wrapping a uint8 with a value
+// Similar issue as with readOptionalASN1Boolean
+func readOptionalASN1Byte(b *cryptobyte.String, out *byte, tag asn1.Tag, defaultValue byte) bool {
+	var present bool
+	var child cryptobyte.String
+	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&child, &present, tag) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !present {
+		*out = defaultValue
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// Ensure we have 1 byte
+	if len(child) == 1 {
+		*out = child[0]
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}

cert/ca.go

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-)
-
-type NebulaCAPool struct {
-	CAs           map[string]*NebulaCertificate
-	certBlocklist map[string]struct{}
-}
-
-// NewCAPool creates a CAPool
-func NewCAPool() *NebulaCAPool {
-	ca := NebulaCAPool{
-		CAs:           make(map[string]*NebulaCertificate),
-		certBlocklist: make(map[string]struct{}),
-	}
-
-	return &ca
-}
-
-// NewCAPoolFromBytes will create a new CA pool from the provided
-// input bytes, which must be a PEM-encoded set of nebula certificates.
-// If the pool contains any expired certificates, an ErrExpired will be
-// returned along with the pool. The caller must handle any such errors.
-func NewCAPoolFromBytes(caPEMs []byte) (*NebulaCAPool, error) {
-	pool := NewCAPool()
-	var err error
-	var expired bool
-	for {
-		caPEMs, err = pool.AddCACertificate(caPEMs)
-		if errors.Is(err, ErrExpired) {
-			expired = true
-			err = nil
-		}
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if len(caPEMs) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(caPEMs)) == "" {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	if expired {
-		return pool, ErrExpired
-	}
-
-	return pool, nil
-}
-
-// AddCACertificate verifies a Nebula CA certificate and adds it to the pool
-// Only the first pem encoded object will be consumed, any remaining bytes are returned.
-// Parsed certificates will be verified and must be a CA
-func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) AddCACertificate(pemBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	c, pemBytes, err := UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(pemBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return pemBytes, err
-	}
-
-	if !c.Details.IsCA {
-		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Details.Name, ErrNotCA)
-	}
-
-	if !c.CheckSignature(c.Details.PublicKey) {
-		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Details.Name, ErrNotSelfSigned)
-	}
-
-	sum, err := c.Sha256Sum()
-	if err != nil {
-		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("could not calculate shasum for provided CA; error: %s; %s", err, c.Details.Name)
-	}
-
-	ncp.CAs[sum] = c
-	if c.Expired(time.Now()) {
-		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Details.Name, ErrExpired)
-	}
-
-	return pemBytes, nil
-}
-
-// BlocklistFingerprint adds a cert fingerprint to the blocklist
-func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) BlocklistFingerprint(f string) {
-	ncp.certBlocklist[f] = struct{}{}
-}
-
-// ResetCertBlocklist removes all previously blocklisted cert fingerprints
-func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) ResetCertBlocklist() {
-	ncp.certBlocklist = make(map[string]struct{})
-}
-
-// NOTE: This uses an internal cache for Sha256Sum() that will not be invalidated
-// automatically if you manually change any fields in the NebulaCertificate.
-func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) IsBlocklisted(c *NebulaCertificate) bool {
-	return ncp.isBlocklistedWithCache(c, false)
-}
-
-// IsBlocklisted returns true if the fingerprint fails to generate or has been explicitly blocklisted
-func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) isBlocklistedWithCache(c *NebulaCertificate, useCache bool) bool {
-	h, err := c.sha256SumWithCache(useCache)
-	if err != nil {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	if _, ok := ncp.certBlocklist[h]; ok {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
-
-// GetCAForCert attempts to return the signing certificate for the provided certificate.
-// No signature validation is performed
-func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) GetCAForCert(c *NebulaCertificate) (*NebulaCertificate, error) {
-	if c.Details.Issuer == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no issuer in certificate")
-	}
-
-	signer, ok := ncp.CAs[c.Details.Issuer]
-	if ok {
-		return signer, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find ca for the certificate")
-}
-
-// GetFingerprints returns an array of trusted CA fingerprints
-func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) GetFingerprints() []string {
-	fp := make([]string, len(ncp.CAs))
-
-	i := 0
-	for k := range ncp.CAs {
-		fp[i] = k
-		i++
-	}
-
-	return fp
-}

cert/ca_pool.go

@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type CAPool struct {
+	CAs           map[string]*CachedCertificate
+	certBlocklist map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+// NewCAPool creates an empty CAPool
+func NewCAPool() *CAPool {
+	ca := CAPool{
+		CAs:           make(map[string]*CachedCertificate),
+		certBlocklist: make(map[string]struct{}),
+	}
+
+	return &ca
+}
+
+// NewCAPoolFromPEM will create a new CA pool from the provided
+// input bytes, which must be a PEM-encoded set of nebula certificates.
+// If the pool contains any expired certificates, an ErrExpired will be
+// returned along with the pool. The caller must handle any such errors.
+func NewCAPoolFromPEM(caPEMs []byte) (*CAPool, error) {
+	pool := NewCAPool()
+	var err error
+	var expired bool
+	for {
+		caPEMs, err = pool.AddCAFromPEM(caPEMs)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrExpired) {
+			expired = true
+			err = nil
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if len(caPEMs) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(caPEMs)) == "" {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if expired {
+		return pool, ErrExpired
+	}
+
+	return pool, nil
+}
+
+// AddCAFromPEM verifies a Nebula CA certificate and adds it to the pool.
+// Only the first pem encoded object will be consumed, any remaining bytes are returned.
+// Parsed certificates will be verified and must be a CA
+func (ncp *CAPool) AddCAFromPEM(pemBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	c, pemBytes, err := UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(pemBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return pemBytes, err
+	}
+
+	err = ncp.AddCA(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return pemBytes, err
+	}
+
+	return pemBytes, nil
+}
+
+// AddCA verifies a Nebula CA certificate and adds it to the pool.
+func (ncp *CAPool) AddCA(c Certificate) error {
+	if !c.IsCA() {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Name(), ErrNotCA)
+	}
+
+	if !c.CheckSignature(c.PublicKey()) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Name(), ErrNotSelfSigned)
+	}
+
+	sum, err := c.Fingerprint()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("could not calculate fingerprint for provided CA; error: %w; %s", err, c.Name())
+	}
+
+	cc := &CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate:    c,
+		Fingerprint:    sum,
+		InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
+	}
+
+	for _, g := range c.Groups() {
+		cc.InvertedGroups[g] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	ncp.CAs[sum] = cc
+
+	if c.Expired(time.Now()) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Name(), ErrExpired)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BlocklistFingerprint adds a cert fingerprint to the blocklist
+func (ncp *CAPool) BlocklistFingerprint(f string) {
+	ncp.certBlocklist[f] = struct{}{}
+}
+
+// ResetCertBlocklist removes all previously blocklisted cert fingerprints
+func (ncp *CAPool) ResetCertBlocklist() {
+	ncp.certBlocklist = make(map[string]struct{})
+}
+
+// IsBlocklisted tests the provided fingerprint against the pools blocklist.
+// Returns true if the fingerprint is blocked.
+func (ncp *CAPool) IsBlocklisted(fingerprint string) bool {
+	if _, ok := ncp.certBlocklist[fingerprint]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// VerifyCertificate verifies the certificate is valid and is signed by a trusted CA in the pool.
+// If the certificate is valid then the returned CachedCertificate can be used in subsequent verification attempts
+// to increase performance.
+func (ncp *CAPool) VerifyCertificate(now time.Time, c Certificate) (*CachedCertificate, error) {
+	if c == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no certificate")
+	}
+	fp, err := c.Fingerprint()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not calculate fingerprint to verify: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	signer, err := ncp.verify(c, now, fp, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	cc := CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate:       c,
+		InvertedGroups:    make(map[string]struct{}),
+		Fingerprint:       fp,
+		signerFingerprint: signer.Fingerprint,
+	}
+
+	for _, g := range c.Groups() {
+		cc.InvertedGroups[g] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
+	return &cc, nil
+}
+
+// VerifyCachedCertificate is the same as VerifyCertificate other than it operates on a pre-verified structure and
+// is a cheaper operation to perform as a result.
+func (ncp *CAPool) VerifyCachedCertificate(now time.Time, c *CachedCertificate) error {
+	_, err := ncp.verify(c.Certificate, now, c.Fingerprint, c.signerFingerprint)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (ncp *CAPool) verify(c Certificate, now time.Time, certFp string, signerFp string) (*CachedCertificate, error) {
+	if ncp.IsBlocklisted(certFp) {
+		return nil, ErrBlockListed
+	}
+
+	signer, err := ncp.GetCAForCert(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if signer.Certificate.Expired(now) {
+		return nil, ErrRootExpired
+	}
+
+	if c.Expired(now) {
+		return nil, ErrExpired
+	}
+
+	// If we are checking a cached certificate then we can bail early here
+	// Either the root is no longer trusted or everything is fine
+	if len(signerFp) > 0 {
+		if signerFp != signer.Fingerprint {
+			return nil, ErrFingerprintMismatch
+		}
+		return signer, nil
+	}
+	if !c.CheckSignature(signer.Certificate.PublicKey()) {
+		return nil, ErrSignatureMismatch
+	}
+
+	err = CheckCAConstraints(signer.Certificate, c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return signer, nil
+}
+
+// GetCAForCert attempts to return the signing certificate for the provided certificate.
+// No signature validation is performed
+func (ncp *CAPool) GetCAForCert(c Certificate) (*CachedCertificate, error) {
+	issuer := c.Issuer()
+	if issuer == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no issuer in certificate")
+	}
+
+	signer, ok := ncp.CAs[issuer]
+	if ok {
+		return signer, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, ErrCaNotFound
+}
+
+// GetFingerprints returns an array of trusted CA fingerprints
+func (ncp *CAPool) GetFingerprints() []string {
+	fp := make([]string, len(ncp.CAs))
+
+	i := 0
+	for k := range ncp.CAs {
+		fp[i] = k
+		i++
+	}
+
+	return fp
+}
+
+// CheckCAConstraints returns an error if the sub certificate violates constraints present in the signer certificate.
+func CheckCAConstraints(signer Certificate, sub Certificate) error {
+	return checkCAConstraints(signer, sub.NotBefore(), sub.NotAfter(), sub.Groups(), sub.Networks(), sub.UnsafeNetworks())
+}
+
+// checkCAConstraints is a very generic function allowing both Certificates and TBSCertificates to be tested.
+func checkCAConstraints(signer Certificate, notBefore, notAfter time.Time, groups []string, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix) error {
+	// Make sure this cert isn't valid after the root
+	if notAfter.After(signer.NotAfter()) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("certificate expires after signing certificate")
+	}
+
+	// Make sure this cert wasn't valid before the root
+	if notBefore.Before(signer.NotBefore()) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("certificate is valid before the signing certificate")
+	}
+
+	// If the signer has a limited set of groups make sure the cert only contains a subset
+	signerGroups := signer.Groups()
+	if len(signerGroups) > 0 {
+		for _, g := range groups {
+			if !slices.Contains(signerGroups, g) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: %s", g)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If the signer has a limited set of ip ranges to issue from make sure the cert only contains a subset
+	signingNetworks := signer.Networks()
+	if len(signingNetworks) > 0 {
+		for _, certNetwork := range networks {
+			found := false
+			for _, signingNetwork := range signingNetworks {
+				if signingNetwork.Contains(certNetwork.Addr()) && signingNetwork.Bits() <= certNetwork.Bits() {
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			if !found {
+				return fmt.Errorf("certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: %s", certNetwork.String())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// If the signer has a limited set of subnet ranges to issue from make sure the cert only contains a subset
+	signingUnsafeNetworks := signer.UnsafeNetworks()
+	if len(signingUnsafeNetworks) > 0 {
+		for _, certUnsafeNetwork := range unsafeNetworks {
+			found := false
+			for _, caNetwork := range signingUnsafeNetworks {
+				if caNetwork.Contains(certUnsafeNetwork.Addr()) && caNetwork.Bits() <= certUnsafeNetwork.Bits() {
+					found = true
+					break
+				}
+			}
+
+			if !found {
+				return fmt.Errorf("certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: %s", certUnsafeNetwork.String())
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

cert/ca_pool_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestNewCAPoolFromBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	noNewLines := `
+# Current provisional, Remove once everything moves over to the real root.
+-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+Cj4KDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKM0cMM24zPCvBzogV24YEw5YiqeI/oYo8XXFsoo+
+PBmiOafNJhLacf9rsspAARJAz9OAnh8TKAUKix1kKVMyQU4iM3LsFfZRf6ODWXIf
+2qWMpB6fpd3PSoVYziPoOt2bIHIFLlgRLPJz3I3xBEdBCQ==
+-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+# root-ca01
+-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+CkEKEW5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhIDAxKM0cMM24zPCvBzogPzbWTxt8ZgXPQEwup7Br
+BrtIt1O0q5AuTRT3+t2x1VJAARJAZ+2ib23qBXjdy49oU1YysrwuKkWWKrtJ7Jye
+rFBQpDXikOukhQD/mfkloFwJ+Yjsfru7IpTN4ZfjXL+kN/2sCA==
+-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+`
+
+	withNewLines := `
+# Current provisional, Remove once everything moves over to the real root.
+
+-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+Cj4KDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKM0cMM24zPCvBzogV24YEw5YiqeI/oYo8XXFsoo+
+PBmiOafNJhLacf9rsspAARJAz9OAnh8TKAUKix1kKVMyQU4iM3LsFfZRf6ODWXIf
+2qWMpB6fpd3PSoVYziPoOt2bIHIFLlgRLPJz3I3xBEdBCQ==
+-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+
+# root-ca01
+
+
+-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+CkEKEW5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhIDAxKM0cMM24zPCvBzogPzbWTxt8ZgXPQEwup7Br
+BrtIt1O0q5AuTRT3+t2x1VJAARJAZ+2ib23qBXjdy49oU1YysrwuKkWWKrtJ7Jye
+rFBQpDXikOukhQD/mfkloFwJ+Yjsfru7IpTN4ZfjXL+kN/2sCA==
+-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+
+`
+
+	expired := `
+# expired certificate
+-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+CjMKB2V4cGlyZWQozRwwzRw6ICJSG94CqX8wn5I65Pwn25V6HftVfWeIySVtp2DA
+7TY/QAESQMaAk5iJT5EnQwK524ZaaHGEJLUqqbh5yyOHhboIGiVTWkFeH3HccTW8
+Tq5a8AyWDQdfXbtEZ1FwabeHfH5Asw0=
+-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+`
+
+	p256 := `
+# p256 certificate
+-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+CmQKEG5lYnVsYSBQMjU2IHRlc3QozRwwzbjM8K8HOkEEdrmmg40zQp44AkMq6DZp
+k+coOv04r+zh33ISyhbsafnYduN17p2eD7CmHvHuerguXD9f32gcxo/KsFCKEjMe
++0ABoAYBEkcwRQIgVoTg38L7uWku9xQgsr06kxZ/viQLOO/w1Qj1vFUEnhcCIQCq
+75SjTiV92kv/1GcbT3wWpAZQQDBiUHVMVmh1822szA==
+-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+`
+
+	rootCA := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name: "nebula root ca",
+		},
+	}
+
+	rootCA01 := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name: "nebula root ca 01",
+		},
+	}
+
+	rootCAP256 := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name: "nebula P256 test",
+		},
+	}
+
+	p, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(noNewLines))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, p.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
+	assert.Equal(t, p.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)
+
+	pp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(withNewLines))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, pp.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
+	assert.Equal(t, pp.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)
+
+	// expired cert, no valid certs
+	ppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(expired))
+	assert.Equal(t, ErrExpired, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "expired", ppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name())
+
+	// expired cert, with valid certs
+	pppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM(append([]byte(expired), noNewLines...))
+	assert.Equal(t, ErrExpired, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, pppp.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
+	assert.Equal(t, pppp.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "expired", pppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name())
+	assert.Len(t, pppp.CAs, 3)
+
+	ppppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(p256))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, ppppp.CAs["552bf7d99bec1fc775a0e4c324bf6d8f789b3078f1919c7960d2e5e0c351ee97"].Certificate.Name(), rootCAP256.details.name)
+	assert.Len(t, ppppp.CAs, 1)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_Verify(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+
+	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+
+	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert2", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	})
+
+	// Test group assertion
+	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool = NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
+	})
+
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test2", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+
+	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+
+	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	})
+
+	// Test group assertion
+	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool = NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
+	})
+
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
+	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
+	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	// ip is outside the network
+	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip and mask are within the network
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
+	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
+	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
+
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	// ip is outside the network
+	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip and mask are within the network
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_Verify(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+
+	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+
+	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert2", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	})
+
+	// Test group assertion
+	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool = NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
+	})
+
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test2", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+
+	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+
+	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	})
+
+	// Test group assertion
+	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool = NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
+	})
+
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
+	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
+	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	// ip is outside the network
+	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip and mask are within the network
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
+	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
+	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
+
+	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	caPool := NewCAPool()
+	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+
+	// ip is outside the network
+	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
+	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
+		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	})
+
+	// ip and mask are within the network
+	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
+	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
+	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, []string{"test"})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+}

cert/cert_v1.go

@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/ecdh"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+const publicKeyLen = 32
+
+type certificateV1 struct {
+	details   detailsV1
+	signature []byte
+}
+
+type detailsV1 struct {
+	name           string
+	networks       []netip.Prefix
+	unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	groups         []string
+	notBefore      time.Time
+	notAfter       time.Time
+	publicKey      []byte
+	isCA           bool
+	issuer         string
+
+	curve Curve
+}
+
+type m = map[string]any
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Version() Version {
+	return Version1
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Curve() Curve {
+	return c.details.curve
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Groups() []string {
+	return c.details.groups
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) IsCA() bool {
+	return c.details.isCA
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Issuer() string {
+	return c.details.issuer
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Name() string {
+	return c.details.name
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return c.details.networks
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) NotAfter() time.Time {
+	return c.details.notAfter
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) NotBefore() time.Time {
+	return c.details.notBefore
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) PublicKey() []byte {
+	return c.details.publicKey
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Signature() []byte {
+	return c.signature
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) UnsafeNetworks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return c.details.unsafeNetworks
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Fingerprint() (string, error) {
+	b, err := c.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	sum := sha256.Sum256(b)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]), nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
+	b, err := proto.Marshal(c.getRawDetails())
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	switch c.details.curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
+	case Curve_P256:
+		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
+		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
+		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Expired(t time.Time) bool {
+	return c.details.notBefore.After(t) || c.details.notAfter.Before(t)
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) VerifyPrivateKey(curve Curve, key []byte) error {
+	if curve != c.details.curve {
+		return fmt.Errorf("curve in cert and private key supplied don't match")
+	}
+	if c.details.isCA {
+		switch curve {
+		case Curve_CURVE25519:
+			// the call to PublicKey below will panic slice bounds out of range otherwise
+			if len(key) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
+				return fmt.Errorf("key was not 64 bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key")
+			}
+
+			if !ed25519.PublicKey(c.details.publicKey).Equal(ed25519.PrivateKey(key).Public()) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("public key in cert and private key supplied don't match")
+			}
+		case Curve_P256:
+			privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("cannot parse private key as P256: %w", err)
+			}
+			pub := privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
+			if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.details.publicKey) {
+				return fmt.Errorf("public key in cert and private key supplied don't match")
+			}
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var pub []byte
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		var err error
+		pub, err = curve25519.X25519(key, curve25519.Basepoint)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	case Curve_P256:
+		privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		pub = privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.details.publicKey) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("public key in cert and private key supplied don't match")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getRawDetails marshals the raw details into protobuf ready struct
+func (c *certificateV1) getRawDetails() *RawNebulaCertificateDetails {
+	rd := &RawNebulaCertificateDetails{
+		Name:      c.details.name,
+		Groups:    c.details.groups,
+		NotBefore: c.details.notBefore.Unix(),
+		NotAfter:  c.details.notAfter.Unix(),
+		PublicKey: make([]byte, len(c.details.publicKey)),
+		IsCA:      c.details.isCA,
+		Curve:     c.details.curve,
+	}
+
+	for _, ipNet := range c.details.networks {
+		mask := net.CIDRMask(ipNet.Bits(), ipNet.Addr().BitLen())
+		rd.Ips = append(rd.Ips, addr2int(ipNet.Addr()), ip2int(mask))
+	}
+
+	for _, ipNet := range c.details.unsafeNetworks {
+		mask := net.CIDRMask(ipNet.Bits(), ipNet.Addr().BitLen())
+		rd.Subnets = append(rd.Subnets, addr2int(ipNet.Addr()), ip2int(mask))
+	}
+
+	copy(rd.PublicKey, c.details.publicKey[:])
+
+	// I know, this is terrible
+	rd.Issuer, _ = hex.DecodeString(c.details.issuer)
+
+	return rd
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) String() string {
+	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(c.marshalJSON(), "", "\t")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("<error marshalling certificate: %v>", err)
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) MarshalForHandshakes() ([]byte, error) {
+	pubKey := c.details.publicKey
+	c.details.publicKey = nil
+	rawCertNoKey, err := c.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c.details.publicKey = pubKey
+	return rawCertNoKey, nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	rc := RawNebulaCertificate{
+		Details:   c.getRawDetails(),
+		Signature: c.signature,
+	}
+
+	return proto.Marshal(&rc)
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) MarshalPEM() ([]byte, error) {
+	b, err := c.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: CertificateBanner, Bytes: b}), nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(c.marshalJSON())
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) marshalJSON() m {
+	fp, _ := c.Fingerprint()
+	return m{
+		"version": Version1,
+		"details": m{
+			"name":           c.details.name,
+			"networks":       c.details.networks,
+			"unsafeNetworks": c.details.unsafeNetworks,
+			"groups":         c.details.groups,
+			"notBefore":      c.details.notBefore,
+			"notAfter":       c.details.notAfter,
+			"publicKey":      fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.details.publicKey),
+			"isCa":           c.details.isCA,
+			"issuer":         c.details.issuer,
+			"curve":          c.details.curve.String(),
+		},
+		"fingerprint": fp,
+		"signature":   fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.Signature()),
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) Copy() Certificate {
+	nc := &certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name:      c.details.name,
+			notBefore: c.details.notBefore,
+			notAfter:  c.details.notAfter,
+			publicKey: make([]byte, len(c.details.publicKey)),
+			isCA:      c.details.isCA,
+			issuer:    c.details.issuer,
+			curve:     c.details.curve,
+		},
+		signature: make([]byte, len(c.signature)),
+	}
+
+	if c.details.groups != nil {
+		nc.details.groups = make([]string, len(c.details.groups))
+		copy(nc.details.groups, c.details.groups)
+	}
+
+	if c.details.networks != nil {
+		nc.details.networks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.networks))
+		copy(nc.details.networks, c.details.networks)
+	}
+
+	if c.details.unsafeNetworks != nil {
+		nc.details.unsafeNetworks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.unsafeNetworks))
+		copy(nc.details.unsafeNetworks, c.details.unsafeNetworks)
+	}
+
+	copy(nc.signature, c.signature)
+	copy(nc.details.publicKey, c.details.publicKey)
+
+	return nc
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) fromTBSCertificate(t *TBSCertificate) error {
+	c.details = detailsV1{
+		name:           t.Name,
+		networks:       t.Networks,
+		unsafeNetworks: t.UnsafeNetworks,
+		groups:         t.Groups,
+		notBefore:      t.NotBefore,
+		notAfter:       t.NotAfter,
+		publicKey:      t.PublicKey,
+		isCA:           t.IsCA,
+		curve:          t.Curve,
+		issuer:         t.issuer,
+	}
+
+	return c.validate()
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) validate() error {
+	// Empty names are allowed
+
+	if len(c.details.publicKey) == 0 {
+		return ErrInvalidPublicKey
+	}
+
+	// Original v1 rules allowed multiple networks to be present but ignored all but the first one.
+	// Continue to allow this behavior
+	if !c.details.isCA && len(c.details.networks) == 0 {
+		return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificates must contain exactly one network")
+	}
+
+	for _, network := range c.details.networks {
+		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid network: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().Is6() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("certificate may not contain IPv6 networks: %v", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().IsUnspecified() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificates must not use the zero address as a network: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for _, network := range c.details.unsafeNetworks {
+		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid unsafe network: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().Is6() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("certificate may not contain IPv6 unsafe networks: %v", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("unsafe networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// v1 doesn't bother with sort order or uniqueness of networks or unsafe networks.
+	// We can't modify the unmarshalled data because verification requires re-marshalling and a re-ordered
+	// unsafe networks would result in a different signature.
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) marshalForSigning() ([]byte, error) {
+	b, err := proto.Marshal(c.getRawDetails())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV1) setSignature(b []byte) error {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return ErrEmptySignature
+	}
+	c.signature = b
+	return nil
+}
+
+// unmarshalCertificateV1 will unmarshal a protobuf byte representation of a nebula cert
+// if the publicKey is provided here then it is not required to be present in `b`
+func unmarshalCertificateV1(b []byte, publicKey []byte) (*certificateV1, error) {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil byte array")
+	}
+	var rc RawNebulaCertificate
+	err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &rc)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if rc.Details == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded Details was nil")
+	}
+
+	if len(rc.Details.Ips)%2 != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded IPs should be in pairs, an odd number was found")
+	}
+
+	if len(rc.Details.Subnets)%2 != 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded Subnets should be in pairs, an odd number was found")
+	}
+
+	nc := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name:           rc.Details.Name,
+			groups:         make([]string, len(rc.Details.Groups)),
+			networks:       make([]netip.Prefix, len(rc.Details.Ips)/2),
+			unsafeNetworks: make([]netip.Prefix, len(rc.Details.Subnets)/2),
+			notBefore:      time.Unix(rc.Details.NotBefore, 0),
+			notAfter:       time.Unix(rc.Details.NotAfter, 0),
+			publicKey:      make([]byte, len(rc.Details.PublicKey)),
+			isCA:           rc.Details.IsCA,
+			curve:          rc.Details.Curve,
+		},
+		signature: make([]byte, len(rc.Signature)),
+	}
+
+	copy(nc.signature, rc.Signature)
+	copy(nc.details.groups, rc.Details.Groups)
+	nc.details.issuer = hex.EncodeToString(rc.Details.Issuer)
+
+	if len(publicKey) > 0 {
+		nc.details.publicKey = publicKey
+	}
+
+	copy(nc.details.publicKey, rc.Details.PublicKey)
+
+	var ip netip.Addr
+	for i, rawIp := range rc.Details.Ips {
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			ip = int2addr(rawIp)
+		} else {
+			ones, _ := net.IPMask(int2ip(rawIp)).Size()
+			nc.details.networks[i/2] = netip.PrefixFrom(ip, ones)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i, rawIp := range rc.Details.Subnets {
+		if i%2 == 0 {
+			ip = int2addr(rawIp)
+		} else {
+			ones, _ := net.IPMask(int2ip(rawIp)).Size()
+			nc.details.unsafeNetworks[i/2] = netip.PrefixFrom(ip, ones)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = nc.validate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &nc, nil
+}
+
+func ip2int(ip []byte) uint32 {
+	if len(ip) == 16 {
+		return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(ip[12:16])
+	}
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(ip)
+}
+
+func int2ip(nn uint32) net.IP {
+	ip := make(net.IP, net.IPv4len)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(ip, nn)
+	return ip
+}
+
+func addr2int(addr netip.Addr) uint32 {
+	b := addr.Unmap().As4()
+	return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+}
+
+func int2addr(nn uint32) netip.Addr {
+	ip := [4]byte{}
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(ip[:], nn)
+	return netip.AddrFrom4(ip).Unmap()
+}

cert/cert_v1.pb.go

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
 // versions:
-// 	protoc-gen-go v1.30.0
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.34.2
 // 	protoc        v3.21.5
-// source: cert.proto
+// source: cert_v1.proto
 
 package cert
 
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ func (x Curve) String() string {
 }
 
 func (Curve) Descriptor() protoreflect.EnumDescriptor {
-	return file_cert_proto_enumTypes[0].Descriptor()
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes[0].Descriptor()
 }
 
 func (Curve) Type() protoreflect.EnumType {
-	return &file_cert_proto_enumTypes[0]
+	return &file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes[0]
 }
 
 func (x Curve) Number() protoreflect.EnumNumber {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func (x Curve) Number() protoreflect.EnumNumber {
 
 // Deprecated: Use Curve.Descriptor instead.
 func (Curve) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
 }
 
 type RawNebulaCertificate struct {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ type RawNebulaCertificate struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaCertificate{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[0]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaCertificate) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[0]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaCertificate.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaCertificate) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
 }
 
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) GetDetails() *RawNebulaCertificateDetails {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ type RawNebulaCertificateDetails struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaCertificateDetails{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[1]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaCertificateDetails) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[1]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaCertificateDetails.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaCertificateDetails) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
 }
 
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) GetName() string {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ type RawNebulaEncryptedData struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaEncryptedData{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[2]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptedData) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[2]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaEncryptedData.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptedData) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
 }
 
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) GetEncryptionMetadata() *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata {
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ type RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[3]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[3]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
 }
 
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) GetEncryptionAlgorithm() string {
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ type RawNebulaArgon2Parameters struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaArgon2Parameters{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[4]
+		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[4]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) ProtoMessage() {}
 
 func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[4]
+	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[4]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
 
 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaArgon2Parameters.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
 }
 
 func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) GetVersion() int32 {
@@ -431,87 +431,87 @@ func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) GetSalt() []byte {
 	return nil
 }
 
-var File_cert_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+var File_cert_v1_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
 
-var file_cert_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
-	0x0a, 0x0a, 0x63, 0x65, 0x72, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x12, 0x04, 0x63, 0x65,
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+var file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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+	0x72, 0x76, 0x65, 0x12, 0x0e, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x43, 0x55, 0x52, 0x56, 0x45, 0x32, 0x35, 0x35, 0x31,
+	0x39, 0x10, 0x00, 0x12, 0x08, 0x0a, 0x04, 0x50, 0x32, 0x35, 0x36, 0x10, 0x01, 0x42, 0x20, 0x5a,
+	0x1e, 0x67, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x75, 0x62, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x2f, 0x73, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x63,
+	0x6b, 0x68, 0x71, 0x2f, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x62, 0x75, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x2f, 0x63, 0x65, 0x72, 0x74, 0x62,
+	0x06, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
 }
 
 var (
-	file_cert_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
-	file_cert_proto_rawDescData = file_cert_proto_rawDesc
+	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData = file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc
 )
 
-func file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
-	file_cert_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
-		file_cert_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_cert_proto_rawDescData)
+func file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData)
 	})
-	return file_cert_proto_rawDescData
+	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData
 }
 
-var file_cert_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 1)
-var file_cert_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 5)
-var file_cert_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
+var file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 1)
+var file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 5)
+var file_cert_v1_proto_goTypes = []any{
 	(Curve)(0),                          // 0: cert.Curve
 	(*RawNebulaCertificate)(nil),        // 1: cert.RawNebulaCertificate
 	(*RawNebulaCertificateDetails)(nil), // 2: cert.RawNebulaCertificateDetails
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ var file_cert_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
 	(*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata)(nil), // 4: cert.RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata
 	(*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters)(nil),   // 5: cert.RawNebulaArgon2Parameters
 }
-var file_cert_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+var file_cert_v1_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	2, // 0: cert.RawNebulaCertificate.Details:type_name -> cert.RawNebulaCertificateDetails
 	0, // 1: cert.RawNebulaCertificateDetails.curve:type_name -> cert.Curve
 	4, // 2: cert.RawNebulaEncryptedData.EncryptionMetadata:type_name -> cert.RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata
@@ -531,13 +531,13 @@ var file_cert_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	0, // [0:4] is the sub-list for field type_name
 }
 
-func init() { file_cert_proto_init() }
-func file_cert_proto_init() {
-	if File_cert_proto != nil {
+func init() { file_cert_v1_proto_init() }
+func file_cert_v1_proto_init() {
+	if File_cert_v1_proto != nil {
 		return
 	}
 	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaCertificate); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ func file_cert_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaCertificateDetails); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ func file_cert_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaEncryptedData); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ func file_cert_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ func file_cert_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
+		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -602,19 +602,19 @@ func file_cert_proto_init() {
 	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
 		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
 			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
-			RawDescriptor: file_cert_proto_rawDesc,
+			RawDescriptor: file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc,
 			NumEnums:      1,
 			NumMessages:   5,
 			NumExtensions: 0,
 			NumServices:   0,
 		},
-		GoTypes:           file_cert_proto_goTypes,
-		DependencyIndexes: file_cert_proto_depIdxs,
-		EnumInfos:         file_cert_proto_enumTypes,
-		MessageInfos:      file_cert_proto_msgTypes,
+		GoTypes:           file_cert_v1_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_cert_v1_proto_depIdxs,
+		EnumInfos:         file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes,
+		MessageInfos:      file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes,
 	}.Build()
-	File_cert_proto = out.File
-	file_cert_proto_rawDesc = nil
-	file_cert_proto_goTypes = nil
-	file_cert_proto_depIdxs = nil
+	File_cert_v1_proto = out.File
+	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_cert_v1_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_cert_v1_proto_depIdxs = nil
 }

cert/cert_v1_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name: "testing",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+			},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
+			},
+			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore: before,
+			notAfter:  after,
+			publicKey: pubKey,
+			isCA:      false,
+			issuer:    "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
+		},
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
+	}
+
+	b, err := nc.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	//t.Log("Cert size:", len(b))
+
+	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Version1, nc.Version())
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Signature(), nc2.Signature())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Name(), nc2.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotBefore(), nc2.NotBefore())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotAfter(), nc2.NotAfter())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.PublicKey(), nc2.PublicKey())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.IsCA(), nc2.IsCA())
+
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Networks(), nc2.Networks())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.UnsafeNetworks(), nc2.UnsafeNetworks())
+
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_Expired(t *testing.T) {
+	nc := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			notBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second),
+			notAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second),
+		},
+	}
+
+	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)))
+	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)))
+	assert.False(t, nc.Expired(time.Now()))
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	time.Local = time.UTC
+	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name: "testing",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+			},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
+			},
+			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore: time.Date(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+			notAfter:  time.Date(1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+			publicKey: pubKey,
+			isCA:      false,
+			issuer:    "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
+		},
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
+	}
+
+	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.JSONEq(
+		t,
+		"{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"test-group1\",\"test-group2\",\"test-group3\"],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab\",\"name\":\"testing\",\"networks\":[\"10.1.1.1/24\",\"10.1.1.2/16\"],\"notAfter\":\"0000-11-30T02:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0000-11-30T01:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162\",\"unsafeNetworks\":[\"9.1.1.2/24\",\"9.1.1.3/16\"]},\"fingerprint\":\"3944c53d4267a229295b56cb2d27d459164c010ac97d655063ba421e0670f4ba\",\"signature\":\"313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162\",\"version\":1}",
+		string(b),
+	)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_VerifyPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey2)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, rawPriv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, priv2 := X25519Keypair()
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_VerifyPrivateKeyP256(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, rawPriv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, priv2 := P256Keypair()
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+// Ensure that upgrading the protobuf library does not change how certificates
+// are marshalled, since this would break signature verification
+func TestMarshalingCertificateV1Consistency(t *testing.T) {
+	before := time.Date(1970, time.January, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, time.UTC)
+	after := time.Date(9999, time.January, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, time.UTC)
+	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name: "testing",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+			},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+			},
+			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore: before,
+			notAfter:  after,
+			publicKey: pubKey,
+			isCA:      false,
+			issuer:    "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
+		},
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
+	}
+
+	b, err := nc.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "0a8e010a0774657374696e671212828284508080fcff0f8182845080feffff0f1a12838284488080fcff0f8282844880feffff0f220b746573742d67726f757031220b746573742d67726f757032220b746573742d67726f75703328cd1c30cdb8ccf0af073a20313233343536373839306162636564666768696a3132333435363738393061624a081234567890abcedf1220313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162", fmt.Sprintf("%x", b))
+
+	b, err = proto.Marshal(nc.getRawDetails())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "0a0774657374696e671212828284508080fcff0f8182845080feffff0f1a12838284488080fcff0f8282844880feffff0f220b746573742d67726f757031220b746573742d67726f757032220b746573742d67726f75703328cd1c30cdb8ccf0af073a20313233343536373839306162636564666768696a3132333435363738393061624a081234567890abcedf", fmt.Sprintf("%x", b))
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_Copy(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	cc := c.Copy()
+	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, c, cc)
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalCertificateV1(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that we don't panic with an invalid certificate (#332)
+	data := []byte("\x98\x00\x00")
+	_, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(data, nil)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "encoded Details was nil")
+}
+
+func appendByteSlices(b ...[]byte) []byte {
+	retSlice := []byte{}
+	for _, v := range b {
+		retSlice = append(retSlice, v...)
+	}
+	return retSlice
+}
+
+func mustParsePrefixUnmapped(s string) netip.Prefix {
+	prefix := netip.MustParsePrefix(s)
+	return netip.PrefixFrom(prefix.Addr().Unmap(), prefix.Bits())
+}

cert/cert_v2.asn1

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Nebula DEFINITIONS AUTOMATIC TAGS ::= BEGIN
+
+Name ::= UTF8String (SIZE (1..253))
+Time ::= INTEGER (0..18446744073709551615) -- Seconds since unix epoch, uint64 maximum
+Network ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (5,17)) -- IP addresses are 4 or 16 bytes + 1 byte for the prefix length
+Curve ::= ENUMERATED {
+    curve25519 (0),
+    p256 (1)
+}
+
+-- The maximum size of a certificate must not exceed 65536 bytes
+Certificate ::= SEQUENCE {
+    details OCTET STRING,
+    curve Curve DEFAULT curve25519,
+    publicKey OCTET STRING,
+    -- signature(details + curve + publicKey) using the appropriate method for curve
+    signature OCTET STRING
+}
+
+Details ::= SEQUENCE {
+    name Name,
+
+    -- At least 1 ipv4 or ipv6 address must be present if isCA is false
+    networks SEQUENCE OF Network OPTIONAL,
+    unsafeNetworks SEQUENCE OF Network OPTIONAL,
+    groups SEQUENCE OF Name OPTIONAL,
+    isCA BOOLEAN DEFAULT false,
+    notBefore Time,
+    notAfter Time,
+
+    -- issuer is only required if isCA is false, if isCA is true then it must not be present
+    issuer OCTET STRING OPTIONAL,
+    ...
+    -- New fields can be added below here
+}
+
+END

cert/cert_v2.go

@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/ecdh"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte/asn1"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+)
+
+const (
+	classConstructed     = 0x20
+	classContextSpecific = 0x80
+
+	TagCertDetails   = 0 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
+	TagCertCurve     = 1 | classContextSpecific
+	TagCertPublicKey = 2 | classContextSpecific
+	TagCertSignature = 3 | classContextSpecific
+
+	TagDetailsName           = 0 | classContextSpecific
+	TagDetailsNetworks       = 1 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
+	TagDetailsUnsafeNetworks = 2 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
+	TagDetailsGroups         = 3 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
+	TagDetailsIsCA           = 4 | classContextSpecific
+	TagDetailsNotBefore      = 5 | classContextSpecific
+	TagDetailsNotAfter       = 6 | classContextSpecific
+	TagDetailsIssuer         = 7 | classContextSpecific
+)
+
+const (
+	// MaxCertificateSize is the maximum length a valid certificate can be
+	MaxCertificateSize = 65536
+
+	// MaxNameLength is limited to a maximum realistic DNS domain name to help facilitate DNS systems
+	MaxNameLength = 253
+
+	// MaxNetworkLength is the maximum length a network value can be.
+	// 16 bytes for an ipv6 address + 1 byte for the prefix length
+	MaxNetworkLength = 17
+)
+
+type certificateV2 struct {
+	details detailsV2
+
+	// RawDetails contains the entire asn.1 DER encoded Details struct
+	// This is to benefit forwards compatibility in signature checking.
+	// signature(RawDetails + Curve + PublicKey) == Signature
+	rawDetails []byte
+	curve      Curve
+	publicKey  []byte
+	signature  []byte
+}
+
+type detailsV2 struct {
+	name           string
+	networks       []netip.Prefix // MUST BE SORTED
+	unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix // MUST BE SORTED
+	groups         []string
+	isCA           bool
+	notBefore      time.Time
+	notAfter       time.Time
+	issuer         string
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Version() Version {
+	return Version2
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Curve() Curve {
+	return c.curve
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Groups() []string {
+	return c.details.groups
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) IsCA() bool {
+	return c.details.isCA
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Issuer() string {
+	return c.details.issuer
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Name() string {
+	return c.details.name
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return c.details.networks
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) NotAfter() time.Time {
+	return c.details.notAfter
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) NotBefore() time.Time {
+	return c.details.notBefore
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) PublicKey() []byte {
+	return c.publicKey
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Signature() []byte {
+	return c.signature
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) UnsafeNetworks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return c.details.unsafeNetworks
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Fingerprint() (string, error) {
+	if len(c.rawDetails) == 0 {
+		return "", ErrMissingDetails
+	}
+
+	b := make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey)+len(c.signature))
+	copy(b, c.rawDetails)
+	b[len(c.rawDetails)] = byte(c.curve)
+	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1:], c.publicKey)
+	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey):], c.signature)
+	sum := sha256.Sum256(b)
+	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]), nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
+	if len(c.rawDetails) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	b := make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey))
+	copy(b, c.rawDetails)
+	b[len(c.rawDetails)] = byte(c.curve)
+	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1:], c.publicKey)
+
+	switch c.curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
+	case Curve_P256:
+		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
+		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
+		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Expired(t time.Time) bool {
+	return c.details.notBefore.After(t) || c.details.notAfter.Before(t)
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) VerifyPrivateKey(curve Curve, key []byte) error {
+	if curve != c.curve {
+		return ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch
+	}
+	if c.details.isCA {
+		switch curve {
+		case Curve_CURVE25519:
+			// the call to PublicKey below will panic slice bounds out of range otherwise
+			if len(key) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
+				return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
+			}
+
+			if !ed25519.PublicKey(c.publicKey).Equal(ed25519.PrivateKey(key).Public()) {
+				return ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch
+			}
+		case Curve_P256:
+			privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
+			if err != nil {
+				return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
+			}
+			pub := privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
+			if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.publicKey) {
+				return ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch
+			}
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var pub []byte
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		var err error
+		pub, err = curve25519.X25519(key, curve25519.Basepoint)
+		if err != nil {
+			return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
+		}
+	case Curve_P256:
+		privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
+		}
+		pub = privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.publicKey) {
+		return ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) String() string {
+	mb, err := c.marshalJSON()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("<error marshalling certificate: %v>", err)
+	}
+
+	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(mb, "", "\t")
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("<error marshalling certificate: %v>", err)
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) MarshalForHandshakes() ([]byte, error) {
+	if c.rawDetails == nil {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyRawDetails
+	}
+	var b cryptobyte.Builder
+	// Outermost certificate
+	b.AddASN1(asn1.SEQUENCE, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+
+		// Add the cert details which is already marshalled
+		b.AddBytes(c.rawDetails)
+
+		// Skipping the curve and public key since those come across in a different part of the handshake
+
+		// Add the signature
+		b.AddASN1(TagCertSignature, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+			b.AddBytes(c.signature)
+		})
+	})
+
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	if c.rawDetails == nil {
+		return nil, ErrEmptyRawDetails
+	}
+	var b cryptobyte.Builder
+	// Outermost certificate
+	b.AddASN1(asn1.SEQUENCE, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+
+		// Add the cert details which is already marshalled
+		b.AddBytes(c.rawDetails)
+
+		// Add the curve only if its not the default value
+		if c.curve != Curve_CURVE25519 {
+			b.AddASN1(TagCertCurve, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+				b.AddBytes([]byte{byte(c.curve)})
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Add the public key if it is not empty
+		if c.publicKey != nil {
+			b.AddASN1(TagCertPublicKey, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+				b.AddBytes(c.publicKey)
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Add the signature
+		b.AddASN1(TagCertSignature, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+			b.AddBytes(c.signature)
+		})
+	})
+
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) MarshalPEM() ([]byte, error) {
+	b, err := c.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: CertificateV2Banner, Bytes: b}), nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	b, err := c.marshalJSON()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return json.Marshal(b)
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) marshalJSON() (m, error) {
+	fp, err := c.Fingerprint()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return m{
+		"details": m{
+			"name":           c.details.name,
+			"networks":       c.details.networks,
+			"unsafeNetworks": c.details.unsafeNetworks,
+			"groups":         c.details.groups,
+			"notBefore":      c.details.notBefore,
+			"notAfter":       c.details.notAfter,
+			"isCa":           c.details.isCA,
+			"issuer":         c.details.issuer,
+		},
+		"version":     Version2,
+		"publicKey":   fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.publicKey),
+		"curve":       c.curve.String(),
+		"fingerprint": fp,
+		"signature":   fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.Signature()),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) Copy() Certificate {
+	nc := &certificateV2{
+		details: detailsV2{
+			name:      c.details.name,
+			notBefore: c.details.notBefore,
+			notAfter:  c.details.notAfter,
+			isCA:      c.details.isCA,
+			issuer:    c.details.issuer,
+		},
+		curve:      c.curve,
+		publicKey:  make([]byte, len(c.publicKey)),
+		signature:  make([]byte, len(c.signature)),
+		rawDetails: make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)),
+	}
+
+	if c.details.groups != nil {
+		nc.details.groups = make([]string, len(c.details.groups))
+		copy(nc.details.groups, c.details.groups)
+	}
+
+	if c.details.networks != nil {
+		nc.details.networks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.networks))
+		copy(nc.details.networks, c.details.networks)
+	}
+
+	if c.details.unsafeNetworks != nil {
+		nc.details.unsafeNetworks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.unsafeNetworks))
+		copy(nc.details.unsafeNetworks, c.details.unsafeNetworks)
+	}
+
+	copy(nc.rawDetails, c.rawDetails)
+	copy(nc.signature, c.signature)
+	copy(nc.publicKey, c.publicKey)
+
+	return nc
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) fromTBSCertificate(t *TBSCertificate) error {
+	c.details = detailsV2{
+		name:           t.Name,
+		networks:       t.Networks,
+		unsafeNetworks: t.UnsafeNetworks,
+		groups:         t.Groups,
+		isCA:           t.IsCA,
+		notBefore:      t.NotBefore,
+		notAfter:       t.NotAfter,
+		issuer:         t.issuer,
+	}
+	c.curve = t.Curve
+	c.publicKey = t.PublicKey
+	return c.validate()
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) validate() error {
+	// Empty names are allowed
+
+	if len(c.publicKey) == 0 {
+		return ErrInvalidPublicKey
+	}
+
+	if !c.details.isCA && len(c.details.networks) == 0 {
+		return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificate must contain at least 1 network")
+	}
+
+	hasV4Networks := false
+	hasV6Networks := false
+	for _, network := range c.details.networks {
+		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid network: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().IsUnspecified() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificates must not use the zero address as a network: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().Is4In6() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("4in6 networks are not allowed: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		hasV4Networks = hasV4Networks || network.Addr().Is4()
+		hasV6Networks = hasV6Networks || network.Addr().Is6()
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(c.details.networks, comparePrefix)
+	err := findDuplicatePrefix(c.details.networks)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	for _, network := range c.details.unsafeNetworks {
+		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid unsafe network: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("unsafe networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
+		}
+
+		if !c.details.isCA {
+			if network.Addr().Is6() {
+				if !hasV6Networks {
+					return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("IPv6 unsafe networks require an IPv6 address assignment: %s", network)
+				}
+			} else if network.Addr().Is4() {
+				if !hasV4Networks {
+					return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("IPv4 unsafe networks require an IPv4 address assignment: %s", network)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(c.details.unsafeNetworks, comparePrefix)
+	err = findDuplicatePrefix(c.details.unsafeNetworks)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) marshalForSigning() ([]byte, error) {
+	d, err := c.details.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshalling certificate details failed: %w", err)
+	}
+	c.rawDetails = d
+
+	b := make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey))
+	copy(b, c.rawDetails)
+	b[len(c.rawDetails)] = byte(c.curve)
+	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1:], c.publicKey)
+	return b, nil
+}
+
+func (c *certificateV2) setSignature(b []byte) error {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return ErrEmptySignature
+	}
+	c.signature = b
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *detailsV2) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	var b cryptobyte.Builder
+	var err error
+
+	// Details are a structure
+	b.AddASN1(TagCertDetails, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+
+		// Add the name
+		b.AddASN1(TagDetailsName, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+			b.AddBytes([]byte(d.name))
+		})
+
+		// Add the networks if any exist
+		if len(d.networks) > 0 {
+			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsNetworks, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+				for _, n := range d.networks {
+					sb, innerErr := n.MarshalBinary()
+					if innerErr != nil {
+						// MarshalBinary never returns an error
+						err = fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal network: %w", innerErr)
+						return
+					}
+					b.AddASN1OctetString(sb)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Add the unsafe networks if any exist
+		if len(d.unsafeNetworks) > 0 {
+			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsUnsafeNetworks, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+				for _, n := range d.unsafeNetworks {
+					sb, innerErr := n.MarshalBinary()
+					if innerErr != nil {
+						// MarshalBinary never returns an error
+						err = fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal unsafe network: %w", innerErr)
+						return
+					}
+					b.AddASN1OctetString(sb)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Add groups if any exist
+		if len(d.groups) > 0 {
+			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsGroups, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+				for _, group := range d.groups {
+					b.AddASN1(asn1.UTF8String, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+						b.AddBytes([]byte(group))
+					})
+				}
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Add IsCA only if true
+		if d.isCA {
+			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsIsCA, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+				b.AddUint8(0xff)
+			})
+		}
+
+		// Add not before
+		b.AddASN1Int64WithTag(d.notBefore.Unix(), TagDetailsNotBefore)
+
+		// Add not after
+		b.AddASN1Int64WithTag(d.notAfter.Unix(), TagDetailsNotAfter)
+
+		// Add the issuer if present
+		if d.issuer != "" {
+			issuerBytes, innerErr := hex.DecodeString(d.issuer)
+			if innerErr != nil {
+				err = fmt.Errorf("failed to decode issuer: %w", innerErr)
+				return
+			}
+			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsIssuer, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
+				b.AddBytes(issuerBytes)
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return b.Bytes()
+}
+
+func unmarshalCertificateV2(b []byte, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (*certificateV2, error) {
+	l := len(b)
+	if l == 0 || l > MaxCertificateSize {
+		return nil, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	input := cryptobyte.String(b)
+	// Open the envelope
+	if !input.ReadASN1(&input, asn1.SEQUENCE) || input.Empty() {
+		return nil, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	// Grab the cert details, we need to preserve the tag and length
+	var rawDetails cryptobyte.String
+	if !input.ReadASN1Element(&rawDetails, TagCertDetails) || rawDetails.Empty() {
+		return nil, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	//Maybe grab the curve
+	var rawCurve byte
+	if !readOptionalASN1Byte(&input, &rawCurve, TagCertCurve, byte(curve)) {
+		return nil, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+	curve = Curve(rawCurve)
+
+	// Maybe grab the public key
+	var rawPublicKey cryptobyte.String
+	if len(publicKey) > 0 {
+		rawPublicKey = publicKey
+	} else if !input.ReadOptionalASN1(&rawPublicKey, nil, TagCertPublicKey) {
+		return nil, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	if len(rawPublicKey) == 0 {
+		return nil, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	// Grab the signature
+	var rawSignature cryptobyte.String
+	if !input.ReadASN1(&rawSignature, TagCertSignature) || rawSignature.Empty() {
+		return nil, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	// Finally unmarshal the details
+	details, err := unmarshalDetails(rawDetails)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	c := &certificateV2{
+		details:    details,
+		rawDetails: rawDetails,
+		curve:      curve,
+		publicKey:  rawPublicKey,
+		signature:  rawSignature,
+	}
+
+	err = c.validate()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+func unmarshalDetails(b cryptobyte.String) (detailsV2, error) {
+	// Open the envelope
+	if !b.ReadASN1(&b, TagCertDetails) || b.Empty() {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	// Read the name
+	var name cryptobyte.String
+	if !b.ReadASN1(&name, TagDetailsName) || name.Empty() || len(name) > MaxNameLength {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	// Read the network addresses
+	var subString cryptobyte.String
+	var found bool
+
+	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&subString, &found, TagDetailsNetworks) {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	var networks []netip.Prefix
+	var val cryptobyte.String
+	if found {
+		for !subString.Empty() {
+			if !subString.ReadASN1(&val, asn1.OCTET_STRING) || val.Empty() || len(val) > MaxNetworkLength {
+				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+			}
+
+			var n netip.Prefix
+			if err := n.UnmarshalBinary(val); err != nil {
+				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+			}
+			networks = append(networks, n)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Read out any unsafe networks
+	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&subString, &found, TagDetailsUnsafeNetworks) {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	var unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	if found {
+		for !subString.Empty() {
+			if !subString.ReadASN1(&val, asn1.OCTET_STRING) || val.Empty() || len(val) > MaxNetworkLength {
+				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+			}
+
+			var n netip.Prefix
+			if err := n.UnmarshalBinary(val); err != nil {
+				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+			}
+			unsafeNetworks = append(unsafeNetworks, n)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Read out any groups
+	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&subString, &found, TagDetailsGroups) {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	var groups []string
+	if found {
+		for !subString.Empty() {
+			if !subString.ReadASN1(&val, asn1.UTF8String) || val.Empty() {
+				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+			}
+			groups = append(groups, string(val))
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Read out IsCA
+	var isCa bool
+	if !readOptionalASN1Boolean(&b, &isCa, TagDetailsIsCA, false) {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	// Read not before and not after
+	var notBefore int64
+	if !b.ReadASN1Int64WithTag(&notBefore, TagDetailsNotBefore) {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	var notAfter int64
+	if !b.ReadASN1Int64WithTag(&notAfter, TagDetailsNotAfter) {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	// Read issuer
+	var issuer cryptobyte.String
+	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&issuer, nil, TagDetailsIssuer) {
+		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
+	}
+
+	return detailsV2{
+		name:           string(name),
+		networks:       networks,
+		unsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		groups:         groups,
+		isCA:           isCa,
+		notBefore:      time.Unix(notBefore, 0),
+		notAfter:       time.Unix(notAfter, 0),
+		issuer:         hex.EncodeToString(issuer),
+	}, nil
+}

cert/cert_v2_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV2{
+		details: detailsV2{
+			name: "testing",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+			},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+			},
+			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore: before,
+			notAfter:  after,
+			isCA:      false,
+			issuer:    "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
+		},
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"),
+		publicKey: pubKey,
+	}
+
+	db, err := nc.details.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	nc.rawDetails = db
+
+	b, err := nc.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	//t.Log("Cert size:", len(b))
+
+	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV2(b, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Version2, nc.Version())
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Signature(), nc2.Signature())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Name(), nc2.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotBefore(), nc2.NotBefore())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotAfter(), nc2.NotAfter())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.PublicKey(), nc2.PublicKey())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.IsCA(), nc2.IsCA())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Issuer(), nc2.Issuer())
+
+	// unmarshalling will sort networks and unsafeNetworks, we need to do the same
+	// but first make sure it fails
+	assert.NotEqual(t, nc.Networks(), nc2.Networks())
+	assert.NotEqual(t, nc.UnsafeNetworks(), nc2.UnsafeNetworks())
+
+	slices.SortFunc(nc.details.networks, comparePrefix)
+	slices.SortFunc(nc.details.unsafeNetworks, comparePrefix)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Networks(), nc2.Networks())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.UnsafeNetworks(), nc2.UnsafeNetworks())
+
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_Expired(t *testing.T) {
+	nc := certificateV2{
+		details: detailsV2{
+			notBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second),
+			notAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second),
+		},
+	}
+
+	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)))
+	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)))
+	assert.False(t, nc.Expired(time.Now()))
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	time.Local = time.UTC
+	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf")
+
+	nc := certificateV2{
+		details: detailsV2{
+			name: "testing",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+			},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
+			},
+			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore: time.Date(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+			notAfter:  time.Date(1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
+			isCA:      false,
+			issuer:    "1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf",
+		},
+		publicKey: pubKey,
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf"),
+	}
+
+	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMissingDetails)
+
+	rd, err := nc.details.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	nc.rawDetails = rd
+	b, err = nc.MarshalJSON()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.JSONEq(
+		t,
+		"{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"details\":{\"groups\":[\"test-group1\",\"test-group2\",\"test-group3\"],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf\",\"name\":\"testing\",\"networks\":[\"10.1.1.1/24\",\"10.1.1.2/16\"],\"notAfter\":\"0000-11-30T02:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0000-11-30T01:00:00Z\",\"unsafeNetworks\":[\"9.1.1.2/24\",\"9.1.1.3/16\"]},\"fingerprint\":\"152d9a7400c1e001cb76cffd035215ebb351f69eeb797f7f847dd086e15e56dd\",\"publicKey\":\"3132333435363738393061626365646631323334353637383930616263656466\",\"signature\":\"31323334353637383930616263656466313233343536373839306162636564663132333435363738393061626365646631323334353637383930616263656466\",\"version\":2}",
+		string(b),
+	)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_VerifyPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey[:16])
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+
+	_, caKey2, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey2)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)
+
+	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, rawPriv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, priv2 := X25519Keypair()
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch)
+
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)
+
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2[:16])
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+
+	ac, ok := c.(*certificateV2)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	ac.curve = Curve(99)
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve(99), priv2)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")
+
+	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	err = ca2.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2[:16])
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+
+	c, _, priv, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca2, caKey2, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	rawPriv, b, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
+
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv[:16])
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+
+	aCa, ok := ca2.(*certificateV2)
+	require.True(t, ok)
+	aCa.curve = Curve(99)
+	err = aCa.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve(99), priv2)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")
+
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_VerifyPrivateKeyP256(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+
+	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, rawPriv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, priv2 := P256Keypair()
+	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
+	require.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_Copy(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
+	cc := c.Copy()
+	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, c, cc)
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalCertificateV2(t *testing.T) {
+	data := []byte("\x98\x00\x00")
+	_, err := unmarshalCertificateV2(data, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "bad wire format")
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV2_marshalForSigningStability(t *testing.T) {
+	before := time.Date(1996, time.May, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
+	after := before.Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV2{
+		details: detailsV2{
+			name: "testing",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+			},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
+				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+			},
+			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore: before,
+			notAfter:  after,
+			isCA:      false,
+			issuer:    "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
+		},
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"),
+		publicKey: pubKey,
+	}
+
+	const expectedRawDetailsStr = "a070800774657374696e67a10e04050a0101021004050a01010118a20e0405090101031004050901010218a3270c0b746573742d67726f7570310c0b746573742d67726f7570320c0b746573742d67726f7570338504318bef808604318befbc87101234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"
+	expectedRawDetails, err := hex.DecodeString(expectedRawDetailsStr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	db, err := nc.details.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedRawDetails, db)
+
+	expectedForSigning, err := hex.DecodeString(expectedRawDetailsStr + "00313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162")
+	b, err := nc.marshalForSigning()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, expectedForSigning, b)
+}

cert/crypto.go

@@ -3,14 +3,28 @@ package cert
 import (
 	"crypto/aes"
 	"crypto/cipher"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"math"
 
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/argon2"
+	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )
 
-// KDF factors
+type NebulaEncryptedData struct {
+	EncryptionMetadata NebulaEncryptionMetadata
+	Ciphertext         []byte
+}
+
+type NebulaEncryptionMetadata struct {
+	EncryptionAlgorithm string
+	Argon2Parameters    Argon2Parameters
+}
+
+// Argon2Parameters KDF factors
 type Argon2Parameters struct {
 	version     rune
 	Memory      uint32 // KiB
@@ -19,7 +33,7 @@ type Argon2Parameters struct {
 	salt        []byte
 }
 
-// Returns a new Argon2Parameters object with current version set
+// NewArgon2Parameters Returns a new Argon2Parameters object with current version set
 func NewArgon2Parameters(memory uint32, parallelism uint8, iterations uint32) *Argon2Parameters {
 	return &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
@@ -141,3 +155,146 @@ func splitNonceCiphertext(blob []byte, nonceSize int) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
 
 	return blob[:nonceSize], blob[nonceSize:], nil
 }
+
+// EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey is a simple helper to encrypt and PEM encode a private key
+func EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve Curve, b []byte, passphrase []byte, kdfParams *Argon2Parameters) ([]byte, error) {
+	ciphertext, err := aes256Encrypt(passphrase, kdfParams, b)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	b, err = proto.Marshal(&RawNebulaEncryptedData{
+		EncryptionMetadata: &RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata{
+			EncryptionAlgorithm: "AES-256-GCM",
+			Argon2Parameters: &RawNebulaArgon2Parameters{
+				Version:     kdfParams.version,
+				Memory:      kdfParams.Memory,
+				Parallelism: uint32(kdfParams.Parallelism),
+				Iterations:  kdfParams.Iterations,
+				Salt:        kdfParams.salt,
+			},
+		},
+		Ciphertext: ciphertext,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b}), nil
+	case Curve_P256:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b}), nil
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %v", curve)
+	}
+}
+
+// UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData will unmarshal a protobuf byte representation of a nebula cert into its
+// protobuf-generated struct.
+func UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(b []byte) (*NebulaEncryptedData, error) {
+	if len(b) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil byte array")
+	}
+	var rned RawNebulaEncryptedData
+	err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &rned)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if rned.EncryptionMetadata == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded EncryptionMetadata was nil")
+	}
+
+	if rned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded Argon2Parameters was nil")
+	}
+
+	params, err := unmarshalArgon2Parameters(rned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ned := NebulaEncryptedData{
+		EncryptionMetadata: NebulaEncryptionMetadata{
+			EncryptionAlgorithm: rned.EncryptionMetadata.EncryptionAlgorithm,
+			Argon2Parameters:    *params,
+		},
+		Ciphertext: rned.Ciphertext,
+	}
+
+	return &ned, nil
+}
+
+func unmarshalArgon2Parameters(params *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) (*Argon2Parameters, error) {
+	if params.Version < math.MinInt32 || params.Version > math.MaxInt32 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Argon2Parameters Version must be at least %d and no more than %d", math.MinInt32, math.MaxInt32)
+	}
+	if params.Memory <= 0 || params.Memory > math.MaxUint32 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Argon2Parameters Memory must be be greater than 0 and no more than %d KiB", uint32(math.MaxUint32))
+	}
+	if params.Parallelism <= 0 || params.Parallelism > math.MaxUint8 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Argon2Parameters Parallelism must be be greater than 0 and no more than %d", math.MaxUint8)
+	}
+	if params.Iterations <= 0 || params.Iterations > math.MaxUint32 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("-argon-iterations must be be greater than 0 and no more than %d", uint32(math.MaxUint32))
+	}
+
+	return &Argon2Parameters{
+		version:     params.Version,
+		Memory:      params.Memory,
+		Parallelism: uint8(params.Parallelism),
+		Iterations:  params.Iterations,
+		salt:        params.Salt,
+	}, nil
+
+}
+
+// DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey will try to pem decode and decrypt an Ed25519/ECDSA private key with
+// the given passphrase, returning any other bytes b or an error on failure
+func DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, b []byte) (Curve, []byte, []byte, error) {
+	var curve Curve
+
+	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
+	if k == nil {
+		return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	}
+
+	switch k.Type {
+	case EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner:
+		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
+	case EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner:
+		curve = Curve_P256
+	default:
+		return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper nebula encrypted Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
+	}
+
+	ned, err := UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(k.Bytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return curve, nil, r, err
+	}
+
+	var bytes []byte
+	switch ned.EncryptionMetadata.EncryptionAlgorithm {
+	case "AES-256-GCM":
+		bytes, err = aes256Decrypt(passphrase, &ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters, ned.Ciphertext)
+		if err != nil {
+			return curve, nil, r, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("unsupported encryption algorithm: %s", ned.EncryptionMetadata.EncryptionAlgorithm)
+	}
+
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		if len(bytes) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
+			return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key", ed25519.PrivateKeySize)
+		}
+	case Curve_P256:
+		if len(bytes) != 32 {
+			return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("key was not 32 bytes, is invalid ECDSA P256 private key")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return curve, bytes, r, nil
+}

cert/crypto_test.go

@@ -4,22 +4,110 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/argon2"
 )
 
 func TestNewArgon2Parameters(t *testing.T) {
 	p := NewArgon2Parameters(64*1024, 4, 3)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, &Argon2Parameters{
+	assert.Equal(t, &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
 		Memory:      64 * 1024,
 		Parallelism: 4,
 		Iterations:  3,
 	}, p)
 	p = NewArgon2Parameters(2*1024*1024, 2, 1)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, &Argon2Parameters{
+	assert.Equal(t, &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
 		Memory:      2 * 1024 * 1024,
 		Parallelism: 2,
 		Iterations:  1,
 	}, p)
 }
+
+func TestDecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
+	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE")
+	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
+CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiCPoDfGQiosxNPTbPn5EsMlc2MI
+c0Bt4oz6gTrFQhX3aBJcimhHKeAuhyTGvllD0Z19fe+DFPcLH3h5VrdjVfIAajg0
+KrbV3n9UHif/Au5skWmquNJzoW1E4MTdRbvpti6o+WdQ49DxjBFhx0YH8LBqrbPU
+0BGkUHmIO7daP24=
+-----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	shortKey := []byte(`# A key which, once decrypted, is too short
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
+CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiAVJwdfl3r+eqi/vF6S7OMdpjfo
+hAzmTCRnr58Su4AqmBJbCv3zleYCEKYJP6UI3S8ekLMGISsgO4hm5leukCCyqT0Z
+cQ76yrberpzkJKoPLGisX8f+xdy4aXSZl7oEYWQte1+vqbtl/eY9PGZhxUQdcyq7
+hqzIyrRqfUgVuA==
+-----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner (not encrypted)
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+bWRp2CTVFhW9HD/qCd28ltDgK3w8VXSeaEYczDWos8sMUBqDb9jP3+NYwcS4lURG
+XgLvodMXZJuaFPssp+WwtA==
+-----END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
+-BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
+CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCognnjujd67Vsv99p22wfAjQaDT
+oCMW1mdjkU3gACKNW4MSXOWR9Sts4C81yk1RUku2gvGKs3TB9LYoklLsIizSYOLl
++Vs//O1T0I1Xbml2XBAROsb/VSoDln/6LMqR4B6fn6B3GOsLBBqRI8daDl9lRMPB
+qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA
+-END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(privKey, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+
+	// Success test case
+	curve, k, rest, err := DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, keyBundle)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+
+	// Fail due to short key
+	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key")
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+
+	// Fail due to invalid banner
+	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper nebula encrypted Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+
+	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
+	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
+	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+
+	// Fail due to invalid passphrase
+	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey([]byte("invalid passphrase"), privKey)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid passphrase or corrupt private key")
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, rest)
+}
+
+func TestEncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
+	// Having proved that decryption works correctly above, we can test the
+	// encryption function produces a value which can be decrypted
+	passphrase := []byte("passphrase")
+	bytes := []byte("AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA")
+	kdfParams := NewArgon2Parameters(64*1024, 4, 3)
+	key, err := EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, bytes, passphrase, kdfParams)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Verify the "key" can be decrypted successfully
+	curve, k, rest, err := DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, key)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, rest)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// EncryptAndMarshalEd25519PrivateKey does not create any errors itself
+}

cert/errors.go

@@ -2,13 +2,48 @@ package cert
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 )
 
 var (
-	ErrRootExpired       = errors.New("root certificate is expired")
-	ErrExpired           = errors.New("certificate is expired")
-	ErrNotCA             = errors.New("certificate is not a CA")
-	ErrNotSelfSigned     = errors.New("certificate is not self-signed")
-	ErrBlockListed       = errors.New("certificate is in the block list")
-	ErrSignatureMismatch = errors.New("certificate signature did not match")
+	ErrBadFormat                  = errors.New("bad wire format")
+	ErrRootExpired                = errors.New("root certificate is expired")
+	ErrExpired                    = errors.New("certificate is expired")
+	ErrNotCA                      = errors.New("certificate is not a CA")
+	ErrNotSelfSigned              = errors.New("certificate is not self-signed")
+	ErrBlockListed                = errors.New("certificate is in the block list")
+	ErrFingerprintMismatch        = errors.New("certificate fingerprint did not match")
+	ErrSignatureMismatch          = errors.New("certificate signature did not match")
+	ErrInvalidPublicKey           = errors.New("invalid public key")
+	ErrInvalidPrivateKey          = errors.New("invalid private key")
+	ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch = errors.New("public key does not match private key curve")
+	ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch   = errors.New("public key and private key are not a pair")
+	ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted        = errors.New("private key must be decrypted")
+	ErrCaNotFound                 = errors.New("could not find ca for the certificate")
+
+	ErrInvalidPEMBlock                   = errors.New("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner       = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")
+	ErrInvalidPEMX25519PublicKeyBanner   = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper X25519 public key banner")
+	ErrInvalidPEMX25519PrivateKeyBanner  = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper X25519 private key banner")
+	ErrInvalidPEMEd25519PublicKeyBanner  = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519 public key banner")
+	ErrInvalidPEMEd25519PrivateKeyBanner = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519 private key banner")
+
+	ErrNoPeerStaticKey = errors.New("no peer static key was present")
+	ErrNoPayload       = errors.New("provided payload was empty")
+
+	ErrMissingDetails  = errors.New("certificate did not contain details")
+	ErrEmptySignature  = errors.New("empty signature")
+	ErrEmptyRawDetails = errors.New("empty rawDetails not allowed")
 )
+
+type ErrInvalidCertificateProperties struct {
+	str string
+}
+
+func NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties(format string, a ...any) error {
+	return &ErrInvalidCertificateProperties{fmt.Sprintf(format, a...)}
+}
+
+func (e *ErrInvalidCertificateProperties) Error() string {
+	return e.str
+}

cert/helper_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdh"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"io"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
+)
+
+// NewTestCaCert will create a new ca certificate
+func NewTestCaCert(version Version, curve Curve, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	var err error
+	var pub, priv []byte
+
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		pub, priv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	case Curve_P256:
+		privk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		pub = elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), privk.PublicKey.X, privk.PublicKey.Y)
+		priv = privk.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
+	default:
+		// There is no default to allow the underlying lib to respond with an error
+	}
+
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	t := &TBSCertificate{
+		Curve:          curve,
+		Version:        version,
+		Name:           "test ca",
+		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+		PublicKey:      pub,
+		Networks:       networks,
+		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		Groups:         groups,
+		IsCA:           true,
+	}
+
+	c, err := t.Sign(nil, curve, priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return c, pub, priv, pem
+}
+
+// NewTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
+// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
+func NewTestCert(v Version, curve Curve, ca Certificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	if len(networks) == 0 {
+		networks = []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.123/8")}
+	}
+
+	var pub, priv []byte
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		pub, priv = X25519Keypair()
+	case Curve_P256:
+		pub, priv = P256Keypair()
+	default:
+		panic("unknown curve")
+	}
+
+	nc := &TBSCertificate{
+		Version:        v,
+		Curve:          curve,
+		Name:           name,
+		Networks:       networks,
+		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		Groups:         groups,
+		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+		PublicKey:      pub,
+		IsCA:           false,
+	}
+
+	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return c, pub, MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, priv), pem
+}
+
+func X25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return pubkey, privkey
+}
+
+func P256Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	privkey, err := ecdh.P256().GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	pubkey := privkey.PublicKey()
+	return pubkey.Bytes(), privkey.Bytes()
+}

cert/pem.go

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"fmt"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
+)
+
+const (
+	CertificateBanner                = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE"
+	CertificateV2Banner              = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE V2"
+	X25519PrivateKeyBanner           = "NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY"
+	X25519PublicKeyBanner            = "NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY"
+	EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
+	Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY"
+	Ed25519PublicKeyBanner           = "NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY"
+
+	P256PrivateKeyBanner               = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
+	P256PublicKeyBanner                = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
+	EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
+	ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
+)
+
+// UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM will try to unmarshal the first pem block in a byte array, returning any non consumed
+// data or an error on failure
+func UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(b []byte) (Certificate, []byte, error) {
+	p, r := pem.Decode(b)
+	if p == nil {
+		return nil, r, ErrInvalidPEMBlock
+	}
+
+	var c Certificate
+	var err error
+
+	switch p.Type {
+	// Implementations must validate the resulting certificate contains valid information
+	case CertificateBanner:
+		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV1(p.Bytes, nil)
+	case CertificateV2Banner:
+		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(p.Bytes, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
+	default:
+		return nil, r, ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner
+	}
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, r, err
+	}
+
+	return c, r, nil
+
+}
+
+func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: X25519PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	case Curve_P256:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: P256PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
+	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
+	if k == nil {
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	}
+	var expectedLen int
+	var curve Curve
+	switch k.Type {
+	case X25519PublicKeyBanner, Ed25519PublicKeyBanner:
+		expectedLen = 32
+		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
+	case P256PublicKeyBanner:
+		// Uncompressed
+		expectedLen = 65
+		curve = Curve_P256
+	default:
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
+	}
+	if len(k.Bytes) != expectedLen {
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid %s public key", expectedLen, curve)
+	}
+	return k.Bytes, r, curve, nil
+}
+
+func MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: X25519PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	case Curve_P256:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: P256PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	case Curve_P256:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM will try to unmarshal the first pem block in a byte array, returning any non
+// consumed data or an error on failure
+func UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
+	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
+	if k == nil {
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	}
+	var expectedLen int
+	var curve Curve
+	switch k.Type {
+	case X25519PrivateKeyBanner:
+		expectedLen = 32
+		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
+	case P256PrivateKeyBanner:
+		expectedLen = 32
+		curve = Curve_P256
+	default:
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper private key banner")
+	}
+	if len(k.Bytes) != expectedLen {
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid %s private key", expectedLen, curve)
+	}
+	return k.Bytes, r, curve, nil
+}
+
+func UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
+	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
+	if k == nil {
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	}
+	var curve Curve
+	switch k.Type {
+	case EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner:
+		return nil, nil, Curve_CURVE25519, ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted
+	case EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner:
+		return nil, nil, Curve_P256, ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted
+	case Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner:
+		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
+		if len(k.Bytes) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
+			return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid Ed25519 private key", ed25519.PrivateKeySize)
+		}
+	case ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner:
+		curve = Curve_P256
+		if len(k.Bytes) != 32 {
+			return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not 32 bytes, is invalid ECDSA P256 private key")
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
+	}
+	return k.Bytes, r, curve, nil
+}

cert/pem_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestUnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	goodCert := []byte(`
+# A good cert
+-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+CkAKDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKJfap9AFMJfg1+YGOiCUQGByMuNRhIlQBOyzXWbL
+vcKBwDhov900phEfJ5DN3kABEkDCq5R8qBiu8sl54yVfgRcQXEDt3cHr8UTSLszv
+bzBEr00kERQxxTzTsH8cpYEgRoipvmExvg8WP8NdAJEYJosB
+-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+`)
+	badBanner := []byte(`# A bad banner
+-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+CkAKDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKJfap9AFMJfg1+YGOiCUQGByMuNRhIlQBOyzXWbL
+vcKBwDhov900phEfJ5DN3kABEkDCq5R8qBiu8sl54yVfgRcQXEDt3cHr8UTSLszv
+bzBEr00kERQxxTzTsH8cpYEgRoipvmExvg8WP8NdAJEYJosB
+-----END NOT A NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+`)
+	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
+-BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
+CkAKDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKJfap9AFMJfg1+YGOiCUQGByMuNRhIlQBOyzXWbL
+vcKBwDhov900phEfJ5DN3kABEkDCq5R8qBiu8sl54yVfgRcQXEDt3cHr8UTSLszv
+bzBEr00kERQxxTzTsH8cpYEgRoipvmExvg8WP8NdAJEYJosB
+-END NEBULA CERTIFICATE----`)
+
+	certBundle := appendByteSlices(goodCert, badBanner, invalidPem)
+
+	// Success test case
+	cert, rest, err := UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(certBundle)
+	assert.NotNil(t, cert)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, append(badBanner, invalidPem...))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Fail due to invalid banner.
+	cert, rest, err = UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, cert)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")
+
+	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
+	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
+	cert, rest, err = UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, cert)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
+-----END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	privP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+-----END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
+-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
+-----END NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
+-BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
+-END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----`)
+
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(privKey, privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Fail due to short key
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid Ed25519 private key")
+
+	// Fail due to invalid banner
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
+
+	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
+	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	privP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
+-----END NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
+-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
+-BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-END NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----`)
+
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(privKey, privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Fail due to short key
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 private key")
+
+	// Fail due to invalid banner
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper private key banner")
+
+	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
+	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
+-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
+-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
+-BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----`)
+
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+
+	// Fail due to short key
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")
+
+	// Fail due to invalid banner
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+
+	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
+	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+}
+
+func TestUnmarshalX25519PublicKey(t *testing.T) {
+	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	pubP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
+-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
+-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
+-BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----`)
+
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
+
+	// Fail due to short key
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")
+
+	// Fail due to invalid banner
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+
+	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
+	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Nil(t, k)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+}

cert/sign.go

@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"fmt"
+	"math/big"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// TBSCertificate represents a certificate intended to be signed.
+// It is invalid to use this structure as a Certificate.
+type TBSCertificate struct {
+	Version        Version
+	Name           string
+	Networks       []netip.Prefix
+	UnsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	Groups         []string
+	IsCA           bool
+	NotBefore      time.Time
+	NotAfter       time.Time
+	PublicKey      []byte
+	Curve          Curve
+	issuer         string
+}
+
+type beingSignedCertificate interface {
+	// fromTBSCertificate copies the values from the TBSCertificate to this versions internal representation
+	// Implementations must validate the resulting certificate contains valid information
+	fromTBSCertificate(*TBSCertificate) error
+
+	// marshalForSigning returns the bytes that should be signed
+	marshalForSigning() ([]byte, error)
+
+	// setSignature sets the signature for the certificate that has just been signed. The signature must not be blank.
+	setSignature([]byte) error
+}
+
+type SignerLambda func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+// Sign will create a sealed certificate using details provided by the TBSCertificate as long as those
+// details do not violate constraints of the signing certificate.
+// If the TBSCertificate is a CA then signer must be nil.
+func (t *TBSCertificate) Sign(signer Certificate, curve Curve, key []byte) (Certificate, error) {
+	switch t.Curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		pk := ed25519.PrivateKey(key)
+		sp := func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+			sig := ed25519.Sign(pk, certBytes)
+			return sig, nil
+		}
+		return t.SignWith(signer, curve, sp)
+	case Curve_P256:
+		pk := &ecdsa.PrivateKey{
+			PublicKey: ecdsa.PublicKey{
+				Curve: elliptic.P256(),
+			},
+			// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L95
+			D: new(big.Int).SetBytes(key),
+		}
+		// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L119
+		pk.X, pk.Y = pk.Curve.ScalarBaseMult(key)
+		sp := func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+			// We need to hash first for ECDSA
+			// - https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/ecdsa#SignASN1
+			hashed := sha256.Sum256(certBytes)
+			return ecdsa.SignASN1(rand.Reader, pk, hashed[:])
+		}
+		return t.SignWith(signer, curve, sp)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", t.Curve)
+	}
+}
+
+// SignWith does the same thing as sign, but uses the function in `sp` to calculate the signature.
+// You should only use SignWith if you do not have direct access to your private key.
+func (t *TBSCertificate) SignWith(signer Certificate, curve Curve, sp SignerLambda) (Certificate, error) {
+	if curve != t.Curve {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("curve in cert and private key supplied don't match")
+	}
+
+	if signer != nil {
+		if t.IsCA {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("can not sign a CA certificate with another")
+		}
+
+		err := checkCAConstraints(signer, t.NotBefore, t.NotAfter, t.Groups, t.Networks, t.UnsafeNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		issuer, err := signer.Fingerprint()
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error computing issuer: %v", err)
+		}
+		t.issuer = issuer
+	} else {
+		if !t.IsCA {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("self signed certificates must have IsCA set to true")
+		}
+	}
+
+	var c beingSignedCertificate
+	switch t.Version {
+	case Version1:
+		c = &certificateV1{}
+		err := c.fromTBSCertificate(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	case Version2:
+		c = &certificateV2{}
+		err := c.fromTBSCertificate(t)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown cert version %d", t.Version)
+	}
+
+	certBytes, err := c.marshalForSigning()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sig, err := sp(certBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	err = c.setSignature(sig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sc, ok := c.(Certificate)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid certificate")
+	}
+
+	return sc, nil
+}
+
+func comparePrefix(a, b netip.Prefix) int {
+	addr := a.Addr().Compare(b.Addr())
+	if addr == 0 {
+		return a.Bits() - b.Bits()
+	}
+	return addr
+}
+
+// findDuplicatePrefix returns an error if there is a duplicate prefix in the pre-sorted input slice sortedPrefixes
+func findDuplicatePrefix(sortedPrefixes []netip.Prefix) error {
+	if len(sortedPrefixes) < 2 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for i := 1; i < len(sortedPrefixes); i++ {
+		if comparePrefix(sortedPrefixes[i], sortedPrefixes[i-1]) == 0 {
+			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("duplicate network detected: %v", sortedPrefixes[i])
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

cert/sign_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestCertificateV1_Sign(t *testing.T) {
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	tbs := TBSCertificate{
+		Version: Version1,
+		Name:    "testing",
+		Networks: []netip.Prefix{
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+		},
+		UnsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/24"),
+		},
+		Groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+		NotBefore: before,
+		NotAfter:  after,
+		PublicKey: pubKey,
+		IsCA:      false,
+	}
+
+	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	c, err := tbs.Sign(&certificateV1{details: detailsV1{notBefore: before, notAfter: after}}, Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, c)
+	assert.True(t, c.CheckSignature(pub))
+
+	b, err := c.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	uc, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, uc)
+}
+
+func TestCertificateV1_SignP256(t *testing.T) {
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := []byte("01234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	tbs := TBSCertificate{
+		Version: Version1,
+		Name:    "testing",
+		Networks: []netip.Prefix{
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
+		},
+		UnsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
+			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
+		},
+		Groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+		NotBefore: before,
+		NotAfter:  after,
+		PublicKey: pubKey,
+		IsCA:      false,
+		Curve:     Curve_P256,
+	}
+
+	priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	pub := elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), priv.PublicKey.X, priv.PublicKey.Y)
+	rawPriv := priv.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
+
+	c, err := tbs.Sign(&certificateV1{details: detailsV1{notBefore: before, notAfter: after}}, Curve_P256, rawPriv)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, c)
+	assert.True(t, c.CheckSignature(pub))
+
+	b, err := c.Marshal()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	uc, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, uc)
+}

cert_test/cert.go

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+package cert_test
+
+import (
+	"crypto/ecdh"
+	"crypto/ecdsa"
+	"crypto/elliptic"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"io"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
+)
+
+// NewTestCaCert will create a new ca certificate
+func NewTestCaCert(version cert.Version, curve cert.Curve, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	var err error
+	var pub, priv []byte
+
+	switch curve {
+	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
+		pub, priv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	case cert.Curve_P256:
+		privk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		pub = elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), privk.PublicKey.X, privk.PublicKey.Y)
+		priv = privk.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
+	default:
+		// There is no default to allow the underlying lib to respond with an error
+	}
+
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Curve:          curve,
+		Version:        version,
+		Name:           "test ca",
+		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+		PublicKey:      pub,
+		Networks:       networks,
+		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		Groups:         groups,
+		IsCA:           true,
+	}
+
+	c, err := t.Sign(nil, curve, priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return c, pub, priv, pem
+}
+
+// NewTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
+// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
+func NewTestCert(v cert.Version, curve cert.Curve, ca cert.Certificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	var pub, priv []byte
+	switch curve {
+	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
+		pub, priv = X25519Keypair()
+	case cert.Curve_P256:
+		pub, priv = P256Keypair()
+	default:
+		panic("unknown curve")
+	}
+
+	nc := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Version:        v,
+		Curve:          curve,
+		Name:           name,
+		Networks:       networks,
+		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		Groups:         groups,
+		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+		PublicKey:      pub,
+		IsCA:           false,
+	}
+
+	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return c, pub, cert.MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, priv), pem
+}
+
+func X25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return pubkey, privkey
+}
+
+func P256Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	privkey, err := ecdh.P256().GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	pubkey := privkey.PublicKey()
+	return pubkey.Bytes(), privkey.Bytes()
+}

cidr/parse.go

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-package cidr
-
-import "net"
-
-// Parse is a convenience function that returns only the IPNet
-// This function ignores errors since it is primarily a test helper, the result could be nil
-func Parse(s string) *net.IPNet {
-	_, c, _ := net.ParseCIDR(s)
-	return c
-}

cidr/tree4.go

@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-package cidr
-
-import (
-	"net"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
-)
-
-type Node[T any] struct {
-	left     *Node[T]
-	right    *Node[T]
-	parent   *Node[T]
-	hasValue bool
-	value    T
-}
-
-type entry[T any] struct {
-	CIDR  *net.IPNet
-	Value T
-}
-
-type Tree4[T any] struct {
-	root *Node[T]
-	list []entry[T]
-}
-
-const (
-	startbit = iputil.VpnIp(0x80000000)
-)
-
-func NewTree4[T any]() *Tree4[T] {
-	tree := new(Tree4[T])
-	tree.root = &Node[T]{}
-	tree.list = []entry[T]{}
-	return tree
-}
-
-func (tree *Tree4[T]) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val T) {
-	bit := startbit
-	node := tree.root
-	next := tree.root
-
-	ip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(cidr.IP)
-	mask := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(cidr.Mask)
-
-	// Find our last ancestor in the tree
-	for bit&mask != 0 {
-		if ip&bit != 0 {
-			next = node.right
-		} else {
-			next = node.left
-		}
-
-		if next == nil {
-			break
-		}
-
-		bit = bit >> 1
-		node = next
-	}
-
-	// We already have this range so update the value
-	if next != nil {
-		addCIDR := cidr.String()
-		for i, v := range tree.list {
-			if addCIDR == v.CIDR.String() {
-				tree.list = append(tree.list[:i], tree.list[i+1:]...)
-				break
-			}
-		}
-
-		tree.list = append(tree.list, entry[T]{CIDR: cidr, Value: val})
-		node.value = val
-		node.hasValue = true
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Build up the rest of the tree we don't already have
-	for bit&mask != 0 {
-		next = &Node[T]{}
-		next.parent = node
-
-		if ip&bit != 0 {
-			node.right = next
-		} else {
-			node.left = next
-		}
-
-		bit >>= 1
-		node = next
-	}
-
-	// Final node marks our cidr, set the value
-	node.value = val
-	node.hasValue = true
-	tree.list = append(tree.list, entry[T]{CIDR: cidr, Value: val})
-}
-
-// Contains finds the first match, which may be the least specific
-func (tree *Tree4[T]) Contains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
-	bit := startbit
-	node := tree.root
-
-	for node != nil {
-		if node.hasValue {
-			return true, node.value
-		}
-
-		if ip&bit != 0 {
-			node = node.right
-		} else {
-			node = node.left
-		}
-
-		bit >>= 1
-
-	}
-
-	return false, value
-}
-
-// MostSpecificContains finds the most specific match
-func (tree *Tree4[T]) MostSpecificContains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
-	bit := startbit
-	node := tree.root
-
-	for node != nil {
-		if node.hasValue {
-			value = node.value
-			ok = true
-		}
-
-		if ip&bit != 0 {
-			node = node.right
-		} else {
-			node = node.left
-		}
-
-		bit >>= 1
-	}
-
-	return ok, value
-}
-
-// Match finds the most specific match
-// TODO this is exact match
-func (tree *Tree4[T]) Match(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
-	bit := startbit
-	node := tree.root
-	lastNode := node
-
-	for node != nil {
-		lastNode = node
-		if ip&bit != 0 {
-			node = node.right
-		} else {
-			node = node.left
-		}
-
-		bit >>= 1
-	}
-
-	if bit == 0 && lastNode != nil {
-		value = lastNode.value
-		ok = true
-	}
-	return ok, value
-}
-
-// List will return all CIDRs and their current values. Do not modify the contents!
-func (tree *Tree4[T]) List() []entry[T] {
-	return tree.list
-}

cidr/tree4_test.go

@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-package cidr
-
-import (
-	"net"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestCIDRTree_List(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/16"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "2")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/16"), "3")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/16"), "4")
-	list := tree.List()
-	assert.Len(t, list, 2)
-	assert.Equal(t, "1.0.0.0/8", list[0].CIDR.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "2", list[0].Value)
-	assert.Equal(t, "1.0.0.0/16", list[1].CIDR.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "4", list[1].Value)
-}
-
-func TestCIDRTree_Contains(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("2.1.0.0/16"), "2")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("3.1.1.0/24"), "3")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.0/24"), "4a")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.1/32"), "4b")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.2.1/32"), "4c")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("254.0.0.0/4"), "5")
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		Found  bool
-		Result interface{}
-		IP     string
-	}{
-		{true, "1", "1.0.0.0"},
-		{true, "1", "1.255.255.255"},
-		{true, "2", "2.1.0.0"},
-		{true, "2", "2.1.255.255"},
-		{true, "3", "3.1.1.0"},
-		{true, "3", "3.1.1.255"},
-		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.255"},
-		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.1"},
-		{true, "5", "240.0.0.0"},
-		{true, "5", "255.255.255.255"},
-		{false, "", "239.0.0.0"},
-		{false, "", "4.1.2.2"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		ok, r := tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP)))
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
-	}
-
-	tree = NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
-	ok, r := tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-
-	ok, r = tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-}
-
-func TestCIDRTree_MostSpecificContains(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("2.1.0.0/16"), "2")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("3.1.1.0/24"), "3")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.0/24"), "4a")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.0/30"), "4b")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.1/32"), "4c")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("254.0.0.0/4"), "5")
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		Found  bool
-		Result interface{}
-		IP     string
-	}{
-		{true, "1", "1.0.0.0"},
-		{true, "1", "1.255.255.255"},
-		{true, "2", "2.1.0.0"},
-		{true, "2", "2.1.255.255"},
-		{true, "3", "3.1.1.0"},
-		{true, "3", "3.1.1.255"},
-		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.255"},
-		{true, "4b", "4.1.1.2"},
-		{true, "4c", "4.1.1.1"},
-		{true, "5", "240.0.0.0"},
-		{true, "5", "255.255.255.255"},
-		{false, "", "239.0.0.0"},
-		{false, "", "4.1.2.2"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP)))
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
-	}
-
-	tree = NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
-	ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-
-	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-}
-
-func TestCIDRTree_Match(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.0/32"), "1a")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.1/32"), "1b")
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		Found  bool
-		Result interface{}
-		IP     string
-	}{
-		{true, "1a", "4.1.1.0"},
-		{true, "1b", "4.1.1.1"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		ok, r := tree.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP)))
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
-	}
-
-	tree = NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
-	ok, r := tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-
-	ok, r = tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-}
-
-func BenchmarkCIDRTree_Contains(b *testing.B) {
-	tree := NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.0.0/16"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.2.1.1/32"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("192.2.1.1/32"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("172.2.1.1/32"), "1")
-
-	ip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("1.2.1.1"))
-	b.Run("found", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			tree.Contains(ip)
-		}
-	})
-
-	ip = iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("1.2.1.255"))
-	b.Run("not found", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			tree.Contains(ip)
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func BenchmarkCIDRTree_Match(b *testing.B) {
-	tree := NewTree4[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.0.0/16"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.2.1.1/32"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("192.2.1.1/32"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("172.2.1.1/32"), "1")
-
-	ip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("1.2.1.1"))
-	b.Run("found", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			tree.Match(ip)
-		}
-	})
-
-	ip = iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("1.2.1.255"))
-	b.Run("not found", func(b *testing.B) {
-		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
-			tree.Match(ip)
-		}
-	})
-}

cidr/tree6.go

@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-package cidr
-
-import (
-	"net"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
-)
-
-const startbit6 = uint64(1 << 63)
-
-type Tree6[T any] struct {
-	root4 *Node[T]
-	root6 *Node[T]
-}
-
-func NewTree6[T any]() *Tree6[T] {
-	tree := new(Tree6[T])
-	tree.root4 = &Node[T]{}
-	tree.root6 = &Node[T]{}
-	return tree
-}
-
-func (tree *Tree6[T]) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val T) {
-	var node, next *Node[T]
-
-	cidrIP, ipv4 := isIPV4(cidr.IP)
-	if ipv4 {
-		node = tree.root4
-		next = tree.root4
-
-	} else {
-		node = tree.root6
-		next = tree.root6
-	}
-
-	for i := 0; i < len(cidrIP); i += 4 {
-		ip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(cidrIP[i : i+4])
-		mask := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(cidr.Mask[i : i+4])
-		bit := startbit
-
-		// Find our last ancestor in the tree
-		for bit&mask != 0 {
-			if ip&bit != 0 {
-				next = node.right
-			} else {
-				next = node.left
-			}
-
-			if next == nil {
-				break
-			}
-
-			bit = bit >> 1
-			node = next
-		}
-
-		// Build up the rest of the tree we don't already have
-		for bit&mask != 0 {
-			next = &Node[T]{}
-			next.parent = node
-
-			if ip&bit != 0 {
-				node.right = next
-			} else {
-				node.left = next
-			}
-
-			bit >>= 1
-			node = next
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Final node marks our cidr, set the value
-	node.value = val
-	node.hasValue = true
-}
-
-// Finds the most specific match
-func (tree *Tree6[T]) MostSpecificContains(ip net.IP) (ok bool, value T) {
-	var node *Node[T]
-
-	wholeIP, ipv4 := isIPV4(ip)
-	if ipv4 {
-		node = tree.root4
-	} else {
-		node = tree.root6
-	}
-
-	for i := 0; i < len(wholeIP); i += 4 {
-		ip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(wholeIP[i : i+4])
-		bit := startbit
-
-		for node != nil {
-			if node.hasValue {
-				value = node.value
-				ok = true
-			}
-
-			if bit == 0 {
-				break
-			}
-
-			if ip&bit != 0 {
-				node = node.right
-			} else {
-				node = node.left
-			}
-
-			bit >>= 1
-		}
-	}
-
-	return ok, value
-}
-
-func (tree *Tree6[T]) MostSpecificContainsIpV4(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
-	bit := startbit
-	node := tree.root4
-
-	for node != nil {
-		if node.hasValue {
-			value = node.value
-			ok = true
-		}
-
-		if ip&bit != 0 {
-			node = node.right
-		} else {
-			node = node.left
-		}
-
-		bit >>= 1
-	}
-
-	return ok, value
-}
-
-func (tree *Tree6[T]) MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo uint64) (ok bool, value T) {
-	ip := hi
-	node := tree.root6
-
-	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
-		bit := startbit6
-
-		for node != nil {
-			if node.hasValue {
-				value = node.value
-				ok = true
-			}
-
-			if bit == 0 {
-				break
-			}
-
-			if ip&bit != 0 {
-				node = node.right
-			} else {
-				node = node.left
-			}
-
-			bit >>= 1
-		}
-
-		ip = lo
-	}
-
-	return ok, value
-}
-
-func isIPV4(ip net.IP) (net.IP, bool) {
-	if len(ip) == net.IPv4len {
-		return ip, true
-	}
-
-	if len(ip) == net.IPv6len && isZeros(ip[0:10]) && ip[10] == 0xff && ip[11] == 0xff {
-		return ip[12:16], true
-	}
-
-	return ip, false
-}
-
-func isZeros(p net.IP) bool {
-	for i := 0; i < len(p); i++ {
-		if p[i] != 0 {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-	return true
-}

cidr/tree6_test.go

@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-package cidr
-
-import (
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"net"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestCIDR6Tree_MostSpecificContains(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree6[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "1")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("2.1.0.0/16"), "2")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("3.1.1.0/24"), "3")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.1/24"), "4a")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.1/30"), "4b")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.1/32"), "4c")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("254.0.0.0/4"), "5")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/64"), "6a")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/80"), "6b")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/96"), "6c")
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		Found  bool
-		Result interface{}
-		IP     string
-	}{
-		{true, "1", "1.0.0.0"},
-		{true, "1", "1.255.255.255"},
-		{true, "2", "2.1.0.0"},
-		{true, "2", "2.1.255.255"},
-		{true, "3", "3.1.1.0"},
-		{true, "3", "3.1.1.255"},
-		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.255"},
-		{true, "4b", "4.1.1.2"},
-		{true, "4c", "4.1.1.1"},
-		{true, "5", "240.0.0.0"},
-		{true, "5", "255.255.255.255"},
-		{true, "6a", "1:2:0:4:1:1:1:1"},
-		{true, "6b", "1:2:0:4:5:1:1:1"},
-		{true, "6c", "1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0"},
-		{false, "", "239.0.0.0"},
-		{false, "", "4.1.2.2"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP(tt.IP))
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
-	}
-
-	tree = NewTree6[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("::/0"), "cool6")
-	ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-
-	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255"))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
-
-	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("::"))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool6", r)
-
-	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8"))
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool6", r)
-}
-
-func TestCIDR6Tree_MostSpecificContainsIpV6(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree6[string]()
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/64"), "6a")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/80"), "6b")
-	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/96"), "6c")
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		Found  bool
-		Result interface{}
-		IP     string
-	}{
-		{true, "6a", "1:2:0:4:1:1:1:1"},
-		{true, "6b", "1:2:0:4:5:1:1:1"},
-		{true, "6c", "1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0"},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		ip := net.ParseIP(tt.IP)
-		hi := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(ip[:8])
-		lo := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(ip[8:])
-
-		ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo)
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
-	}
-}

cmd/nebula-cert/ca.go

@@ -8,13 +8,14 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/skip2/go-qrcode"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/pkclient"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )
 
@@ -26,32 +27,43 @@ type caFlags struct {
 	outCertPath      *string
 	outQRPath        *string
 	groups           *string
-	ips              *string
-	subnets          *string
+	networks         *string
+	unsafeNetworks   *string
 	argonMemory      *uint
 	argonIterations  *uint
 	argonParallelism *uint
 	encryption       *bool
+	version          *uint
 
-	curve *string
+	curve  *string
+	p11url *string
+
+	// Deprecated options
+	ips     *string
+	subnets *string
 }
 
 func newCaFlags() *caFlags {
 	cf := caFlags{set: flag.NewFlagSet("ca", flag.ContinueOnError)}
 	cf.set.Usage = func() {}
 	cf.name = cf.set.String("name", "", "Required: name of the certificate authority")
+	cf.version = cf.set.Uint("version", uint(cert.Version2), "Optional: version of the certificate format to use")
 	cf.duration = cf.set.Duration("duration", time.Duration(time.Hour*8760), "Optional: amount of time the certificate should be valid for. Valid time units are seconds: \"s\", minutes: \"m\", hours: \"h\"")
 	cf.outKeyPath = cf.set.String("out-key", "ca.key", "Optional: path to write the private key to")
 	cf.outCertPath = cf.set.String("out-crt", "ca.crt", "Optional: path to write the certificate to")
 	cf.outQRPath = cf.set.String("out-qr", "", "Optional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate")
 	cf.groups = cf.set.String("groups", "", "Optional: comma separated list of groups. This will limit which groups subordinate certs can use")
-	cf.ips = cf.set.String("ips", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use for ip addresses")
-	cf.subnets = cf.set.String("subnets", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in subnets")
+	cf.networks = cf.set.String("networks", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in networks")
+	cf.unsafeNetworks = cf.set.String("unsafe-networks", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in unsafe networks")
 	cf.argonMemory = cf.set.Uint("argon-memory", 2*1024*1024, "Optional: Argon2 memory parameter (in KiB) used for encrypted private key passphrase")
 	cf.argonParallelism = cf.set.Uint("argon-parallelism", 4, "Optional: Argon2 parallelism parameter used for encrypted private key passphrase")
 	cf.argonIterations = cf.set.Uint("argon-iterations", 1, "Optional: Argon2 iterations parameter used for encrypted private key passphrase")
 	cf.encryption = cf.set.Bool("encrypt", false, "Optional: prompt for passphrase and write out-key in an encrypted format")
 	cf.curve = cf.set.String("curve", "25519", "EdDSA/ECDSA Curve (25519, P256)")
+	cf.p11url = p11Flag(cf.set)
+
+	cf.ips = cf.set.String("ips", "", "Deprecated, see -networks")
+	cf.subnets = cf.set.String("subnets", "", "Deprecated, see -unsafe-networks")
 	return &cf
 }
 
@@ -76,17 +88,21 @@ func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error
 		return err
 	}
 
+	isP11 := len(*cf.p11url) > 0
+
 	if err := mustFlagString("name", cf.name); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
-		return err
+	if !isP11 {
+		if err = mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 	if err := mustFlagString("out-crt", cf.outCertPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	var kdfParams *cert.Argon2Parameters
-	if *cf.encryption {
+	if !isP11 && *cf.encryption {
 		if kdfParams, err = parseArgonParameters(*cf.argonMemory, *cf.argonParallelism, *cf.argonIterations); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -106,44 +122,57 @@ func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error
 		}
 	}
 
-	var ips []*net.IPNet
-	if *cf.ips != "" {
-		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.ips, ",") {
+	version := cert.Version(*cf.version)
+	if version != cert.Version1 && version != cert.Version2 {
+		return newHelpErrorf("-version must be either %v or %v", cert.Version1, cert.Version2)
+	}
+
+	var networks []netip.Prefix
+	if *cf.networks == "" && *cf.ips != "" {
+		// Pull up deprecated -ips flag if needed
+		*cf.networks = *cf.ips
+	}
+
+	if *cf.networks != "" {
+		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.networks, ",") {
 			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
 			if rs != "" {
-				ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rs)
+				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
 				if err != nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: %s", err)
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: %s", rs)
 				}
-				if ip.To4() == nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
+				if version == cert.Version1 && !n.Addr().Is4() {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
 				}
-
-				ipNet.IP = ip
-				ips = append(ips, ipNet)
+				networks = append(networks, n)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
-	var subnets []*net.IPNet
-	if *cf.subnets != "" {
-		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.subnets, ",") {
+	var unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	if *cf.unsafeNetworks == "" && *cf.subnets != "" {
+		// Pull up deprecated -subnets flag if needed
+		*cf.unsafeNetworks = *cf.subnets
+	}
+
+	if *cf.unsafeNetworks != "" {
+		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.unsafeNetworks, ",") {
 			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
 			if rs != "" {
-				_, s, err := net.ParseCIDR(rs)
+				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
 				if err != nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: %s", err)
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: %s", rs)
 				}
-				if s.IP.To4() == nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
+				if version == cert.Version1 && !n.Addr().Is4() {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
 				}
-				subnets = append(subnets, s)
+				unsafeNetworks = append(unsafeNetworks, n)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	var passphrase []byte
-	if *cf.encryption {
+	if !isP11 && *cf.encryption {
 		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
 			out.Write([]byte("Enter passphrase: "))
 			passphrase, err = pr.ReadPassword()
@@ -166,68 +195,109 @@ func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error
 
 	var curve cert.Curve
 	var pub, rawPriv []byte
-	switch *cf.curve {
-	case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
-		curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
-		pub, rawPriv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ed25519 keys: %s", err)
+	var p11Client *pkclient.PKClient
+
+	if isP11 {
+		switch *cf.curve {
+		case "P256":
+			curve = cert.Curve_P256
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve for PKCS#11: %s", *cf.curve)
 		}
-	case "P256":
-		var key *ecdsa.PrivateKey
-		curve = cert.Curve_P256
-		key, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+
+		p11Client, err = pkclient.FromUrl(*cf.p11url)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ecdsa keys: %s", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while creating PKCS#11 client: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer func(client *pkclient.PKClient) {
+			_ = client.Close()
+		}(p11Client)
+		pub, err = p11Client.GetPubKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while getting public key with PKCS#11: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		switch *cf.curve {
+		case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
+			curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
+			pub, rawPriv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ed25519 keys: %s", err)
+			}
+		case "P256":
+			var key *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+			curve = cert.Curve_P256
+			key, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ecdsa keys: %s", err)
+			}
+
+			// ecdh.PrivateKey lets us get at the encoded bytes, even though
+			// we aren't using ECDH here.
+			eKey, err := key.ECDH()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while converting ecdsa key: %s", err)
+			}
+			rawPriv = eKey.Bytes()
+			pub = eKey.PublicKey().Bytes()
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", *cf.curve)
 		}
-		// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L60
-		rawPriv = key.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
-		pub = elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), key.X, key.Y)
 	}
 
-	nc := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      *cf.name,
-			Groups:    groups,
-			Ips:       ips,
-			Subnets:   subnets,
-			NotBefore: time.Now(),
-			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(*cf.duration),
-			PublicKey: pub,
-			IsCA:      true,
-			Curve:     curve,
-		},
+	t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Version:        version,
+		Name:           *cf.name,
+		Groups:         groups,
+		Networks:       networks,
+		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		NotBefore:      time.Now(),
+		NotAfter:       time.Now().Add(*cf.duration),
+		PublicKey:      pub,
+		IsCA:           true,
+		Curve:          curve,
 	}
 
-	if _, err := os.Stat(*cf.outKeyPath); err == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing CA key: %s", *cf.outKeyPath)
+	if !isP11 {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(*cf.outKeyPath); err == nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing CA key: %s", *cf.outKeyPath)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if _, err := os.Stat(*cf.outCertPath); err == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: %s", *cf.outCertPath)
 	}
 
-	err = nc.Sign(curve, rawPriv)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %s", err)
-	}
-
+	var c cert.Certificate
 	var b []byte
-	if *cf.encryption {
-		b, err = cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
+
+	if isP11 {
+		c, err = t.SignWith(nil, curve, p11Client.SignASN1)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while encrypting out-key: %s", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while signing with PKCS#11: %w", err)
 		}
 	} else {
-		b = cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv)
+		c, err = t.Sign(nil, curve, rawPriv)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		if *cf.encryption {
+			b, err = cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while encrypting out-key: %s", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			b = cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, rawPriv)
+		}
+
+		err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, b, 0600)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
+		}
 	}
 
-	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, b, 0600)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	b, err = nc.MarshalToPEM()
+	b, err = c.MarshalPEM()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
 	}

cmd/nebula-cert/ca_test.go

@@ -14,10 +14,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-//TODO: test file permissions
-
 func Test_caSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "ca <flags>: create a self signed certificate authority", caSummary())
 }
@@ -43,17 +42,24 @@ func Test_caHelp(t *testing.T) {
 			"  -groups string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of groups. This will limit which groups subordinate certs can use\n"+
 			"  -ips string\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use for ip addresses\n"+
+			"    	Deprecated, see -networks\n"+
 			"  -name string\n"+
 			"    \tRequired: name of the certificate authority\n"+
+			"  -networks string\n"+
+			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in networks\n"+
 			"  -out-crt string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: path to write the certificate to (default \"ca.crt\")\n"+
 			"  -out-key string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: path to write the private key to (default \"ca.key\")\n"+
 			"  -out-qr string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate\n"+
+			optionalPkcs11String("  -pkcs11 string\n    \tOptional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key\n")+
 			"  -subnets string\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in subnets\n",
+			"    \tDeprecated, see -unsafe-networks\n"+
+			"  -unsafe-networks string\n"+
+			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in unsafe networks\n"+
+			"  -version uint\n"+
+			"    \tOptional: version of the certificate format to use (default 2)\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
 }
@@ -82,93 +88,94 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, ca(
-		[]string{"-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope", "duration", "100m"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+		[]string{"-version", "1", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope", "duration", "100m"}, ob, eb, nopw,
 	), "-name is required")
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// ipv4 only ips
-	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-name", "ipv6", "-ips", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-version", "1", "-name", "ipv6", "-ips", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// ipv4 only subnets
-	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-name", "ipv6", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-version", "1", "-name", "ipv6", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args := []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	args := []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
+	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))
 
 	// failed cert write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create temp cert file
 	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(crtF.Name()))
+	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))
 
 	// test proper cert with removed empty groups and subnets
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
-	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalEd25519PrivateKey(rb)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	lKey, b, c, err := cert.UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, c)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 64)
 
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
-	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Details.Name)
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Ips, 0)
-	assert.True(t, lCrt.Details.IsCA)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Details.Groups)
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Subnets, 0)
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.PublicKey, 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.Details.NotAfter.Sub(lCrt.Details.NotBefore))
-	assert.Equal(t, "", lCrt.Details.Issuer)
-	assert.True(t, lCrt.CheckSignature(lCrt.Details.PublicKey))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Name())
+	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.Networks())
+	assert.True(t, lCrt.IsCA())
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Groups())
+	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.UnsafeNetworks())
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.NotAfter().Sub(lCrt.NotBefore()))
+	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.Issuer())
+	assert.True(t, lCrt.CheckSignature(lCrt.PublicKey()))
 
 	// test encrypted key
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, pwPromptOb, ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// read encrypted key file and verify default params
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	k, _ := pem.Decode(rb)
 	ned, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(k.Bytes)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	// we won't know salt in advance, so just check start of string
 	assert.Equal(t, uint32(2*1024*1024), ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters.Memory)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(4), ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters.Parallelism)
@@ -178,8 +185,8 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	var curve cert.Curve
 	curve, lKey, b, err = cert.DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rb)
 	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 64)
 
 	// test when reading passsword results in an error
@@ -187,45 +194,45 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.Error(t, ca(args, ob, eb, errpw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.Error(t, ca(args, ob, eb, errpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, pwPromptOb, ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// test when user fails to enter a password
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
 	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat(pwPromptOb, 5), ob.String()) // prompts 5 times before giving up
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create valid cert/key for overwrite tests
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 
 	// test that we won't overwrite existing certificate file
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA key: "+keyF.Name())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA key: "+keyF.Name())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// test that we won't overwrite existing key file
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: "+crtF.Name())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: "+crtF.Name())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 
 }

cmd/nebula-cert/keygen.go

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/pkclient"
+
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 )
 
@@ -13,8 +15,8 @@ type keygenFlags struct {
 	set        *flag.FlagSet
 	outKeyPath *string
 	outPubPath *string
-
-	curve *string
+	curve      *string
+	p11url     *string
 }
 
 func newKeygenFlags() *keygenFlags {
@@ -23,6 +25,7 @@ func newKeygenFlags() *keygenFlags {
 	cf.outPubPath = cf.set.String("out-pub", "", "Required: path to write the public key to")
 	cf.outKeyPath = cf.set.String("out-key", "", "Required: path to write the private key to")
 	cf.curve = cf.set.String("curve", "25519", "ECDH Curve (25519, P256)")
+	cf.p11url = p11Flag(cf.set)
 	return &cf
 }
 
@@ -33,32 +36,58 @@ func keygen(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
-		return err
+	isP11 := len(*cf.p11url) > 0
+
+	if !isP11 {
+		if err = mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
-	if err := mustFlagString("out-pub", cf.outPubPath); err != nil {
+	if err = mustFlagString("out-pub", cf.outPubPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	var pub, rawPriv []byte
 	var curve cert.Curve
-	switch *cf.curve {
-	case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
-		pub, rawPriv = x25519Keypair()
-		curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
-	case "P256":
-		pub, rawPriv = p256Keypair()
-		curve = cert.Curve_P256
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", *cf.curve)
+	if isP11 {
+		switch *cf.curve {
+		case "P256":
+			curve = cert.Curve_P256
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve for PKCS#11: %s", *cf.curve)
+		}
+	} else {
+		switch *cf.curve {
+		case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
+			pub, rawPriv = x25519Keypair()
+			curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
+		case "P256":
+			pub, rawPriv = p256Keypair()
+			curve = cert.Curve_P256
+		default:
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", *cf.curve)
+		}
 	}
 
-	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
+	if isP11 {
+		p11Client, err := pkclient.FromUrl(*cf.p11url)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while creating PKCS#11 client: %w", err)
+		}
+		defer func(client *pkclient.PKClient) {
+			_ = client.Close()
+		}(p11Client)
+		pub, err = p11Client.GetPubKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while getting public key: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
+		}
 	}
-
-	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outPubPath, cert.MarshalPublicKey(curve, pub), 0600)
+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outPubPath, cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve, pub), 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-pub: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -72,7 +101,7 @@ func keygenSummary() string {
 
 func keygenHelp(out io.Writer) {
 	cf := newKeygenFlags()
-	out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + keygenSummary() + "\n"))
+	_, _ = out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + keygenSummary() + "\n"))
 	cf.set.SetOutput(out)
 	cf.set.PrintDefaults()
 }

cmd/nebula-cert/keygen_test.go

@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-//TODO: test file permissions
-
 func Test_keygenSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "keygen <flags>: create a public/private key pair. the public key can be passed to `nebula-cert sign`", keygenSummary())
 }
@@ -26,7 +25,8 @@ func Test_keygenHelp(t *testing.T) {
 			"  -out-key string\n"+
 			"    \tRequired: path to write the private key to\n"+
 			"  -out-pub string\n"+
-			"    \tRequired: path to write the public key to\n",
+			"    \tRequired: path to write the public key to\n"+
+			optionalPkcs11String("  -pkcs11 string\n    \tOptional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key\n"),
 		ob.String(),
 	)
 }
@@ -37,57 +37,59 @@ func Test_keygen(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, keygen([]string{"-out-pub", "nope"}, ob, eb), "-out-key is required")
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	assertHelpError(t, keygen([]string{"-out-key", "nope"}, ob, eb), "-out-pub is required")
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args := []string{"-out-pub", "/do/not/write/pleasepub", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 
 	// failed pub write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-out-pub", "/do/not/write/pleasepub", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-pub: open /do/not/write/pleasepub: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-pub: open /do/not/write/pleasepub: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create temp pub file
 	pubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.pub")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(pubF.Name())
 
 	// test proper keygen
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-out-pub", pubF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	assert.Nil(t, keygen(args, ob, eb))
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	require.NoError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb))
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
-	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PrivateKey(rb)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	lKey, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)
 
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(pubF.Name())
-	lPub, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PublicKey(rb)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	lPub, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lPub, 32)
 }

cmd/nebula-cert/main.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func (he *helpError) Error() string {
 	return he.s
 }
 
-func newHelpErrorf(s string, v ...interface{}) error {
+func newHelpErrorf(s string, v ...any) error {
 	return &helpError{s: fmt.Sprintf(s, v...)}
 }
 

cmd/nebula-cert/main_test.go

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ package main
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-//TODO: all flag parsing continueOnError will print to stderr on its own currently
-
 func Test_help(t *testing.T) {
 	expected := "Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " <global flags> <mode>:\n" +
 		"  Global flags:\n" +
@@ -77,8 +77,16 @@ func assertHelpError(t *testing.T, err error, msg string) {
 	case *helpError:
 		// good
 	default:
-		t.Fatal("err was not a helpError")
+		t.Fatal(fmt.Sprintf("err was not a helpError: %q, expected %q", err, msg))
 	}
 
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, msg)
+	require.EqualError(t, err, msg)
+}
+
+func optionalPkcs11String(msg string) string {
+	if p11Supported() {
+		return msg
+	} else {
+		return ""
+	}
 }

cmd/nebula-cert/p11_cgo.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//go:build cgo && pkcs11
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+)
+
+func p11Supported() bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+func p11Flag(set *flag.FlagSet) *string {
+	return set.String("pkcs11", "", "Optional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key")
+}

cmd/nebula-cert/p11_stub.go

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+//go:build !cgo || !pkcs11
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"flag"
+)
+
+func p11Supported() bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func p11Flag(set *flag.FlagSet) *string {
+	var ret = ""
+	return &ret
+}

cmd/nebula-cert/print.go

@@ -45,28 +45,27 @@ func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read cert; %s", err)
 	}
 
-	var c *cert.NebulaCertificate
+	var c cert.Certificate
 	var qrBytes []byte
 	part := 0
 
+	var jsonCerts []cert.Certificate
+
 	for {
-		c, rawCert, err = cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
+		c, rawCert, err = cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while unmarshaling cert: %s", err)
 		}
 
 		if *pf.json {
-			b, _ := json.Marshal(c)
-			out.Write(b)
-			out.Write([]byte("\n"))
-
+			jsonCerts = append(jsonCerts, c)
 		} else {
-			out.Write([]byte(c.String()))
-			out.Write([]byte("\n"))
+			_, _ = out.Write([]byte(c.String()))
+			_, _ = out.Write([]byte("\n"))
 		}
 
 		if *pf.outQRPath != "" {
-			b, err := c.MarshalToPEM()
+			b, err := c.MarshalPEM()
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling cert to PEM: %s", err)
 			}
@@ -80,6 +79,12 @@ func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		part++
 	}
 
+	if *pf.json {
+		b, _ := json.Marshal(jsonCerts)
+		_, _ = out.Write(b)
+		_, _ = out.Write([]byte("\n"))
+	}
+
 	if *pf.outQRPath != "" {
 		b, err := qrcode.Encode(string(qrBytes), qrcode.Medium, -5)
 		if err != nil {

cmd/nebula-cert/print_test.go

@@ -2,12 +2,17 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"crypto/ed25519"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func Test_printSummary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -38,84 +43,203 @@ func Test_printCert(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// no path
 	err := printCert([]string{}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 	assertHelpError(t, err, "-path is required")
 
 	// no cert at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read cert; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read cert; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
 
 	// invalid cert at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	tf, err := os.CreateTemp("", "print-cert")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(tf.Name())
 
 	tf.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", tf.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while unmarshaling cert: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while unmarshaling cert: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 
 	// test multiple certs
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	tf.Truncate(0)
 	tf.Seek(0, 0)
-	c := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "test",
-			Groups:    []string{"hi"},
-			PublicKey: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
-		},
-		Signature: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
-	}
+	ca, caKey := NewTestCaCert("test ca", nil, nil, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
+	c, _ := NewTestCert(ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.123/8")}, nil, []string{"hi"})
 
-	p, _ := c.MarshalToPEM()
+	p, _ := c.MarshalPEM()
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)
 
 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", tf.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	fp, _ := c.Fingerprint()
+	pk := hex.EncodeToString(c.PublicKey())
+	sig := hex.EncodeToString(c.Signature())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(
 		t,
-		"NebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: \n\t\tPublic key: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\n\tSignature: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: \n\t\tPublic key: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\n\tSignature: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: \n\t\tPublic key: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\n\tSignature: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n}\n",
+		//"NebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\n",
+		`{
+	"details": {
+		"curve": "CURVE25519",
+		"groups": [
+			"hi"
+		],
+		"isCa": false,
+		"issuer": "`+c.Issuer()+`",
+		"name": "test",
+		"networks": [
+			"10.0.0.123/8"
+		],
+		"notAfter": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"notBefore": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"publicKey": "`+pk+`",
+		"unsafeNetworks": []
+	},
+	"fingerprint": "`+fp+`",
+	"signature": "`+sig+`",
+	"version": 1
+}
+{
+	"details": {
+		"curve": "CURVE25519",
+		"groups": [
+			"hi"
+		],
+		"isCa": false,
+		"issuer": "`+c.Issuer()+`",
+		"name": "test",
+		"networks": [
+			"10.0.0.123/8"
+		],
+		"notAfter": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"notBefore": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"publicKey": "`+pk+`",
+		"unsafeNetworks": []
+	},
+	"fingerprint": "`+fp+`",
+	"signature": "`+sig+`",
+	"version": 1
+}
+{
+	"details": {
+		"curve": "CURVE25519",
+		"groups": [
+			"hi"
+		],
+		"isCa": false,
+		"issuer": "`+c.Issuer()+`",
+		"name": "test",
+		"networks": [
+			"10.0.0.123/8"
+		],
+		"notAfter": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"notBefore": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
+		"publicKey": "`+pk+`",
+		"unsafeNetworks": []
+	},
+	"fingerprint": "`+fp+`",
+	"signature": "`+sig+`",
+	"version": 1
+}
+`,
 		ob.String(),
 	)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// test json
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	tf.Truncate(0)
 	tf.Seek(0, 0)
-	c = cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "test",
-			Groups:    []string{"hi"},
-			PublicKey: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
-		},
-		Signature: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
-	}
-
-	p, _ = c.MarshalToPEM()
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)
 
 	err = printCert([]string{"-json", "-path", tf.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	fp, _ = c.Fingerprint()
+	pk = hex.EncodeToString(c.PublicKey())
+	sig = hex.EncodeToString(c.Signature())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(
 		t,
-		"{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"hi\"],\"ips\":[],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"\",\"name\":\"test\",\"notAfter\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\",\"subnets\":[]},\"fingerprint\":\"cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\",\"signature\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\"}\n{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"hi\"],\"ips\":[],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"\",\"name\":\"test\",\"notAfter\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\",\"subnets\":[]},\"fingerprint\":\"cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\",\"signature\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\"}\n{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"hi\"],\"ips\":[],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"\",\"name\":\"test\",\"notAfter\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\",\"subnets\":[]},\"fingerprint\":\"cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\",\"signature\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\"}\n",
+		`[{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1},{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1},{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1}]
+`,
 		ob.String(),
 	)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+}
+
+// NewTestCaCert will generate a CA cert
+func NewTestCaCert(name string, pubKey, privKey []byte, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte) {
+	var err error
+	if pubKey == nil || privKey == nil {
+		pubKey, privKey, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Version:        cert.Version1,
+		Name:           name,
+		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+		PublicKey:      pubKey,
+		Networks:       networks,
+		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		Groups:         groups,
+		IsCA:           true,
+	}
+
+	c, err := t.Sign(nil, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return c, privKey
+}
+
+func NewTestCert(ca cert.Certificate, signerKey []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte) {
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = ca.NotBefore()
+	}
+
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = ca.NotAfter()
+	}
+
+	if len(networks) == 0 {
+		networks = []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.123/8")}
+	}
+
+	pub, rawPriv := x25519Keypair()
+	nc := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Version:        cert.Version1,
+		Name:           name,
+		Networks:       networks,
+		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
+		Groups:         groups,
+		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+		PublicKey:      pub,
+		IsCA:           false,
+	}
+
+	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), signerKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return c, rawPriv
 }

cmd/nebula-cert/sign.go

@@ -3,50 +3,63 @@ package main
 import (
 	"crypto/ecdh"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/skip2/go-qrcode"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/pkclient"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
 )
 
 type signFlags struct {
-	set         *flag.FlagSet
-	caKeyPath   *string
-	caCertPath  *string
-	name        *string
-	ip          *string
-	duration    *time.Duration
-	inPubPath   *string
-	outKeyPath  *string
-	outCertPath *string
-	outQRPath   *string
-	groups      *string
-	subnets     *string
+	set            *flag.FlagSet
+	version        *uint
+	caKeyPath      *string
+	caCertPath     *string
+	name           *string
+	networks       *string
+	unsafeNetworks *string
+	duration       *time.Duration
+	inPubPath      *string
+	outKeyPath     *string
+	outCertPath    *string
+	outQRPath      *string
+	groups         *string
+
+	p11url *string
+
+	// Deprecated options
+	ip      *string
+	subnets *string
 }
 
 func newSignFlags() *signFlags {
 	sf := signFlags{set: flag.NewFlagSet("sign", flag.ContinueOnError)}
 	sf.set.Usage = func() {}
+	sf.version = sf.set.Uint("version", 0, "Optional: version of the certificate format to use, the default is to create both v1 and v2 certificates.")
 	sf.caKeyPath = sf.set.String("ca-key", "ca.key", "Optional: path to the signing CA key")
 	sf.caCertPath = sf.set.String("ca-crt", "ca.crt", "Optional: path to the signing CA cert")
 	sf.name = sf.set.String("name", "", "Required: name of the cert, usually a hostname")
-	sf.ip = sf.set.String("ip", "", "Required: ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation to assign the cert")
+	sf.networks = sf.set.String("networks", "", "Required: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation to assign to this cert")
+	sf.unsafeNetworks = sf.set.String("unsafe-networks", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. Unsafe networks this cert can route for")
 	sf.duration = sf.set.Duration("duration", 0, "Optional: how long the cert should be valid for. The default is 1 second before the signing cert expires. Valid time units are seconds: \"s\", minutes: \"m\", hours: \"h\"")
 	sf.inPubPath = sf.set.String("in-pub", "", "Optional (if out-key not set): path to read a previously generated public key")
 	sf.outKeyPath = sf.set.String("out-key", "", "Optional (if in-pub not set): path to write the private key to")
 	sf.outCertPath = sf.set.String("out-crt", "", "Optional: path to write the certificate to")
 	sf.outQRPath = sf.set.String("out-qr", "", "Optional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate")
 	sf.groups = sf.set.String("groups", "", "Optional: comma separated list of groups")
-	sf.subnets = sf.set.String("subnets", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. Subnets this cert can serve for")
-	return &sf
+	sf.p11url = p11Flag(sf.set)
 
+	sf.ip = sf.set.String("ip", "", "Deprecated, see -networks")
+	sf.subnets = sf.set.String("subnets", "", "Deprecated, see -unsafe-networks")
+	return &sf
 }
 
 func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error {
@@ -56,8 +69,12 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := mustFlagString("ca-key", sf.caKeyPath); err != nil {
-		return err
+	isP11 := len(*sf.p11url) > 0
+
+	if !isP11 {
+		if err := mustFlagString("ca-key", sf.caKeyPath); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 	if err := mustFlagString("ca-crt", sf.caCertPath); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -65,50 +82,67 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 	if err := mustFlagString("name", sf.name); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := mustFlagString("ip", sf.ip); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	if *sf.inPubPath != "" && *sf.outKeyPath != "" {
+	if !isP11 && *sf.inPubPath != "" && *sf.outKeyPath != "" {
 		return newHelpErrorf("cannot set both -in-pub and -out-key")
 	}
 
-	rawCAKey, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caKeyPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-key: %s", err)
+	var v4Networks []netip.Prefix
+	var v6Networks []netip.Prefix
+	if *sf.networks == "" && *sf.ip != "" {
+		// Pull up deprecated -ip flag if needed
+		*sf.networks = *sf.ip
+	}
+
+	if len(*sf.networks) == 0 {
+		return newHelpErrorf("-networks is required")
+	}
+
+	version := cert.Version(*sf.version)
+	if version != 0 && version != cert.Version1 && version != cert.Version2 {
+		return newHelpErrorf("-version must be either %v or %v", cert.Version1, cert.Version2)
 	}
 
 	var curve cert.Curve
 	var caKey []byte
 
-	// naively attempt to decode the private key as though it is not encrypted
-	caKey, _, curve, err = cert.UnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(rawCAKey)
-	if err == cert.ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted {
-		// ask for a passphrase until we get one
-		var passphrase []byte
-		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-			out.Write([]byte("Enter passphrase: "))
-			passphrase, err = pr.ReadPassword()
+	if !isP11 {
+		var rawCAKey []byte
+		rawCAKey, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caKeyPath)
 
-			if err == ErrNoTerminal {
-				return fmt.Errorf("ca-key is encrypted and must be decrypted interactively")
-			} else if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error reading password: %s", err)
-			}
-
-			if len(passphrase) > 0 {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		if len(passphrase) == 0 {
-			return fmt.Errorf("cannot open encrypted ca-key without passphrase")
-		}
-
-		curve, caKey, _, err = cert.DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rawCAKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing encrypted ca-key: %s", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-key: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		// naively attempt to decode the private key as though it is not encrypted
+		caKey, _, curve, err = cert.UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rawCAKey)
+		if errors.Is(err, cert.ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted) {
+			// ask for a passphrase until we get one
+			var passphrase []byte
+			for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+				out.Write([]byte("Enter passphrase: "))
+				passphrase, err = pr.ReadPassword()
+
+				if errors.Is(err, ErrNoTerminal) {
+					return fmt.Errorf("ca-key is encrypted and must be decrypted interactively")
+				} else if err != nil {
+					return fmt.Errorf("error reading password: %s", err)
+				}
+
+				if len(passphrase) > 0 {
+					break
+				}
+			}
+			if len(passphrase) == 0 {
+				return fmt.Errorf("cannot open encrypted ca-key without passphrase")
+			}
+
+			curve, caKey, _, err = cert.DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rawCAKey)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing encrypted ca-key: %s", err)
+			}
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing ca-key: %s", err)
 		}
-	} else if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing ca-key: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	rawCACert, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caCertPath)
@@ -116,18 +150,15 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-crt: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	caCert, _, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCACert)
+	caCert, _, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rawCACert)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing ca-crt: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := caCert.VerifyPrivateKey(curve, caKey); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
-	}
-
-	issuer, err := caCert.Sha256Sum()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while getting -ca-crt fingerprint: %s", err)
+	if !isP11 {
+		if err := caCert.VerifyPrivateKey(curve, caKey); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
+		}
 	}
 
 	if caCert.Expired(time.Now()) {
@@ -136,19 +167,53 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 
 	// if no duration is given, expire one second before the root expires
 	if *sf.duration <= 0 {
-		*sf.duration = time.Until(caCert.Details.NotAfter) - time.Second*1
+		*sf.duration = time.Until(caCert.NotAfter()) - time.Second*1
 	}
 
-	ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(*sf.ip)
-	if err != nil {
-		return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: %s", err)
-	}
-	if ip.To4() == nil {
-		return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", *sf.ip)
-	}
-	ipNet.IP = ip
+	if *sf.networks != "" {
+		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*sf.networks, ",") {
+			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
+			if rs != "" {
+				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
+				if err != nil {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: %s", rs)
+				}
 
-	groups := []string{}
+				if n.Addr().Is4() {
+					v4Networks = append(v4Networks, n)
+				} else {
+					v6Networks = append(v6Networks, n)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	var v4UnsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	var v6UnsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	if *sf.unsafeNetworks == "" && *sf.subnets != "" {
+		// Pull up deprecated -subnets flag if needed
+		*sf.unsafeNetworks = *sf.subnets
+	}
+
+	if *sf.unsafeNetworks != "" {
+		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*sf.unsafeNetworks, ",") {
+			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
+			if rs != "" {
+				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
+				if err != nil {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: %s", rs)
+				}
+
+				if n.Addr().Is4() {
+					v4UnsafeNetworks = append(v4UnsafeNetworks, n)
+				} else {
+					v6UnsafeNetworks = append(v6UnsafeNetworks, n)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	var groups []string
 	if *sf.groups != "" {
 		for _, rg := range strings.Split(*sf.groups, ",") {
 			g := strings.TrimSpace(rg)
@@ -158,60 +223,43 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		}
 	}
 
-	subnets := []*net.IPNet{}
-	if *sf.subnets != "" {
-		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*sf.subnets, ",") {
-			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
-			if rs != "" {
-				_, s, err := net.ParseCIDR(rs)
-				if err != nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: %s", err)
-				}
-				if s.IP.To4() == nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
-				}
-				subnets = append(subnets, s)
-			}
+	var pub, rawPriv []byte
+	var p11Client *pkclient.PKClient
+
+	if isP11 {
+		curve = cert.Curve_P256
+		p11Client, err = pkclient.FromUrl(*sf.p11url)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while creating PKCS#11 client: %w", err)
 		}
+		defer func(client *pkclient.PKClient) {
+			_ = client.Close()
+		}(p11Client)
 	}
 
-	var pub, rawPriv []byte
 	if *sf.inPubPath != "" {
+		var pubCurve cert.Curve
 		rawPub, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.inPubPath)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while reading in-pub: %s", err)
 		}
-		var pubCurve cert.Curve
-		pub, _, pubCurve, err = cert.UnmarshalPublicKey(rawPub)
+
+		pub, _, pubCurve, err = cert.UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rawPub)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing in-pub: %s", err)
 		}
 		if pubCurve != curve {
 			return fmt.Errorf("curve of in-pub does not match ca")
 		}
+	} else if isP11 {
+		pub, err = p11Client.GetPubKey()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while getting public key with PKCS#11: %w", err)
+		}
 	} else {
 		pub, rawPriv = newKeypair(curve)
 	}
 
-	nc := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      *sf.name,
-			Ips:       []*net.IPNet{ipNet},
-			Groups:    groups,
-			Subnets:   subnets,
-			NotBefore: time.Now(),
-			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(*sf.duration),
-			PublicKey: pub,
-			IsCA:      false,
-			Issuer:    issuer,
-			Curve:     curve,
-		},
-	}
-
-	if err := nc.CheckRootConstrains(caCert); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to sign, root certificate constraints violated: %s", err)
-	}
-
 	if *sf.outKeyPath == "" {
 		*sf.outKeyPath = *sf.name + ".key"
 	}
@@ -224,25 +272,105 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing cert: %s", *sf.outCertPath)
 	}
 
-	err = nc.Sign(curve, caKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %s", err)
+	var crts []cert.Certificate
+
+	notBefore := time.Now()
+	notAfter := notBefore.Add(*sf.duration)
+
+	if version == 0 || version == cert.Version1 {
+		// Make sure we at least have an ip
+		if len(v4Networks) != 1 {
+			return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only have a single ipv4 address")
+		}
+
+		if version == cert.Version1 {
+			// If we are asked to mint a v1 certificate only then we cant just ignore any v6 addresses
+			if len(v6Networks) > 0 {
+				return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4")
+			}
+
+			if len(v6UnsafeNetworks) > 0 {
+				return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4")
+			}
+		}
+
+		t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+			Version:        cert.Version1,
+			Name:           *sf.name,
+			Networks:       []netip.Prefix{v4Networks[0]},
+			Groups:         groups,
+			UnsafeNetworks: v4UnsafeNetworks,
+			NotBefore:      notBefore,
+			NotAfter:       notAfter,
+			PublicKey:      pub,
+			IsCA:           false,
+			Curve:          curve,
+		}
+
+		var nc cert.Certificate
+		if p11Client == nil {
+			nc, err = t.Sign(caCert, curve, caKey)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %w", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			nc, err = t.SignWith(caCert, curve, p11Client.SignASN1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing with PKCS#11: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		crts = append(crts, nc)
 	}
 
-	if *sf.inPubPath == "" {
+	if version == 0 || version == cert.Version2 {
+		t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+			Version:        cert.Version2,
+			Name:           *sf.name,
+			Networks:       append(v4Networks, v6Networks...),
+			Groups:         groups,
+			UnsafeNetworks: append(v4UnsafeNetworks, v6UnsafeNetworks...),
+			NotBefore:      notBefore,
+			NotAfter:       notAfter,
+			PublicKey:      pub,
+			IsCA:           false,
+			Curve:          curve,
+		}
+
+		var nc cert.Certificate
+		if p11Client == nil {
+			nc, err = t.Sign(caCert, curve, caKey)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %w", err)
+			}
+		} else {
+			nc, err = t.SignWith(caCert, curve, p11Client.SignASN1)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing with PKCS#11: %w", err)
+			}
+		}
+
+		crts = append(crts, nc)
+	}
+
+	if !isP11 && *sf.inPubPath == "" {
 		if _, err := os.Stat(*sf.outKeyPath); err == nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing key: %s", *sf.outKeyPath)
 		}
 
-		err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
+		err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
 		}
 	}
 
-	b, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
+	var b []byte
+	for _, c := range crts {
+		sb, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
+		}
+		b = append(b, sb...)
 	}
 
 	err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outCertPath, b, 0600)

cmd/nebula-cert/sign_test.go

@@ -13,11 +13,10 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )
 
-//TODO: test file permissions
-
 func Test_signSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "sign <flags>: create and sign a certificate", signSummary())
 }
@@ -39,17 +38,24 @@ func Test_signHelp(t *testing.T) {
 			"  -in-pub string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional (if out-key not set): path to read a previously generated public key\n"+
 			"  -ip string\n"+
-			"    \tRequired: ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation to assign the cert\n"+
+			"    \tDeprecated, see -networks\n"+
 			"  -name string\n"+
 			"    \tRequired: name of the cert, usually a hostname\n"+
+			"  -networks string\n"+
+			"    \tRequired: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation to assign to this cert\n"+
 			"  -out-crt string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: path to write the certificate to\n"+
 			"  -out-key string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional (if in-pub not set): path to write the private key to\n"+
 			"  -out-qr string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate\n"+
+			optionalPkcs11String("  -pkcs11 string\n    \tOptional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key\n")+
 			"  -subnets string\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. Subnets this cert can serve for\n",
+			"    \tDeprecated, see -unsafe-networks\n"+
+			"  -unsafe-networks string\n"+
+			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. Unsafe networks this cert can route for\n"+
+			"  -version uint\n"+
+			"    \tOptional: version of the certificate format to use, the default is to create both v1 and v2 certificates.\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
 }
@@ -76,20 +82,20 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, signCert(
-		[]string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+		[]string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
 	), "-name is required")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	assertHelpError(t, signCert(
-		[]string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
-	), "-ip is required")
+		[]string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+	), "-networks is required")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// cannot set -in-pub and -out-key
 	assertHelpError(t, signCert(
-		[]string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-in-pub", "nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+		[]string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-in-pub", "nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
 	), "cannot set both -in-pub and -out-key")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
@@ -97,18 +103,18 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	// failed to read key
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args := []string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-key: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	args := []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-key: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
 
 	// failed to unmarshal key
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caKeyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())
 
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-key: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-key: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
@@ -116,11 +122,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caPub, caPriv, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	caKeyF.Write(cert.MarshalEd25519PrivateKey(caPriv))
+	caKeyF.Write(cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv))
 
 	// failed to read cert
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-crt: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-crt: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
@@ -128,30 +134,22 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caCrtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())
 
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// write a proper ca cert for later
-	ca := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "ca",
-			NotBefore: time.Now(),
-			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Minute * 200),
-			PublicKey: caPub,
-			IsCA:      true,
-		},
-	}
-	b, _ := ca.MarshalToPEM()
+	ca, _ := NewTestCaCert("ca", caPub, caPriv, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(time.Minute*200), nil, nil, nil)
+	b, _ := ca.MarshalPEM()
 	caCrtF.Write(b)
 
 	// failed to read pub
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", "./nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading in-pub: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", "./nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading in-pub: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
@@ -159,11 +157,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	inPubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "in.pub")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(inPubF.Name())
 
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing in-pub: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing in-pub: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
@@ -171,116 +169,124 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	inPub, _ := x25519Keypair()
-	inPubF.Write(cert.MarshalX25519PublicKey(inPub))
+	inPubF.Write(cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, inPub))
 
 	// bad ip cidr
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "a1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid ip definition: invalid CIDR address: a1.1.1.1/24")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "a1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: a1.1.1.1/24")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "100::100/100", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "100::100/100", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only have a single ipv4 address")
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+
+	ob.Reset()
+	eb.Reset()
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24,1.1.1.2/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only have a single ipv4 address")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// bad subnet cidr
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid subnet definition: invalid CIDR address: a")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: a")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// mismatched ca key
 	_, caPriv2, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
 	caKeyF2, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert-2.key")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF2.Name())
-	caKeyF2.Write(cert.MarshalEd25519PrivateKey(caPriv2))
+	caKeyF2.Write(cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv2))
 
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF2.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF2.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 
 	// failed cert write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 
 	// create temp cert file
 	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 
 	// test proper cert with removed empty groups and subnets
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
-	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PrivateKey(rb)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	lKey, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)
 
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
-	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
-	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Details.Name)
-	assert.Equal(t, "1.1.1.1/24", lCrt.Details.Ips[0].String())
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Ips, 1)
-	assert.False(t, lCrt.Details.IsCA)
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Details.Groups)
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Subnets, 3)
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.PublicKey, 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.Details.NotAfter.Sub(lCrt.Details.NotBefore))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, "1.1.1.1/24", lCrt.Networks()[0].String())
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Networks(), 1)
+	assert.False(t, lCrt.IsCA())
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Groups())
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.UnsafeNetworks(), 3)
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.NotAfter().Sub(lCrt.NotBefore()))
 
 	sns := []string{}
-	for _, sn := range lCrt.Details.Subnets {
+	for _, sn := range lCrt.UnsafeNetworks() {
 		sns = append(sns, sn.String())
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"10.1.1.1/32", "10.2.2.2/32", "10.5.5.5/32"}, sns)
 
-	issuer, _ := ca.Sha256Sum()
-	assert.Equal(t, issuer, lCrt.Details.Issuer)
+	issuer, _ := ca.Fingerprint()
+	assert.Equal(t, issuer, lCrt.Issuer())
 
 	assert.True(t, lCrt.CheckSignature(caPub))
 
@@ -289,53 +295,55 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1"}
-	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1"}
+	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// read cert file and check pub key matches in-pub
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
-	lCrt, b, err = cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, lCrt.Details.PublicKey, inPub)
+	lCrt, b, err = cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), inPub)
 
 	// test refuse to sign cert with duration beyond root
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "1000m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate constraints violated: certificate expires after signing certificate")
+	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
+	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "1000m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while signing: certificate expires after signing certificate")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create valid cert/key for overwrite tests
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 
 	// test that we won't overwrite existing key file
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing key: "+keyF.Name())
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing key: "+keyF.Name())
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// create valid cert/key for overwrite tests
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 
 	// test that we won't overwrite existing certificate file
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing cert: "+crtF.Name())
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing cert: "+crtF.Name())
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
@@ -348,11 +356,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	eb.Reset()
 
 	caKeyF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())
 
 	caCrtF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())
 
 	// generate the encrypted key
@@ -361,21 +369,13 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	b, _ = cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
 	caKeyF.Write(b)
 
-	ca = cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "ca",
-			NotBefore: time.Now(),
-			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Minute * 200),
-			PublicKey: caPub,
-			IsCA:      true,
-		},
-	}
-	b, _ = ca.MarshalToPEM()
+	ca, _ = NewTestCaCert("ca", caPub, caPriv, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(time.Minute*200), nil, nil, nil)
+	b, _ = ca.MarshalPEM()
 	caCrtF.Write(b)
 
 	// test with the proper password
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
@@ -384,8 +384,8 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	eb.Reset()
 
 	testpw.password = []byte("invalid password")
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
@@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	// normally the user hitting enter on the prompt would add newlines between these
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
@@ -403,8 +403,8 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 
-	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, errpw))
+	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, errpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 }

cmd/nebula-cert/verify.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package main
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -41,14 +42,14 @@ func verify(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 
 	rawCACert, err := os.ReadFile(*vf.caPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca: %s", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	caPool := cert.NewCAPool()
 	for {
-		rawCACert, err = caPool.AddCACertificate(rawCACert)
+		rawCACert, err = caPool.AddCAFromPEM(rawCACert)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while adding ca cert to pool: %s", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while adding ca cert to pool: %w", err)
 		}
 
 		if rawCACert == nil || len(rawCACert) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(rawCACert)) == "" {
@@ -58,20 +59,30 @@ func verify(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 
 	rawCert, err := os.ReadFile(*vf.certPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read crt; %s", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read crt: %w", err)
+	}
+	var errs []error
+	for {
+		if len(rawCert) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		c, extra, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing crt: %w", err)
+		}
+		rawCert = extra
+		_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+		if err != nil {
+			switch {
+			case errors.Is(err, cert.ErrCaNotFound):
+				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("error while verifying certificate v%d %s with issuer %s: %w", c.Version(), c.Name(), c.Issuer(), err))
+			default:
+				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("error while verifying certificate %+v: %w", c, err))
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
-	c, _, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing crt: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	good, err := c.Verify(time.Now(), caPool)
-	if !good {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	return errors.Join(errs...)
 }
 
 func verifySummary() string {
@@ -80,7 +91,7 @@ func verifySummary() string {
 
 func verifyHelp(out io.Writer) {
 	vf := newVerifyFlags()
-	out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + verifySummary() + "\n"))
+	_, _ = out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + verifySummary() + "\n"))
 	vf.set.SetOutput(out)
 	vf.set.PrintDefaults()
 }

cmd/nebula-cert/verify_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )
 
@@ -37,105 +38,87 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, verify([]string{"-ca", "derp"}, ob, eb), "-crt is required")
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	assertHelpError(t, verify([]string{"-crt", "derp"}, ob, eb), "-ca is required")
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 
 	// no ca at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	err := verify([]string{"-ca", "does_not_exist", "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while reading ca: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while reading ca: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
 
 	// invalid ca at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-ca")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caFile.Name())
 
 	caFile.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while adding ca cert to pool: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while adding ca cert to pool: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 
 	// make a ca for later
 	caPub, caPriv, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	ca := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "test-ca",
-			NotBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Hour * -1),
-			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 2),
-			PublicKey: caPub,
-			IsCA:      true,
-		},
-	}
-	ca.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv)
-	b, _ := ca.MarshalToPEM()
+	ca, _ := NewTestCaCert("test-ca", caPub, caPriv, time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour*2), nil, nil, nil)
+	b, _ := ca.MarshalPEM()
 	caFile.Truncate(0)
 	caFile.Seek(0, 0)
 	caFile.Write(b)
 
 	// no crt at path
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read crt; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read crt: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
 
 	// invalid crt at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	certFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-cert")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(certFile.Name())
 
 	certFile.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while parsing crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while parsing crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 
 	// unverifiable cert at path
-	_, badPriv, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	certPub, _ := x25519Keypair()
-	signer, _ := ca.Sha256Sum()
-	crt := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "test-cert",
-			NotBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Hour * -1),
-			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
-			PublicKey: certPub,
-			IsCA:      false,
-			Issuer:    signer,
-		},
+	crt, _ := NewTestCert(ca, caPriv, "test-cert", time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
+	// Slightly evil hack to modify the certificate after it was sealed to generate an invalid signature
+	pub := crt.PublicKey()
+	for i, _ := range pub {
+		pub[i] = 0
 	}
-
-	crt.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, badPriv)
-	b, _ = crt.MarshalToPEM()
+	b, _ = crt.MarshalPEM()
 	certFile.Truncate(0)
 	certFile.Seek(0, 0)
 	certFile.Write(b)
 
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.EqualError(t, err, "certificate signature did not match")
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, cert.ErrSignatureMismatch)
 
 	// verified cert at path
-	crt.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv)
-	b, _ = crt.MarshalToPEM()
+	crt, _ = NewTestCert(ca, caPriv, "test-cert", time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
+	b, _ = crt.MarshalPEM()
 	certFile.Truncate(0)
 	certFile.Seek(0, 0)
 	certFile.Write(b)
 
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
+	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 }

config/config.go

@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@ import (
 
 	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
 
 type C struct {
 	path        string
 	files       []string
-	Settings    map[interface{}]interface{}
-	oldSettings map[interface{}]interface{}
+	Settings    map[string]any
+	oldSettings map[string]any
 	callbacks   []func(*C)
 	l           *logrus.Logger
 	reloadLock  sync.Mutex
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ type C struct {
 
 func NewC(l *logrus.Logger) *C {
 	return &C{
-		Settings: make(map[interface{}]interface{}),
+		Settings: make(map[string]any),
 		l:        l,
 	}
 }
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ func (c *C) HasChanged(k string) bool {
 	}
 
 	var (
-		nv interface{}
-		ov interface{}
+		nv any
+		ov any
 	)
 
 	if k == "" {
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ func (c *C) ReloadConfig() {
 	c.reloadLock.Lock()
 	defer c.reloadLock.Unlock()
 
-	c.oldSettings = make(map[interface{}]interface{})
+	c.oldSettings = make(map[string]any)
 	for k, v := range c.Settings {
 		c.oldSettings[k] = v
 	}
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func (c *C) ReloadConfigString(raw string) error {
 	c.reloadLock.Lock()
 	defer c.reloadLock.Unlock()
 
-	c.oldSettings = make(map[interface{}]interface{})
+	c.oldSettings = make(map[string]any)
 	for k, v := range c.Settings {
 		c.oldSettings[k] = v
 	}
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func (c *C) GetStringSlice(k string, d []string) []string {
 		return d
 	}
 
-	rv, ok := r.([]interface{})
+	rv, ok := r.([]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return d
 	}
@@ -215,13 +215,13 @@ func (c *C) GetStringSlice(k string, d []string) []string {
 }
 
 // GetMap will get the map for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
-func (c *C) GetMap(k string, d map[interface{}]interface{}) map[interface{}]interface{} {
+func (c *C) GetMap(k string, d map[string]any) map[string]any {
 	r := c.Get(k)
 	if r == nil {
 		return d
 	}
 
-	v, ok := r.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+	v, ok := r.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return d
 	}
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ func (c *C) GetInt(k string, d int) int {
 // GetUint32 will get the uint32 for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
 func (c *C) GetUint32(k string, d uint32) uint32 {
 	r := c.GetInt(k, int(d))
-	if uint64(r) > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
+	if r < 0 || uint64(r) > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
 		return d
 	}
 	return uint32(r)
@@ -266,6 +266,22 @@ func (c *C) GetBool(k string, d bool) bool {
 	return v
 }
 
+func AsBool(v any) (value bool, ok bool) {
+	switch x := v.(type) {
+	case bool:
+		return x, true
+	case string:
+		switch x {
+		case "y", "yes":
+			return true, true
+		case "n", "no":
+			return false, true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false, false
+}
+
 // GetDuration will get the duration for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
 func (c *C) GetDuration(k string, d time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	r := c.GetString(k, "")
@@ -276,7 +292,7 @@ func (c *C) GetDuration(k string, d time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	return v
 }
 
-func (c *C) Get(k string) interface{} {
+func (c *C) Get(k string) any {
 	return c.get(k, c.Settings)
 }
 
@@ -284,10 +300,10 @@ func (c *C) IsSet(k string) bool {
 	return c.get(k, c.Settings) != nil
 }
 
-func (c *C) get(k string, v interface{}) interface{} {
+func (c *C) get(k string, v any) any {
 	parts := strings.Split(k, ".")
 	for _, p := range parts {
-		m, ok := v.(map[interface{}]interface{})
+		m, ok := v.(map[string]any)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -346,7 +362,7 @@ func (c *C) addFile(path string, direct bool) error {
 }
 
 func (c *C) parseRaw(b []byte) error {
-	var m map[interface{}]interface{}
+	var m map[string]any
 
 	err := yaml.Unmarshal(b, &m)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -358,7 +374,7 @@ func (c *C) parseRaw(b []byte) error {
 }
 
 func (c *C) parse() error {
-	var m map[interface{}]interface{}
+	var m map[string]any
 
 	for _, path := range c.files {
 		b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
@@ -366,7 +382,7 @@ func (c *C) parse() error {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		var nm map[interface{}]interface{}
+		var nm map[string]any
 		err = yaml.Unmarshal(b, &nm)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err

config/config_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
 
 func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {
@@ -19,40 +19,37 @@ func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {
 	// invalid yaml
 	c := NewC(l)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte(" invalid yaml"), 0644)
-	assert.EqualError(t, c.Load(dir), "yaml: unmarshal errors:\n  line 1: cannot unmarshal !!str `invalid...` into map[interface {}]interface {}")
+	require.EqualError(t, c.Load(dir), "yaml: unmarshal errors:\n  line 1: cannot unmarshal !!str `invalid...` into map[string]interface {}")
 
 	// simple multi config merge
 	c = NewC(l)
 	os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	os.Mkdir(dir, 0755)
 
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "02.yml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: override\nnew: hi"), 0644)
-	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))
-	expected := map[interface{}]interface{}{
-		"outer": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+	require.NoError(t, c.Load(dir))
+	expected := map[string]any{
+		"outer": map[string]any{
 			"inner": "override",
 		},
 		"new": "hi",
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, c.Settings)
-
-	//TODO: test symlinked file
-	//TODO: test symlinked directory
 }
 
 func TestConfig_Get(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	// test simple type
 	c := NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": "hi"}
+	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": "hi"}
 	assert.Equal(t, "hi", c.Get("firewall.outbound"))
 
 	// test complex type
-	inner := []map[interface{}]interface{}{{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}
-	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": inner}
+	inner := []map[string]any{{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}
+	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": inner}
 	assert.EqualValues(t, inner, c.Get("firewall.outbound"))
 
 	// test missing
@@ -62,7 +59,7 @@ func TestConfig_Get(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConfig_GetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["slice"] = []interface{}{"one", "two"}
+	c.Settings["slice"] = []any{"one", "two"}
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"one", "two"}, c.GetStringSlice("slice", []string{}))
 }
 
@@ -70,28 +67,28 @@ func TestConfig_GetBool(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["bool"] = true
-	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
 
 	c.Settings["bool"] = "true"
-	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
 
 	c.Settings["bool"] = false
-	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
 
 	c.Settings["bool"] = "false"
-	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
 
 	c.Settings["bool"] = "Y"
-	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
 
 	c.Settings["bool"] = "yEs"
-	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
 
 	c.Settings["bool"] = "N"
-	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
 
 	c.Settings["bool"] = "nO"
-	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
 }
 
 func TestConfig_HasChanged(t *testing.T) {
@@ -104,14 +101,14 @@ func TestConfig_HasChanged(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test key change
 	c = NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["test"] = "hi"
-	c.oldSettings = map[interface{}]interface{}{"test": "no"}
+	c.oldSettings = map[string]any{"test": "no"}
 	assert.True(t, c.HasChanged("test"))
 	assert.True(t, c.HasChanged(""))
 
 	// No key change
 	c = NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["test"] = "hi"
-	c.oldSettings = map[interface{}]interface{}{"test": "hi"}
+	c.oldSettings = map[string]any{"test": "hi"}
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("test"))
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged(""))
 }
@@ -120,11 +117,11 @@ func TestConfig_ReloadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	done := make(chan bool, 1)
 	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "config-test")
-	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)
 
 	c := NewC(l)
-	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))
+	require.NoError(t, c.Load(dir))
 
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("outer.inner"))
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("outer"))
@@ -187,11 +184,11 @@ firewall:
 `),
 	}
 
-	var m map[any]any
+	var m map[string]any
 
 	// merge the same way config.parse() merges
 	for _, b := range configs {
-		var nm map[any]any
+		var nm map[string]any
 		err := yaml.Unmarshal(b, &nm)
 		require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -208,15 +205,15 @@ firewall:
 	t.Logf("Merged Config as YAML:\n%s", mYaml)
 
 	// If a bug is present, some items might be replaced instead of merged like we expect
-	expected := map[any]any{
-		"firewall": map[any]any{
+	expected := map[string]any{
+		"firewall": map[string]any{
 			"inbound": []any{
-				map[any]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "icmp"},
-				map[any]any{"groups": []any{"server"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"},
-				map[any]any{"groups": []any{"webapp"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"}},
+				map[string]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "icmp"},
+				map[string]any{"groups": []any{"server"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"},
+				map[string]any{"groups": []any{"webapp"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"}},
 			"outbound": []any{
-				map[any]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "any"}}},
-		"listen": map[any]any{
+				map[string]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "any"}}},
+		"listen": map[string]any{
 			"host": "0.0.0.0",
 			"port": 4242,
 		},

connection_manager.go

@@ -3,15 +3,18 @@ package nebula
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 )
 
 type trafficDecision int
@@ -27,130 +30,124 @@ const (
 )
 
 type connectionManager struct {
-	in     map[uint32]struct{}
-	inLock *sync.RWMutex
-
-	out     map[uint32]struct{}
-	outLock *sync.RWMutex
-
 	// relayUsed holds which relay localIndexs are in use
 	relayUsed     map[uint32]struct{}
 	relayUsedLock *sync.RWMutex
 
-	hostMap                 *HostMap
-	trafficTimer            *LockingTimerWheel[uint32]
-	intf                    *Interface
-	pendingDeletion         map[uint32]struct{}
-	punchy                  *Punchy
+	hostMap      *HostMap
+	trafficTimer *LockingTimerWheel[uint32]
+	intf         *Interface
+	punchy       *Punchy
+
+	// Configuration settings
 	checkInterval           time.Duration
 	pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration
-	metricsTxPunchy         metrics.Counter
+	inactivityTimeout       atomic.Int64
+	dropInactive            atomic.Bool
+
+	metricsTxPunchy metrics.Counter
 
 	l *logrus.Logger
 }
 
-func newConnectionManager(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, intf *Interface, checkInterval, pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration, punchy *Punchy) *connectionManager {
-	var max time.Duration
-	if checkInterval < pendingDeletionInterval {
-		max = pendingDeletionInterval
-	} else {
-		max = checkInterval
+func newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, hm *HostMap, p *Punchy) *connectionManager {
+	cm := &connectionManager{
+		hostMap:         hm,
+		l:               l,
+		punchy:          p,
+		relayUsed:       make(map[uint32]struct{}),
+		relayUsedLock:   &sync.RWMutex{},
+		metricsTxPunchy: metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("messages.tx.punchy", nil),
 	}
 
-	nc := &connectionManager{
-		hostMap:                 intf.hostMap,
-		in:                      make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		inLock:                  &sync.RWMutex{},
-		out:                     make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		outLock:                 &sync.RWMutex{},
-		relayUsed:               make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		relayUsedLock:           &sync.RWMutex{},
-		trafficTimer:            NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32](time.Millisecond*500, max),
-		intf:                    intf,
-		pendingDeletion:         make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		checkInterval:           checkInterval,
-		pendingDeletionInterval: pendingDeletionInterval,
-		punchy:                  punchy,
-		metricsTxPunchy:         metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("messages.tx.punchy", nil),
-		l:                       l,
-	}
+	cm.reload(c, true)
+	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
+		cm.reload(c, false)
+	})
 
-	nc.Start(ctx)
-	return nc
+	return cm
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) In(localIndex uint32) {
-	n.inLock.RLock()
-	// If this already exists, return
-	if _, ok := n.in[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.inLock.RUnlock()
-		return
+func (cm *connectionManager) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) {
+	if initial {
+		cm.checkInterval = time.Duration(c.GetInt("timers.connection_alive_interval", 5)) * time.Second
+		cm.pendingDeletionInterval = time.Duration(c.GetInt("timers.pending_deletion_interval", 10)) * time.Second
+
+		// We want at least a minimum resolution of 500ms per tick so that we can hit these intervals
+		// pretty close to their configured duration.
+		// The inactivity duration is checked each time a hostinfo ticks through so we don't need the wheel to contain it.
+		minDuration := min(time.Millisecond*500, cm.checkInterval, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
+		maxDuration := max(cm.checkInterval, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
+		cm.trafficTimer = NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32](minDuration, maxDuration)
+	}
+
+	if initial || c.HasChanged("tunnels.inactivity_timeout") {
+		old := cm.getInactivityTimeout()
+		cm.inactivityTimeout.Store((int64)(c.GetDuration("tunnels.inactivity_timeout", 10*time.Minute)))
+		if !initial {
+			cm.l.WithField("oldDuration", old).
+				WithField("newDuration", cm.getInactivityTimeout()).
+				Info("Inactivity timeout has changed")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if initial || c.HasChanged("tunnels.drop_inactive") {
+		old := cm.dropInactive.Load()
+		cm.dropInactive.Store(c.GetBool("tunnels.drop_inactive", false))
+		if !initial {
+			cm.l.WithField("oldBool", old).
+				WithField("newBool", cm.dropInactive.Load()).
+				Info("Drop inactive setting has changed")
+		}
 	}
-	n.inLock.RUnlock()
-	n.inLock.Lock()
-	n.in[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.inLock.Unlock()
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) Out(localIndex uint32) {
-	n.outLock.RLock()
-	// If this already exists, return
-	if _, ok := n.out[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.outLock.RUnlock()
-		return
-	}
-	n.outLock.RUnlock()
-	n.outLock.Lock()
-	n.out[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.outLock.Unlock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) getInactivityTimeout() time.Duration {
+	return (time.Duration)(cm.inactivityTimeout.Load())
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) RelayUsed(localIndex uint32) {
-	n.relayUsedLock.RLock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) In(h *HostInfo) {
+	h.in.Store(true)
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) Out(h *HostInfo) {
+	h.out.Store(true)
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) RelayUsed(localIndex uint32) {
+	cm.relayUsedLock.RLock()
 	// If this already exists, return
-	if _, ok := n.relayUsed[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+	if _, ok := cm.relayUsed[localIndex]; ok {
+		cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 		return
 	}
-	n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
-	n.relayUsedLock.Lock()
-	n.relayUsed[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
+	cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+	cm.relayUsedLock.Lock()
+	cm.relayUsed[localIndex] = struct{}{}
+	cm.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
 }
 
 // getAndResetTrafficCheck returns if there was any inbound or outbound traffic within the last tick and
 // resets the state for this local index
-func (n *connectionManager) getAndResetTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32) (bool, bool) {
-	n.inLock.Lock()
-	n.outLock.Lock()
-	_, in := n.in[localIndex]
-	_, out := n.out[localIndex]
-	delete(n.in, localIndex)
-	delete(n.out, localIndex)
-	n.inLock.Unlock()
-	n.outLock.Unlock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) getAndResetTrafficCheck(h *HostInfo, now time.Time) (bool, bool) {
+	in := h.in.Swap(false)
+	out := h.out.Swap(false)
+	if in || out {
+		h.lastUsed = now
+	}
 	return in, out
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) AddTrafficWatch(localIndex uint32) {
-	// Use a write lock directly because it should be incredibly rare that we are ever already tracking this index
-	n.outLock.Lock()
-	if _, ok := n.out[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.outLock.Unlock()
-		return
+// AddTrafficWatch must be called for every new HostInfo.
+// We will continue to monitor the HostInfo until the tunnel is dropped.
+func (cm *connectionManager) AddTrafficWatch(h *HostInfo) {
+	if h.out.Swap(true) == false {
+		cm.trafficTimer.Add(h.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
 	}
-	n.out[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.trafficTimer.Add(localIndex, n.checkInterval)
-	n.outLock.Unlock()
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) Start(ctx context.Context) {
-	go n.Run(ctx)
-}
-
-func (n *connectionManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
-	//TODO: this tick should be based on the min wheel tick? Check firewall
-	clockSource := time.NewTicker(500 * time.Millisecond)
+func (cm *connectionManager) Start(ctx context.Context) {
+	clockSource := time.NewTicker(cm.trafficTimer.t.tickDuration)
 	defer clockSource.Stop()
 
 	p := []byte("")
@@ -163,110 +160,115 @@ func (n *connectionManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
 			return
 
 		case now := <-clockSource.C:
-			n.trafficTimer.Advance(now)
+			cm.trafficTimer.Advance(now)
 			for {
-				localIndex, has := n.trafficTimer.Purge()
+				localIndex, has := cm.trafficTimer.Purge()
 				if !has {
 					break
 				}
 
-				n.doTrafficCheck(localIndex, p, nb, out, now)
+				cm.doTrafficCheck(localIndex, p, nb, out, now)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) {
-	decision, hostinfo, primary := n.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, now)
+func (cm *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) {
+	decision, hostinfo, primary := cm.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, now)
 
 	switch decision {
 	case deleteTunnel:
-		if n.hostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo) {
+		if cm.hostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo) {
 			// Only clearing the lighthouse cache if this is the last hostinfo for this vpn ip in the hostmap
-			n.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnIp(hostinfo.vpnIp)
+			cm.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnAddrs(hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
 		}
 
 	case closeTunnel:
-		n.intf.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
-		n.intf.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
+		cm.intf.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
+		cm.intf.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
 
 	case swapPrimary:
-		n.swapPrimary(hostinfo, primary)
+		cm.swapPrimary(hostinfo, primary)
 
 	case migrateRelays:
-		n.migrateRelayUsed(hostinfo, primary)
+		cm.migrateRelayUsed(hostinfo, primary)
 
 	case tryRehandshake:
-		n.tryRehandshake(hostinfo)
+		cm.tryRehandshake(hostinfo)
 
 	case sendTestPacket:
-		n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
+		cm.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
 	}
 
-	n.resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo)
+	cm.resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo)
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+func (cm *connectionManager) resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	if hostinfo != nil {
-		n.relayUsedLock.Lock()
-		defer n.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
+		cm.relayUsedLock.Lock()
+		defer cm.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
 		// No need to migrate any relays, delete usage info now.
 		for _, idx := range hostinfo.relayState.CopyRelayForIdxs() {
-			delete(n.relayUsed, idx)
+			delete(cm.relayUsed, idx)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo) {
+func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	relayFor := oldhostinfo.relayState.CopyAllRelayFor()
 
 	for _, r := range relayFor {
-		existing, ok := newhostinfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(r.PeerIp)
+		existing, ok := newhostinfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(r.PeerAddr)
 
 		var index uint32
-		var relayFrom iputil.VpnIp
-		var relayTo iputil.VpnIp
+		var relayFrom netip.Addr
+		var relayTo netip.Addr
 		switch {
-		case ok && existing.State == Established:
-			// This relay already exists in newhostinfo, then do nothing.
-			continue
-		case ok && existing.State == Requested:
-			// The relay exists in a Requested state; re-send the request
-			index = existing.LocalIndex
-			switch r.Type {
-			case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnIp
-				relayTo = existing.PeerIp
-			case ForwardingType:
-				relayFrom = existing.PeerIp
-				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnIp
-			default:
-				// should never happen
+		case ok:
+			switch existing.State {
+			case Established, PeerRequested, Disestablished:
+				// This relay already exists in newhostinfo, then do nothing.
+				continue
+			case Requested:
+				// The relay exists in a Requested state; re-send the request
+				index = existing.LocalIndex
+				switch r.Type {
+				case TerminalType:
+					relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
+					relayTo = existing.PeerAddr
+				case ForwardingType:
+					relayFrom = existing.PeerAddr
+					relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
+				default:
+					// should never happen
+					panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
+				}
 			}
 		case !ok:
-			n.relayUsedLock.RLock()
-			if _, relayUsed := n.relayUsed[r.LocalIndex]; !relayUsed {
+			cm.relayUsedLock.RLock()
+			if _, relayUsed := cm.relayUsed[r.LocalIndex]; !relayUsed {
 				// The relay hasn't been used; don't migrate it.
-				n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+				cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 				continue
 			}
-			n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+			cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 			// The relay doesn't exist at all; create some relay state and send the request.
 			var err error
-			index, err = AddRelay(n.l, newhostinfo, n.hostMap, r.PeerIp, nil, r.Type, Requested)
+			index, err = AddRelay(cm.l, newhostinfo, cm.hostMap, r.PeerAddr, nil, r.Type, Requested)
 			if err != nil {
-				n.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo")
+				cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo")
 				continue
 			}
 			switch r.Type {
 			case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnIp
-				relayTo = r.PeerIp
+				relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
+				relayTo = r.PeerAddr
 			case ForwardingType:
-				relayFrom = r.PeerIp
-				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnIp
+				relayFrom = r.PeerAddr
+				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
 			default:
 				// should never happen
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -274,65 +276,87 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 		req := NebulaControl{
 			Type:                NebulaControl_CreateRelayRequest,
 			InitiatorRelayIndex: index,
-			RelayFromIp:         uint32(relayFrom),
-			RelayToIp:           uint32(relayTo),
 		}
+
+		switch newhostinfo.GetCert().Certificate.Version() {
+		case cert.Version1:
+			if !relayFrom.Is4() {
+				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if !relayTo.Is4() {
+				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+				continue
+			}
+
+			b := relayFrom.As4()
+			req.OldRelayFromAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+			b = relayTo.As4()
+			req.OldRelayToAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+		case cert.Version2:
+			req.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayFrom)
+			req.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayTo)
+		default:
+			newhostinfo.logger(cm.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while attempting to migrate relay")
+			continue
+		}
+
 		msg, err := req.Marshal()
 		if err != nil {
-			n.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay")
+			cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay")
 		} else {
-			n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, newhostinfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
-			n.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-				"relayFrom":           iputil.VpnIp(req.RelayFromIp),
-				"relayTo":             iputil.VpnIp(req.RelayToIp),
+			cm.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, newhostinfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			cm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+				"relayFrom":           req.RelayFromAddr,
+				"relayTo":             req.RelayToAddr,
 				"initiatorRelayIndex": req.InitiatorRelayIndex,
 				"responderRelayIndex": req.ResponderRelayIndex,
-				"vpnIp":               newhostinfo.vpnIp}).
+				"vpnAddrs":            newhostinfo.vpnAddrs}).
 				Info("send CreateRelayRequest")
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
-	n.hostMap.RLock()
-	defer n.hostMap.RUnlock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
+	// Read lock the main hostmap to order decisions based on tunnels being the primary tunnel
+	cm.hostMap.RLock()
+	defer cm.hostMap.RUnlock()
 
-	hostinfo := n.hostMap.Indexes[localIndex]
+	hostinfo := cm.hostMap.Indexes[localIndex]
 	if hostinfo == nil {
-		n.l.WithField("localIndex", localIndex).Debugf("Not found in hostmap")
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, localIndex)
+		cm.l.WithField("localIndex", localIndex).Debugln("Not found in hostmap")
 		return doNothing, nil, nil
 	}
 
-	if n.isInvalidCertificate(now, hostinfo) {
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	if cm.isInvalidCertificate(now, hostinfo) {
 		return closeTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}
 
-	primary := n.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnIp]
+	primary := cm.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
 	mainHostInfo := true
 	if primary != nil && primary != hostinfo {
 		mainHostInfo = false
 	}
 
 	// Check for traffic on this hostinfo
-	inTraffic, outTraffic := n.getAndResetTrafficCheck(localIndex)
+	inTraffic, outTraffic := cm.getAndResetTrafficCheck(hostinfo, now)
 
 	// A hostinfo is determined alive if there is incoming traffic
 	if inTraffic {
 		decision := doNothing
-		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(n.l).
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
 				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "alive", "method": "passive"}).
 				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+		hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Store(false)
 
 		if mainHostInfo {
 			decision = tryRehandshake
 
 		} else {
-			if n.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo, primary) {
+			if cm.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo, primary) {
 				decision = swapPrimary
 			} else {
 				// migrate the relays to the primary, if in use.
@@ -340,46 +364,55 @@ func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time
 			}
 		}
 
-		n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.checkInterval)
+		cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
 
 		if !outTraffic {
 			// Send a punch packet to keep the NAT state alive
-			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 		}
 
 		return decision, hostinfo, primary
 	}
 
-	if _, ok := n.pendingDeletion[hostinfo.localIndexId]; ok {
+	if hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load() {
 		// We have already sent a test packet and nothing was returned, this hostinfo is dead
-		hostinfo.logger(n.l).
+		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
 			WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "dead", "method": "active"}).
 			Info("Tunnel status")
 
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 		return deleteTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}
 
 	decision := doNothing
 	if hostinfo != nil && hostinfo.ConnectionState != nil && mainHostInfo {
 		if !outTraffic {
+			inactiveFor, isInactive := cm.isInactive(hostinfo, now)
+			if isInactive {
+				// Tunnel is inactive, tear it down
+				hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+					WithField("inactiveDuration", inactiveFor).
+					WithField("primary", mainHostInfo).
+					Info("Dropping tunnel due to inactivity")
+
+				return closeTunnel, hostinfo, primary
+			}
+
 			// If we aren't sending or receiving traffic then its an unused tunnel and we don't to test the tunnel.
 			// Just maintain NAT state if configured to do so.
-			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
-			n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.checkInterval)
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
 			return doNothing, nil, nil
-
 		}
 
-		if n.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+		if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
 			// This is similar to the old punchy behavior with a slight optimization.
 			// We aren't receiving traffic but we are sending it, punch on all known
 			// ips in case we need to re-prime NAT state
-			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 		}
 
-		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(n.l).
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
 				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "testing", "method": "active"}).
 				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}
@@ -388,95 +421,124 @@ func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time
 		decision = sendTestPacket
 
 	} else {
-		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(n.l).Debugf("Hostinfo sadness")
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Debugf("Hostinfo sadness")
 		}
 	}
 
-	n.pendingDeletion[hostinfo.localIndexId] = struct{}{}
-	n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.pendingDeletionInterval)
+	hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Store(true)
+	cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
 	return decision, hostinfo, nil
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
+func (cm *connectionManager) isInactive(hostinfo *HostInfo, now time.Time) (time.Duration, bool) {
+	if cm.dropInactive.Load() == false {
+		// We aren't configured to drop inactive tunnels
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	inactiveDuration := now.Sub(hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	if inactiveDuration < cm.getInactivityTimeout() {
+		// It's not considered inactive
+		return inactiveDuration, false
+	}
+
+	// The tunnel is inactive
+	return inactiveDuration, true
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
 	// The primary tunnel is the most recent handshake to complete locally and should work entirely fine.
 	// If we are here then we have multiple tunnels for a host pair and neither side believes the same tunnel is primary.
 	// Let's sort this out.
 
-	if current.vpnIp < n.intf.myVpnIp {
-		// Only one side should flip primary because if both flip then we may never resolve to a single tunnel.
-		// vpn ip is static across all tunnels for this host pair so lets use that to determine who is flipping.
-		// The remotes vpn ip is lower than mine. I will not flip.
+	// Only one side should swap because if both swap then we may never resolve to a single tunnel.
+	// vpn addr is static across all tunnels for this host pair so lets
+	// use that to determine if we should consider swapping.
+	if current.vpnAddrs[0].Compare(cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]) < 0 {
+		// Their primary vpn addr is less than mine. Do not swap.
 		return false
 	}
 
-	certState := n.intf.pki.GetCertState()
-	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature, certState.Certificate.Signature)
+	crt := cm.intf.pki.getCertState().getCertificate(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Version())
+	// If this tunnel is using the latest certificate then we should swap it to primary for a bit and see if things
+	// settle down.
+	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature(), crt.Signature())
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
-	n.hostMap.Lock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
+	cm.hostMap.Lock()
 	// Make sure the primary is still the same after the write lock. This avoids a race with a rehandshake.
-	if n.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnIp] == primary {
-		n.hostMap.unlockedMakePrimary(current)
+	if cm.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnAddrs[0]] == primary {
+		cm.hostMap.unlockedMakePrimary(current)
 	}
-	n.hostMap.Unlock()
+	cm.hostMap.Unlock()
 }
 
 // isInvalidCertificate will check if we should destroy a tunnel if pki.disconnect_invalid is true and
 // the certificate is no longer valid. Block listed certificates will skip the pki.disconnect_invalid
 // check and return true.
-func (n *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
+func (cm *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
 	remoteCert := hostinfo.GetCert()
 	if remoteCert == nil {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	valid, err := remoteCert.VerifyWithCache(now, n.intf.pki.GetCAPool())
-	if valid {
+	caPool := cm.intf.pki.GetCAPool()
+	err := caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(now, remoteCert)
+	if err == nil {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	if !n.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
+	if !cm.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
 		// Block listed certificates should always be disconnected
 		return false
 	}
 
-	fingerprint, _ := remoteCert.Sha256Sum()
-	hostinfo.logger(n.l).WithError(err).
-		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
+	hostinfo.logger(cm.l).WithError(err).
+		WithField("fingerprint", remoteCert.Fingerprint).
 		Info("Remote certificate is no longer valid, tearing down the tunnel")
 
 	return true
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	if !n.punchy.GetPunch() {
+func (cm *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	if !cm.punchy.GetPunch() {
 		// Punching is disabled
 		return
 	}
 
-	if n.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
-		hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(n.hostMap.preferredRanges, func(addr *udp.Addr, preferred bool) {
-			n.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
-			n.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, addr)
-		})
-
-	} else if hostinfo.remote != nil {
-		n.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
-		n.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, hostinfo.remote)
-	}
-}
-
-func (n *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	certState := n.intf.pki.GetCertState()
-	if bytes.Equal(hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature, certState.Certificate.Signature) {
+	if cm.intf.lightHouse.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(hostinfo.vpnAddrs) {
+		// Do not punch to lighthouses, we assume our lighthouse update interval is good enough.
+		// In the event the update interval is not sufficient to maintain NAT state then a publicly available lighthouse
+		// would lose the ability to notify us and punchy.respond would become unreliable.
 		return
 	}
 
-	n.l.WithField("vpnIp", hostinfo.vpnIp).
+	if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+		hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(cm.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges(), func(addr netip.AddrPort, preferred bool) {
+			cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+			cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, addr)
+		})
+
+	} else if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() {
+		cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+		cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, hostinfo.remote)
+	}
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	cs := cm.intf.pki.getCertState()
+	curCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert
+	myCrt := cs.getCertificate(curCrt.Version())
+	if curCrt.Version() >= cs.initiatingVersion && bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) == true {
+		// The current tunnel is using the latest certificate and version, no need to rehandshake.
+		return
+	}
+
+	cm.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
 		WithField("reason", "local certificate is not current").
 		Info("Re-handshaking with remote")
 
-	n.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnIp, nil)
+	cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
 }

connection_manager_test.go

@@ -1,32 +1,29 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/flynn/noise"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
-var vpnIp iputil.VpnIp
-
 func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 	lh := &LightHouse{
 		l:         test.NewLogger(),
-		addrMap:   map[iputil.VpnIp]*RemoteList{},
-		queryChan: make(chan iputil.VpnIp, 10),
+		addrMap:   map[netip.Addr]*RemoteList{},
+		queryChan: make(chan netip.Addr, 10),
 	}
-	lighthouses := map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{}
-	staticList := map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{}
+	lighthouses := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
+	staticList := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
 
 	lh.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
 	lh.staticList.Store(&staticList)
@@ -37,18 +34,19 @@ func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	//_, tuncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("1.1.1.1/24")
-	_, vpncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("172.1.1.1/24")
-	_, localrange, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.1.1.1/24")
-	vpnIp = iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("172.1.1.2"))
-	preferredRanges := []*net.IPNet{localrange}
+	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
+	vpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")
+	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}
 
 	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges)
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)
+
 	cs := &CertState{
-		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
-		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
-		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
-		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
+		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
+		privateKey:        []byte{},
+		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
 	}
 
 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
@@ -65,70 +63,73 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
 
 	// Create manager
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
-	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	nc.intf = ifce
 	p := []byte("")
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)
 
 	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnIp:         vpnIp,
+		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
 		localIndexId:  1099,
 		remoteIndexId: 9901,
 	}
 	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		myCert: &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
 		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
 
 	// We saw traffic out to vpnIp
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 
 	// Do a traffic check tick, should not be pending deletion but should not have any in/out packets recorded
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 
 	// Do another traffic check tick, this host should be pending deletion now
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 
 	// Do a final traffic check tick, the host should now be removed
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
 	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 }
 
 func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	//_, tuncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("1.1.1.1/24")
-	_, vpncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("172.1.1.1/24")
-	_, localrange, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.1.1.1/24")
-	preferredRanges := []*net.IPNet{localrange}
+	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
+	vpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")
+	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}
 
 	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges)
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)
+
 	cs := &CertState{
-		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
-		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
-		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
-		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
+		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
+		privateKey:        []byte{},
+		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
 	}
 
 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
@@ -145,56 +146,152 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
 
 	// Create manager
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
-	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	nc.intf = ifce
 	p := []byte("")
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)
 
 	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnIp:         vpnIp,
+		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
 		localIndexId:  1099,
 		remoteIndexId: 9901,
 	}
 	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		myCert: &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
 		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
 
 	// We saw traffic out to vpnIp
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.vpnIp)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 
 	// Do a traffic check tick, should not be pending deletion but should not have any in/out packets recorded
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 
 	// Do another traffic check tick, this host should be pending deletion now
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 
 	// We saw traffic, should no longer be pending deletion
-	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+}
+
+func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
+	vpnAddrs := []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")}
+	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}
+
+	// Very incomplete mock objects
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)
+
+	cs := &CertState{
+		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
+		privateKey:        []byte{},
+		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
+	}
+
+	lh := newTestLighthouse()
+	ifce := &Interface{
+		hostMap:          hostMap,
+		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
+		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
+		firewall:         &Firewall{},
+		lightHouse:       lh,
+		pki:              &PKI{},
+		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, hostMap, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
+		l:                l,
+	}
+	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
+
+	// Create manager
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	conf.Settings["tunnels"] = map[string]any{
+		"drop_inactive": true,
+	}
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	assert.True(t, nc.dropInactive.Load())
+	nc.intf = ifce
+
+	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
+	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
+		vpnAddrs:      vpnAddrs,
+		localIndexId:  1099,
+		remoteIndexId: 9901,
+	}
+	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
+		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
+	}
+	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
+
+	// Do a traffic check tick, in and out should be cleared but should not be pending deletion
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	decision, _, _ := nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now)
+	assert.Equal(t, tryRehandshake, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+
+	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Second*5))
+	assert.Equal(t, doNothing, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+
+	// Do another traffic check tick, should still not be pending deletion
+	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Second*10))
+	assert.Equal(t, doNothing, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+
+	// Finally advance beyond the inactivity timeout
+	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Minute*10))
+	assert.Equal(t, closeTunnel, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 }
 
 // Check if we can disconnect the peer.
@@ -203,53 +300,48 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-	ipNet := net.IPNet{
-		IP:   net.IPv4(172, 1, 1, 2),
-		Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
-	}
-	_, vpncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("172.1.1.1/24")
-	_, localrange, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.1.1.1/24")
-	preferredRanges := []*net.IPNet{localrange}
-	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges)
+
+	vpncidr := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/24")
+	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
+	vpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")
+	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)
 
 	// Generate keys for CA and peer's cert.
 	pubCA, privCA, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	caCert := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "ca",
-			NotBefore: now,
-			NotAfter:  now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
-			IsCA:      true,
-			PublicKey: pubCA,
-		},
+	tbs := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Version:   1,
+		Name:      "ca",
+		IsCA:      true,
+		NotBefore: now,
+		NotAfter:  now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+		PublicKey: pubCA,
 	}
 
-	assert.NoError(t, caCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA))
-	ncp := &cert.NebulaCAPool{
-		CAs: cert.NewCAPool().CAs,
-	}
-	ncp.CAs["ca"] = &caCert
+	caCert, err := tbs.Sign(nil, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	ncp := cert.NewCAPool()
+	require.NoError(t, ncp.AddCA(caCert))
 
 	pubCrt, _, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	peerCert := cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:      "host",
-			Ips:       []*net.IPNet{&ipNet},
-			Subnets:   []*net.IPNet{},
-			NotBefore: now,
-			NotAfter:  now.Add(60 * time.Second),
-			PublicKey: pubCrt,
-			IsCA:      false,
-			Issuer:    "ca",
-		},
+	tbs = &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Version:   1,
+		Name:      "host",
+		Networks:  []netip.Prefix{vpncidr},
+		NotBefore: now,
+		NotAfter:  now.Add(60 * time.Second),
+		PublicKey: pubCrt,
 	}
-	assert.NoError(t, peerCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA))
+	peerCert, err := tbs.Sign(caCert, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	cachedPeerCert, err := ncp.VerifyCertificate(now.Add(time.Second), peerCert)
 
 	cs := &CertState{
-		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
-		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
-		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
-		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
+		privateKey:       []byte{},
+		v1Cert:           &dummyCert{},
+		v1HandshakeBytes: []byte{},
 	}
 
 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
@@ -268,17 +360,17 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.disconnectInvalid.Store(true)
 
 	// Create manager
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
-	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	nc.intf = ifce
 	ifce.connectionManager = nc
 
 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnIp: vpnIp,
+		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
 		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
-			myCert:   &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
-			peerCert: &peerCert,
+			myCert:   &dummyCert{},
+			peerCert: cachedPeerCert,
 			H:        &noise.HandshakeState{},
 		},
 	}
@@ -298,3 +390,114 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	invalid = nc.isInvalidCertificate(nextTick, hostinfo)
 	assert.True(t, invalid)
 }
+
+type dummyCert struct {
+	version        cert.Version
+	curve          cert.Curve
+	groups         []string
+	isCa           bool
+	issuer         string
+	name           string
+	networks       []netip.Prefix
+	notAfter       time.Time
+	notBefore      time.Time
+	publicKey      []byte
+	signature      []byte
+	unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Version() cert.Version {
+	return d.version
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Curve() cert.Curve {
+	return d.curve
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Groups() []string {
+	return d.groups
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) IsCA() bool {
+	return d.isCa
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Issuer() string {
+	return d.issuer
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Name() string {
+	return d.name
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return d.networks
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) NotAfter() time.Time {
+	return d.notAfter
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) NotBefore() time.Time {
+	return d.notBefore
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) PublicKey() []byte {
+	return d.publicKey
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Signature() []byte {
+	return d.signature
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) UnsafeNetworks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return d.unsafeNetworks
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) MarshalForHandshakes() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Sign(curve cert.Curve, key []byte) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
+	return true
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Expired(t time.Time) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) CheckRootConstraints(signer cert.Certificate) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) VerifyPrivateKey(curve cert.Curve, key []byte) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) String() string {
+	return ""
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) MarshalPEM() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Fingerprint() (string, error) {
+	return "", nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
+func (d *dummyCert) Copy() cert.Certificate {
+	return d
+}

connection_state.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package nebula
 import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
@@ -18,50 +19,54 @@ type ConnectionState struct {
 	eKey           *NebulaCipherState
 	dKey           *NebulaCipherState
 	H              *noise.HandshakeState
-	myCert         *cert.NebulaCertificate
-	peerCert       *cert.NebulaCertificate
+	myCert         cert.Certificate
+	peerCert       *cert.CachedCertificate
 	initiator      bool
 	messageCounter atomic.Uint64
 	window         *Bits
 	writeLock      sync.Mutex
 }
 
-func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cipher string, certState *CertState, initiator bool, pattern noise.HandshakePattern, psk []byte, pskStage int) *ConnectionState {
+func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, crt cert.Certificate, initiator bool, pattern noise.HandshakePattern) (*ConnectionState, error) {
 	var dhFunc noise.DHFunc
-	switch certState.Certificate.Details.Curve {
+	switch crt.Curve() {
 	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
 		dhFunc = noise.DH25519
 	case cert.Curve_P256:
-		dhFunc = noiseutil.DHP256
+		if cs.pkcs11Backed {
+			dhFunc = noiseutil.DHP256PKCS11
+		} else {
+			dhFunc = noiseutil.DHP256
+		}
 	default:
-		l.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", certState.Certificate.Details.Curve)
-		return nil
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", crt.Curve())
 	}
 
-	var cs noise.CipherSuite
-	if cipher == "chachapoly" {
-		cs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noise.CipherChaChaPoly, noise.HashSHA256)
+	var ncs noise.CipherSuite
+	if cs.cipher == "chachapoly" {
+		ncs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noise.CipherChaChaPoly, noise.HashSHA256)
 	} else {
-		cs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noiseutil.CipherAESGCM, noise.HashSHA256)
+		ncs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noiseutil.CipherAESGCM, noise.HashSHA256)
 	}
 
-	static := noise.DHKey{Private: certState.PrivateKey, Public: certState.PublicKey}
+	static := noise.DHKey{Private: cs.privateKey, Public: crt.PublicKey()}
 
 	b := NewBits(ReplayWindow)
-	// Clear out bit 0, we never transmit it and we don't want it showing as packet loss
+	// Clear out bit 0, we never transmit it, and we don't want it showing as packet loss
 	b.Update(l, 0)
 
 	hs, err := noise.NewHandshakeState(noise.Config{
-		CipherSuite:           cs,
-		Random:                rand.Reader,
-		Pattern:               pattern,
-		Initiator:             initiator,
-		StaticKeypair:         static,
-		PresharedKey:          psk,
-		PresharedKeyPlacement: pskStage,
+		CipherSuite:   ncs,
+		Random:        rand.Reader,
+		Pattern:       pattern,
+		Initiator:     initiator,
+		StaticKeypair: static,
+		//NOTE: These should come from CertState (pki.go) when we finally implement it
+		PresharedKey:          []byte{},
+		PresharedKeyPlacement: 0,
 	})
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("NewConnectionState: %s", err)
 	}
 
 	// The queue and ready params prevent a counter race that would happen when
@@ -70,10 +75,12 @@ func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cipher string, certState *CertState, i
 		H:         hs,
 		initiator: initiator,
 		window:    b,
-		myCert:    certState.Certificate,
+		myCert:    crt,
 	}
+	// always start the counter from 2, as packet 1 and packet 2 are handshake packets.
+	ci.messageCounter.Add(2)
 
-	return ci
+	return ci, nil
 }
 
 func (cs *ConnectionState) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
@@ -83,3 +90,7 @@ func (cs *ConnectionState) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		"message_counter": cs.messageCounter.Load(),
 	})
 }
+
+func (cs *ConnectionState) Curve() cert.Curve {
+	return cs.myCert.Curve()
+}

control.go

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"syscall"
@@ -10,9 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 )
 
 // Every interaction here needs to take extra care to copy memory and not return or use arguments "as is" when touching
@@ -21,33 +19,34 @@ import (
 type controlEach func(h *HostInfo)
 
 type controlHostLister interface {
-	QueryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *HostInfo
+	QueryVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr) *HostInfo
 	ForEachIndex(each controlEach)
-	ForEachVpnIp(each controlEach)
-	GetPreferredRanges() []*net.IPNet
+	ForEachVpnAddr(each controlEach)
+	GetPreferredRanges() []netip.Prefix
 }
 
 type Control struct {
-	f               *Interface
-	l               *logrus.Logger
-	ctx             context.Context
-	cancel          context.CancelFunc
-	sshStart        func()
-	statsStart      func()
-	dnsStart        func()
-	lighthouseStart func()
+	f                      *Interface
+	l                      *logrus.Logger
+	ctx                    context.Context
+	cancel                 context.CancelFunc
+	sshStart               func()
+	statsStart             func()
+	dnsStart               func()
+	lighthouseStart        func()
+	connectionManagerStart func(context.Context)
 }
 
 type ControlHostInfo struct {
-	VpnIp                  net.IP                  `json:"vpnIp"`
-	LocalIndex             uint32                  `json:"localIndex"`
-	RemoteIndex            uint32                  `json:"remoteIndex"`
-	RemoteAddrs            []*udp.Addr             `json:"remoteAddrs"`
-	Cert                   *cert.NebulaCertificate `json:"cert"`
-	MessageCounter         uint64                  `json:"messageCounter"`
-	CurrentRemote          *udp.Addr               `json:"currentRemote"`
-	CurrentRelaysToMe      []iputil.VpnIp          `json:"currentRelaysToMe"`
-	CurrentRelaysThroughMe []iputil.VpnIp          `json:"currentRelaysThroughMe"`
+	VpnAddrs               []netip.Addr     `json:"vpnAddrs"`
+	LocalIndex             uint32           `json:"localIndex"`
+	RemoteIndex            uint32           `json:"remoteIndex"`
+	RemoteAddrs            []netip.AddrPort `json:"remoteAddrs"`
+	Cert                   cert.Certificate `json:"cert"`
+	MessageCounter         uint64           `json:"messageCounter"`
+	CurrentRemote          netip.AddrPort   `json:"currentRemote"`
+	CurrentRelaysToMe      []netip.Addr     `json:"currentRelaysToMe"`
+	CurrentRelaysThroughMe []netip.Addr     `json:"currentRelaysThroughMe"`
 }
 
 // Start actually runs nebula, this is a nonblocking call. To block use Control.ShutdownBlock()
@@ -65,6 +64,9 @@ func (c *Control) Start() {
 	if c.dnsStart != nil {
 		go c.dnsStart()
 	}
+	if c.connectionManagerStart != nil {
+		go c.connectionManagerStart(c.ctx)
+	}
 	if c.lighthouseStart != nil {
 		c.lighthouseStart()
 	}
@@ -131,8 +133,47 @@ func (c *Control) ListHostmapIndexes(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {
 	}
 }
 
-// GetHostInfoByVpnIp returns a single tunnels hostInfo, or nil if not found
-func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, pending bool) *ControlHostInfo {
+// GetCertByVpnIp returns the authenticated certificate of the given vpn IP, or nil if not found
+func (c *Control) GetCertByVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr) cert.Certificate {
+	if c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(vpnIp) {
+		// Only returning the default certificate since its impossible
+		// for any other host but ourselves to have more than 1
+		return c.f.pki.getCertState().GetDefaultCertificate().Copy()
+	}
+	hi := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
+	if hi == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return hi.GetCert().Certificate.Copy()
+}
+
+// CreateTunnel creates a new tunnel to the given vpn ip.
+func (c *Control) CreateTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr) {
+	c.f.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(vpnIp, nil)
+}
+
+// PrintTunnel creates a new tunnel to the given vpn ip.
+func (c *Control) PrintTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr) *ControlHostInfo {
+	hi := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
+	if hi == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	chi := copyHostInfo(hi, c.f.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges())
+	return &chi
+}
+
+// QueryLighthouse queries the lighthouse.
+func (c *Control) QueryLighthouse(vpnIp netip.Addr) *CacheMap {
+	hi := c.f.lightHouse.Query(vpnIp)
+	if hi == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return hi.CopyCache()
+}
+
+// GetHostInfoByVpnAddr returns a single tunnels hostInfo, or nil if not found
+// Caller should take care to Unmap() any 4in6 addresses prior to calling.
+func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr, pending bool) *ControlHostInfo {
 	var hl controlHostLister
 	if pending {
 		hl = c.f.handshakeManager
@@ -140,30 +181,32 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, pending bool) *ControlH
 		hl = c.f.hostMap
 	}
 
-	h := hl.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	h := hl.QueryVpnAddr(vpnAddr)
 	if h == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	ch := copyHostInfo(h, c.f.hostMap.preferredRanges)
+	ch := copyHostInfo(h, c.f.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges())
 	return &ch
 }
 
 // SetRemoteForTunnel forces a tunnel to use a specific remote
-func (c *Control) SetRemoteForTunnel(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, addr udp.Addr) *ControlHostInfo {
-	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+// Caller should take care to Unmap() any 4in6 addresses prior to calling.
+func (c *Control) SetRemoteForTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr, addr netip.AddrPort) *ControlHostInfo {
+	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
 	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	hostInfo.SetRemote(addr.Copy())
-	ch := copyHostInfo(hostInfo, c.f.hostMap.preferredRanges)
+	hostInfo.SetRemote(addr)
+	ch := copyHostInfo(hostInfo, c.f.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges())
 	return &ch
 }
 
 // CloseTunnel closes a fully established tunnel. If localOnly is false it will notify the remote end as well.
-func (c *Control) CloseTunnel(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, localOnly bool) bool {
-	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+// Caller should take care to Unmap() any 4in6 addresses prior to calling.
+func (c *Control) CloseTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr, localOnly bool) bool {
+	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
 	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -187,29 +230,24 @@ func (c *Control) CloseTunnel(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, localOnly bool) bool {
 // CloseAllTunnels is just like CloseTunnel except it goes through and shuts them all down, optionally you can avoid shutting down lighthouse tunnels
 // the int returned is a count of tunnels closed
 func (c *Control) CloseAllTunnels(excludeLighthouses bool) (closed int) {
-	//TODO: this is probably better as a function in ConnectionManager or HostMap directly
-	lighthouses := c.f.lightHouse.GetLighthouses()
-
 	shutdown := func(h *HostInfo) {
-		if excludeLighthouses {
-			if _, ok := lighthouses[h.vpnIp]; ok {
-				return
-			}
+		if excludeLighthouses && c.f.lightHouse.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(h.vpnAddrs) {
+			return
 		}
 		c.f.send(header.CloseTunnel, 0, h.ConnectionState, h, []byte{}, make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 		c.f.closeTunnel(h)
 
-		c.l.WithField("vpnIp", h.vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", h.remote).
+		c.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", h.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", h.remote).
 			Debug("Sending close tunnel message")
 		closed++
 	}
 
 	// Learn which hosts are being used as relays, so we can shut them down last.
-	relayingHosts := map[iputil.VpnIp]*HostInfo{}
+	relayingHosts := map[netip.Addr]*HostInfo{}
 	// Grab the hostMap lock to access the Relays map
 	c.f.hostMap.Lock()
 	for _, relayingHost := range c.f.hostMap.Relays {
-		relayingHosts[relayingHost.vpnIp] = relayingHost
+		relayingHosts[relayingHost.vpnAddrs[0]] = relayingHost
 	}
 	c.f.hostMap.Unlock()
 
@@ -217,7 +255,7 @@ func (c *Control) CloseAllTunnels(excludeLighthouses bool) (closed int) {
 	// Grab the hostMap lock to access the Hosts map
 	c.f.hostMap.Lock()
 	for _, relayHost := range c.f.hostMap.Indexes {
-		if _, ok := relayingHosts[relayHost.vpnIp]; !ok {
+		if _, ok := relayingHosts[relayHost.vpnAddrs[0]]; !ok {
 			hostInfos = append(hostInfos, relayHost)
 		}
 	}
@@ -236,15 +274,19 @@ func (c *Control) Device() overlay.Device {
 	return c.f.inside
 }
 
-func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) ControlHostInfo {
-
+func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) ControlHostInfo {
 	chi := ControlHostInfo{
-		VpnIp:                  h.vpnIp.ToIP(),
+		VpnAddrs:               make([]netip.Addr, len(h.vpnAddrs)),
 		LocalIndex:             h.localIndexId,
 		RemoteIndex:            h.remoteIndexId,
 		RemoteAddrs:            h.remotes.CopyAddrs(preferredRanges),
 		CurrentRelaysToMe:      h.relayState.CopyRelayIps(),
 		CurrentRelaysThroughMe: h.relayState.CopyRelayForIps(),
+		CurrentRemote:          h.remote,
+	}
+
+	for i, a := range h.vpnAddrs {
+		chi.VpnAddrs[i] = a
 	}
 
 	if h.ConnectionState != nil {
@@ -252,11 +294,7 @@ func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) ControlHostInfo {
 	}
 
 	if c := h.GetCert(); c != nil {
-		chi.Cert = c.Copy()
-	}
-
-	if h.remote != nil {
-		chi.CurrentRemote = h.remote.Copy()
+		chi.Cert = c.Certificate.Copy()
 	}
 
 	return chi
@@ -265,7 +303,7 @@ func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) ControlHostInfo {
 func listHostMapHosts(hl controlHostLister) []ControlHostInfo {
 	hosts := make([]ControlHostInfo, 0)
 	pr := hl.GetPreferredRanges()
-	hl.ForEachVpnIp(func(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	hl.ForEachVpnAddr(func(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 		hosts = append(hosts, copyHostInfo(hostinfo, pr))
 	})
 	return hosts

control_test.go

@@ -2,70 +2,66 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
-	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
 func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
+	//TODO: CERT-V2 with multiple certificate versions we have a problem with this test
+	// Some certs versions have different characteristics and each version implements their own Copy() func
+	// which means this is not a good place to test for exposing memory
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	// Special care must be taken to re-use all objects provided to the hostmap and certificate in the expectedInfo object
 	// To properly ensure we are not exposing core memory to the caller
-	hm := NewHostMap(l, &net.IPNet{}, make([]*net.IPNet, 0))
-	remote1 := udp.NewAddr(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.100"), 4444)
-	remote2 := udp.NewAddr(net.ParseIP("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8"), 4444)
+	hm := newHostMap(l)
+	hm.preferredRanges.Store(&[]netip.Prefix{})
+
+	remote1 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("0.0.0.100:4444")
+	remote2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("[1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8]:4444")
+
 	ipNet := net.IPNet{
-		IP:   net.IPv4(1, 2, 3, 4),
+		IP:   remote1.Addr().AsSlice(),
 		Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
 	}
 
 	ipNet2 := net.IPNet{
-		IP:   net.ParseIP("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8"),
+		IP:   remote2.Addr().AsSlice(),
 		Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
 	}
 
-	crt := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:           "test",
-			Ips:            []*net.IPNet{&ipNet},
-			Subnets:        []*net.IPNet{},
-			Groups:         []string{"default-group"},
-			NotBefore:      time.Unix(1, 0),
-			NotAfter:       time.Unix(2, 0),
-			PublicKey:      []byte{5, 6, 7, 8},
-			IsCA:           false,
-			Issuer:         "the-issuer",
-			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"default-group": {}},
-		},
-		Signature: []byte{1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3},
-	}
+	remotes := NewRemoteList([]netip.Addr{netip.IPv4Unspecified()}, nil)
+	remotes.unlockedPrependV4(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), netAddrToProtoV4AddrPort(remote1.Addr(), remote1.Port()))
+	remotes.unlockedPrependV6(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(remote2.Addr(), remote2.Port()))
 
-	remotes := NewRemoteList(nil)
-	remotes.unlockedPrependV4(0, NewIp4AndPort(remote1.IP, uint32(remote1.Port)))
-	remotes.unlockedPrependV6(0, NewIp6AndPort(remote2.IP, uint32(remote2.Port)))
+	vpnIp, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ipNet.IP)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
+	crt := &dummyCert{}
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(&HostInfo{
 		remote:  remote1,
 		remotes: remotes,
 		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
-			peerCert: crt,
+			peerCert: &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: crt},
 		},
 		remoteIndexId: 200,
 		localIndexId:  201,
-		vpnIp:         iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet.IP),
+		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:        map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{},
-			relayForByIp:  map[iputil.VpnIp]*Relay{},
-			relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
+			relays:         nil,
+			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
+			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
 	}, &Interface{})
 
+	vpnIp2, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ipNet2.IP)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(&HostInfo{
 		remote:  remote1,
 		remotes: remotes,
@@ -74,11 +70,11 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		remoteIndexId: 200,
 		localIndexId:  201,
-		vpnIp:         iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet2.IP),
+		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp2},
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:        map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{},
-			relayForByIp:  map[iputil.VpnIp]*Relay{},
-			relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
+			relays:         nil,
+			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
+			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
 	}, &Interface{})
 
@@ -89,31 +85,32 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		l: logrus.New(),
 	}
 
-	thi := c.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet.IP), false)
+	thi := c.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnIp, false)
 
 	expectedInfo := ControlHostInfo{
-		VpnIp:                  net.IPv4(1, 2, 3, 4).To4(),
+		VpnAddrs:               []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
 		LocalIndex:             201,
 		RemoteIndex:            200,
-		RemoteAddrs:            []*udp.Addr{remote2, remote1},
+		RemoteAddrs:            []netip.AddrPort{remote2, remote1},
 		Cert:                   crt.Copy(),
 		MessageCounter:         0,
-		CurrentRemote:          udp.NewAddr(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.100"), 4444),
-		CurrentRelaysToMe:      []iputil.VpnIp{},
-		CurrentRelaysThroughMe: []iputil.VpnIp{},
+		CurrentRemote:          remote1,
+		CurrentRelaysToMe:      []netip.Addr{},
+		CurrentRelaysThroughMe: []netip.Addr{},
 	}
 
 	// Make sure we don't have any unexpected fields
-	assertFields(t, []string{"VpnIp", "LocalIndex", "RemoteIndex", "RemoteAddrs", "Cert", "MessageCounter", "CurrentRemote", "CurrentRelaysToMe", "CurrentRelaysThroughMe"}, thi)
+	assertFields(t, []string{"VpnAddrs", "LocalIndex", "RemoteIndex", "RemoteAddrs", "Cert", "MessageCounter", "CurrentRemote", "CurrentRelaysToMe", "CurrentRelaysThroughMe"}, thi)
+	assert.Equal(t, &expectedInfo, thi)
 	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, &expectedInfo, thi)
 
 	// Make sure we don't panic if the host info doesn't have a cert yet
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
-		thi = c.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet2.IP), false)
+		thi = c.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnIp2, false)
 	})
 }
 
-func assertFields(t *testing.T, expected []string, actualStruct interface{}) {
+func assertFields(t *testing.T, expected []string, actualStruct any) {
 	val := reflect.ValueOf(actualStruct).Elem()
 	fields := make([]string, val.NumField())
 	for i := 0; i < val.NumField(); i++ {

control_tester.go

@@ -4,14 +4,11 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
-	"net"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"net/netip"
 
 	"github.com/google/gopacket"
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 )
@@ -50,37 +47,30 @@ func (c *Control) WaitForTypeByIndex(toIndex uint32, msgType header.MessageType,
 
 // InjectLightHouseAddr will push toAddr into the local lighthouse cache for the vpnIp
 // This is necessary if you did not configure static hosts or are not running a lighthouse
-func (c *Control) InjectLightHouseAddr(vpnIp net.IP, toAddr *net.UDPAddr) {
+func (c *Control) InjectLightHouseAddr(vpnIp netip.Addr, toAddr netip.AddrPort) {
 	c.f.lightHouse.Lock()
-	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIp))
+	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{vpnIp})
 	remoteList.Lock()
 	defer remoteList.Unlock()
 	c.f.lightHouse.Unlock()
 
-	iVpnIp := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if v4 := toAddr.IP.To4(); v4 != nil {
-		remoteList.unlockedPrependV4(iVpnIp, NewIp4AndPort(v4, uint32(toAddr.Port)))
+	if toAddr.Addr().Is4() {
+		remoteList.unlockedPrependV4(vpnIp, netAddrToProtoV4AddrPort(toAddr.Addr(), toAddr.Port()))
 	} else {
-		remoteList.unlockedPrependV6(iVpnIp, NewIp6AndPort(toAddr.IP, uint32(toAddr.Port)))
+		remoteList.unlockedPrependV6(vpnIp, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(toAddr.Addr(), toAddr.Port()))
 	}
 }
 
 // InjectRelays will push relayVpnIps into the local lighthouse cache for the vpnIp
 // This is necessary to inform an initiator of possible relays for communicating with a responder
-func (c *Control) InjectRelays(vpnIp net.IP, relayVpnIps []net.IP) {
+func (c *Control) InjectRelays(vpnIp netip.Addr, relayVpnIps []netip.Addr) {
 	c.f.lightHouse.Lock()
-	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIp))
+	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{vpnIp})
 	remoteList.Lock()
 	defer remoteList.Unlock()
 	c.f.lightHouse.Unlock()
 
-	iVpnIp := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIp)
-	uVpnIp := []uint32{}
-	for _, rVPnIp := range relayVpnIps {
-		uVpnIp = append(uVpnIp, uint32(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(rVPnIp)))
-	}
-
-	remoteList.unlockedSetRelay(iVpnIp, iVpnIp, uVpnIp)
+	remoteList.unlockedSetRelay(vpnIp, relayVpnIps)
 }
 
 // GetFromTun will pull a packet off the tun side of nebula
@@ -107,20 +97,42 @@ func (c *Control) InjectUDPPacket(p *udp.Packet) {
 }
 
 // InjectTunUDPPacket puts a udp packet on the tun interface. Using UDP here because it's a simpler protocol
-func (c *Control) InjectTunUDPPacket(toIp net.IP, toPort uint16, fromPort uint16, data []byte) {
-	ip := layers.IPv4{
-		Version:  4,
-		TTL:      64,
-		Protocol: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
-		SrcIP:    c.f.inside.Cidr().IP,
-		DstIP:    toIp,
+func (c *Control) InjectTunUDPPacket(toAddr netip.Addr, toPort uint16, fromAddr netip.Addr, fromPort uint16, data []byte) {
+	serialize := make([]gopacket.SerializableLayer, 0)
+	var netLayer gopacket.NetworkLayer
+	if toAddr.Is6() {
+		if !fromAddr.Is6() {
+			panic("Cant send ipv6 to ipv4")
+		}
+		ip := &layers.IPv6{
+			Version:    6,
+			NextHeader: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
+			SrcIP:      fromAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
+			DstIP:      toAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
+		}
+		serialize = append(serialize, ip)
+		netLayer = ip
+	} else {
+		if !fromAddr.Is4() {
+			panic("Cant send ipv4 to ipv6")
+		}
+
+		ip := &layers.IPv4{
+			Version:  4,
+			TTL:      64,
+			Protocol: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
+			SrcIP:    fromAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
+			DstIP:    toAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
+		}
+		serialize = append(serialize, ip)
+		netLayer = ip
 	}
 
 	udp := layers.UDP{
 		SrcPort: layers.UDPPort(fromPort),
 		DstPort: layers.UDPPort(toPort),
 	}
-	err := udp.SetNetworkLayerForChecksum(&ip)
+	err := udp.SetNetworkLayerForChecksum(netLayer)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -130,7 +142,9 @@ func (c *Control) InjectTunUDPPacket(toIp net.IP, toPort uint16, fromPort uint16
 		ComputeChecksums: true,
 		FixLengths:       true,
 	}
-	err = gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, opt, &ip, &udp, gopacket.Payload(data))
+
+	serialize = append(serialize, &udp, gopacket.Payload(data))
+	err = gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, opt, serialize...)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -138,16 +152,16 @@ func (c *Control) InjectTunUDPPacket(toIp net.IP, toPort uint16, fromPort uint16
 	c.f.inside.(*overlay.TestTun).Send(buffer.Bytes())
 }
 
-func (c *Control) GetVpnIp() iputil.VpnIp {
-	return c.f.myVpnIp
+func (c *Control) GetVpnAddrs() []netip.Addr {
+	return c.f.myVpnAddrs
 }
 
-func (c *Control) GetUDPAddr() string {
-	return c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Addr.String()
+func (c *Control) GetUDPAddr() netip.AddrPort {
+	return c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Addr
 }
 
-func (c *Control) KillPendingTunnel(vpnIp net.IP) bool {
-	hostinfo := c.f.handshakeManager.QueryVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIp))
+func (c *Control) KillPendingTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr) bool {
+	hostinfo := c.f.handshakeManager.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
 	if hostinfo == nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -160,10 +174,10 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostmap() *HostMap {
 	return c.f.hostMap
 }
 
-func (c *Control) GetCert() *cert.NebulaCertificate {
-	return c.f.pki.GetCertState().Certificate
+func (c *Control) GetCertState() *CertState {
+	return c.f.pki.getCertState()
 }
 
-func (c *Control) ReHandshake(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) {
+func (c *Control) ReHandshake(vpnIp netip.Addr) {
 	c.f.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(vpnIp, nil)
 }

dist/arch/nebula.service

@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=Nebula overlay networking tool
-Wants=basic.target network-online.target nss-lookup.target time-sync.target
-After=basic.target network.target network-online.target
-
-[Service]
-Type=notify
-NotifyAccess=main
-SyslogIdentifier=nebula
-ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
-ExecStart=/usr/bin/nebula -config /etc/nebula/config.yml
-Restart=always
-
-[Install]
-WantedBy=multi-user.target

dist/fedora/nebula.service

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-[Unit]
-Description=Nebula overlay networking tool
-Wants=basic.target network-online.target nss-lookup.target time-sync.target
-After=basic.target network.target network-online.target
-Before=sshd.service
-
-[Service]
-Type=notify
-NotifyAccess=main
-SyslogIdentifier=nebula
-ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
-ExecStart=/usr/bin/nebula -config /etc/nebula/config.yml
-Restart=always
-
-[Install]
-WantedBy=multi-user.target

dns_server.go

@@ -3,14 +3,15 @@ package nebula
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
+	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 )
 
 // This whole thing should be rewritten to use context
@@ -21,73 +22,120 @@ var dnsAddr string
 
 type dnsRecords struct {
 	sync.RWMutex
-	dnsMap  map[string]string
-	hostMap *HostMap
+	l               *logrus.Logger
+	dnsMap4         map[string]netip.Addr
+	dnsMap6         map[string]netip.Addr
+	hostMap         *HostMap
+	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Lite
 }
 
-func newDnsRecords(hostMap *HostMap) *dnsRecords {
+func newDnsRecords(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, hostMap *HostMap) *dnsRecords {
 	return &dnsRecords{
-		dnsMap:  make(map[string]string),
-		hostMap: hostMap,
+		l:               l,
+		dnsMap4:         make(map[string]netip.Addr),
+		dnsMap6:         make(map[string]netip.Addr),
+		hostMap:         hostMap,
+		myVpnAddrsTable: cs.myVpnAddrsTable,
 	}
 }
 
-func (d *dnsRecords) Query(data string) string {
+func (d *dnsRecords) Query(q uint16, data string) netip.Addr {
+	data = strings.ToLower(data)
 	d.RLock()
 	defer d.RUnlock()
-	if r, ok := d.dnsMap[strings.ToLower(data)]; ok {
-		return r
+	switch q {
+	case dns.TypeA:
+		if r, ok := d.dnsMap4[data]; ok {
+			return r
+		}
+	case dns.TypeAAAA:
+		if r, ok := d.dnsMap6[data]; ok {
+			return r
+		}
 	}
-	return ""
+
+	return netip.Addr{}
 }
 
 func (d *dnsRecords) QueryCert(data string) string {
-	ip := net.ParseIP(data[:len(data)-1])
-	if ip == nil {
+	ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(data[:len(data)-1])
+	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	iip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ip)
-	hostinfo := d.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(iip)
+
+	hostinfo := d.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(ip)
 	if hostinfo == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
+
 	q := hostinfo.GetCert()
 	if q == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
-	cert := q.Details
-	c := fmt.Sprintf("\"Name: %s\" \"Ips: %s\" \"Subnets %s\" \"Groups %s\" \"NotBefore %s\" \"NotAFter %s\" \"PublicKey %x\" \"IsCA %t\" \"Issuer %s\"", cert.Name, cert.Ips, cert.Subnets, cert.Groups, cert.NotBefore, cert.NotAfter, cert.PublicKey, cert.IsCA, cert.Issuer)
-	return c
+
+	b, err := q.Certificate.MarshalJSON()
+	if err != nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return string(b)
 }
 
-func (d *dnsRecords) Add(host, data string) {
+// Add adds the first IPv4 and IPv6 address that appears in `addresses` as the record for `host`
+func (d *dnsRecords) Add(host string, addresses []netip.Addr) {
+	host = strings.ToLower(host)
 	d.Lock()
 	defer d.Unlock()
-	d.dnsMap[strings.ToLower(host)] = data
+	haveV4 := false
+	haveV6 := false
+	for _, addr := range addresses {
+		if addr.Is4() && !haveV4 {
+			d.dnsMap4[host] = addr
+			haveV4 = true
+		} else if addr.Is6() && !haveV6 {
+			d.dnsMap6[host] = addr
+			haveV6 = true
+		}
+		if haveV4 && haveV6 {
+			break
+		}
+	}
 }
 
-func parseQuery(l *logrus.Logger, m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
+func (d *dnsRecords) isSelfNebulaOrLocalhost(addr string) bool {
+	a, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+	b, err := netip.ParseAddr(a)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if b.IsLoopback() {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	//if we found it in this table, it's good
+	return d.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(b)
+}
+
+func (d *dnsRecords) parseQuery(m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
 	for _, q := range m.Question {
 		switch q.Qtype {
-		case dns.TypeA:
-			l.Debugf("Query for A %s", q.Name)
-			ip := dnsR.Query(q.Name)
-			if ip != "" {
-				rr, err := dns.NewRR(fmt.Sprintf("%s A %s", q.Name, ip))
+		case dns.TypeA, dns.TypeAAAA:
+			qType := dns.TypeToString[q.Qtype]
+			d.l.Debugf("Query for %s %s", qType, q.Name)
+			ip := d.Query(q.Qtype, q.Name)
+			if ip.IsValid() {
+				rr, err := dns.NewRR(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", q.Name, qType, ip))
 				if err == nil {
 					m.Answer = append(m.Answer, rr)
 				}
 			}
 		case dns.TypeTXT:
-			a, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(w.RemoteAddr().String())
-			b := net.ParseIP(a)
-			// We don't answer these queries from non nebula nodes or localhost
-			//l.Debugf("Does %s contain %s", b, dnsR.hostMap.vpnCIDR)
-			if !dnsR.hostMap.vpnCIDR.Contains(b) && a != "127.0.0.1" {
+			// We only answer these queries from nebula nodes or localhost
+			if !d.isSelfNebulaOrLocalhost(w.RemoteAddr().String()) {
 				return
 			}
-			l.Debugf("Query for TXT %s", q.Name)
-			ip := dnsR.QueryCert(q.Name)
+			d.l.Debugf("Query for TXT %s", q.Name)
+			ip := d.QueryCert(q.Name)
 			if ip != "" {
 				rr, err := dns.NewRR(fmt.Sprintf("%s TXT %s", q.Name, ip))
 				if err == nil {
@@ -96,28 +144,30 @@ func parseQuery(l *logrus.Logger, m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
 			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	if len(m.Answer) == 0 {
+		m.Rcode = dns.RcodeNameError
+	}
 }
 
-func handleDnsRequest(l *logrus.Logger, w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
+func (d *dnsRecords) handleDnsRequest(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 	m := new(dns.Msg)
 	m.SetReply(r)
 	m.Compress = false
 
 	switch r.Opcode {
 	case dns.OpcodeQuery:
-		parseQuery(l, m, w)
+		d.parseQuery(m, w)
 	}
 
 	w.WriteMsg(m)
 }
 
-func dnsMain(l *logrus.Logger, hostMap *HostMap, c *config.C) func() {
-	dnsR = newDnsRecords(hostMap)
+func dnsMain(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, hostMap *HostMap, c *config.C) func() {
+	dnsR = newDnsRecords(l, cs, hostMap)
 
 	// attach request handler func
-	dns.HandleFunc(".", func(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
-		handleDnsRequest(l, w, r)
-	})
+	dns.HandleFunc(".", dnsR.handleDnsRequest)
 
 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
 		reloadDns(l, c)
@@ -129,7 +179,12 @@ func dnsMain(l *logrus.Logger, hostMap *HostMap, c *config.C) func() {
 }
 
 func getDnsServerAddr(c *config.C) string {
-	return c.GetString("lighthouse.dns.host", "") + ":" + strconv.Itoa(c.GetInt("lighthouse.dns.port", 53))
+	dnsHost := strings.TrimSpace(c.GetString("lighthouse.dns.host", ""))
+	// Old guidance was to provide the literal `[::]` in `lighthouse.dns.host` but that won't resolve.
+	if dnsHost == "[::]" {
+		dnsHost = "::"
+	}
+	return net.JoinHostPort(dnsHost, strconv.Itoa(c.GetInt("lighthouse.dns.port", 53)))
 }
 
 func startDns(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) {

dns_server_test.go

@@ -1,19 +1,73 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
+	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
 func TestParsequery(t *testing.T) {
-	//TODO: This test is basically pointless
+	l := logrus.New()
 	hostMap := &HostMap{}
-	ds := newDnsRecords(hostMap)
-	ds.Add("test.com.com", "1.2.3.4")
+	ds := newDnsRecords(l, &CertState{}, hostMap)
+	addrs := []netip.Addr{
+		netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"),
+		netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.5"),
+		netip.MustParseAddr("fd01::24"),
+		netip.MustParseAddr("fd01::25"),
+	}
+	ds.Add("test.com.com", addrs)
 
-	m := new(dns.Msg)
+	m := &dns.Msg{}
 	m.SetQuestion("test.com.com", dns.TypeA)
+	ds.parseQuery(m, nil)
+	assert.NotNil(t, m.Answer)
+	assert.Equal(t, "1.2.3.4", m.Answer[0].(*dns.A).A.String())
 
-	//parseQuery(m)
+	m = &dns.Msg{}
+	m.SetQuestion("test.com.com", dns.TypeAAAA)
+	ds.parseQuery(m, nil)
+	assert.NotNil(t, m.Answer)
+	assert.Equal(t, "fd01::24", m.Answer[0].(*dns.AAAA).AAAA.String())
+}
+
+func Test_getDnsServerAddr(t *testing.T) {
+	c := config.NewC(nil)
+
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"dns": map[string]any{
+			"host": "0.0.0.0",
+			"port": "1",
+		},
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "0.0.0.0:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))
+
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"dns": map[string]any{
+			"host": "::",
+			"port": "1",
+		},
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))
+
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"dns": map[string]any{
+			"host": "[::]",
+			"port": "1",
+		},
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))
+
+	// Make sure whitespace doesn't mess us up
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"dns": map[string]any{
+			"host": "[::] ",
+			"port": "1",
+		},
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))
 }

docker/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+FROM gcr.io/distroless/static:latest
+
+ARG TARGETOS TARGETARCH
+COPY build/$TARGETOS-$TARGETARCH/nebula /nebula
+COPY build/$TARGETOS-$TARGETARCH/nebula-cert /nebula-cert
+
+VOLUME ["/config"]
+
+ENTRYPOINT ["/nebula"]
+# Allow users to override the args passed to nebula
+CMD ["-config", "/config/config.yml"]

docker/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# NebulaOSS/nebula Docker Image
+
+## Building
+
+From the root of the repository, run `make docker`.
+
+## Running
+
+To run the built image, use the following command:
+
+```
+docker run \
+    --name nebula \
+    --network host \
+    --cap-add NET_ADMIN \
+    --volume ./config:/config \
+    --rm \
+    nebulaoss/nebula
+```
+
+A few notes:
+
+- The `NET_ADMIN` capability is necessary to create the tun adapter on the host (this is unnecessary if the tun device is disabled.)
+- `--volume ./config:/config` should point to a directory that contains your `config.yml` and any other necessary files.

e2e/helpers.go

@@ -1,118 +0,0 @@
-package e2e
-
-import (
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"io"
-	"net"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
-)
-
-// NewTestCaCert will generate a CA cert
-func NewTestCaCert(before, after time.Time, ips, subnets []*net.IPNet, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:           "test ca",
-			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-			PublicKey:      pub,
-			IsCA:           true,
-			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		},
-	}
-
-	if len(ips) > 0 {
-		nc.Details.Ips = ips
-	}
-
-	if len(subnets) > 0 {
-		nc.Details.Subnets = subnets
-	}
-
-	if len(groups) > 0 {
-		nc.Details.Groups = groups
-	}
-
-	err = nc.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return nc, pub, priv, pem
-}
-
-// NewTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
-// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
-func NewTestCert(ca *cert.NebulaCertificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, ip *net.IPNet, subnets []*net.IPNet, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	issuer, err := ca.Sha256Sum()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	pub, rawPriv := x25519Keypair()
-
-	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:           name,
-			Ips:            []*net.IPNet{ip},
-			Subnets:        subnets,
-			Groups:         groups,
-			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-			PublicKey:      pub,
-			IsCA:           false,
-			Issuer:         issuer,
-			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		},
-	}
-
-	err = nc.Sign(ca.Details.Curve, key)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return nc, pub, cert.MarshalX25519PrivateKey(rawPriv), pem
-}
-
-func x25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
-	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return pubkey, privkey
-}

e2e/helpers_test.go

@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ package e2e
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -17,29 +18,47 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
 
-type m map[string]interface{}
+type m = map[string]any
 
 // newSimpleServer creates a nebula instance with many assumptions
-func newSimpleServer(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, udpIp net.IP, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, *net.IPNet, *net.UDPAddr, *config.C) {
+func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
 	l := NewTestLogger()
 
-	vpnIpNet := &net.IPNet{IP: make([]byte, len(udpIp)), Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0}}
-	copy(vpnIpNet.IP, udpIp)
-	vpnIpNet.IP[1] += 128
-	udpAddr := net.UDPAddr{
-		IP:   udpIp,
-		Port: 4242,
+	var vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	for _, sn := range strings.Split(sVpnNetworks, ",") {
+		vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		vpnNetworks = append(vpnNetworks, vpnIpNet)
 	}
-	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := NewTestCert(caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnIpNet, nil, []string{})
 
-	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalToPEM()
+	if len(vpnNetworks) == 0 {
+		panic("no vpn networks")
+	}
+
+	var udpAddr netip.AddrPort
+	if vpnNetworks[0].Addr().Is4() {
+		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As4()
+		budpIp[1] -= 128
+		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(budpIp), 4242)
+	} else {
+		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As16()
+		// beef for funsies
+		budpIp[2] = 190
+		budpIp[3] = 239
+		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(budpIp), 4242)
+	}
+	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := cert_test.NewTestCert(v, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnNetworks, nil, []string{})
+
+	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalPEM()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -67,8 +86,8 @@ func newSimpleServer(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, u
 		//	"try_interval": "1s",
 		//},
 		"listen": m{
-			"host": udpAddr.IP.String(),
-			"port": udpAddr.Port,
+			"host": udpAddr.Addr().String(),
+			"port": udpAddr.Port(),
 		},
 		"logging": m{
 			"timestamp_format": fmt.Sprintf("%v 15:04:05.000000", name),
@@ -81,11 +100,16 @@ func newSimpleServer(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, u
 	}
 
 	if overrides != nil {
-		err = mergo.Merge(&overrides, mc, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
+		final := m{}
+		err = mergo.Merge(&final, overrides, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
-		mc = overrides
+		err = mergo.Merge(&final, mc, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		mc = final
 	}
 
 	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
@@ -102,7 +126,7 @@ func newSimpleServer(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, u
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	return control, vpnIpNet, &udpAddr, c
+	return control, vpnNetworks, udpAddr, c
 }
 
 type doneCb func()
@@ -123,64 +147,54 @@ func deadline(t *testing.T, seconds time.Duration) doneCb {
 	}
 }
 
-func assertTunnel(t *testing.T, vpnIpA, vpnIpB net.IP, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control, r *router.R) {
+func assertTunnel(t *testing.T, vpnIpA, vpnIpB netip.Addr, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control, r *router.R) {
 	// Send a packet from them to me
-	controlB.InjectTunUDPPacket(vpnIpA, 80, 90, []byte("Hi from B"))
+	controlB.InjectTunUDPPacket(vpnIpA, 80, vpnIpB, 90, []byte("Hi from B"))
 	bPacket := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(controlA)
 	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from B"), bPacket, vpnIpB, vpnIpA, 90, 80)
 
 	// And once more from me to them
-	controlA.InjectTunUDPPacket(vpnIpB, 80, 90, []byte("Hello from A"))
+	controlA.InjectTunUDPPacket(vpnIpB, 80, vpnIpA, 90, []byte("Hello from A"))
 	aPacket := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(controlB)
 	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hello from A"), aPacket, vpnIpA, vpnIpB, 90, 80)
 }
 
-func assertHostInfoPair(t *testing.T, addrA, addrB *net.UDPAddr, vpnIpA, vpnIpB net.IP, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control) {
+func assertHostInfoPair(t *testing.T, addrA, addrB netip.AddrPort, vpnNetsA, vpnNetsB []netip.Prefix, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control) {
 	// Get both host infos
-	hBinA := controlA.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIpB), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, hBinA, "Host B was not found by vpnIp in controlA")
+	//TODO: CERT-V2 we may want to loop over each vpnAddr and assert all the things
+	hBinA := controlA.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnNetsB[0].Addr(), false)
+	assert.NotNil(t, hBinA, "Host B was not found by vpnAddr in controlA")
 
-	hAinB := controlB.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIpA), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, hAinB, "Host A was not found by vpnIp in controlB")
+	hAinB := controlB.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnNetsA[0].Addr(), false)
+	assert.NotNil(t, hAinB, "Host A was not found by vpnAddr in controlB")
 
 	// Check that both vpn and real addr are correct
-	assert.Equal(t, vpnIpB, hBinA.VpnIp, "Host B VpnIp is wrong in control A")
-	assert.Equal(t, vpnIpA, hAinB.VpnIp, "Host A VpnIp is wrong in control B")
+	assert.EqualValues(t, getAddrs(vpnNetsB), hBinA.VpnAddrs, "Host B VpnIp is wrong in control A")
+	assert.EqualValues(t, getAddrs(vpnNetsA), hAinB.VpnAddrs, "Host A VpnIp is wrong in control B")
 
-	assert.Equal(t, addrB.IP.To16(), hBinA.CurrentRemote.IP.To16(), "Host B remote ip is wrong in control A")
-	assert.Equal(t, addrA.IP.To16(), hAinB.CurrentRemote.IP.To16(), "Host A remote ip is wrong in control B")
-
-	assert.Equal(t, addrB.Port, int(hBinA.CurrentRemote.Port), "Host B remote port is wrong in control A")
-	assert.Equal(t, addrA.Port, int(hAinB.CurrentRemote.Port), "Host A remote port is wrong in control B")
+	assert.Equal(t, addrB, hBinA.CurrentRemote, "Host B remote is wrong in control A")
+	assert.Equal(t, addrA, hAinB.CurrentRemote, "Host A remote is wrong in control B")
 
 	// Check that our indexes match
 	assert.Equal(t, hBinA.LocalIndex, hAinB.RemoteIndex, "Host B local index does not match host A remote index")
 	assert.Equal(t, hBinA.RemoteIndex, hAinB.LocalIndex, "Host B remote index does not match host A local index")
-
-	//TODO: Would be nice to assert this memory
-	//checkIndexes := func(name string, hm *HostMap, hi *HostInfo) {
-	//	hBbyIndex := hmA.Indexes[hBinA.localIndexId]
-	//	assert.NotNil(t, hBbyIndex, "Could not host info by local index in %s", name)
-	//	assert.Equal(t, &hBbyIndex, &hBinA, "%s Indexes map did not point to the right host info", name)
-	//
-	//	//TODO: remote indexes are susceptible to collision
-	//	hBbyRemoteIndex := hmA.RemoteIndexes[hBinA.remoteIndexId]
-	//	assert.NotNil(t, hBbyIndex, "Could not host info by remote index in %s", name)
-	//	assert.Equal(t, &hBbyRemoteIndex, &hBinA, "%s RemoteIndexes did not point to the right host info", name)
-	//}
-	//
-	//// Check hostmap indexes too
-	//checkIndexes("hmA", hmA, hBinA)
-	//checkIndexes("hmB", hmB, hAinB)
 }
 
-func assertUdpPacket(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp net.IP, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
-	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(b, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
-	v4 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
-	assert.NotNil(t, v4, "No ipv4 data found")
+func assertUdpPacket(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
+	if toIp.Is6() {
+		assertUdpPacket6(t, expected, b, fromIp, toIp, fromPort, toPort)
+	} else {
+		assertUdpPacket4(t, expected, b, fromIp, toIp, fromPort, toPort)
+	}
+}
 
-	assert.Equal(t, fromIp, v4.SrcIP, "Source ip was incorrect")
-	assert.Equal(t, toIp, v4.DstIP, "Dest ip was incorrect")
+func assertUdpPacket6(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
+	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(b, layers.LayerTypeIPv6, gopacket.Lazy)
+	v6 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv6).(*layers.IPv6)
+	assert.NotNil(t, v6, "No ipv6 data found")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, fromIp.AsSlice(), []byte(v6.SrcIP), "Source ip was incorrect")
+	assert.Equal(t, toIp.AsSlice(), []byte(v6.DstIP), "Dest ip was incorrect")
 
 	udp := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeUDP).(*layers.UDP)
 	assert.NotNil(t, udp, "No udp data found")
@@ -193,6 +207,33 @@ func assertUdpPacket(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp net.IP, from
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, data.Payload(), "Data was incorrect")
 }
 
+func assertUdpPacket4(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
+	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(b, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
+	v4 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
+	assert.NotNil(t, v4, "No ipv4 data found")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, fromIp.AsSlice(), []byte(v4.SrcIP), "Source ip was incorrect")
+	assert.Equal(t, toIp.AsSlice(), []byte(v4.DstIP), "Dest ip was incorrect")
+
+	udp := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeUDP).(*layers.UDP)
+	assert.NotNil(t, udp, "No udp data found")
+
+	assert.Equal(t, fromPort, uint16(udp.SrcPort), "Source port was incorrect")
+	assert.Equal(t, toPort, uint16(udp.DstPort), "Dest port was incorrect")
+
+	data := packet.ApplicationLayer()
+	assert.NotNil(t, data)
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, data.Payload(), "Data was incorrect")
+}
+
+func getAddrs(ns []netip.Prefix) []netip.Addr {
+	var a []netip.Addr
+	for _, n := range ns {
+		a = append(a, n.Addr())
+	}
+	return a
+}
+
 func NewTestLogger() *logrus.Logger {
 	l := logrus.New()
 

e2e/router/hostmap.go

@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ package router
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sort"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 )
 
 type edge struct {
@@ -58,8 +58,9 @@ func renderHostmap(c *nebula.Control) (string, []*edge) {
 	var lines []string
 	var globalLines []*edge
 
-	clusterName := strings.Trim(c.GetCert().Details.Name, " ")
-	clusterVpnIp := c.GetCert().Details.Ips[0].IP
+	crt := c.GetCertState().GetDefaultCertificate()
+	clusterName := strings.Trim(crt.Name(), " ")
+	clusterVpnIp := crt.Networks()[0].Addr()
 	r := fmt.Sprintf("\tsubgraph %s[\"%s (%s)\"]\n", clusterName, clusterName, clusterVpnIp)
 
 	hm := c.GetHostmap()
@@ -101,8 +102,8 @@ func renderHostmap(c *nebula.Control) (string, []*edge) {
 	for _, idx := range indexes {
 		hi, ok := hm.Indexes[idx]
 		if ok {
-			r += fmt.Sprintf("\t\t\t%v.%v[\"%v (%v)\"]\n", clusterName, idx, idx, hi.GetVpnIp())
-			remoteClusterName := strings.Trim(hi.GetCert().Details.Name, " ")
+			r += fmt.Sprintf("\t\t\t%v.%v[\"%v (%v)\"]\n", clusterName, idx, idx, hi.GetVpnAddrs())
+			remoteClusterName := strings.Trim(hi.GetCert().Certificate.Name(), " ")
 			globalLines = append(globalLines, &edge{from: fmt.Sprintf("%v.%v", clusterName, idx), to: fmt.Sprintf("%v.%v", remoteClusterName, hi.GetRemoteIndex())})
 			_ = hi
 		}
@@ -118,14 +119,14 @@ func renderHostmap(c *nebula.Control) (string, []*edge) {
 	return r, globalLines
 }
 
-func sortedHosts(hosts map[iputil.VpnIp]*nebula.HostInfo) []iputil.VpnIp {
-	keys := make([]iputil.VpnIp, 0, len(hosts))
+func sortedHosts(hosts map[netip.Addr]*nebula.HostInfo) []netip.Addr {
+	keys := make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(hosts))
 	for key := range hosts {
 		keys = append(keys, key)
 	}
 
 	sort.SliceStable(keys, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return keys[i] > keys[j]
+		return keys[i].Compare(keys[j]) > 0
 	})
 
 	return keys

e2e/router/router.go

@@ -6,13 +6,12 @@ package router
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
+	"regexp"
 	"sort"
-	"strconv"
-	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -21,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 )
@@ -29,18 +27,18 @@ import (
 type R struct {
 	// Simple map of the ip:port registered on a control to the control
 	// Basically a router, right?
-	controls map[string]*nebula.Control
+	controls map[netip.AddrPort]*nebula.Control
 
 	// A map for inbound packets for a control that doesn't know about this address
-	inNat map[string]*nebula.Control
+	inNat map[netip.AddrPort]*nebula.Control
 
 	// A last used map, if an inbound packet hit the inNat map then
 	// all return packets should use the same last used inbound address for the outbound sender
 	// map[from address + ":" + to address] => ip:port to rewrite in the udp packet to receiver
-	outNat map[string]net.UDPAddr
+	outNat map[string]netip.AddrPort
 
 	// A map of vpn ip to the nebula control it belongs to
-	vpnControls map[iputil.VpnIp]*nebula.Control
+	vpnControls map[netip.Addr]*nebula.Control
 
 	ignoreFlows []ignoreFlow
 	flow        []flowEntry
@@ -118,10 +116,10 @@ func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 	}
 
 	r := &R{
-		controls:     make(map[string]*nebula.Control),
-		vpnControls:  make(map[iputil.VpnIp]*nebula.Control),
-		inNat:        make(map[string]*nebula.Control),
-		outNat:       make(map[string]net.UDPAddr),
+		controls:     make(map[netip.AddrPort]*nebula.Control),
+		vpnControls:  make(map[netip.Addr]*nebula.Control),
+		inNat:        make(map[netip.AddrPort]*nebula.Control),
+		outNat:       make(map[string]netip.AddrPort),
 		flow:         []flowEntry{},
 		ignoreFlows:  []ignoreFlow{},
 		fn:           filepath.Join("mermaid", fmt.Sprintf("%s.md", t.Name())),
@@ -135,10 +133,13 @@ func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 	for _, c := range controls {
 		addr := c.GetUDPAddr()
 		if _, ok := r.controls[addr]; ok {
-			panic("Duplicate listen address: " + addr)
+			panic("Duplicate listen address: " + addr.String())
+		}
+
+		for _, vpnAddr := range c.GetVpnAddrs() {
+			r.vpnControls[vpnAddr] = c
 		}
 
-		r.vpnControls[c.GetVpnIp()] = c
 		r.controls[addr] = c
 	}
 
@@ -165,13 +166,13 @@ func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 // It does not look at the addr attached to the instance.
 // If a route is used, this will behave like a NAT for the return path.
 // Rewriting the source ip:port to what was last sent to from the origin
-func (r *R) AddRoute(ip net.IP, port uint16, c *nebula.Control) {
+func (r *R) AddRoute(ip netip.Addr, port uint16, c *nebula.Control) {
 	r.Lock()
 	defer r.Unlock()
 
-	inAddr := net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", port))
+	inAddr := netip.AddrPortFrom(ip, port)
 	if _, ok := r.inNat[inAddr]; ok {
-		panic("Duplicate listen address inNat: " + inAddr)
+		panic("Duplicate listen address inNat: " + inAddr.String())
 	}
 	r.inNat[inAddr] = c
 }
@@ -198,7 +199,7 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	var participants = map[string]struct{}{}
+	var participants = map[netip.AddrPort]struct{}{}
 	var participantsVals []string
 
 	fmt.Fprintln(f, "```mermaid")
@@ -215,11 +216,11 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 			continue
 		}
 		participants[addr] = struct{}{}
-		sanAddr := strings.Replace(addr, ":", "-", 1)
+		sanAddr := normalizeName(addr.String())
 		participantsVals = append(participantsVals, sanAddr)
 		fmt.Fprintf(
 			f, "    participant %s as Nebula: %s<br/>UDP: %s\n",
-			sanAddr, e.packet.from.GetVpnIp(), sanAddr,
+			sanAddr, e.packet.from.GetVpnAddrs(), sanAddr,
 		)
 	}
 
@@ -252,9 +253,9 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 
 			fmt.Fprintf(f,
 				"    %s%s%s: %s(%s), index %v, counter: %v\n",
-				strings.Replace(p.from.GetUDPAddr(), ":", "-", 1),
+				normalizeName(p.from.GetUDPAddr().String()),
 				line,
-				strings.Replace(p.to.GetUDPAddr(), ":", "-", 1),
+				normalizeName(p.to.GetUDPAddr().String()),
 				h.TypeName(), h.SubTypeName(), h.RemoteIndex, h.MessageCounter,
 			)
 		}
@@ -269,6 +270,11 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 	}
 }
 
+func normalizeName(s string) string {
+	rx := regexp.MustCompile("[\\[\\]\\:]")
+	return rx.ReplaceAllLiteralString(s, "_")
+}
+
 // IgnoreFlow tells the router to stop recording future flows that matches the provided criteria.
 // messageType and subType will target nebula underlay packets while tun will target nebula overlay packets
 // NOTE: This is a very broad system, if you set tun to true then no more tun traffic will be rendered
@@ -305,7 +311,7 @@ func (r *R) RenderHostmaps(title string, controls ...*nebula.Control) {
 func (r *R) renderHostmaps(title string) {
 	c := maps.Values(r.controls)
 	sort.SliceStable(c, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return c[i].GetVpnIp() > c[j].GetVpnIp()
+		return c[i].GetVpnAddrs()[0].Compare(c[j].GetVpnAddrs()[0]) > 0
 	})
 
 	s := renderHostmaps(c...)
@@ -420,13 +426,12 @@ func (r *R) RouteUntilTxTun(sender *nebula.Control, receiver *nebula.Control) []
 
 		// Nope, lets push the sender along
 		case p := <-udpTx:
-			outAddr := sender.GetUDPAddr()
 			r.Lock()
-			inAddr := net.JoinHostPort(p.ToIp.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.ToPort))
-			c := r.getControl(outAddr, inAddr, p)
+			a := sender.GetUDPAddr()
+			c := r.getControl(a, p.To, p)
 			if c == nil {
 				r.Unlock()
-				panic("No control for udp tx")
+				panic("No control for udp tx " + a.String())
 			}
 			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(sender, c, p, false)
 			c.InjectUDPPacket(p)
@@ -479,13 +484,11 @@ func (r *R) RouteForAllUntilTxTun(receiver *nebula.Control) []byte {
 		} else {
 			// we are a udp tx, route and continue
 			p := rx.Interface().(*udp.Packet)
-			outAddr := cm[x].GetUDPAddr()
-
-			inAddr := net.JoinHostPort(p.ToIp.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.ToPort))
-			c := r.getControl(outAddr, inAddr, p)
+			a := cm[x].GetUDPAddr()
+			c := r.getControl(a, p.To, p)
 			if c == nil {
 				r.Unlock()
-				panic("No control for udp tx")
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("No control for udp tx %s", p.To))
 			}
 			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], c, p, false)
 			c.InjectUDPPacket(p)
@@ -509,12 +512,10 @@ func (r *R) RouteExitFunc(sender *nebula.Control, whatDo ExitFunc) {
 			panic(err)
 		}
 
-		outAddr := sender.GetUDPAddr()
-		inAddr := net.JoinHostPort(p.ToIp.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.ToPort))
-		receiver := r.getControl(outAddr, inAddr, p)
+		receiver := r.getControl(sender.GetUDPAddr(), p.To, p)
 		if receiver == nil {
 			r.Unlock()
-			panic("Can't route for host: " + inAddr)
+			panic("Can't RouteExitFunc for host: " + p.To.String())
 		}
 
 		e := whatDo(p, receiver)
@@ -590,13 +591,13 @@ func (r *R) InjectUDPPacket(sender, receiver *nebula.Control, packet *udp.Packet
 // RouteForUntilAfterToAddr will route for sender and return only after it sees and sends a packet destined for toAddr
 // finish can be any of the exitType values except `keepRouting`, the default value is `routeAndExit`
 // If the router doesn't have the nebula controller for that address, we panic
-func (r *R) RouteForUntilAfterToAddr(sender *nebula.Control, toAddr *net.UDPAddr, finish ExitType) {
+func (r *R) RouteForUntilAfterToAddr(sender *nebula.Control, toAddr netip.AddrPort, finish ExitType) {
 	if finish == KeepRouting {
 		finish = RouteAndExit
 	}
 
 	r.RouteExitFunc(sender, func(p *udp.Packet, r *nebula.Control) ExitType {
-		if p.ToIp.Equal(toAddr.IP) && p.ToPort == uint16(toAddr.Port) {
+		if p.To == toAddr {
 			return finish
 		}
 
@@ -630,13 +631,10 @@ func (r *R) RouteForAllExitFunc(whatDo ExitFunc) {
 		r.Lock()
 
 		p := rx.Interface().(*udp.Packet)
-
-		outAddr := cm[x].GetUDPAddr()
-		inAddr := net.JoinHostPort(p.ToIp.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.ToPort))
-		receiver := r.getControl(outAddr, inAddr, p)
+		receiver := r.getControl(cm[x].GetUDPAddr(), p.To, p)
 		if receiver == nil {
 			r.Unlock()
-			panic("Can't route for host: " + inAddr)
+			panic("Can't RouteForAllExitFunc for host: " + p.To.String())
 		}
 
 		e := whatDo(p, receiver)
@@ -697,41 +695,26 @@ func (r *R) FlushAll() {
 
 		p := rx.Interface().(*udp.Packet)
 
-		outAddr := cm[x].GetUDPAddr()
-		inAddr := net.JoinHostPort(p.ToIp.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", p.ToPort))
-		receiver := r.getControl(outAddr, inAddr, p)
+		receiver := r.getControl(cm[x].GetUDPAddr(), p.To, p)
 		if receiver == nil {
 			r.Unlock()
-			panic("Can't route for host: " + inAddr)
+			panic("Can't FlushAll for host: " + p.To.String())
 		}
+		receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
 		r.Unlock()
 	}
 }
 
 // getControl performs or seeds NAT translation and returns the control for toAddr, p from fields may change
 // This is an internal router function, the caller must hold the lock
-func (r *R) getControl(fromAddr, toAddr string, p *udp.Packet) *nebula.Control {
-	if newAddr, ok := r.outNat[fromAddr+":"+toAddr]; ok {
-		p.FromIp = newAddr.IP
-		p.FromPort = uint16(newAddr.Port)
+func (r *R) getControl(fromAddr, toAddr netip.AddrPort, p *udp.Packet) *nebula.Control {
+	if newAddr, ok := r.outNat[fromAddr.String()+":"+toAddr.String()]; ok {
+		p.From = newAddr
 	}
 
 	c, ok := r.inNat[toAddr]
 	if ok {
-		sHost, sPort, err := net.SplitHostPort(toAddr)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-
-		port, err := strconv.Atoi(sPort)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-
-		r.outNat[c.GetUDPAddr()+":"+fromAddr] = net.UDPAddr{
-			IP:   net.ParseIP(sHost),
-			Port: port,
-		}
+		r.outNat[c.GetUDPAddr().String()+":"+fromAddr.String()] = toAddr
 		return c
 	}
 
@@ -739,29 +722,42 @@ func (r *R) getControl(fromAddr, toAddr string, p *udp.Packet) *nebula.Control {
 }
 
 func (r *R) formatUdpPacket(p *packet) string {
-	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(p.packet.Data, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
-	v4 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
-	if v4 == nil {
-		panic("not an ipv4 packet")
+	var packet gopacket.Packet
+	var srcAddr netip.Addr
+
+	packet = gopacket.NewPacket(p.packet.Data, layers.LayerTypeIPv6, gopacket.Lazy)
+	if packet.ErrorLayer() == nil {
+		v6 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv6).(*layers.IPv6)
+		if v6 == nil {
+			panic("not an ipv6 packet")
+		}
+		srcAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(v6.SrcIP)
+	} else {
+		packet = gopacket.NewPacket(p.packet.Data, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
+		v6 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
+		if v6 == nil {
+			panic("not an ipv6 packet")
+		}
+		srcAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(v6.SrcIP)
 	}
 
 	from := "unknown"
-	if c, ok := r.vpnControls[iputil.Ip2VpnIp(v4.SrcIP)]; ok {
-		from = c.GetUDPAddr()
+	if c, ok := r.vpnControls[srcAddr]; ok {
+		from = c.GetUDPAddr().String()
 	}
 
-	udp := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeUDP).(*layers.UDP)
-	if udp == nil {
+	udpLayer := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeUDP).(*layers.UDP)
+	if udpLayer == nil {
 		panic("not a udp packet")
 	}
 
 	data := packet.ApplicationLayer()
 	return fmt.Sprintf(
 		"    %s-->>%s: src port: %v<br/>dest port: %v<br/>data: \"%v\"\n",
-		strings.Replace(from, ":", "-", 1),
-		strings.Replace(p.to.GetUDPAddr(), ":", "-", 1),
-		udp.SrcPort,
-		udp.DstPort,
+		normalizeName(from),
+		normalizeName(p.to.GetUDPAddr().String()),
+		udpLayer.SrcPort,
+		udpLayer.DstPort,
 		string(data.Payload()),
 	)
 }

e2e/tunnels_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+//go:build e2e_testing
+// +build e2e_testing
+
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
+)
+
+func TestDropInactiveTunnels(t *testing.T) {
+	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
+	// under ideal conditions
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "5s"}})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "10m"}})
+
+	// Share our underlay information
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
+
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+
+	r.Log("Go inactive and wait for the tunnels to get dropped")
+	waitStart := time.Now()
+	for {
+		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		if myIndexes == 0 && theirIndexes == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		since := time.Since(waitStart)
+		r.Logf("my tunnels: %v; their tunnels: %v; duration: %v", myIndexes, theirIndexes, since)
+		if since > time.Second*30 {
+			t.Fatal("Tunnel should have been declared inactive after 5 seconds and before 30 seconds")
+		}
+
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+		r.FlushAll()
+	}
+
+	r.Logf("Inactive tunnels were dropped within %v", time.Since(waitStart))
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}

examples/config.yml

@@ -13,6 +13,12 @@ pki:
   # disconnect_invalid is a toggle to force a client to be disconnected if the certificate is expired or invalid.
   #disconnect_invalid: true
 
+  # initiating_version controls which certificate version is used when initiating handshakes.
+  # This setting only applies if both a v1 and a v2 certificate are configured, in which case it will default to `1`.
+  # Once all hosts in the mesh are configured with both a v1 and v2 certificate then this should be changed to `2`.
+  # After all hosts in the mesh are using a v2 certificate then v1 certificates are no longer needed.
+  # initiating_version: 1
+
 # The static host map defines a set of hosts with fixed IP addresses on the internet (or any network).
 # A host can have multiple fixed IP addresses defined here, and nebula will try each when establishing a tunnel.
 # The syntax is:
@@ -120,8 +126,8 @@ lighthouse:
 # Port Nebula will be listening on. The default here is 4242. For a lighthouse node, the port should be defined,
 # however using port 0 will dynamically assign a port and is recommended for roaming nodes.
 listen:
-  # To listen on both any ipv4 and ipv6 use "::"
-  host: 0.0.0.0
+  # To listen on only ipv4, use "0.0.0.0"
+  host: "::"
   port: 4242
   # Sets the max number of packets to pull from the kernel for each syscall (under systems that support recvmmsg)
   # default is 64, does not support reload
@@ -138,6 +144,11 @@ listen:
   # valid values: always, never, private
   # This setting is reloadable.
   #send_recv_error: always
+  # The so_sock option is a Linux-specific feature that allows all outgoing Nebula packets to be tagged with a specific identifier.
+  # This tagging enables IP rule-based filtering. For example, it supports 0.0.0.0/0 unsafe_routes,
+  # allowing for more precise routing decisions based on the packet tags. Default is 0 meaning no mark is set.
+  # This setting is reloadable.
+  #so_mark: 0
 
 # Routines is the number of thread pairs to run that consume from the tun and UDP queues.
 # Currently, this defaults to 1 which means we have 1 tun queue reader and 1
@@ -167,8 +178,7 @@ punchy:
 
 # Preferred ranges is used to define a hint about the local network ranges, which speeds up discovering the fastest
 # path to a network adjacent nebula node.
-# NOTE: the previous option "local_range" only allowed definition of a single range
-# and has been deprecated for "preferred_ranges"
+# This setting is reloadable.
 #preferred_ranges: ["172.16.0.0/24"]
 
 # sshd can expose informational and administrative functions via ssh. This can expose informational and administrative
@@ -181,12 +191,15 @@ punchy:
   # A file containing the ssh host private key to use
   # A decent way to generate one: ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -f ssh_host_ed25519_key -N "" < /dev/null
   #host_key: ./ssh_host_ed25519_key
-  # A file containing a list of authorized public keys
+  # Authorized users and their public keys
   #authorized_users:
     #- user: steeeeve
       # keys can be an array of strings or single string
       #keys:
         #- "ssh public key string"
+  # Trusted SSH CA public keys. These are the public keys of the CAs that are allowed to sign SSH keys for access.
+  #trusted_cas:
+    #- "ssh public key string"
 
 # EXPERIMENTAL: relay support for networks that can't establish direct connections.
 relay:
@@ -226,10 +239,32 @@ tun:
 
   # Unsafe routes allows you to route traffic over nebula to non-nebula nodes
   # Unsafe routes should be avoided unless you have hosts/services that cannot run nebula
-  # NOTE: The nebula certificate of the "via" node *MUST* have the "route" defined as a subnet in its certificate
+  # Supports weighted ECMP if you define a list of gateways, this can be used for load balancing or redundancy to hosts outside of nebula
+  # NOTES:
+  # * You will only see a single gateway in the routing table if you are not on linux
+  # * If a gateway is not reachable through the overlay another gateway will be selected to send the traffic through, ignoring weights
+  #
+  # unsafe_routes:
+  # # Multiple gateways without defining a weight defaults to a weight of 1, this will balance traffic equally between the three gateways
+  # - route: 192.168.87.0/24
+  #   via:
+  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.1
+  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.2
+  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.3
+  # # Multiple gateways with a weight, this will balance traffic accordingly
+  # - route: 192.168.87.0/24
+  #   via:
+  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.1
+  #       weight: 10
+  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.2
+  #       weight: 5
+  #
+  # NOTE: The nebula certificate of the "via" node(s) *MUST* have the "route" defined as a subnet in its certificate
+  # `via`: single node or list of gateways to use for this route
   # `mtu`: will default to tun mtu if this option is not specified
   # `metric`: will default to 0 if this option is not specified
   # `install`: will default to true, controls whether this route is installed in the systems routing table.
+  # This setting is reloadable.
   unsafe_routes:
     #- route: 172.16.1.0/24
     #  via: 192.168.100.99
@@ -240,11 +275,17 @@ tun:
   # On linux only, set to true to manage unsafe routes directly on the system route table with gateway routes instead of
   # in nebula configuration files. Default false, not reloadable.
   #use_system_route_table: false
+  # Buffer size for reading routes updates. 0 means default system buffer size. (/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default).
+  # If using massive routes updates, for example BGP, you may need to increase this value to avoid packet loss.
+  # SO_RCVBUFFORCE is used to avoid having to raise the system wide max
+  #use_system_route_table_buffer_size: 0
 
-# TODO
 # Configure logging level
 logging:
-  # panic, fatal, error, warning, info, or debug. Default is info
+  # panic, fatal, error, warning, info, or debug. Default is info and is reloadable.
+  #NOTE: Debug mode can log remotely controlled/untrusted data which can quickly fill a disk in some
+  # scenarios. Debug logging is also CPU intensive and will decrease performance overall.
+  # Only enable debug logging while actively investigating an issue.
   level: info
   # json or text formats currently available. Default is text
   format: text
@@ -297,6 +338,18 @@ logging:
   # after receiving the response for lighthouse queries
   #trigger_buffer: 64
 
+# Tunnel manager settings
+#tunnels:
+  # drop_inactive controls whether inactive tunnels are maintained or dropped after the inactive_timeout period has
+  # elapsed.
+  # In general, it is a good idea to enable this setting. It will be enabled by default in a future release.
+  # This setting is reloadable
+  #drop_inactive: false
+
+  # inactivity_timeout controls how long a tunnel MUST NOT see any inbound or outbound traffic before being considered
+  # inactive and eligible to be dropped.
+  # This setting is reloadable
+  #inactivity_timeout: 10m
 
 # Nebula security group configuration
 firewall:
@@ -309,6 +362,13 @@ firewall:
   outbound_action: drop
   inbound_action: drop
 
+  # THIS FLAG IS DEPRECATED AND WILL BE REMOVED IN A FUTURE RELEASE. (Defaults to false.)
+  # This setting only affects nebula hosts exposing unsafe_routes. When set to false, each inbound rule must contain a
+  # `local_cidr` if the intention is to allow traffic to flow to an unsafe route. When set to true, every firewall rule
+  # will apply to all configured unsafe_routes regardless of the actual destination of the packet, unless `local_cidr`
+  # is explicitly defined. This is usually not the desired behavior and should be avoided!
+  #default_local_cidr_any: false
+
   conntrack:
     tcp_timeout: 12m
     udp_timeout: 3m
@@ -316,15 +376,17 @@ firewall:
 
   # The firewall is default deny. There is no way to write a deny rule.
   # Rules are comprised of a protocol, port, and one or more of host, group, or CIDR
-  # Logical evaluation is roughly: port AND proto AND (ca_sha OR ca_name) AND (host OR group OR groups OR cidr)
+  # Logical evaluation is roughly: port AND proto AND (ca_sha OR ca_name) AND (host OR group OR groups OR cidr) AND (local cidr)
   # - port: Takes `0` or `any` as any, a single number `80`, a range `200-901`, or `fragment` to match second and further fragments of fragmented packets (since there is no port available).
   #   code: same as port but makes more sense when talking about ICMP, TODO: this is not currently implemented in a way that works, use `any`
   #   proto: `any`, `tcp`, `udp`, or `icmp`
   #   host: `any` or a literal hostname, ie `test-host`
   #   group: `any` or a literal group name, ie `default-group`
   #   groups: Same as group but accepts a list of values. Multiple values are AND'd together and a certificate would have to contain all groups to pass
-  #   cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any.
-  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any. This could be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
+  #   cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6.
+  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. This can be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
+  #     By default, this is set to only the VPN (overlay) networks assigned via the certificate networks field unless `default_local_cidr_any` is set to true.
+  #     If there are unsafe_routes present in this config file, `local_cidr` should be set appropriately for the intended us case.
   #   ca_name: An issuing CA name
   #   ca_sha: An issuing CA shasum
 
@@ -346,3 +408,10 @@ firewall:
       groups:
         - laptop
         - home
+
+    # Expose a subnet (unsafe route) to hosts with the group remote_client
+    # This example assume you have a subnet of 192.168.100.1/24 or larger encoded in the certificate
+    - port: 8080
+      proto: tcp
+      group: remote_client
+      local_cidr: 192.168.100.1/24

examples/go_service/main.go

@@ -4,8 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"bufio"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
+	"net"
+	"os"
 
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/service"
 )
 
@@ -54,16 +59,25 @@ pki:
   cert: /home/rice/Developer/nebula-config/app.crt
   key: /home/rice/Developer/nebula-config/app.key
 `
-	var config config.C
-	if err := config.LoadString(configStr); err != nil {
+	var cfg config.C
+	if err := cfg.LoadString(configStr); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	service, err := service.New(&config)
+
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	logger.Out = os.Stdout
+
+	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(&cfg, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	ln, err := service.Listen("tcp", ":1234")
+	svc, err := service.New(ctrl)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ln, err := svc.Listen("tcp", ":1234")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -73,16 +87,24 @@ pki:
 			log.Printf("accept error: %s", err)
 			break
 		}
-		defer conn.Close()
+		defer func(conn net.Conn) {
+			_ = conn.Close()
+		}(conn)
 
 		log.Printf("got connection")
 
-		conn.Write([]byte("hello world\n"))
+		_, err = conn.Write([]byte("hello world\n"))
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("write error: %s", err)
+		}
 
 		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(conn)
 		for scanner.Scan() {
 			message := scanner.Text()
-			fmt.Fprintf(conn, "echo: %q\n", message)
+			_, err = fmt.Fprintf(conn, "echo: %q\n", message)
+			if err != nil {
+				log.Printf("write error: %s", err)
+			}
 			log.Printf("got message %q", message)
 		}
 
@@ -92,8 +114,8 @@ pki:
 		}
 	}
 
-	service.Close()
-	if err := service.Wait(); err != nil {
+	_ = svc.Close()
+	if err := svc.Wait(); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	return nil

examples/quickstart-vagrant/README.md

@@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
-# Quickstart Guide
-
-This guide is intended to bring up a vagrant environment with 1 lighthouse and 2 generic hosts running nebula.
-
-## Creating the virtualenv for ansible
-
-Within the `quickstart/` directory, do the following
-
-```
-# make a virtual environment
-virtualenv venv
-
-# get into the virtualenv
-source venv/bin/activate
-
-# install ansible
-pip install -r requirements.yml
-```
-
-## Bringing up the vagrant environment
-
-A plugin that is used for the Vagrant environment is `vagrant-hostmanager`
-
-To install, run
-
-```
-vagrant plugin install vagrant-hostmanager
-```
-
-All hosts within the Vagrantfile are brought up with
-
-`vagrant up` 
-
-Once the boxes are up, go into the `ansible/` directory and deploy the playbook by running
-
-`ansible-playbook playbook.yml -i inventory -u vagrant`
-
-## Testing within the vagrant env
-
-Once the ansible run is done, hop onto a vagrant box 
-
-`vagrant ssh generic1.vagrant`
-
-or specifically
-
-`ssh vagrant@<ip-address-in-vagrant-file` (password for the vagrant user on the boxes is `vagrant`)
-
-Some quick tests once the vagrant boxes are up are to ping from `generic1.vagrant` to `generic2.vagrant` using 
-their respective nebula ip address. 
-
-```
-vagrant@generic1:~$ ping 10.168.91.220
-PING 10.168.91.220 (10.168.91.220) 56(84) bytes of data.
-64 bytes from 10.168.91.220: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=241 ms
-64 bytes from 10.168.91.220: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.704 ms
-```
-
-You can further verify that the allowed nebula firewall rules work by ssh'ing from 1 generic box to the other.
-
-`ssh vagrant@<nebula-ip-address>`  (password for the vagrant user on the boxes is `vagrant`)
-
-See `/etc/nebula/config.yml` on a box for firewall rules.
-
-To see full handshakes and hostmaps, change the logging config of `/etc/nebula/config.yml` on the vagrant boxes from 
-info to debug.
-
-You can watch nebula logs by running
-
-```
-sudo journalctl -fu nebula
-```
-
-Refer to the nebula src code directory's README for further instructions on configuring nebula.
-
-## Troubleshooting
-
-### Is nebula up and running?
-
-Run and verify that 
-
-```
-ifconfig
-``` 
-
-shows you an interface with the name `nebula1` being up.
-
-```
-vagrant@generic1:~$ ifconfig nebula1
-nebula1: flags=4305<UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP,MULTICAST>  mtu 1300
-        inet 10.168.91.210  netmask 255.128.0.0  destination 10.168.91.210
-        inet6 fe80::aeaf:b105:e6dc:936c  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
-        unspec 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00  txqueuelen 500  (UNSPEC)
-        RX packets 2  bytes 168 (168.0 B)
-        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
-        TX packets 11  bytes 600 (600.0 B)
-        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
-```
-
-### Connectivity
-
-Are you able to ping other boxes on the private nebula network?
-
-The following are the private nebula ip addresses of the vagrant env 
-
-```
-generic1.vagrant [nebula_ip] 10.168.91.210
-generic2.vagrant [nebula_ip] 10.168.91.220 
-lighthouse1.vagrant [nebula_ip] 10.168.91.230
-```
-
-Try pinging generic1.vagrant to and from any other box using its nebula ip above.
-
-Double check the nebula firewall rules under /etc/nebula/config.yml to make sure that connectivity is allowed for your use-case if on a specific port.
-
-```
-vagrant@lighthouse1:~$ grep -A21 firewall /etc/nebula/config.yml 
-firewall:
-  conntrack:
-    tcp_timeout: 12m
-    udp_timeout: 3m
-    default_timeout: 10m
-
-  inbound:
-    - proto: icmp
-      port: any
-      host: any
-    - proto: any
-      port: 22
-      host: any
-    - proto: any
-      port: 53
-      host: any
-
-  outbound:
-    - proto: any
-      port: any
-      host: any
-```

examples/quickstart-vagrant/Vagrantfile

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-Vagrant.require_version ">= 2.2.6"
-
-nodes = [
-  { :hostname => 'generic1.vagrant', :ip => '172.11.91.210', :box => 'bento/ubuntu-18.04', :ram => '512', :cpus => 1},
-  { :hostname => 'generic2.vagrant', :ip => '172.11.91.220', :box => 'bento/ubuntu-18.04', :ram => '512', :cpus => 1},
-  { :hostname => 'lighthouse1.vagrant', :ip => '172.11.91.230', :box => 'bento/ubuntu-18.04', :ram => '512', :cpus => 1},
-]
-
-Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
-
-  config.ssh.insert_key = false
-
-  if Vagrant.has_plugin?('vagrant-cachier')
-    config.cache.enable :apt
-  else
-    printf("** Install vagrant-cachier plugin to speedup deploy: `vagrant plugin install vagrant-cachier`.**\n")
-  end
-
-  if Vagrant.has_plugin?('vagrant-hostmanager')
-    config.hostmanager.enabled = true
-    config.hostmanager.manage_host = true
-    config.hostmanager.include_offline = true
-  else
-    config.vagrant.plugins = "vagrant-hostmanager"
-  end
-
- nodes.each do |node|
-    config.vm.define node[:hostname] do |node_config|
-      node_config.vm.box = node[:box]
-      node_config.vm.hostname = node[:hostname]
-      node_config.vm.network :private_network, ip: node[:ip]
-      node_config.vm.provider :virtualbox do |vb|
-        vb.memory = node[:ram]
-        vb.cpus = node[:cpus]
-        vb.customize ["modifyvm", :id, "--natdnshostresolver1", "on"]
-        vb.customize ['guestproperty', 'set', :id, '/VirtualBox/GuestAdd/VBoxService/--timesync-set-threshold', 10000]
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end

examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/ansible.cfg

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-[defaults]
-host_key_checking = False
-private_key_file = ~/.vagrant.d/insecure_private_key
-become = yes

examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/filter_plugins/to_nebula_ip.py

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/python
-
-
-class FilterModule(object):
-    def filters(self):
-        return {
-            'to_nebula_ip': self.to_nebula_ip,
-            'map_to_nebula_ips': self.map_to_nebula_ips,
-        }
-
-    def to_nebula_ip(self, ip_str):
-        ip_list = list(map(int, ip_str.split(".")))
-        ip_list[0] = 10
-        ip_list[1] = 168
-        ip = '.'.join(map(str, ip_list))
-        return ip
-
-    def map_to_nebula_ips(self, ip_strs):
-        ip_list = [ self.to_nebula_ip(ip_str) for ip_str in ip_strs ]
-        ips = ', '.join(ip_list)
-        return ips

examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/inventory

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-[all]
-generic1.vagrant
-generic2.vagrant
-lighthouse1.vagrant
-
-[generic]
-generic1.vagrant
-generic2.vagrant
-
-[lighthouse]
-lighthouse1.vagrant 

examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/playbook.yml

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
----
-- name: test connection to vagrant boxes
-  hosts: all
-  tasks:
-    - debug: msg=ok
-
-- name: build nebula binaries locally 
-  connection: local
-  hosts: localhost
-  tasks:
-    - command: chdir=../../../ make build/linux-amd64/"{{ item }}"
-      with_items:
-        - nebula
-        - nebula-cert
-  tags:
-    - build-nebula
-   
-- name: install nebula on all vagrant hosts
-  hosts: all
-  become: yes
-  gather_facts: yes
-  roles:
-    - nebula

examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/roles/nebula/defaults/main.yml

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
----
-# defaults file for nebula
-nebula_config_directory: "/etc/nebula/"