Better words (#1497 )

Update CHANGELOG for Nebula v1.9.7
HostInfo.remoteCidr should only be populated with the entire vpn ip address issued in the certificate (#1494 )
2026-08-15 11:06:58 +02:00 · 2025-10-10 10:31:46 -05:00 · 2025-10-07 21:10:16 -05:00 · 2025-10-07 17:35:58 -05:00 · 2025-09-04 15:52:32 -05:00 · 2025-08-19 17:33:31 -04:00
258 changed files with 11355 additions and 35935 deletions
@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: true
 contact_links:
-  - name: 💨 Performance Issues
-    url: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/discussions/new/choose
-    about: 'We ask that you create a discussion instead of an issue for performance-related questions. This allows us to have a more open conversation about the issue and helps us to better understand the problem.'
-
-  - name: 📄 Documentation Issues
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/nebula-docs
-    about: "If you've found an issue with the website documentation, please file it in the nebula-docs repository."
-
-  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula Issues
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
-    about: "If you're using the mobile Nebula app and have found an issue, please file it in the mobile_nebula repository."
-
  - name: 📘 Documentation
    url: https://nebula.defined.net/docs/
-    about: 'The documentation is the best place to start if you are new to Nebula.'
+    about: Review documentation.

  - name: 💁 Support/Chat
-    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA
-    about: 'For faster support, join us on Slack for assistance!'
+    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU
+    about: 'This issue tracker is not for support questions. Join us on Slack for assistance!'
+
+  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula
+    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
+    about: 'This issue tracker is not for mobile support. Try the Mobile Nebula repo instead!'
@@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
-name: Code-sign Windows binaries
-description: >
-  Sign every .exe under a given path in place via the DefinedNet code-signer
-  Lambda. If `role` or `bucket` is empty, logs a notice and skips signing so
-  forks and dev branches without AWS access still produce usable builds.
-
-inputs:
-  path:
-    description: "Directory whose .exe files should be signed in place"
-    required: true
-  role:
-    description: "IAM role ARN to assume via OIDC; empty disables signing"
-    required: false
-    default: ""
-  bucket:
-    description: "S3 staging bucket the code-signer Lambda reads from; empty disables signing"
-    required: false
-    default: ""
-  region:
-    description: "AWS region for the role and Lambda"
-    required: false
-    default: "us-east-2"
-  function-name:
-    description: "Code-signer Lambda function name"
-    required: false
-    default: "code-signer"
-  key-prefix:
-    description: "S3 key prefix the caller is authorized to write under"
-    required: false
-    default: "code-signing/slackhq/nebula"
-
-runs:
-  using: composite
-  steps:
-    - name: Skip notice
-      if: inputs.role == '' || inputs.bucket == ''
-      shell: sh
-      run: echo "::notice::code-signer role or bucket not set; skipping code signing."
-
-    - name: Configure AWS credentials
-      if: inputs.role != '' && inputs.bucket != ''
-      uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v6
-      with:
-        role-to-assume: ${{ inputs.role }}
-        aws-region: ${{ inputs.region }}
-        # Default is 12 retries to ride out IAM trust-policy propagation; once
-        # the role is stable we want a real misconfiguration to fail fast.
-        retry-max-attempts: 5
-
-    - name: Sign .exe files
-      if: inputs.role != '' && inputs.bucket != ''
-      shell: sh
-      env:
-        SIGN_PATH: ${{ inputs.path }}
-        BUCKET: ${{ inputs.bucket }}
-        FUNCTION_NAME: ${{ inputs.function-name }}
-        KEY_PREFIX: ${{ inputs.key-prefix }}
-      run: |
-        set -eu
-        RUN="${GITHUB_RUN_ID}-${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}"
-
-        find "$SIGN_PATH" -name '*.exe' -print | while read -r path
-        do
-            rel=${path#"$SIGN_PATH"/}
-            file=$(basename "$path")
-            name=${file%.exe}
-            prefix="${KEY_PREFIX}/${RUN}"
-            src="${prefix}/unsigned/${rel}"
-            dst="${prefix}/signed/${rel}"
-
-            echo "::group::Sign ${rel}"
-            echo "Uploading unsigned to s3://${BUCKET}/${src}"
-            aws s3 cp --no-progress "$path" "s3://${BUCKET}/${src}" >/dev/null
-
-            echo "Invoking ${FUNCTION_NAME} Lambda"
-            payload=$(jq -nc \
-                --arg s "$src" \
-                --arg d "$dst" \
-                --arg p "$name" \
-                '{source_key: $s, dest_key: $d, program_name: $p}')
-            meta=$(aws lambda invoke \
-                --function-name "$FUNCTION_NAME" \
-                --cli-binary-format raw-in-base64-out \
-                --payload "$payload" \
-                --output json \
-                /tmp/sign-resp.json)
-            if echo "$meta" | jq -e '.FunctionError != null' >/dev/null
-            then
-                echo "::endgroup::"
-                echo "::error::code-signer Lambda failed for ${rel}"
-                cat /tmp/sign-resp.json >&2
-                exit 1
-            fi
-
-            echo "Downloading signed back to ${path}"
-            aws s3 cp --no-progress "s3://${BUCKET}/${dst}" "$path" >/dev/null
-
-            aws s3 rm "s3://${BUCKET}/${src}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-            aws s3 rm "s3://${BUCKET}/${dst}" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-
-            # Sanity-check the bytes we got back actually carry an Authenticode
-            # signature that this machine can validate end to end.
-            status=$(powershell -NoProfile -Command "(Get-AuthenticodeSignature -FilePath '$path').Status" | tr -d '\r')
-            if [ "$status" != "Valid" ]
-            then
-                echo "::endgroup::"
-                echo "::error::${rel} signature status: ${status} (expected Valid)"
-                exit 1
-            fi
-
-            echo "Signed ${rel} (sha256=$(jq -r '.sha256' /tmp/sign-resp.json), status=${status})"
-            echo "::endgroup::"
-        done
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-Thank you for taking the time to submit a pull request!
-
-Please be sure to provide a clear description of what you're trying to achieve with the change.
-
- If you're submitting a new feature, please explain how to use it and document any new config options in the example config.
- If you're submitting a bugfix, please link the related issue or describe the circumstances surrounding the issue.
- If you're changing a default, explain why you believe the new default is appropriate for most users.
-
-P.S. If you're only updating the README or other docs, please file a pull request here instead: https://github.com/DefinedNet/nebula-docs
-->
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Install goimports
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ jobs:
    name: Build Linux/BSD All
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.22'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
          mv build/*.tar.gz release

      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: linux-latest
          path: release
@@ -32,15 +32,12 @@ jobs:
  build-windows:
    name: Build Windows
    runs-on: windows-latest
-    permissions:
-      id-token: write
-      contents: read
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.22'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
@@ -57,15 +54,8 @@ jobs:
          mkdir build\dist\windows
          mv dist\windows\wintun build\dist\windows\

-      - name: Code-sign
-        uses: ./.github/actions/code-sign
-        with:
-          path: build
-          role: ${{ secrets.DEFINED_CODE_SIGNER_ROLE }}
-          bucket: ${{ secrets.DEFINED_CODE_SIGNER_BUCKET }}
-
      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: windows-latest
          path: build
@@ -76,16 +66,16 @@ jobs:
      HAS_SIGNING_CREDS: ${{ secrets.AC_USERNAME != '' }}
    runs-on: macos-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.22'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Import certificates
        if: env.HAS_SIGNING_CREDS == 'true'
-        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v7
+        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v3
        with:
          p12-file-base64: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_P12_BASE64 }}
          p12-password: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD }}
@@ -114,7 +104,7 @@ jobs:
          fi

      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: darwin-latest
          path: ./release/*
@@ -134,25 +124,25 @@ jobs:
      # be overwritten
      - name: Checkout code
        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Download artifacts
        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: linux-latest
          path: artifacts

      - name: Login to Docker Hub
        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
-        uses: docker/login-action@v4
+        uses: docker/login-action@v3
        with:
          username: ${{ vars.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}

      - name: Set up Docker Buildx
        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
-        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v4
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3

      - name: Build and push images
        if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
@@ -170,10 +160,10 @@ jobs:
    needs: [build-linux, build-darwin, build-windows]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
        with:
          path: artifacts

@@ -219,11 +209,10 @@ jobs:
        id: create_release
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-          GITHUB_REF_NAME: ${{ github.ref_name }}
        run: |
          cd artifacts
          gh release create \
            --verify-tag \
-            --title "Release ${GITHUB_REF_NAME}" \
-            "${GITHUB_REF_NAME}" \
+            --title "Release ${{ github.ref_name }}" \
+            "${{ github.ref_name }}" \
            SHASUM256.txt *-latest/*.zip *-latest/*.tar.gz
@@ -14,119 +14,35 @@ on:
      - 'go.sum'
 jobs:

-  smoke-extra-libvirt:
+  smoke-extra:
    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'smoke-test-extra')
-    name: ${{ matrix.target }}
+    name: Run extra smoke tests
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        target:
-          - freebsd-amd64
-          - openbsd-amd64
-          - netbsd-amd64
-          - linux-amd64-ipv6disable
-    env:
-      VAGRANT_DEFAULT_PROVIDER: libvirt
    steps:

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
        check-latest: true

-    - name: add hashicorp source
-      run: wget -O- https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg && echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hashicorp.list
+    - name: install vagrant
+      run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y vagrant virtualbox

-    - name: install vagrant and libvirt
-      run: |
-        sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y vagrant libvirt-daemon-system libvirt-dev
-        sudo chmod 666 /dev/kvm
-        sudo usermod -aG libvirt $(whoami)
-        sudo chmod 666 /var/run/libvirt/libvirt-sock
-        vagrant plugin install vagrant-libvirt
+    - name: freebsd-amd64
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/freebsd-amd64

-    - name: ${{ matrix.target }}
-      run: make smoke-vagrant/${{ matrix.target }}
+    - name: openbsd-amd64
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/openbsd-amd64

-    timeout-minutes: 30
-
-  # linux-386 needs VirtualBox, which conflicts with KVM/libvirt -- isolated job.
-  smoke-extra-virtualbox:
-    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'smoke-test-extra')
-    name: linux-386
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    env:
-      VAGRANT_DEFAULT_PROVIDER: virtualbox
-    steps:
-
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
-      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
-        check-latest: true
-
-    - name: add hashicorp source
-      run: wget -O- https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg && echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hashicorp.list
-
-    - name: install vagrant and virtualbox
-      run: |
-        sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y vagrant virtualbox
-        sudo rmmod kvm_amd kvm_intel kvm 2>/dev/null || true
+    - name: netbsd-amd64
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/netbsd-amd64

    - name: linux-386
      run: make smoke-vagrant/linux-386

+    - name: linux-amd64-ipv6disable
+      run: make smoke-vagrant/linux-amd64-ipv6disable
+
    timeout-minutes: 30
-
-  smoke-windows:
-    if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'smoke-test-extra')
-    name: Run windows smoke test
-    runs-on: windows-latest
-    steps:
-
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
-      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
-        check-latest: true
-
-    # WSL2 + Ubuntu so the smoke can run a real linux peer with its own
-    # netns. iputils-ping is needed for the in-WSL ping check. WSL1 has no
-    # real kernel and would lack /dev/net/tun, so we have to force WSL2.
-    - uses: Vampire/setup-wsl@v3
-      with:
-        distribution: Ubuntu-24.04
-        additional-packages: iputils-ping iproute2
-
-    # Vampire/setup-wsl provisions WSL1 even when the WSL2 platform is present.
-    # Convert the distro to WSL2 explicitly before we try to use /dev/net/tun.
-    - name: convert distro to WSL2
-      shell: pwsh
-      run: |
-        wsl --set-version Ubuntu-24.04 2
-        wsl --shutdown
-        wsl --list --verbose
-
-    - name: build windows nebula
-      run: make bin-windows
-
-    - name: build linux nebula for WSL
-      shell: bash
-      env:
-        GOOS: linux
-        GOARCH: amd64
-      run: |
-        mkdir -p build/linux-amd64
-        go build -o build/linux-amd64/nebula ./cmd/nebula
-
-    - name: run smoke-windows
-      shell: pwsh
-      working-directory: ./.github/workflows/smoke
-      run: ./smoke-windows.ps1
-
-    timeout-minutes: 15
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: build
@@ -16,10 +16,8 @@ relay:
  am_relay: true
 EOF

-    # TEST-NET-3 placeholder IPs; smoke-relay.sh seds them to real container IPs.
-    # Mapping: .2 lighthouse1, .3 host2, .4 host3, .5 host4.
-    export LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 203.0.113.2:4242"
-    export REMOTE_ALLOW_LIST='{"203.0.113.4/32": false, "203.0.113.5/32": false}'
+    export LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242"
+    export REMOTE_ALLOW_LIST='{"172.17.0.4/32": false, "172.17.0.5/32": false}'

    HOST="host2" ../genconfig.sh >host2.yml <<EOF
 relay:
@@ -27,7 +25,7 @@ relay:
    - 192.168.100.1
 EOF

-    export REMOTE_ALLOW_LIST='{"203.0.113.3/32": false}'
+    export REMOTE_ALLOW_LIST='{"172.17.0.3/32": false}'

    HOST="host3" ../genconfig.sh >host3.yml

@@ -5,16 +5,6 @@ set -e -x
 rm -rf ./build
 mkdir ./build

-# Smoke containers run on a dedicated docker network whose subnet is allocated
-# at smoke time, not known at build time. Configs are written with TEST-NET-3
-# placeholder IPs (RFC 5737) and smoke.sh / smoke-vagrant.sh / smoke-relay.sh
-# sed the real container IPs in before starting nebula.
-#
-# Placeholder mapping (last octet == fixed container slot):
-#   203.0.113.2 -> lighthouse1, 203.0.113.3 -> host2,
-#   203.0.113.4 -> host3,       203.0.113.5 -> host4.
-LIGHTHOUSE_IP="203.0.113.2"
-
 (
    cd build

@@ -31,16 +21,16 @@ LIGHTHOUSE_IP="203.0.113.2"
        ../genconfig.sh >lighthouse1.yml

    HOST="host2" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $LIGHTHOUSE_IP:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
        ../genconfig.sh >host2.yml

    HOST="host3" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $LIGHTHOUSE_IP:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
        INBOUND='[{"port": "any", "proto": "icmp", "group": "lighthouse"}]' \
        ../genconfig.sh >host3.yml

    HOST="host4" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $LIGHTHOUSE_IP:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
        OUTBOUND='[{"port": "any", "proto": "icmp", "group": "lighthouse"}]' \
        ../genconfig.sh >host4.yml

@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ set -o pipefail

 mkdir -p logs

-NETWORK="nebula-smoke-relay"
-
 cleanup() {
    echo
    echo " *** cleanup"
@@ -18,53 +16,22 @@ cleanup() {
    then
        docker kill lighthouse1 host2 host3 host4
    fi
-    docker network rm "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1
 }

 trap cleanup EXIT

-# Create a dedicated smoke network with an explicit subnet (required for --ip
-# below). Probe a short list of candidates so a locally-used range doesn't
-# fail the whole test — we only need one to be free.
-docker network rm "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-for candidate in 172.30.0.0/24 172.31.0.0/24 10.98.0.0/24 10.99.0.0/24 192.168.230.0/24; do
-    if docker network create --subnet "$candidate" "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        break
-    fi
-done
-if ! docker network inspect "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "failed to create $NETWORK: every candidate subnet is in use" >&2
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-# Derive container IPs from the network's assigned subnet. Slots: .2 lighthouse1,
-# .3 host2, .4 host3, .5 host4 — matches the placeholders in build-relay.sh.
-SUBNET="$(docker network inspect -f '{{(index .IPAM.Config 0).Subnet}}' "$NETWORK")"
-PREFIX="${SUBNET%/*}"
-PREFIX="${PREFIX%.*}"
-LIGHTHOUSE_IP="$PREFIX.2"
-HOST2_IP="$PREFIX.3"
-HOST3_IP="$PREFIX.4"
-HOST4_IP="$PREFIX.5"
-
-# Sed the placeholder TEST-NET-3 IPs in the host configs to the real ones.
-for f in build/host2.yml build/host3.yml build/host4.yml; do
-    sed "s|203\.0\.113\.|$PREFIX.|g" "$f" >"$f.tmp"
-    mv "$f.tmp" "$f"
-done
-
 docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config lighthouse1.yml -test
-docker run --name host2 --rm -v "$PWD/build/host2.yml:/nebula/host2.yml:ro" nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml -test
-docker run --name host3 --rm -v "$PWD/build/host3.yml:/nebula/host3.yml:ro" nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml -test
-docker run --name host4 --rm -v "$PWD/build/host4.yml:/nebula/host4.yml:ro" nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml -test
+docker run --name host2 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml -test
+docker run --name host3 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml -test
+docker run --name host4 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml -test

-docker run --name lighthouse1 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$LIGHTHOUSE_IP" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
 sleep 1
-docker run --name host2 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$HOST2_IP" -v "$PWD/build/host2.yml:/nebula/host2.yml:ro" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
+docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
 sleep 1
-docker run --name host3 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$HOST3_IP" -v "$PWD/build/host3.yml:/nebula/host3.yml:ro" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
+docker run --name host3 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
 sleep 1
-docker run --name host4 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$HOST4_IP" -v "$PWD/build/host4.yml:/nebula/host4.yml:ro" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
+docker run --name host4 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
 sleep 1

 set +x
@@ -109,13 +76,7 @@ docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
-
-# Wait up to 30s for all backgrounded jobs to exit rather than relying on a
-# fixed sleep.
-for _ in $(seq 1 30); do
-    [ -z "$(jobs -r)" ] && break
-    sleep 1
-done
+sleep 5

 if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
 then
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ export VAGRANT_CWD="$PWD/vagrant-$1"

 mkdir -p logs

-NETWORK="nebula-smoke"
-
 cleanup() {
    echo
    echo " *** cleanup"
@@ -21,53 +19,23 @@ cleanup() {
        docker kill lighthouse1 host2
    fi
    vagrant destroy -f
-    docker network rm "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1
 }

 trap cleanup EXIT

-# Create a dedicated smoke network with an explicit subnet (required for --ip
-# below). Probe a short list of candidates so a locally-used range doesn't
-# fail the whole test — we only need one to be free.
-docker network rm "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-for candidate in 172.30.0.0/24 172.31.0.0/24 10.98.0.0/24 10.99.0.0/24 192.168.230.0/24; do
-    if docker network create --subnet "$candidate" "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        break
-    fi
-done
-if ! docker network inspect "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "failed to create $NETWORK: every candidate subnet is in use" >&2
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-# Derive container IPs from the network's assigned subnet. Slots: .2 lighthouse1,
-# .3 host2 — matches the placeholders in build.sh.
-SUBNET="$(docker network inspect -f '{{(index .IPAM.Config 0).Subnet}}' "$NETWORK")"
-PREFIX="${SUBNET%/*}"
-PREFIX="${PREFIX%.*}"
-LIGHTHOUSE_IP="$PREFIX.2"
-HOST2_IP="$PREFIX.3"
-
-# Sed the placeholder TEST-NET-3 IPs in the host configs to the real ones.
-# This must happen before `vagrant up` rsyncs build/ into the VM for host3.
-for f in build/host2.yml build/host3.yml; do
-    sed "s|203\.0\.113\.|$PREFIX.|g" "$f" >"$f.tmp"
-    mv "$f.tmp" "$f"
-done
-
 CONTAINER="nebula:${NAME:-smoke}"

 docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml -test
-docker run --name host2 --rm -v "$PWD/build/host2.yml:/nebula/host2.yml:ro" "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test
+docker run --name host2 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test

 vagrant up
-vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml -test" -- -T
+vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml -test"

-docker run --name lighthouse1 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$LIGHTHOUSE_IP" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
 sleep 1
-docker run --name host2 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$HOST2_IP" -v "$PWD/build/host2.yml:/nebula/host2.yml:ro" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
+docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
 sleep 1
-vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && sudo sh -c 'echo \$\$ >/nebula/pid && exec /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml'" 2>&1 -- -T | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
+vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && sudo sh -c 'echo \$\$ >/nebula/pid && exec /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml'" &
 sleep 15

 # grab tcpdump pcaps for debugging
@@ -78,8 +46,8 @@ docker exec host2 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.outside.log >logs/host
 # vagrant ssh -c "tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U" 2>logs/host3.inside.log >logs/host3.inside.pcap &
 # vagrant ssh -c "tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U" 2>logs/host3.outside.log >logs/host3.outside.pcap &

-#docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
-#vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000" &
+docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
+vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000" &
 #docker exec host2 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host2' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &
 #vagrant ssh -c "ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host3' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000" &

@@ -100,11 +68,11 @@ docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
 # Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
 ! docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1

-#set +x
-#echo
-#echo " *** Testing ncat from host2"
-#echo
-#set -x
+set +x
+echo
+echo " *** Testing ncat from host2"
+echo
+set -x
 # Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
 #! docker exec host2 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.3 2000 || exit 1
 #! docker exec host2 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.3 3000 | grep -q host3 || exit 1
@@ -114,28 +82,21 @@ echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host3"
 echo
 set -x
-vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.1" -- -T
-vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.2" -- -T
+vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.1"
+vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.2"

-#set +x
-#echo
-#echo " *** Testing ncat from host3"
-#echo
-#set -x
+set +x
+echo
+echo " *** Testing ncat from host3"
+echo
+set -x
 #vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.2 2000"
 #vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.2 3000" | grep -q host2

-vagrant ssh -c "sudo xargs kill </nebula/pid" -- -T
+vagrant ssh -c "sudo xargs kill </nebula/pid"
 docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
-
-# Wait up to 30s for all backgrounded jobs to exit. vagrant ssh in particular
-# takes a beat to tear down after nebula exits on the VM, so a fixed sleep is
-# racy.
-for _ in $(seq 1 30); do
-    [ -z "$(jobs -r)" ] && break
-    sleep 1
-done
+sleep 1

 if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
 then
@@ -1,272 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env pwsh
-# Windows smoke test for the nebula tun + UDP + NLM code paths.
-#
-# Topology:
-#   - lighthouse runs natively on the Windows host (wintun + windows UDP)
-#   - peer runs inside WSL2 (Linux build of nebula, /dev/net/tun)
-#
-# WSL2 gives us a real netns boundary so the loopback fast-path on Windows
-# does not short-circuit the overlay -- when WSL pings the lighthouse VPN IP,
-# Linux has no idea that IP is local to the Windows host, so the packet is
-# forced through nebula. Same in reverse.
-
-$ErrorActionPreference = 'Stop'
-
-# wsl.exe emits UTF-16 LE by default which PowerShell reads as bytes, mangling
-# every captured string. WSL_UTF8 makes wsl.exe emit UTF-8 instead.
-$env:WSL_UTF8 = '1'
-
-$RepoRoot = Resolve-Path "$PSScriptRoot\..\..\.."
-$Nebula = Join-Path $RepoRoot 'nebula.exe'
-$NebulaCert = Join-Path $RepoRoot 'nebula-cert.exe'
-$NebulaLinux = Join-Path $RepoRoot 'build\linux-amd64\nebula'
-
-if (-not (Test-Path $Nebula)) { throw "missing $Nebula; run 'make bin-windows' first" }
-if (-not (Test-Path $NebulaCert)) { throw "missing $NebulaCert; run 'make bin-windows' first" }
-if (-not (Test-Path $NebulaLinux)) { throw "missing $NebulaLinux; build the linux nebula first" }
-
-# Matches the distro installed by Vampire/setup-wsl in smoke-extra.yml.
-$Distro = 'Ubuntu-24.04'
-$listed = (wsl --list --quiet 2>$null) -join "`n"
-if ($listed -notmatch [regex]::Escape($Distro)) {
-    throw "WSL distro $Distro not registered. Got: $listed"
-}
-Write-Host "Using WSL distro: $Distro"
-
-# Windows host as seen from inside WSL: WSL's default-route gateway. We extract
-# it with a regex rather than awk fields so PowerShell does not eat any '$N'
-# tokens, and tabs/double-spaces in `ip route` output do not confuse a cut.
-$ipCmd = 'ip route show default | grep -oE "([0-9]+\.){3}[0-9]+" | head -1'
-$WindowsIp = (wsl -d $Distro -- bash -c $ipCmd).Trim()
-if (-not $WindowsIp) { throw "could not determine Windows host IP from WSL" }
-Write-Host "Windows host IP from WSL: $WindowsIp"
-
-$WorkDir = Join-Path $env:TEMP 'nebula-smoke-windows'
-if (Test-Path $WorkDir) { Remove-Item -Recurse -Force $WorkDir }
-New-Item -ItemType Directory -Path $WorkDir | Out-Null
-
-$WslDir = '/tmp/nebula-smoke'
-wsl -d $Distro -- bash -c "rm -rf $WslDir && mkdir -p $WslDir" | Out-Null
-
-$DevName = 'nebula-smoke'
-$Ip1 = '192.168.241.1'
-$Ip2 = '192.168.241.2'
-$Port = 4242
-
-& $NebulaCert ca -name 'smoke-ca' -out-crt "$WorkDir\ca.crt" -out-key "$WorkDir\ca.key"
-if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "nebula-cert ca failed (exit $LASTEXITCODE)" }
-
-& $NebulaCert sign -name 'lighthouse' -networks "$Ip1/24" -ca-crt "$WorkDir\ca.crt" -ca-key "$WorkDir\ca.key" -out-crt "$WorkDir\lighthouse.crt" -out-key "$WorkDir\lighthouse.key"
-if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "nebula-cert sign lighthouse failed (exit $LASTEXITCODE)" }
-
-& $NebulaCert sign -name 'peer' -networks "$Ip2/24" -ca-crt "$WorkDir\ca.crt" -ca-key "$WorkDir\ca.key" -out-crt "$WorkDir\peer.crt" -out-key "$WorkDir\peer.key"
-if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "nebula-cert sign peer failed (exit $LASTEXITCODE)" }
-
-# Windows lighthouse config.
-@"
-pki:
-  ca: $WorkDir\ca.crt
-  cert: $WorkDir\lighthouse.crt
-  key: $WorkDir\lighthouse.key
-static_host_map: {}
-lighthouse:
-  am_lighthouse: true
-  interval: 60
-  hosts: []
-listen:
-  host: 0.0.0.0
-  port: $Port
-tun:
-  disabled: false
-  dev: $DevName
-  drop_local_broadcast: false
-  drop_multicast: false
-  tx_queue: 500
-  mtu: 1300
-  network_category: private
-logging:
-  level: info
-  format: text
-firewall:
-  outbound_action: drop
-  inbound_action: drop
-  conntrack:
-    tcp_timeout: 12m
-    udp_timeout: 3m
-    default_timeout: 10m
-  outbound:
-    - port: any
-      proto: any
-      host: any
-  inbound:
-    - port: any
-      proto: any
-      host: any
-"@ | Out-File -FilePath "$WorkDir\lighthouse.yml" -Encoding utf8
-
-# WSL peer config (paths are POSIX, deliberately).
-@"
-pki:
-  ca: $WslDir/ca.crt
-  cert: $WslDir/peer.crt
-  key: $WslDir/peer.key
-static_host_map:
-  "${Ip1}": ["${WindowsIp}:$Port"]
-lighthouse:
-  am_lighthouse: false
-  interval: 60
-  hosts:
-    - "${Ip1}"
-listen:
-  host: 0.0.0.0
-  port: 0
-tun:
-  disabled: false
-  dev: nebula1
-  drop_local_broadcast: false
-  drop_multicast: false
-  tx_queue: 500
-  mtu: 1300
-logging:
-  level: info
-  format: text
-firewall:
-  outbound_action: drop
-  inbound_action: drop
-  conntrack:
-    tcp_timeout: 12m
-    udp_timeout: 3m
-    default_timeout: 10m
-  outbound:
-    - port: any
-      proto: any
-      host: any
-  inbound:
-    - port: any
-      proto: any
-      host: any
-"@ | Out-File -FilePath "$WorkDir\peer.yml" -Encoding utf8
-
-# Stage WSL artifacts. Convert Windows paths to WSL paths ourselves rather than
-# calling `wslpath`, because PowerShell's argument-passing to external EXEs
-# strips backslashes from path arguments in ways that are hard to escape around.
-function ConvertTo-WslPath {
-    param([string]$WindowsPath)
-    if ($WindowsPath -notmatch '^([A-Za-z]):\\(.*)$') {
-        throw "cannot convert path to WSL: $WindowsPath"
-    }
-    return "/mnt/$($matches[1].ToLower())/$($matches[2].Replace('\','/'))"
-}
-
-$WslWorkDir = ConvertTo-WslPath $WorkDir
-$WslNebulaPath = ConvertTo-WslPath $NebulaLinux
-wsl -d $Distro -- bash -c "cp '$WslWorkDir/ca.crt' '$WslWorkDir/peer.crt' '$WslWorkDir/peer.key' '$WslWorkDir/peer.yml' $WslDir/ && cp '$WslNebulaPath' $WslDir/nebula && chmod +x $WslDir/nebula"
-
-# Make sure WSL has tun support and /dev/net/tun is usable before starting
-# nebula. Diagnostics first so a fail here points at the real problem (e.g.
-# WSL1 distros do not have a real kernel and will not have tun).
-Write-Host '=== WSL diagnostic ==='
-wsl --version 2>&1 | Out-Host
-wsl --list --verbose 2>&1 | Out-Host
-wsl -d $Distro -u root -- uname -a | Out-Host
-wsl -d $Distro -u root -- bash -c "modprobe tun 2>&1 || true; mkdir -p /dev/net; [ -c /dev/net/tun ] || mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200; chmod 600 /dev/net/tun; ls -l /dev/net/tun"
-if ($LASTEXITCODE -ne 0) { throw "failed to prepare /dev/net/tun in WSL (TUN support missing?)" }
-
-# Deliberately no New-NetFirewallRule calls here -- nebula's windows_bypass_wdf
-# feature is supposed to install WFP permit filters that let inbound traffic
-# through Windows Defender Firewall on its own. If this smoke regresses, that
-# feature regressed.
-
-$lhOut = Join-Path $WorkDir 'lighthouse.out.log'
-$lhErr = Join-Path $WorkDir 'lighthouse.err.log'
-$lhProc = Start-Process -FilePath $Nebula -ArgumentList @('-config', "$WorkDir\lighthouse.yml") `
-    -PassThru -NoNewWindow `
-    -RedirectStandardOutput $lhOut `
-    -RedirectStandardError $lhErr
-
-# Run nebula in WSL as root with no sudo + no shell wrapper. PowerShell's
-# Start-Process arg quoting mangles `bash -c "..."` strings that contain
-# spaces/redirections, so we skip bash entirely and let Start-Process do the
-# stdout/stderr capture itself.
-$peerOut = Join-Path $WorkDir 'peer.out.log'
-$peerErr = Join-Path $WorkDir 'peer.err.log'
-$peerProc = Start-Process -FilePath 'wsl' `
-    -ArgumentList @('-d', $Distro, '-u', 'root', '--', "$WslDir/nebula", '-config', "$WslDir/peer.yml") `
-    -PassThru -NoNewWindow `
-    -RedirectStandardOutput $peerOut `
-    -RedirectStandardError $peerErr
-
-function Wait-Until {
-    param([scriptblock]$Predicate, [int]$TimeoutSec, [string]$What)
-    $deadline = (Get-Date).AddSeconds($TimeoutSec)
-    while ((Get-Date) -lt $deadline) {
-        if (& $Predicate) { return }
-        Start-Sleep -Milliseconds 500
-    }
-    throw "timed out waiting for: $What"
-}
-
-try {
-    Wait-Until -TimeoutSec 30 -What "windows wintun adapter $DevName with NetworkCategory=Private" -Predicate {
-        if ($lhProc.HasExited) { throw "lighthouse exited (code $($lhProc.ExitCode)) before tun was ready" }
-        $p = Get-NetConnectionProfile -InterfaceAlias $DevName -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
-        $p -and ("$($p.NetworkCategory)" -ieq 'Private')
-    }
-    Write-Host "OK: $DevName NetworkCategory=Private"
-
-    Wait-Until -TimeoutSec 30 -What "WSL nebula1 with $Ip2" -Predicate {
-        if ($peerProc.HasExited) { throw "peer exited (code $($peerProc.ExitCode)) before tun was ready" }
-        $r = wsl -d $Distro -u root -- bash -c "ip -o addr show nebula1 2>/dev/null | grep -q 'inet $Ip2' && echo yes"
-        ("$r").Trim() -eq 'yes'
-    }
-    Write-Host "OK: WSL nebula1 has $Ip2"
-
-    Wait-Until -TimeoutSec 30 -What "ping from WSL peer to windows lighthouse ($Ip1)" -Predicate {
-        if ($peerProc.HasExited) { throw "peer exited (code $($peerProc.ExitCode)) before ping succeeded" }
-        $r = wsl -d $Distro -u root -- bash -c "ping -c1 -W1 $Ip1 >/dev/null 2>&1 && echo OK"
-        ("$r").Trim() -eq 'OK'
-    }
-    Write-Host "OK: WSL peer -> windows lighthouse"
-
-    Wait-Until -TimeoutSec 30 -What "ping from windows lighthouse to WSL peer ($Ip2)" -Predicate {
-        $null = & ping.exe -n 1 -w 1000 $Ip2
-        $LASTEXITCODE -eq 0
-    }
-    Write-Host "OK: windows lighthouse -> WSL peer"
-
-    Write-Host ''
-    Write-Host 'All smoke checks passed.'
-}
-catch {
-    Write-Host ''
-    Write-Host '=== lighthouse stdout ==='
-    Get-Content $lhOut -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Out-Host
-    Write-Host '=== lighthouse stderr ==='
-    Get-Content $lhErr -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Out-Host
-    Write-Host '=== peer stdout ==='
-    Get-Content $peerOut -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Out-Host
-    Write-Host '=== peer stderr ==='
-    Get-Content $peerErr -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Out-Host
-    Write-Host '=== nebula WFP filters ==='
-    # Dump nebula-installed filters so we can verify they got registered with
-    # the conditions we expect.
-    $wfpDump = Join-Path $WorkDir 'wfp.xml'
-    netsh wfp show filters file=$wfpDump 2>&1 | Out-Null
-    if (Test-Path $wfpDump) {
-        Select-String -Path $wfpDump -Pattern 'Nebula' -Context 0,80 -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue | Out-Host
-    }
-    throw
-}
-finally {
-    if (-not $lhProc.HasExited) {
-        Stop-Process -Id $lhProc.Id -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
-        $lhProc.WaitForExit(5000) | Out-Null
-    }
-    wsl -d $Distro -u root -- bash -c "pkill -f $WslDir/nebula 2>/dev/null; true" | Out-Null
-    # pkill returns 1 when no match and wsl propagates that; the smoke is done
-    # so we don't want it to leak into the script's exit code.
-    $global:LASTEXITCODE = 0
-    if ($peerProc -and -not $peerProc.HasExited) {
-        Stop-Process -Id $peerProc.Id -Force -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue
-    }
-}
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ set -o pipefail

 mkdir -p logs

-NETWORK="nebula-smoke"
-
 cleanup() {
    echo
    echo " *** cleanup"
@@ -18,71 +16,38 @@ cleanup() {
    then
        docker kill lighthouse1 host2 host3 host4
    fi
-    docker network rm "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1
 }

 trap cleanup EXIT

-# Create a dedicated smoke network with an explicit subnet (required for --ip
-# below). Probe a short list of candidates so a locally-used range doesn't
-# fail the whole test — we only need one to be free.
-docker network rm "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1 || true
-for candidate in 172.30.0.0/24 172.31.0.0/24 10.98.0.0/24 10.99.0.0/24 192.168.230.0/24; do
-    if docker network create --subnet "$candidate" "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        break
-    fi
-done
-if ! docker network inspect "$NETWORK" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "failed to create $NETWORK: every candidate subnet is in use" >&2
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-# Derive container IPs from the network's assigned subnet. Slots: .2 lighthouse1,
-# .3 host2, .4 host3, .5 host4 — matches the placeholders in build.sh.
-SUBNET="$(docker network inspect -f '{{(index .IPAM.Config 0).Subnet}}' "$NETWORK")"
-PREFIX="${SUBNET%/*}"
-PREFIX="${PREFIX%.*}"
-LIGHTHOUSE_IP="$PREFIX.2"
-HOST2_IP="$PREFIX.3"
-HOST3_IP="$PREFIX.4"
-HOST4_IP="$PREFIX.5"
-
-# Sed the placeholder TEST-NET-3 IPs in the host configs to the real ones.
-# build/lighthouse1.yml has no IPs to rewrite so it's skipped.
-for f in build/host2.yml build/host3.yml build/host4.yml; do
-    sed "s|203\.0\.113\.|$PREFIX.|g" "$f" >"$f.tmp"
-    mv "$f.tmp" "$f"
-done
-
 CONTAINER="nebula:${NAME:-smoke}"

 docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml -test
-docker run --name host2 --rm -v "$PWD/build/host2.yml:/nebula/host2.yml:ro" "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test
-docker run --name host3 --rm -v "$PWD/build/host3.yml:/nebula/host3.yml:ro" "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml -test
-docker run --name host4 --rm -v "$PWD/build/host4.yml:/nebula/host4.yml:ro" "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml -test
+docker run --name host2 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test
+docker run --name host3 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml -test
+docker run --name host4 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml -test

-docker run --name lighthouse1 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$LIGHTHOUSE_IP" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
 sleep 1
-docker run --name host2 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$HOST2_IP" -v "$PWD/build/host2.yml:/nebula/host2.yml:ro" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
+docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
 sleep 1
-docker run --name host3 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$HOST3_IP" -v "$PWD/build/host3.yml:/nebula/host3.yml:ro" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
+docker run --name host3 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
 sleep 1
-docker run --name host4 --network "$NETWORK" --ip "$HOST4_IP" -v "$PWD/build/host4.yml:/nebula/host4.yml:ro" --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
+docker run --name host4 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
 sleep 1

 # grab tcpdump pcaps for debugging
-docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i tun0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.inside.log >logs/lighthouse1.inside.pcap &
+docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.inside.log >logs/lighthouse1.inside.pcap &
 docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.outside.log >logs/lighthouse1.outside.pcap &
-docker exec host2 tcpdump -i tun0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.inside.log >logs/host2.inside.pcap &
+docker exec host2 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.inside.log >logs/host2.inside.pcap &
 docker exec host2 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.outside.log >logs/host2.outside.pcap &
-docker exec host3 tcpdump -i tun0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host3.inside.log >logs/host3.inside.pcap &
+docker exec host3 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host3.inside.log >logs/host3.inside.pcap &
 docker exec host3 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host3.outside.log >logs/host3.outside.pcap &
-docker exec host4 tcpdump -i tun0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host4.inside.log >logs/host4.inside.pcap &
+docker exec host4 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host4.inside.log >logs/host4.inside.pcap &
 docker exec host4 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host4.outside.log >logs/host4.outside.pcap &

 docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
 docker exec host3 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
-docker exec host4 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo helloagainfromhost4' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 4000 &
 docker exec host2 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host2' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &
 docker exec host3 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host3' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &

@@ -154,24 +119,17 @@ echo
 echo " *** Testing conntrack"
 echo
 set -x
-
-# host4's outbound firewall only allows ICMP to the lighthouse, so host4
-# cannot initiate UDP to host2. Once host2 initiates a flow to host4:4000,
-# conntrack must let host4's listener reply on that flow. If it doesn't,
-# the echo back from host4 never reaches host2.
-docker exec host2 sh -c "(/usr/bin/echo host2; sleep 2) | ncat -nuv 192.168.100.4 4000" | grep -q helloagainfromhost4
+# host2 can ping host3 now that host3 pinged it first
+docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
+# host4 can ping host2 once conntrack established
+docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.4
+docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.2

 docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
-
-# Wait up to 30s for all backgrounded jobs to exit rather than relying on a
-# fixed sleep.
-for _ in $(seq 1 30); do
-    [ -z "$(jobs -r)" ] && break
-    sleep 1
-done
+sleep 5

 if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
 then
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # -*- mode: ruby -*-
 # vi: set ft=ruby :
 Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
-  config.vm.box = "bento/ubuntu-24.04"
+  config.vm.box = "ubuntu/jammy64"

  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula"

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # -*- mode: ruby -*-
 # vi: set ft=ruby :
 Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
-  config.vm.box = "DefinedNet/netbsd10"
+  config.vm.box = "generic/netbsd9"

  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula", type: "rsync"
 end
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # -*- mode: ruby -*-
 # vi: set ft=ruby :
 Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
-  config.vm.box = "DefinedNet/openbsd78"
+  config.vm.box = "generic/openbsd7"

  config.vm.synced_folder "../build", "/nebula", type: "rsync"
 end
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
@@ -31,11 +31,6 @@ jobs:
    - name: Vet
      run: make vet

-    - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
-      with:
-        version: v2.5
-
    - name: Test
      run: make test

@@ -45,7 +40,7 @@ jobs:
    - name: Build test mobile
      run: make build-test-mobile

-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: e2e packet flow linux-latest
        path: e2e/mermaid/linux-latest
@@ -56,11 +51,11 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
@@ -70,25 +65,7 @@ jobs:
      run: make test-boringcrypto

    - name: End 2 end
-      run: make e2e GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 TEST_ENV="TEST_LOGS=1" TEST_FLAGS="-v -ldflags -checklinkname=0"
-
-  test-linux-pkcs11:
-    name: Build and test on linux with pkcs11
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
-
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
-      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
-        check-latest: true
-
-    - name: Build
-      run: make bin-pkcs11
-
-    - name: Test
-      run: make test-pkcs11
+      run: make e2evv GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1

  test:
    name: Build and test on ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -98,11 +75,11 @@ jobs:
        os: [windows-latest, macos-latest]
    steps:

-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build nebula
@@ -114,18 +91,13 @@ jobs:
    - name: Vet
      run: make vet

-    - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
-      with:
-        version: v2.5
-
    - name: Test
      run: make test

    - name: End 2 end
      run: make e2evv

-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
      with:
        name: e2e packet flow ${{ matrix.os }}
        path: e2e/mermaid/${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 /nebula-darwin
 /nebula.exe
 /nebula-cert.exe
-**/coverage.out
-**/cover.out
+/coverage.out
 /cpu.pprof
 /build
 /*.tar.gz
@@ -14,6 +13,5 @@
 **.crt
 **.key
 **.pem
-**.pub
 !/examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/roles/nebula/files/vagrant-test-ca.key
 !/examples/quickstart-vagrant/ansible/roles/nebula/files/vagrant-test-ca.crt
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-version: "2"
-linters:
-  default: none
-  enable:
-    - sloglint
-    - testifylint
-  settings:
-    sloglint:
-      # Enforce key-value pair form for Info/Debug/Warn/Error/Log/With and
-      # the package-level slog equivalents. Use l.Log(ctx, level, ...) for
-      # custom levels instead of LogAttrs when you can.
-      #
-      # LogAttrs is also flagged by this rule because it takes ...slog.Attr;
-      # the few legitimate sites (where attrs is built up as a []slog.Attr)
-      # carry a //nolint:sloglint with rationale.
-      kv-only: true
-      # no-mixed-args is on by default: forbids mixing kv and attrs in one call.
-      # discard-handler is on by default (since Go 1.24): suggests
-      # slog.DiscardHandler over slog.NewTextHandler(io.Discard, nil).
-  exclusions:
-    generated: lax
-    presets:
-      - comments
-      - common-false-positives
-      - legacy
-      - std-error-handling
-    paths:
-      - third_party$
-      - builtin$
-      - examples$
-formatters:
-  exclusions:
-    generated: lax
-    paths:
-      - third_party$
-      - builtin$
-      - examples$
@@ -7,95 +7,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0

 ## [Unreleased]

-## [1.10.3] - 2026-02-06
-
-### Security
-
- Fix an issue where blocklist bypass is possible when using curve P256 since the signature can have 2 valid representations.
-  Both fingerprint representations will be tested against the blocklist.
-  Any newly issued P256 based certificates will have their signature clamped to the low-s form.
-  Nebula will assert the low-s signature form when validating certificates in a future version. [GHSA-69x3-g4r3-p962](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/security/advisories/GHSA-69x3-g4r3-p962)
-
-### Changed
-
- Improve error reporting if nebula fails to start due to a tun device naming issue. (#1588)
-
-## [1.10.2] - 2026-01-21
-
-### Fixed
-
- Fix panic when using `use_system_route_table` that was introduced in v1.10.1. (#1580)
-
-### Changed
-
- Fix some typos in comments. (#1582)
- Dependency updates. (#1581)
-
-## [1.10.1] - 2026-01-16
-
-See the [v1.10.1](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/milestone/26?closed=1) milestone for a complete list of changes.
-
-### Fixed
-
- Fix a bug where an unsafe route derived from the system route table could be lost on a config reload. (#1573)
- Fix the PEM banner for ECDSA P256 public keys. (#1552)
- Fix a regression on Windows from 1.9.x where nebula could fall back to a less performant UDP listener if 
-  non-critical ioctls failed. (#1568)
- Fix a bug in handshake processing when a peer sends an unexpected public key. (#1566)
-
-### Added
-
- Add a config option to control accepting `recv_error` packets which defaults to `always`. (#1569)
-
-### Changed
-
- Various dependency updates. (#1541, #1549, #1550, #1557, #1558, #1560, #1561, #1570, #1571)
-
-## [1.10.0] - 2025-12-04
-
-See the [v1.10.0](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/milestone/16?closed=1) milestone for a complete list of changes.
-
-### Added
-
- Support for ipv6 and multiple ipv4/6 addresses in the overlay.
-  A new v2 ASN.1 based certificate format.
-  Certificates now have a unified interface for external implementations.
-  (#1212, #1216, #1345, #1359, #1381, #1419, #1464, #1466, #1451, #1476, #1467, #1481, #1399, #1488, #1492, #1495, #1468, #1521, #1535, #1538)
- Add the ability to mark packets on linux to better target nebula packets in iptables/nftables. (#1331)
- Add ECMP support for `unsafe_routes`. (#1332)
- PKCS11 support for P256 keys when built with `pkcs11` tag (#1153, #1482)
-
-### Changed
-
- **NOTE**: `default_local_cidr_any` now defaults to false, meaning that any firewall rule
-  intended to target an `unsafe_routes` entry must explicitly declare it via the
-  `local_cidr` field. This is almost always the intended behavior. This flag is
-  deprecated and will be removed in a future release. (#1373)
- Improve logging when a relay is in use on an inbound packet. (#1533)
- Avoid fatal errors if `rountines` is > 1 on systems that don't support more than 1 routine. (#1531)
- Log a warning if a firewall rule contains an `any` that negates a more restrictive filter. (#1513)
- Accept encrypted CA passphrase from an environment variable. (#1421)
- Allow handshaking with any trusted remote. (#1509)
- Log only the count of blocklisted certificate fingerprints instead of the entire list. (#1525)
- Don't fatal when the ssh server is unable to be configured successfully. (#1520)
- Update to build against go v1.25. (#1483)
- Allow projects using `nebula` as a library with userspace networking to configure the `logger` and build version. (#1239) 
- Upgrade to `yaml.v3`. (#1148, #1371, #1438, #1478)
-
-### Fixed
-
- Fix a potential bug with udp ipv4 only on darwin. (#1532)
- Improve lost packet statistics. (#1441, #1537)
- Honor `remote_allow_list` in hole punch response. (#1186)
- Fix a panic when `tun.use_system_route_table` is `true` and a route lacks a destination. (#1437) 
- Fix an issue when `tun.use_system_route_table: true` could result in heavy CPU utilization when many thousands of routes
-  are present. (#1326) 
- Fix tests for 32 bit machines. (#1394)
- Fix a possible 32bit integer underflow in config handling. (#1353)
- Fix moving a udp address from one vpn address to another in the `static_host_map`
-  which could cause rapid re-handshaking with an incorrect remote. (#1259)
- Improve smoke tests in environments where the docker network is not the default. (#1347)
-
 ## [1.9.7] - 2025-10-10

 ### Security
@@ -106,7 +17,7 @@ See the [v1.10.0](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/milestone/16?closed=1) miles
 ### Changed

 - Disable sending `recv_error` messages when a packet is received outside the allowable counter window. (#1459)
- Improve error messages and remove some unnecessary fatal conditions in the Windows and generic udp listener. (#1453)
+- Improve error messages and remove some unnecessary fatal conditions in the Windows and generic udp listener. (#1543)

 ## [1.9.6] - 2025-7-15

@@ -788,11 +699,7 @@ created.)

 - Initial public release.

-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.10.3...HEAD
-[1.10.3]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.10.3
-[1.10.2]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.10.2
-[1.10.1]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.10.1
-[1.10.0]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.10.0
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.9.7...HEAD
 [1.9.7]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.7
 [1.9.6]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.6
 [1.9.5]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.9.5
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-#ECCN:Open Source
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ ALL_LINUX = linux-amd64 \
 	linux-mips64le \
 	linux-mips-softfloat \
 	linux-riscv64 \
-	linux-loong64
+        linux-loong64

 ALL_FREEBSD = freebsd-amd64 \
 	freebsd-arm64
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ALL = $(ALL_LINUX) \
 e2e:
 	$(TEST_ENV) go test -tags=e2e_testing -count=1 $(TEST_FLAGS) ./e2e

-e2ev: TEST_FLAGS += -v
+e2ev: TEST_FLAGS = -v
 e2ev: e2e

 e2evv: TEST_ENV += TEST_LOGS=1
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ release-netbsd: $(ALL_NETBSD:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)

 release-boringcrypto: build/nebula-linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto.tar.gz

-BUILD_ARGS += -trimpath
+BUILD_ARGS = -trimpath

 bin-windows: build/windows-amd64/nebula.exe build/windows-amd64/nebula-cert.exe
 	mv $? .
@@ -116,10 +116,6 @@ bin-freebsd-arm64: build/freebsd-arm64/nebula build/freebsd-arm64/nebula-cert
 bin-boringcrypto: build/linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto/nebula build/linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto/nebula-cert
 	mv $? .

-bin-pkcs11: BUILD_ARGS += -tags pkcs11
-bin-pkcs11: CGO_ENABLED = 1
-bin-pkcs11: bin
-
 bin:
 	go build $(BUILD_ARGS) -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o ./nebula${NEBULA_CMD_SUFFIX} ${NEBULA_CMD_PATH}
 	go build $(BUILD_ARGS) -ldflags "$(LDFLAGS)" -o ./nebula-cert${NEBULA_CMD_SUFFIX} ./cmd/nebula-cert
@@ -137,8 +133,6 @@ build/linux-mips-softfloat/%: LDFLAGS += -s -w
 # boringcrypto
 build/linux-amd64-boringcrypto/%: GOENV += GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1
 build/linux-arm64-boringcrypto/%: GOENV += GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1
-build/linux-amd64-boringcrypto/%: LDFLAGS += -checklinkname=0
-build/linux-arm64-boringcrypto/%: LDFLAGS += -checklinkname=0

 build/%/nebula: .FORCE
 	GOOS=$(firstword $(subst -, , $*)) \
@@ -172,10 +166,7 @@ test:
 	go test -v ./...

 test-boringcrypto:
-	GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -ldflags "-checklinkname=0" -v ./...
-
-test-pkcs11:
-	CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -v -tags pkcs11 ./...
+	GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -v ./...

 test-cov-html:
 	go test -coverprofile=coverage.out
@@ -198,7 +189,7 @@ bench-cpu-long:
 	go test -bench=. -benchtime=60s -cpuprofile=cpu.pprof
 	go tool pprof go-audit.test cpu.pprof

-proto: nebula.pb.go cert/cert_v1.pb.go
+proto: nebula.pb.go cert/cert.pb.go

 nebula.pb.go: nebula.proto .FORCE
 	go build github.com/gogo/protobuf/protoc-gen-gogofaster
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ It lets you seamlessly connect computers anywhere in the world. Nebula is portab
 It can be used to connect a small number of computers, but is also able to connect tens of thousands of computers.

 Nebula incorporates a number of existing concepts like encryption, security groups, certificates,
-and tunneling.
+and tunneling, and each of those individual pieces existed before Nebula in various forms.
 What makes Nebula different to existing offerings is that it brings all of these ideas together,
 resulting in a sum that is greater than its individual parts.

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Further documentation can be found [here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).

 You can read more about Nebula [here](https://medium.com/p/884110a5579).

-You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA).
+You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU).

 ## Supported Platforms

@@ -28,46 +28,46 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for
 #### Distribution Packages

 - [Arch Linux](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/nebula/)
-    ```sh
-    sudo pacman -S nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo pacman -S nebula
    ```

 - [Fedora Linux](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo dnf install nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo dnf install nebula
    ```

 - [Debian Linux](https://packages.debian.org/source/stable/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo apt install nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo apt install nebula
    ```

 - [Alpine Linux](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo apk add nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo apk add nebula
    ```

- [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/n/nebula.rb)
-    ```sh
-    brew install nebula
+- [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/nebula.rb)
+    ```
+    $ brew install nebula
    ```

 - [Docker](https://hub.docker.com/r/nebulaoss/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
+    ```
+    $ docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
    ```

-#### Mobile ([source code](https://github.com/DefinedNet/mobile_nebula))
+#### Mobile

 - [iOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mobile-nebula/id1509587936?itsct=apps_box&amp;itscg=30200)
 - [Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.defined.mobile_nebula&pcampaignid=pcampaignidMKT-Other-global-all-co-prtnr-py-PartBadge-Mar2515-1)

 ## Technical Overview

-Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software-defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
+Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
 Nebula uses certificates to assert a node's IP address, name, and membership within user-defined groups.
 Nebula's user-defined groups allow for provider agnostic traffic filtering between nodes.
-Discovery nodes (aka lighthouses) allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
+Discovery nodes allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
 Users can move data between nodes in any number of cloud service providers, datacenters, and endpoints, without needing to maintain a particular addressing scheme.

 Nebula uses Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (`ECDH`) key exchange and `AES-256-GCM` in its default configuration.
@@ -76,42 +76,34 @@ Nebula was created to provide a mechanism for groups of hosts to communicate sec

 ## Getting started (quickly)

-**Don't want to manage your own PKI and lighthouses?** [Managed Nebula](https://www.defined.net/) from Defined Networking handles all of this for you.
-
 To set up a Nebula network, you'll need:

 #### 1. The [Nebula binaries](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases) or [Distribution Packages](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula#distribution-packages) for your specific platform. Specifically you'll need `nebula-cert` and the specific nebula binary for each platform you use.

 #### 2. (Optional, but you really should..) At least one discovery node with a routable IP address, which we call a lighthouse.

-Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $6/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
+Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $5/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
+
+  Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.

-Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.

 #### 3. A Nebula certificate authority, which will be the root of trust for a particular Nebula network.

-```sh
-./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
-```
-
-This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.
-
-**Be aware!** By default, certificate authorities have a 1-year lifetime before expiration. See [this guide](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/guides/rotating-certificate-authority/) for details on rotating a CA.
+  ```
+  ./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
+  ```
+  This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.

 #### 4. Nebula host keys and certificates generated from that certificate authority
-
 This assumes you have four nodes, named lighthouse1, laptop, server1, host3. You can name the nodes any way you'd like, including FQDN. You'll also need to choose IP addresses and the associated subnet. In this example, we are creating a nebula network that will use 192.168.100.x/24 as its network range. This example also demonstrates nebula groups, which can later be used to define traffic rules in a nebula network.
-```sh
+```
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "lighthouse1" -ip "192.168.100.1/24"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "laptop" -ip "192.168.100.2/24" -groups "laptop,home,ssh"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "server1" -ip "192.168.100.9/24" -groups "servers"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "host3" -ip "192.168.100.10/24"
 ```

-By default, host certificates will expire 1 second before the CA expires. Use the `-duration` flag to specify a shorter lifetime.
-
 #### 5. Configuration files for each host
-
 Download a copy of the nebula [example configuration](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/blob/master/examples/config.yml).

 * On the lighthouse node, you'll need to ensure `am_lighthouse: true` is set.
@@ -126,13 +118,10 @@ For each host, copy the nebula binary to the host, along with `config.yml` from
 **DO NOT COPY `ca.key` TO INDIVIDUAL NODES.**

 #### 7. Run nebula on each host
-
-```sh
+```
 ./nebula -config /path/to/config.yml
 ```

-For more detailed instructions, [find the full documentation here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).
-
 ## Building Nebula from source

 Make sure you have [go](https://go.dev/doc/install) installed and clone this repo. Change to the nebula directory.
@@ -151,10 +140,8 @@ The default curve used for cryptographic handshakes and signatures is Curve25519

 In addition, Nebula can be built using the [BoringCrypto GOEXPERIMENT](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.20/src/crypto/internal/boring/README.md) by running either of the following make targets:

-```sh
-make bin-boringcrypto
-make release-boringcrypto
-```
+    make bin-boringcrypto
+    make release-boringcrypto

 This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your compliance requirements.

@@ -162,3 +149,5 @@ This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your

 Nebula was created at Slack Technologies, Inc by Nate Brown and Ryan Huber, with contributions from Oliver Fross, Alan Lam, Wade Simmons, and Lining Wang.

+
+
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ type AllowListNameRule struct {

 func NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*LocalAllowList, error) {
 	var nameRules []AllowListNameRule
-	handleKey := func(key string, value any) (bool, error) {
+	handleKey := func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error) {
 		if key == "interfaces" {
 			var err error
 			nameRules, err = getAllowListInterfaces(k, value)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func NewRemoteAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k, rangesKey string) (*RemoteAllo

 // If the handleKey func returns true, the rest of the parsing is skipped
 // for this key. This allows parsing of special values like `interfaces`.
-func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
+func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
 	r := c.Get(k)
 	if r == nil {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, va

 // If the handleKey func returns true, the rest of the parsing is skipped
 // for this key. This allows parsing of special values like `interfaces`.
-func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
+func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, raw)
 	}
@@ -100,7 +100,12 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool
 	rules4 := allowListRules{firstValue: true, allValuesMatch: true, defaultSet: false}
 	rules6 := allowListRules{firstValue: true, allValuesMatch: true, defaultSet: false}

-	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
+	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
+		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
+		}
+
 		if handleKey != nil {
 			handled, err := handleKey(rawCIDR, rawValue)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool
 			}
 		}

-		value, ok := config.AsBool(rawValue)
+		value, ok := rawValue.(bool)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid value (type %T): %v", k, rawValue, rawValue)
 		}
@@ -123,6 +128,7 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool

 		ipNet = netip.PrefixFrom(ipNet.Addr().Unmap(), ipNet.Bits())

+		// TODO: should we error on duplicate CIDRs in the config?
 		tree.Insert(ipNet, value)

 		maskBits := ipNet.Bits()
@@ -168,18 +174,22 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool
 	return &AllowList{cidrTree: tree}, nil
 }

-func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v any) ([]AllowListNameRule, error) {
+func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v interface{}) ([]AllowListNameRule, error) {
 	var nameRules []AllowListNameRule

-	rawRules, ok := v.(map[string]any)
+	rawRules, ok := v.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` is invalid (type %T): %v", k, v, v)
 	}

 	firstEntry := true
 	var allValues bool
-	for name, rawAllow := range rawRules {
-		allow, ok := config.AsBool(rawAllow)
+	for rawName, rawAllow := range rawRules {
+		name, ok := rawName.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawName, rawName)
+		}
+		allow, ok := rawAllow.(bool)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` has invalid value (type %T): %v", k, rawAllow, rawAllow)
 		}
@@ -215,11 +225,16 @@ func getRemoteAllowRanges(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[*AllowList], error

 	remoteAllowRanges := new(bart.Table[*AllowList])

-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
+	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
+		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
+		}
+
 		allowList, err := newAllowList(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", k, rawCIDR), rawValue, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
@@ -236,20 +251,20 @@ func getRemoteAllowRanges(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[*AllowList], error
 	return remoteAllowRanges, nil
 }

-func (al *AllowList) Allow(addr netip.Addr) bool {
+func (al *AllowList) Allow(ip netip.Addr) bool {
 	if al == nil {
 		return true
 	}

-	result, _ := al.cidrTree.Lookup(addr)
+	result, _ := al.cidrTree.Lookup(ip)
 	return result
 }

-func (al *LocalAllowList) Allow(udpAddr netip.Addr) bool {
+func (al *LocalAllowList) Allow(ip netip.Addr) bool {
 	if al == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return al.AllowList.Allow(udpAddr)
+	return al.AllowList.Allow(ip)
 }

 func (al *LocalAllowList) AllowName(name string) bool {
@@ -267,37 +282,23 @@ func (al *LocalAllowList) AllowName(name string) bool {
 	return !al.nameRules[0].Allow
 }

-func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowUnknownVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
+func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowUnknownVpnIp(ip netip.Addr) bool {
 	if al == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return al.AllowList.Allow(vpnAddr)
+	return al.AllowList.Allow(ip)
 }

-func (al *RemoteAllowList) Allow(vpnAddr netip.Addr, udpAddr netip.Addr) bool {
-	if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnAddr).Allow(udpAddr) {
+func (al *RemoteAllowList) Allow(vpnIp netip.Addr, ip netip.Addr) bool {
+	if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnIp).Allow(ip) {
 		return false
 	}
-	return al.AllowList.Allow(udpAddr)
+	return al.AllowList.Allow(ip)
 }

-func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowAll(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, udpAddr netip.Addr) bool {
-	if !al.AllowList.Allow(udpAddr) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	for _, vpnAddr := range vpnAddrs {
-		if !al.getInsideAllowList(vpnAddr).Allow(udpAddr) {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-
-	return true
-}
-
-func (al *RemoteAllowList) getInsideAllowList(vpnAddr netip.Addr) *AllowList {
+func (al *RemoteAllowList) getInsideAllowList(vpnIp netip.Addr) *AllowList {
 	if al.insideAllowLists != nil {
-		inside, ok := al.insideAllowLists.Lookup(vpnAddr)
+		inside, ok := al.insideAllowLists.Lookup(vpnIp)
 		if ok {
 			return inside
 		}
@@ -9,33 +9,32 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"192.168.0.0": true,
 	}
 	r, err := newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid CIDR: 192.168.0.0. netip.ParsePrefix(\"192.168.0.0\"): no '/'")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid CIDR: 192.168.0.0. netip.ParsePrefix(\"192.168.0.0\"): no '/'")
 	assert.Nil(t, r)

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": "abc",
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid value (type string): abc")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid value (type string): abc")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":      true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24":  true,
@@ -43,9 +42,9 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		"fd00:fd00::/16": false,
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":     true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":    false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24": true,
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotNil(t, r)
 	}

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":      true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24":  true,
@@ -70,25 +69,25 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test interface names

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
-		"interfaces": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			`docker.*`: "foo",
 		},
 	}
 	lr, err := NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` has invalid value (type string): foo")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` has invalid value (type string): foo")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
-		"interfaces": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			`docker.*`: false,
 			`eth.*`:    true,
 		},
 	}
 	lr, err = NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` values must all be the same true/false value")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` values must all be the same true/false value")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
-		"interfaces": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			`docker.*`: false,
 		},
 	}
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestAllowList_Allow(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.True(t, ((*AllowList)(nil)).Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, ((*AllowList)(nil)).Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))

 	tree := new(bart.Table[bool])
 	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), true)
@@ -112,17 +111,17 @@ func TestAllowList_Allow(t *testing.T) {
 	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("::2/128"), false)
 	al := &AllowList{cidrTree: tree}

-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
-	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.4")))
-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.42")))
-	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.41")))
-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.0.1")))
-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::1")))
-	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::2")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.4")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.42")))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.41")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.0.1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::2")))
 }

 func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.True(t, ((*LocalAllowList)(nil)).AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, ((*LocalAllowList)(nil)).AllowName("docker0"))

 	rules := []AllowListNameRule{
 		{Name: regexp.MustCompile("^docker.*$"), Allow: false},
@@ -130,9 +129,9 @@ func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	al := &LocalAllowList{nameRules: rules}

-	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("docker0"))
-	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("tun0"))
-	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("eth0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("tun0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("eth0"))

 	rules = []AllowListNameRule{
 		{Name: regexp.MustCompile("^eth.*$"), Allow: true},
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	al = &LocalAllowList{nameRules: rules}

-	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("docker0"))
-	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("eth0"))
-	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("ens5"))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("eth0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("ens5"))
 }
@@ -1,263 +1,157 @@
 package nebula

 import (
-	"context"
-	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
-	"math"
-	mathbits "math/bits"
-
 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )

-const bitsPerWord = 64
-
-// Bits is a sliding-window anti-replay tracker. The window is stored as a
-// circular bitmap packed into uint64 words (8x denser than a []bool), so a
-// length-N window costs N/8 bytes. length must be a power of two.
 type Bits struct {
 	length             uint64
-	lengthMask         uint64
 	current            uint64
-	bits               []uint64
+	bits               []bool
+	firstSeen          bool
 	lostCounter        metrics.Counter
 	dupeCounter        metrics.Counter
 	outOfWindowCounter metrics.Counter
 }

-func NewBits(length uint64) *Bits {
-	if length == 0 || length&(length-1) != 0 {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Bits length must be a power of two, got %d", length))
-	}
-
-	nWords := length / bitsPerWord
-	if nWords == 0 {
-		nWords = 1
-	}
-	b := &Bits{
-		length:             length,
-		lengthMask:         length - 1,
-		bits:               make([]uint64, nWords),
+func NewBits(bits uint64) *Bits {
+	return &Bits{
+		length:             bits,
+		bits:               make([]bool, bits, bits),
 		current:            0,
 		lostCounter:        metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("network.packets.lost", nil),
 		dupeCounter:        metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("network.packets.duplicate", nil),
 		outOfWindowCounter: metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("network.packets.out_of_window", nil),
 	}
-
-	// There is no counter value 0, mark it to avoid counting a lost packet later.
-	b.bits[0] = 1
-	return b
 }

-func (b *Bits) get(i uint64) bool {
-	pos := i & b.lengthMask
-	//bit-shifting by 6 because i is a bit index, not a u64 index, and we need to find the u64 without bit in it
-	return b.bits[pos>>6]&(uint64(1)<<(pos&63)) != 0
-}
-
-func (b *Bits) set(i uint64) {
-	pos := i & b.lengthMask
-	b.bits[pos>>6] |= uint64(1) << (pos & 63)
-}
-
-// clearRange clears `count` bits starting at circular position `startPos`
-// (already masked to [0, length)) and returns how many of them were set
-// before the clear. count must be in [1, length].
-func (b *Bits) clearRange(startPos, count uint64) uint64 {
-	wasSet := uint64(0)
-	if count >= b.length {
-		for _, w := range b.bits {
-			wasSet += uint64(mathbits.OnesCount64(w))
-		}
-		clear(b.bits)
-		return wasSet
-	}
-
-	pos := startPos
-	remaining := count
-
-	// handle the potential partial word before pos becomes u64 aligned
-	word := pos >> 6
-	bit := pos & 63
-	take := uint64(64) - bit
-	if take > remaining {
-		take = remaining
-	}
-	if take > b.length-pos {
-		take = b.length - pos
-	}
-	var mask uint64
-	if take == 64 {
-		mask = math.MaxUint64
-	} else {
-		mask = ((uint64(1) << take) - 1) << bit
-	}
-	wasSet += uint64(mathbits.OnesCount64(b.bits[word] & mask))
-	b.bits[word] &^= mask
-	remaining -= take
-	pos = (pos + take) & b.lengthMask
-
-	// Clear whole words, keeping track of the number of set bits
-	for remaining >= 64 {
-		word = pos >> 6
-		wasSet += uint64(mathbits.OnesCount64(b.bits[word]))
-		b.bits[word] = 0
-		remaining -= 64
-		pos = (pos + 64) & b.lengthMask
-	}
-
-	// Clear the remaining partial word
-	if remaining > 0 {
-		word = pos >> 6
-		mask = (uint64(1) << remaining) - 1
-		wasSet += uint64(mathbits.OnesCount64(b.bits[word] & mask))
-		b.bits[word] &^= mask
-	}
-
-	return wasSet
-}
-
-func (b *Bits) strictlyWithinWindow(i uint64) bool {
-	// Handle the case where the window hasn't slid yet. This avoids u64 underflow.
-	inWarmup := b.current < b.length
-	if i < b.length && inWarmup {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	// Next, if the packet is in-window, see if we've seen it before
-	if i > b.current-b.length {
-		return true
-	}
-	return false //not within window!
-}
-
-// Check returns true if i is within (or way out in front of) the window, and not a replay
-func (b *Bits) Check(l *slog.Logger, i uint64) bool {
+func (b *Bits) Check(l logrus.FieldLogger, i uint64) bool {
 	// If i is the next number, return true.
-	if i > b.current {
+	if i > b.current || (i == 0 && b.firstSeen == false && b.current < b.length) {
 		return true
 	}

-	if b.strictlyWithinWindow(i) {
-		return !b.get(i)
+	// If i is within the window, check if it's been set already. The first window will fail this check
+	if i > b.current-b.length {
+		return !b.bits[i%b.length]
+	}
+
+	// If i is within the first window
+	if i < b.length {
+		return !b.bits[i%b.length]
 	}

 	// Not within the window
-	if l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-		l.Debug("rejected a packet (top)", "current", b.current, "incoming", i)
-	}
+	l.Debugf("rejected a packet (top) %d %d\n", b.current, i)
 	return false
 }

-// Update has three branches:
-//   - i == b.current+1: fast path; advance the cursor by one and lose-count
-//     the slot we just stomped (only past warmup; see the i > b.length guard
-//     below).
-//   - i  >  b.current+1: jump path; clear all slots between current and i
-//     (or up to a full window's worth, whichever is smaller) via clearRange,
-//     then mark i. Two arms here: a warmup arm that handles the very first
-//     window before the cursor has slid, and a steady-state arm that treats
-//     every cleared empty slot as a lost packet.
-//   - i  <= b.current: in-window check for duplicates; out-of-window otherwise.
-//
-// NewBits seeds bits[0]=1 so counter 0 looks "received" — Update never
-// clears that marker during warmup (clearRange skips position 0 when
-// startPos=1), and once b.current >= b.length the marker is no longer
-// consulted. The marker prevents a fictitious "lost" hit on the first real
-// counter.
-func (b *Bits) Update(l *slog.Logger, i uint64) bool {
-	// Fast path: i is the next expected counter. Split out so the function
-	// stays small and avoids paying for the slow paths' slog argument-build
-	// stack frame on every call. The bit read/test/write is inlined to
-	// touch the backing word once.
+func (b *Bits) Update(l *logrus.Logger, i uint64) bool {
+	// If i is the next number, return true and update current.
 	if i == b.current+1 {
-		pos := i & b.lengthMask
-		word := pos >> 6
-		mask := uint64(1) << (pos & 63)
-		w := b.bits[word]
-		if i > b.length && w&mask == 0 {
+		// Report missed packets, we can only understand what was missed after the first window has been gone through
+		if i > b.length && b.bits[i%b.length] == false {
 			b.lostCounter.Inc(1)
 		}
-		b.bits[word] = w | mask
+		b.bits[i%b.length] = true
 		b.current = i
 		return true
 	}
-	return b.updateSlow(l, i)
-}

-// updateSlow handles jumps, in-window backfill, dupes, and out-of-window.
-func (b *Bits) updateSlow(l *slog.Logger, i uint64) bool {
-	// If i is a jump, adjust the window, record lost, update current, and return true
-	if i > b.current {
-		end := i
-		if end > b.current+b.length {
-			end = b.current + b.length
-		}
-		count := end - b.current
-		startPos := (b.current + 1) & b.lengthMask
-
-		var lost int64
-		if b.current >= b.length {
-			// Steady state: every cleared slot is past warmup, so any unset
-			// bit we evict is a lost packet from the previous cycle.
-			wasSet := b.clearRange(startPos, count)
-			lost = int64(count) - int64(wasSet)
-		} else {
-			// Warmup (the very first window). Some cleared slots represent
-			// packets <= length where eviction is not "lost" in the usual
-			// sense. This branch is taken at most once per connection so we
-			// don't bother optimizing it.
-			for n := b.current + 1; n <= end; n++ {
-				if !b.get(n) && n > b.length {
-					lost++
-				}
-			}
-			b.clearRange(startPos, count)
+	// If i packet is greater than current but less than the maximum length of our bitmap,
+	// flip everything in between to false and move ahead.
+	if i > b.current && i < b.current+b.length {
+		// In between current and i need to be zero'd to allow those packets to come in later
+		for n := b.current + 1; n < i; n++ {
+			b.bits[n%b.length] = false
 		}

-		// Anything past the new window can never be backfilled, so it's lost.
-		if i > b.current+b.length {
-			lost += int64(i - b.current - b.length)
+		b.bits[i%b.length] = true
+		b.current = i
+		//l.Debugf("missed %d packets between %d and %d\n", i-b.current, i, b.current)
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// If i is greater than the delta between current and the total length of our bitmap,
+	// just flip everything in the map and move ahead.
+	if i >= b.current+b.length {
+		// The current window loss will be accounted for later, only record the jump as loss up until then
+		lost := maxInt64(0, int64(i-b.current-b.length))
+		//TODO: explain this
+		if b.current == 0 {
+			lost++
 		}
+
+		for n := range b.bits {
+			// Don't want to count the first window as a loss
+			//TODO: this is likely wrong, we are wanting to track only the bit slots that we aren't going to track anymore and this is marking everything as missed
+			//if b.bits[n] == false {
+			//	lost++
+			//}
+			b.bits[n] = false
+		}
+
 		b.lostCounter.Inc(lost)

-		b.set(i)
+		if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			l.WithField("receiveWindow", m{"accepted": true, "currentCounter": b.current, "incomingCounter": i, "reason": "window shifting"}).
+				Debug("Receive window")
+		}
+		b.bits[i%b.length] = true
 		b.current = i
 		return true
 	}

-	// If i is within the current window but below the current counter, check to see if it's a duplicate
-	if b.strictlyWithinWindow(i) {
-		pos := i & b.lengthMask
-		word := pos >> 6
-		mask := uint64(1) << (pos & 63)
-		w := b.bits[word]
-		if b.current == i || w&mask != 0 {
-			if l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-				l.Debug("Receive window",
-					"accepted", false,
-					"currentCounter", b.current,
-					"incomingCounter", i,
-					"reason", "duplicate",
-				)
+	// Allow for the 0 packet to come in within the first window
+	if i == 0 && b.firstSeen == false && b.current < b.length {
+		b.firstSeen = true
+		b.bits[i%b.length] = true
+		return true
+	}
+
+	// If i is within the window of current minus length (the total pat window size),
+	// allow it and flip to true but to NOT change current. We also have to account for the first window
+	if ((b.current >= b.length && i > b.current-b.length) || (b.current < b.length && i < b.length)) && i <= b.current {
+		if b.current == i {
+			if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+				l.WithField("receiveWindow", m{"accepted": false, "currentCounter": b.current, "incomingCounter": i, "reason": "duplicate"}).
+					Debug("Receive window")
 			}
 			b.dupeCounter.Inc(1)
 			return false
 		}

-		b.bits[word] = w | mask
+		if b.bits[i%b.length] == true {
+			if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+				l.WithField("receiveWindow", m{"accepted": false, "currentCounter": b.current, "incomingCounter": i, "reason": "old duplicate"}).
+					Debug("Receive window")
+			}
+			b.dupeCounter.Inc(1)
+			return false
+		}
+
+		b.bits[i%b.length] = true
 		return true
+
 	}

 	// In all other cases, fail and don't change current.
 	b.outOfWindowCounter.Inc(1)
-	if l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-		l.Debug("Receive window",
-			"accepted", false,
-			"currentCounter", b.current,
-			"incomingCounter", i,
-			"reason", "nonsense",
-		)
+	if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+		l.WithField("accepted", false).
+			WithField("currentCounter", b.current).
+			WithField("incomingCounter", i).
+			WithField("reason", "nonsense").
+			Debug("Receive window")
 	}
 	return false
 }
+
+func maxInt64(a, b int64) int64 {
+	if a > b {
+		return a
+	}
+
+	return b
+}
@@ -7,114 +7,77 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )

-// snapshot returns the bitmap as a []bool of length b.length, for readable
-// test assertions against the now-packed []uint64 storage.
-func (b *Bits) snapshot() []bool {
-	out := make([]bool, b.length)
-	for i := uint64(0); i < b.length; i++ {
-		out[i] = b.get(i)
-	}
-	return out
-}
-
-func TestBitsRequiresPowerOfTwo(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Panics(t, func() { NewBits(10) })
-	assert.Panics(t, func() { NewBits(0) })
-	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { NewBits(1) })
-	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { NewBits(16) })
-	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { NewBits(1024) })
-	assert.NotPanics(t, func() { NewBits(16384) })
-}
-
 func TestBits(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(16)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, 16, b.length)
+	b := NewBits(10)
+
+	// make sure it is the right size
+	assert.Len(t, b.bits, 10)

 	// This is initialized to zero - receive one. This should work.
+
 	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 1))
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 1))
+	u := b.Update(l, 1)
+	assert.True(t, u)
 	assert.EqualValues(t, 1, b.current)
-	g := []bool{true, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false}
-	assert.Equal(t, g, b.snapshot())
+	g := []bool{false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false}
+	assert.Equal(t, g, b.bits)

 	// Receive two
 	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 2))
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 2))
+	u = b.Update(l, 2)
+	assert.True(t, u)
 	assert.EqualValues(t, 2, b.current)
-	g = []bool{true, true, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false}
-	assert.Equal(t, g, b.snapshot())
+	g = []bool{false, true, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false}
+	assert.Equal(t, g, b.bits)

 	// Receive two again - it will fail
 	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 2))
-	assert.False(t, b.Update(l, 2))
+	u = b.Update(l, 2)
+	assert.False(t, u)
 	assert.EqualValues(t, 2, b.current)

-	// Jump ahead to 25, which clears the window and sets slot 25%16 = 9.
-	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 25))
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 25))
-	assert.EqualValues(t, 25, b.current)
-	g = []bool{false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false}
-	assert.Equal(t, g, b.snapshot())
+	// Jump ahead to 15, which should clear everything and set the 6th element
+	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 15))
+	u = b.Update(l, 15)
+	assert.True(t, u)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 15, b.current)
+	g = []bool{false, false, false, false, false, true, false, false, false, false}
+	assert.Equal(t, g, b.bits)

-	// Mark 24, which is in window (current 25, length 16, window covers [10,25]).
-	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 24))
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 24))
-	assert.EqualValues(t, 25, b.current)
-	g = []bool{false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true, true, false, false, false, false, false, false}
-	assert.Equal(t, g, b.snapshot())
+	// Mark 14, which is allowed because it is in the window
+	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 14))
+	u = b.Update(l, 14)
+	assert.True(t, u)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 15, b.current)
+	g = []bool{false, false, false, false, true, true, false, false, false, false}
+	assert.Equal(t, g, b.bits)

-	// Mark 5, not allowed because 5 <= current-length (25-16=9).
+	// Mark 5, which is not allowed because it is not in the window
 	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 5))
-	assert.False(t, b.Update(l, 5))
-	assert.EqualValues(t, 25, b.current)
-	g = []bool{false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true, true, false, false, false, false, false, false}
-	assert.Equal(t, g, b.snapshot())
+	u = b.Update(l, 5)
+	assert.False(t, u)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 15, b.current)
+	g = []bool{false, false, false, false, true, true, false, false, false, false}
+	assert.Equal(t, g, b.bits)

-	// Make sure we handle wrapping around once to the same slot. With
-	// length=16, packets 1 and 17 share slot 1.
-	b = NewBits(16)
+	// make sure we handle wrapping around once to the current position
+	b = NewBits(10)
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 1))
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 17))
-	assert.Equal(t, []bool{false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false}, b.snapshot())
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 11))
+	assert.Equal(t, []bool{false, true, false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false}, b.bits)

 	// Walk through a few windows in order
-	b = NewBits(16)
-	for i := uint64(1); i <= 100; i++ {
+	b = NewBits(10)
+	for i := uint64(0); i <= 100; i++ {
 		assert.True(t, b.Check(l, i), "Error while checking %v", i)
 		assert.True(t, b.Update(l, i), "Error while updating %v", i)
 	}
-
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 1), "Out of window check")
-}
-
-func TestBitsLargeJumps(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-
-	// length=16. Update(55) from current=0:
-	//   warmup, per-bit loop sees no n>16 with unset bits (slot 0 was set by
-	//   NewBits and gets re-evaluated when n=16; n=16 is not strictly > 16),
-	//   so the loop contributes 0. The jump exceeds the window so we record
-	//   55 - 0 - 16 = 39 packets fell out the back.
-	b := NewBits(16)
-	b.lostCounter.Clear()
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 55))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(39), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Update(100): clears 16 slots starting at slot 56%16=8. Only slot 7 (for
-	// packet 55) was set, so 16 - 1 = 15 evicted slots had unset bits.
-	// Plus 100 - 55 - 16 = 29 packets fell past the window. Total 44.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 100))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(39+44), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Update(200): same shape: 16 - 1 = 15 evicted unset, plus 200 - 100 - 16 = 84 past window. Total 99.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 200))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(39+44+99), b.lostCounter.Count())
 }

 func TestBitsDupeCounter(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(16)
+	b := NewBits(10)
 	b.lostCounter.Clear()
 	b.dupeCounter.Clear()
 	b.outOfWindowCounter.Clear()
@@ -139,300 +102,127 @@ func TestBitsDupeCounter(t *testing.T) {

 func TestBitsOutOfWindowCounter(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(16)
+	b := NewBits(10)
 	b.lostCounter.Clear()
 	b.dupeCounter.Clear()
 	b.outOfWindowCounter.Clear()

-	// Jump to 20 (warmup branch + 4 past-window packets).
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 20))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.outOfWindowCounter.Count())

-	// 9 single-step advances, each evicts a slot whose bit was cleared during
-	// the jump above and whose value was never seen, so each contributes 1
-	// to lostCounter.
-	for n := uint64(21); n <= 29; n++ {
-		assert.True(t, b.Update(l, n))
-	}
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 21))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 22))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 23))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 24))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 25))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 26))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 27))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 28))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 29))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.outOfWindowCounter.Count())

-	// 0 is below current-length (29-16=13) so it falls outside the window.
 	assert.False(t, b.Update(l, 0))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.outOfWindowCounter.Count())

-	// 4 from the Update(20) jump + 9 from 21..29.
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(13), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	//tODO: make sure lostcounter doesn't increase in orderly increment
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(20), b.lostCounter.Count())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.dupeCounter.Count())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.outOfWindowCounter.Count())
 }

 func TestBitsLostCounter(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(16)
+	b := NewBits(10)
 	b.lostCounter.Clear()
 	b.dupeCounter.Clear()
 	b.outOfWindowCounter.Clear()

-	// Walk 20..29 like the original, just with a bigger window. Same
-	// reasoning as TestBitsOutOfWindowCounter: 4 past-window from Update(20),
-	// then 9 more from the unit advances.
-	for n := uint64(20); n <= 29; n++ {
-		assert.True(t, b.Update(l, n))
-	}
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(13), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	//assert.True(t, b.Update(0))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 0))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 20))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 21))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 22))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 23))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 24))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 25))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 26))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 27))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 28))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 29))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(20), b.lostCounter.Count())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.dupeCounter.Count())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.outOfWindowCounter.Count())

-	b = NewBits(16)
+	b = NewBits(10)
 	b.lostCounter.Clear()
 	b.dupeCounter.Clear()
 	b.outOfWindowCounter.Clear()

-	// Update(15) clears the warmup window (no lost), sets slot 15.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 15))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Update(16): slot 0 was already set (NewBits seeded it), and 16 is not
-	// strictly > length, so nothing is recorded as lost.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 16))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Update(17): we jumped straight from 0 to 15, so slot 1 was cleared
-	// (and never re-set). 17 > 16 is past warmup, so packet 1 is recorded lost.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 17))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Fill in 18..30 in single steps. Each i evicts slot i%16. Slots 2..14
-	// were all cleared during Update(15), and we never re-set any of them,
-	// so each i in 18..30 is a fresh lost packet — 13 more.
-	for n := uint64(18); n <= 30; n++ {
-		assert.True(t, b.Update(l, n))
-	}
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(14), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Jump ahead by exactly one window size.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 46))
-	// end = min(46, 30+16) = 46, count = 16, all slots cleared. Before the
-	// jump every slot 0..15 had been set (Update(15), (16), (17), 18..30),
-	// so wasSet=16 and 46 == current+length means no past-window slack:
-	// lost contribution = 0.
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(14), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Walk 47..55. The Update(46) jump cleared every slot, so only slot 14
-	// (for packet 46) is set when we start. Each subsequent unit step lands
-	// on a slot that was cleared and is past warmup, so it counts as lost.
-	// 9 more = 23.
-	for n := uint64(47); n <= 55; n++ {
-		assert.True(t, b.Update(l, n))
-	}
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(23), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Jump ahead by two windows: clears the window plus past-window loss.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 87))
-	// current=55, length=16. end = min(87, 71) = 71. count=16, all slots
-	// cleared. Slots set before the clear are slots 14,15,0..7 (10 total).
-	// Lost from clear = 16 - 10 = 6. Past window: 87 - 55 - 16 = 16. +22.
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(45), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.dupeCounter.Count())
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.outOfWindowCounter.Count())
-}
-
-func TestBitsLostCounterIssue1(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(16)
-	b.lostCounter.Clear()
-	b.dupeCounter.Clear()
-	b.outOfWindowCounter.Clear()
-
-	// Receive 4, backfill 1, then 9, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 (skip 8), 10, 11, 14.
-	// Then jump to 25 — slot 25%16=9 is being evicted, but it had been set
-	// (we received packet 9), so no spurious lost increment. The original
-	// regression was about double-counting a missing packet when its slot
-	// got cleared on a jump. With the jump path now using clearRange's
-	// word-level wasSet count, the same semantics hold.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 4))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 1))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 0))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 9))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 2))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 3))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 5))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 6))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 7))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	// Skip packet 8.
+	// 10 will set 0 index, 0 was already set, no lost packets
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 10))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	// 11 will set 1 index, 1 was missed, we should see 1 packet lost
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 11))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 14))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Jump to 25. With length=16, slot 25%16=9 corresponds to packet 9
-	// (which we DID receive), so its bit is set and no lost++ from that
-	// eviction. The trace below shows the only loss is packet 8.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 25))
-	// current was 14, i=25. end=min(25,30)=25. count=11. startPos=15.
-	// steady? current=14<16, so warmup branch: per-bit n=15..25, count those
-	// with !get(n) AND n>16. n=17..25 are >16. Among slots 17%16=1..25%16=9
-	// did we set slots 1..9 (packets 1..9)? Yes for all but slot 8 (packet 8
-	// was skipped). n=24 maps to slot 8 which is FALSE → lost++. All other
-	// n in 17..25 map to slots that are set. n=16 is not strictly > 16. So
-	// lost = 1.
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.lostCounter.Count())
-
-	// Fill in 12, 13, 15, 16. Each is below current=25 (in-window). 16 must
-	// recheck slot 0 — it was set by NewBits and then cleared by the
-	// Update(25) jump, so 16 backfills cleanly.
+	// Now let's fill in the window, should end up with 8 lost packets
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 12))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.lostCounter.Count())
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 13))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 14))
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 15))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.lostCounter.Count())
 	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 16))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 17))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 18))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 19))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(8), b.lostCounter.Count())

-	// We missed packet 8 above and that loss is still recorded once, never
-	// double-counted, never zeroed.
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	// Jump ahead by a window size
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 29))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(8), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	// Now lets walk ahead normally through the window, the missed packets should fill in
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 30))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 31))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 32))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 33))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 34))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 35))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 36))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 37))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 38))
+	// 39 packets tracked, 22 seen, 17 lost
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(17), b.lostCounter.Count())
+
+	// Jump ahead by 2 windows, should have recording 1 full window missing
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 58))
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(27), b.lostCounter.Count())
+	// Now lets walk ahead normally through the window, the missed packets should fill in from this window
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 59))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 60))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 61))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 62))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 63))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 64))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 65))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 66))
+	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 67))
+	// 68 packets tracked, 32 seen, 36 missed
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(36), b.lostCounter.Count())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.dupeCounter.Count())
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.outOfWindowCounter.Count())
 }

-// TestBitsWarmupOvershoot exercises the jump path's warmup arm with an
-// overshoot past one full window. NewBits leaves current=0 with only slot 0
-// "set" by the marker. Jumping straight to length+k must (a) clear every
-// slot the jump straddles, (b) count only past-window slack (not the
-// in-window slots, which never had a "lost" tenant during warmup), and
-// (c) leave the cursor at the new counter so subsequent unit advances
-// count from steady state. The marker bit at slot 0 is irrelevant once
-// current >= length.
-func TestBitsWarmupOvershoot(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(16)
-	b.lostCounter.Clear()
-
-	// Jump from current=0 to i=20 (length=16, overshoot=4).
-	// Warmup arm: counts slots in [1..16] where bit unset and n>length.
-	// Only n=16 was unset and >length: but slot 16%16=0 is the marker,
-	// so b.get(16) reads bits[0]=1 and skips. Result: 0 lost from the loop.
-	// Past-window: i - current - length = 20 - 0 - 16 = 4 lost.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 20))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(4), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	assert.Equal(t, uint64(20), b.current)
-
-	// Steady state now (current=20 >= length=16). Unit advance to 21
-	// stomps slot 21%16=5, which was cleared by the jump and not reset,
-	// so this is +1 lost.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 21))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(5), b.lostCounter.Count())
-}
-
-// TestBitsCheckAcrossWarmupBoundary pins the underflow trick in Check's
-// in-window clause. While in warmup, b.current-b.length underflows uint64
-// to a huge value so the first OR-clause is always false; the second
-// clause (i < length && current < length) carries the in-window check.
-// Once current >= length the regimes flip cleanly.
-func TestBitsCheckAcrossWarmupBoundary(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(16)
-
-	// Warmup: current=0. Check(0) must read the marker (set) and return false.
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 0), "marker slot should look already-received")
-	// Warmup: any 0 < i < length is in-window and unset → accepted.
-	for i := uint64(1); i < 16; i++ {
-		assert.True(t, b.Check(l, i), "warmup in-window i=%d should be accepted", i)
-	}
-	// Warmup: i >= length but > current is "next number" so accepted.
-	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 16))
-	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 1_000_000))
-
-	// Cross into steady state.
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 100))
-	// Now current=100, length=16. In-window range is [85..100].
-	// 84 is just outside: the underflow clause activates; 84 > 100-16=84 is false.
-	// And the warmup clause is false (current >= length). So out of window.
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 84))
-	// 85 sits at the boundary. 85 > 84 is true → in window, unset → accept.
-	assert.True(t, b.Check(l, 85))
-	// 100 is current itself; not strictly greater, in-window, but already set.
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 100))
-	// Way out: clearly out of window.
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 50))
-}
-
-// TestBitsMarkerInvariant verifies the seeded bits[0]=1 marker behaves
-// correctly across warmup and beyond. Update should never clear the marker
-// during warmup (clearRange skips position 0 when startPos=1), and once
-// current >= length the marker is no longer consulted by Check/Update on
-// the live path — but it must still report counter 0 as a duplicate while
-// we are in warmup.
-func TestBitsMarkerInvariant(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	b := NewBits(8)
-
-	// Counter 0 is the seeded marker; Check sees it as already received.
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 0))
-	// Update(0) at current=0 hits the duplicate branch.
-	b.dupeCounter.Clear()
-	assert.False(t, b.Update(l, 0))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(1), b.dupeCounter.Count())
-
-	// Walk forward through warmup; the marker must remain set.
-	for n := uint64(1); n <= 7; n++ {
-		assert.True(t, b.Update(l, n))
-	}
-	// Position 0 (the marker) should still read as set because we never
-	// cleared it; Update(0) still looks like a duplicate.
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 0))
-
-	// Cross into steady state with a unit advance to 8: pos=0, evicts the
-	// marker bit. The lost-counter guard (i > b.length) is false (8 == 8),
-	// so this advance does NOT charge a lost packet — exactly what the
-	// marker is there to prevent.
-	b.lostCounter.Clear()
-	assert.True(t, b.Update(l, 8))
-	assert.Equal(t, int64(0), b.lostCounter.Count())
-	// The slot at pos 0 is now occupied by counter 8.
-	assert.False(t, b.Check(l, 8))
-}
-
-// BenchmarkBitsUpdateInOrder is the steady-state hot path: each call is
-// i == current+1.
-func BenchmarkBitsUpdateInOrder(b *testing.B) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	z := NewBits(16384)
+func BenchmarkBits(b *testing.B) {
+	z := NewBits(10)
 	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-		z.Update(l, uint64(n)+1)
-	}
-}
+		for i := range z.bits {
+			z.bits[i] = true
+		}
+		for i := range z.bits {
+			z.bits[i] = false
+		}

-// BenchmarkBitsUpdateReorder simulates light reorder within the window:
-// every other packet arrives one slot behind its predecessor (forces the
-// in-window backfill branch).
-func BenchmarkBitsUpdateReorder(b *testing.B) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	z := NewBits(16384)
-	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-		base := uint64(n) * 2
-		z.Update(l, base+2)
-		z.Update(l, base+1)
-	}
-}
-
-// BenchmarkBitsUpdateLargeJumps stresses the clearRange word-level path.
-func BenchmarkBitsUpdateLargeJumps(b *testing.B) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	z := NewBits(16384)
-	for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
-		z.Update(l, uint64(n+1)*1000)
 	}
 }
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 //go:build boringcrypto
+// +build boringcrypto

 package nebula

@@ -21,11 +21,7 @@ type calculatedRemote struct {
 	port  uint32
 }

-func newCalculatedRemote(cidr, maskCidr netip.Prefix, port int) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
-	if maskCidr.Addr().BitLen() != cidr.Addr().BitLen() {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid mask: %s for cidr: %s", maskCidr, cidr)
-	}
-
+func newCalculatedRemote(maskCidr netip.Prefix, port int) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
 	masked := maskCidr.Masked()
 	if port < 0 || port > math.MaxUint16 {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port: %d", port)
@@ -42,38 +38,32 @@ func (c *calculatedRemote) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("CalculatedRemote(mask=%v port=%d)", c.ipNet, c.port)
 }

-func (c *calculatedRemote) ApplyV4(addr netip.Addr) *V4AddrPort {
-	// Combine the masked bytes of the "mask" IP with the unmasked bytes of the overlay IP
+func (c *calculatedRemote) Apply(ip netip.Addr) *Ip4AndPort {
+	// Combine the masked bytes of the "mask" IP with the unmasked bytes
+	// of the overlay IP
+	if c.ipNet.Addr().Is4() {
+		return c.apply4(ip)
+	}
+	return c.apply6(ip)
+}
+
+func (c *calculatedRemote) apply4(ip netip.Addr) *Ip4AndPort {
+	//TODO: IPV6-WORK this can be less crappy
 	maskb := net.CIDRMask(c.mask.Bits(), c.mask.Addr().BitLen())
 	mask := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(maskb[:])

 	b := c.mask.Addr().As4()
-	maskAddr := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+	maskIp := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])

-	b = addr.As4()
-	intAddr := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
+	b = ip.As4()
+	intIp := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])

-	return &V4AddrPort{(maskAddr & mask) | (intAddr & ^mask), c.port}
+	return &Ip4AndPort{(maskIp & mask) | (intIp & ^mask), c.port}
 }

-func (c *calculatedRemote) ApplyV6(addr netip.Addr) *V6AddrPort {
-	mask := net.CIDRMask(c.mask.Bits(), c.mask.Addr().BitLen())
-	maskAddr := c.mask.Addr().As16()
-	calcAddr := addr.As16()
-
-	ap := V6AddrPort{Port: c.port}
-
-	maskb := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(mask[:8])
-	maskAddrb := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(maskAddr[:8])
-	calcAddrb := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(calcAddr[:8])
-	ap.Hi = (maskAddrb & maskb) | (calcAddrb & ^maskb)
-
-	maskb = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(mask[8:])
-	maskAddrb = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(maskAddr[8:])
-	calcAddrb = binary.BigEndian.Uint64(calcAddr[8:])
-	ap.Lo = (maskAddrb & maskb) | (calcAddrb & ^maskb)
-
-	return &ap
+func (c *calculatedRemote) apply6(ip netip.Addr) *Ip4AndPort {
+	//TODO: IPV6-WORK
+	panic("Can not calculate ipv6 remote addresses")
 }

 func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[[]*calculatedRemote], error) {
@@ -84,17 +74,23 @@ func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[[]*calcu

 	calculatedRemotes := new(bart.Table[[]*calculatedRemote])

-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[any]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
+	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
+		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
+		}
+
 		cidr, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s", k, rawCIDR)
 		}

-		entry, err := newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr, rawValue)
+		//TODO: IPV6-WORK this does not verify that rawValue contains the same bits as cidr here
+		entry, err := newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(rawValue)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config '%s.%s': %w", k, rawCIDR, err)
 		}
@@ -105,7 +101,7 @@ func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[[]*calcu
 	return calculatedRemotes, nil
 }

-func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) ([]*calculatedRemote, error) {
+func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(raw any) ([]*calculatedRemote, error) {
 	rawList, ok := raw.([]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("calculated_remotes entry has invalid type: %T", raw)
@@ -113,7 +109,7 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) ([]*calculat

 	var l []*calculatedRemote
 	for _, e := range rawList {
-		c, err := newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr, e)
+		c, err := newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(e)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("calculated_remotes entry: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -123,8 +119,8 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) ([]*calculat
 	return l, nil
 }

-func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
+func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[any]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid type: %T", raw)
 	}
@@ -159,5 +155,5 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) (*calculate
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port (type %T): %v", rawValue, rawValue)
 	}

-	return newCalculatedRemote(cidr, maskCidr, port)
+	return newCalculatedRemote(maskCidr, port)
 }
@@ -9,73 +9,17 @@ import (
 )

 func TestCalculatedRemoteApply(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test v4 addresses
-	ipNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24")
-	c, err := newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
+	ipNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	c, err := newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, 4242)
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	input, err := netip.ParseAddr("10.0.10.182")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	expected, err := netip.ParseAddr("192.168.1.182")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV4AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV4(input))
-
-	// Test v6 addresses
-	ipNet = netip.MustParsePrefix("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::0/64")
-	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))
-
-	// Test v6 addresses part 2
-	ipNet = netip.MustParsePrefix("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::0/80")
-	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))
-
-	// Test v6 addresses part 2
-	ipNet = netip.MustParsePrefix("ffff:ffff:ffff::0/48")
-	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(ipNet, ipNet, 4242)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))
-}
-
-func Test_newCalculatedRemote(t *testing.T) {
-	c, err := newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), 4242)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid mask: 1.0.0.0/32 for cidr: 1::1/128")
-	require.Nil(t, c)
-
-	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), 4242)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid mask: 1::1/128 for cidr: 1.0.0.0/32")
-	require.Nil(t, c)
-
-	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1.0.0.0/32"), 4242)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, c)
-
-	c, err = newCalculatedRemote(netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), netip.MustParsePrefix("1::1/128"), 4242)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, c)
+	assert.Equal(t, NewIp4AndPortFromNetIP(expected, 4242), c.Apply(input))
 }
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 GO111MODULE = on
 export GO111MODULE

-cert_v1.pb.go: cert_v1.proto .FORCE
+cert.pb.go: cert.proto .FORCE
 	go build google.golang.org/protobuf/cmd/protoc-gen-go
 	PATH="$(CURDIR):$(PATH)" protoc --go_out=. --go_opt=paths=source_relative $<
 	rm protoc-gen-go
@@ -2,25 +2,14 @@

 This is a library for interacting with `nebula` style certificates and authorities.

-There are now 2 versions of `nebula` certificates:
+A `protobuf` definition of the certificate format is also included

-## v1
+### Compiling the protobuf definition

-This version is deprecated.
-
-A `protobuf` definition of the certificate format is included at `cert_v1.proto`
-
-To compile the definition you will need `protoc` installed.
+Make sure you have `protoc` installed.

 To compile for `go` with the same version of protobuf specified in go.mod:

 ```bash
-make proto
+make
 ```
-
-## v2
-
-This is the latest version which uses asn.1 DER encoding. It can support ipv4 and ipv6 and tolerate
-future certificate changes better than v1.
-
-`cert_v2.asn1` defines the wire format and can be used to compile marshalers.
@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte/asn1"
-)
-
-// readOptionalASN1Boolean reads an asn.1 boolean with a specific tag instead of a asn.1 tag wrapping a boolean with a value
-// https://github.com/golang/go/issues/64811#issuecomment-1944446920
-func readOptionalASN1Boolean(b *cryptobyte.String, out *bool, tag asn1.Tag, defaultValue bool) bool {
-	var present bool
-	var child cryptobyte.String
-	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&child, &present, tag) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	if !present {
-		*out = defaultValue
-		return true
-	}
-
-	// Ensure we have 1 byte
-	if len(child) == 1 {
-		*out = child[0] > 0
-		return true
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
-
-// readOptionalASN1Byte reads an asn.1 uint8 with a specific tag instead of a asn.1 tag wrapping a uint8 with a value
-// Similar issue as with readOptionalASN1Boolean
-func readOptionalASN1Byte(b *cryptobyte.String, out *byte, tag asn1.Tag, defaultValue byte) bool {
-	var present bool
-	var child cryptobyte.String
-	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&child, &present, tag) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	if !present {
-		*out = defaultValue
-		return true
-	}
-
-	// Ensure we have 1 byte
-	if len(child) == 1 {
-		*out = child[0]
-		return true
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+package cert
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type NebulaCAPool struct {
+	CAs           map[string]*NebulaCertificate
+	certBlocklist map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+// NewCAPool creates a CAPool
+func NewCAPool() *NebulaCAPool {
+	ca := NebulaCAPool{
+		CAs:           make(map[string]*NebulaCertificate),
+		certBlocklist: make(map[string]struct{}),
+	}
+
+	return &ca
+}
+
+// NewCAPoolFromBytes will create a new CA pool from the provided
+// input bytes, which must be a PEM-encoded set of nebula certificates.
+// If the pool contains unsupported certificates, they will generate warnings
+// in the []error return arg.
+// If the pool contains any expired certificates, an ErrExpired will be
+// returned along with the pool. The caller must handle any such errors.
+func NewCAPoolFromBytes(caPEMs []byte) (*NebulaCAPool, []error, error) {
+	pool := NewCAPool()
+	var err error
+	var warnings []error
+	good := 0
+
+	for {
+		caPEMs, err = pool.AddCACertificate(caPEMs)
+		if errors.Is(err, ErrExpired) {
+			warnings = append(warnings, err)
+		} else if errors.Is(err, ErrInvalidPEMCertificateUnsupported) {
+			warnings = append(warnings, err)
+		} else if err != nil {
+			return nil, warnings, err
+		} else {
+			// Only consider a good certificate if there were no errors present
+			good++
+		}
+
+		if len(caPEMs) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(caPEMs)) == "" {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	if good == 0 {
+		return nil, warnings, errors.New("no valid CA certificates present")
+	}
+
+	return pool, warnings, nil
+}
+
+// AddCACertificate verifies a Nebula CA certificate and adds it to the pool
+// Only the first pem encoded object will be consumed, any remaining bytes are returned.
+// Parsed certificates will be verified and must be a CA
+func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) AddCACertificate(pemBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	c, pemBytes, err := UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(pemBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return pemBytes, err
+	}
+
+	if !c.Details.IsCA {
+		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Details.Name, ErrNotCA)
+	}
+
+	if !c.CheckSignature(c.Details.PublicKey) {
+		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Details.Name, ErrNotSelfSigned)
+	}
+
+	sum, err := c.Sha256Sum()
+	if err != nil {
+		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("could not calculate shasum for provided CA; error: %s; %s", err, c.Details.Name)
+	}
+
+	ncp.CAs[sum] = c
+	if c.Expired(time.Now()) {
+		return pemBytes, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Details.Name, ErrExpired)
+	}
+
+	return pemBytes, nil
+}
+
+// BlocklistFingerprint adds a cert fingerprint to the blocklist
+func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) BlocklistFingerprint(f string) {
+	ncp.certBlocklist[f] = struct{}{}
+}
+
+// ResetCertBlocklist removes all previously blocklisted cert fingerprints
+func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) ResetCertBlocklist() {
+	ncp.certBlocklist = make(map[string]struct{})
+}
+
+// NOTE: This uses an internal cache for Sha256Sum() that will not be invalidated
+// automatically if you manually change any fields in the NebulaCertificate.
+func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) IsBlocklisted(c *NebulaCertificate) bool {
+	return ncp.isBlocklistedWithCache(c, false)
+}
+
+// IsBlocklisted returns true if the fingerprint fails to generate or has been explicitly blocklisted
+func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) isBlocklistedWithCache(c *NebulaCertificate, useCache bool) bool {
+	h, err := c.sha256SumWithCache(useCache)
+	if err != nil {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := ncp.certBlocklist[h]; ok {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+// GetCAForCert attempts to return the signing certificate for the provided certificate.
+// No signature validation is performed
+func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) GetCAForCert(c *NebulaCertificate) (*NebulaCertificate, error) {
+	if c.Details.Issuer == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no issuer in certificate")
+	}
+
+	signer, ok := ncp.CAs[c.Details.Issuer]
+	if ok {
+		return signer, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not find ca for the certificate")
+}
+
+// GetFingerprints returns an array of trusted CA fingerprints
+func (ncp *NebulaCAPool) GetFingerprints() []string {
+	fp := make([]string, len(ncp.CAs))
+
+	i := 0
+	for k := range ncp.CAs {
+		fp[i] = k
+		i++
+	}
+
+	return fp
+}
@@ -1,345 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/pem"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io"
-	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
-	"time"
-)
-
-type CAPool struct {
-	CAs           map[string]*CachedCertificate
-	certBlocklist map[string]struct{}
-}
-
-// NewCAPool creates an empty CAPool
-func NewCAPool() *CAPool {
-	ca := CAPool{
-		CAs:           make(map[string]*CachedCertificate),
-		certBlocklist: make(map[string]struct{}),
-	}
-
-	return &ca
-}
-
-// NewCAPoolFromPEM will create a new CA pool from the provided
-// input bytes, which must be a PEM-encoded set of nebula certificates.
-// If the pool contains any expired certificates, an ErrExpired will be
-// returned along with the pool. The caller must handle any such errors.
-func NewCAPoolFromPEM(caPEMs []byte) (*CAPool, error) {
-	return NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(bytes.NewReader(caPEMs))
-}
-
-// NewCAPoolFromPEMReader will create a new CA pool from the provided reader.
-// The reader must contain a PEM-encoded set of nebula certificates.
-func NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(r io.Reader) (*CAPool, error) {
-	pool := NewCAPool()
-
-	var expired bool
-
-	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
-	scanner.Split(SplitPEM)
-
-	for scanner.Scan() {
-		pemBytes := scanner.Bytes()
-
-		block, rest := pem.Decode(pemBytes)
-		if len(bytes.TrimSpace(rest)) > 0 {
-			return nil, ErrInvalidPEMBlock
-		}
-		if block == nil {
-			return nil, ErrInvalidPEMBlock
-		}
-
-		c, err := unmarshalCertificateBlock(block)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		err = pool.AddCA(c)
-		if errors.Is(err, ErrExpired) {
-			expired = true
-			continue
-		} else if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-	if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
-		return nil, ErrInvalidPEMBlock
-	}
-
-	if expired {
-		return pool, ErrExpired
-	}
-
-	return pool, nil
-}
-
-// AddCAFromPEM verifies a Nebula CA certificate and adds it to the pool.
-// Only the first pem encoded object will be consumed, any remaining bytes are returned.
-// Parsed certificates will be verified and must be a CA
-func (ncp *CAPool) AddCAFromPEM(pemBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	c, pemBytes, err := UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(pemBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return pemBytes, err
-	}
-
-	err = ncp.AddCA(c)
-	if err != nil {
-		return pemBytes, err
-	}
-
-	return pemBytes, nil
-}
-
-// AddCA verifies a Nebula CA certificate and adds it to the pool.
-func (ncp *CAPool) AddCA(c Certificate) error {
-	if !c.IsCA() {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Name(), ErrNotCA)
-	}
-
-	if !c.CheckSignature(c.PublicKey()) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Name(), ErrNotSelfSigned)
-	}
-
-	sum, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("could not calculate fingerprint for provided CA; error: %w; %s", err, c.Name())
-	}
-
-	cc := &CachedCertificate{
-		Certificate:    c,
-		Fingerprint:    sum,
-		InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
-	}
-
-	for _, g := range c.Groups() {
-		cc.InvertedGroups[g] = struct{}{}
-	}
-
-	ncp.CAs[sum] = cc
-
-	if c.Expired(time.Now()) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", c.Name(), ErrExpired)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// BlocklistFingerprint adds a cert fingerprint to the blocklist
-func (ncp *CAPool) BlocklistFingerprint(f string) {
-	ncp.certBlocklist[f] = struct{}{}
-}
-
-// ResetCertBlocklist removes all previously blocklisted cert fingerprints
-func (ncp *CAPool) ResetCertBlocklist() {
-	ncp.certBlocklist = make(map[string]struct{})
-}
-
-// IsBlocklisted tests the provided fingerprint against the pools blocklist.
-// Returns true if the fingerprint is blocked.
-func (ncp *CAPool) IsBlocklisted(fingerprint string) bool {
-	if _, ok := ncp.certBlocklist[fingerprint]; ok {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	return false
-}
-
-// VerifyCertificate verifies the certificate is valid and is signed by a trusted CA in the pool.
-// If the certificate is valid then the returned CachedCertificate can be used in subsequent verification attempts
-// to increase performance.
-func (ncp *CAPool) VerifyCertificate(now time.Time, c Certificate) (*CachedCertificate, error) {
-	if c == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no certificate")
-	}
-	fp, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not calculate fingerprint to verify: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	signer, err := ncp.verify(c, now, fp, "")
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	// Pre nebula v1.10.3 could generate signatures in either high or low s form and validation
-	// of signatures allowed for either. Nebula v1.10.3 and beyond clamps signature generation to low-s form
-	// but validation still allows for either. Since a change in the signature bytes affects the fingerprint, we
-	// need to test both forms until such a time comes that we enforce low-s form on signature validation.
-	fp2, err := CalculateAlternateFingerprint(c)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not calculate alternate fingerprint to verify: %w", err)
-	}
-	if fp2 != "" && ncp.IsBlocklisted(fp2) {
-		return nil, ErrBlockListed
-	}
-
-	cc := CachedCertificate{
-		Certificate:       c,
-		InvertedGroups:    make(map[string]struct{}),
-		Fingerprint:       fp,
-		fingerprint2:      fp2,
-		signerFingerprint: signer.Fingerprint,
-	}
-
-	for _, g := range c.Groups() {
-		cc.InvertedGroups[g] = struct{}{}
-	}
-
-	return &cc, nil
-}
-
-// VerifyCachedCertificate is the same as VerifyCertificate other than it operates on a pre-verified structure and
-// is a cheaper operation to perform as a result.
-func (ncp *CAPool) VerifyCachedCertificate(now time.Time, c *CachedCertificate) error {
-	// Check any available alternate fingerprint forms for this certificate, re P256 high-s/low-s
-	if c.fingerprint2 != "" && ncp.IsBlocklisted(c.fingerprint2) {
-		return ErrBlockListed
-	}
-
-	_, err := ncp.verify(c.Certificate, now, c.Fingerprint, c.signerFingerprint)
-	return err
-}
-
-func (ncp *CAPool) verify(c Certificate, now time.Time, certFp string, signerFp string) (*CachedCertificate, error) {
-	if ncp.IsBlocklisted(certFp) {
-		return nil, ErrBlockListed
-	}
-
-	signer, err := ncp.GetCAForCert(c)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if signer.Certificate.Curve() != c.Curve() {
-		return nil, ErrCurveMismatch
-	}
-
-	if signer.Certificate.Expired(now) {
-		return nil, ErrRootExpired
-	}
-
-	if c.Expired(now) {
-		return nil, ErrExpired
-	}
-
-	// If we are checking a cached certificate then we can bail early here
-	// Either the root is no longer trusted or everything is fine
-	if len(signerFp) > 0 {
-		if signerFp != signer.Fingerprint {
-			return nil, ErrFingerprintMismatch
-		}
-		return signer, nil
-	}
-	if !c.CheckSignature(signer.Certificate.PublicKey()) {
-		return nil, ErrSignatureMismatch
-	}
-
-	err = CheckCAConstraints(signer.Certificate, c)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return signer, nil
-}
-
-// GetCAForCert attempts to return the signing certificate for the provided certificate.
-// No signature validation is performed
-func (ncp *CAPool) GetCAForCert(c Certificate) (*CachedCertificate, error) {
-	issuer := c.Issuer()
-	if issuer == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no issuer in certificate")
-	}
-
-	signer, ok := ncp.CAs[issuer]
-	if ok {
-		return signer, nil
-	}
-
-	return nil, ErrCaNotFound
-}
-
-// GetFingerprints returns an array of trusted CA fingerprints
-func (ncp *CAPool) GetFingerprints() []string {
-	fp := make([]string, len(ncp.CAs))
-
-	i := 0
-	for k := range ncp.CAs {
-		fp[i] = k
-		i++
-	}
-
-	return fp
-}
-
-// CheckCAConstraints returns an error if the sub certificate violates constraints present in the signer certificate.
-func CheckCAConstraints(signer Certificate, sub Certificate) error {
-	return checkCAConstraints(signer, sub.NotBefore(), sub.NotAfter(), sub.Groups(), sub.Networks(), sub.UnsafeNetworks())
-}
-
-// checkCAConstraints is a very generic function allowing both Certificates and TBSCertificates to be tested.
-func checkCAConstraints(signer Certificate, notBefore, notAfter time.Time, groups []string, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix) error {
-	// Make sure this cert isn't valid after the root
-	if notAfter.After(signer.NotAfter()) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("certificate expires after signing certificate")
-	}
-
-	// Make sure this cert wasn't valid before the root
-	if notBefore.Before(signer.NotBefore()) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("certificate is valid before the signing certificate")
-	}
-
-	// If the signer has a limited set of groups make sure the cert only contains a subset
-	signerGroups := signer.Groups()
-	if len(signerGroups) > 0 {
-		for _, g := range groups {
-			if !slices.Contains(signerGroups, g) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: %s", g)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// If the signer has a limited set of ip ranges to issue from make sure the cert only contains a subset
-	signingNetworks := signer.Networks()
-	if len(signingNetworks) > 0 {
-		for _, certNetwork := range networks {
-			found := false
-			for _, signingNetwork := range signingNetworks {
-				if signingNetwork.Contains(certNetwork.Addr()) && signingNetwork.Bits() <= certNetwork.Bits() {
-					found = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-
-			if !found {
-				return fmt.Errorf("certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: %s", certNetwork.String())
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	// If the signer has a limited set of subnet ranges to issue from make sure the cert only contains a subset
-	signingUnsafeNetworks := signer.UnsafeNetworks()
-	if len(signingUnsafeNetworks) > 0 {
-		for _, certUnsafeNetwork := range unsafeNetworks {
-			found := false
-			for _, caNetwork := range signingUnsafeNetworks {
-				if caNetwork.Contains(certUnsafeNetwork.Addr()) && caNetwork.Bits() <= certUnsafeNetwork.Bits() {
-					found = true
-					break
-				}
-			}
-
-			if !found {
-				return fmt.Errorf("certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: %s", certUnsafeNetwork.String())
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
@@ -1,684 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"io"
-	"net/netip"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert/p256"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestNewCAPoolFromBytes(t *testing.T) {
-	noNewLines := `
-# Current provisional, Remove once everything moves over to the real root.
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-Cj4KDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKM0cMM24zPCvBzogV24YEw5YiqeI/oYo8XXFsoo+
-PBmiOafNJhLacf9rsspAARJAz9OAnh8TKAUKix1kKVMyQU4iM3LsFfZRf6ODWXIf
-2qWMpB6fpd3PSoVYziPoOt2bIHIFLlgRLPJz3I3xBEdBCQ==
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-# root-ca01
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-CkEKEW5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhIDAxKM0cMM24zPCvBzogPzbWTxt8ZgXPQEwup7Br
-BrtIt1O0q5AuTRT3+t2x1VJAARJAZ+2ib23qBXjdy49oU1YysrwuKkWWKrtJ7Jye
-rFBQpDXikOukhQD/mfkloFwJ+Yjsfru7IpTN4ZfjXL+kN/2sCA==
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-`
-
-	withNewLines := `
-# Current provisional, Remove once everything moves over to the real root.
-
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-Cj4KDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKM0cMM24zPCvBzogV24YEw5YiqeI/oYo8XXFsoo+
-PBmiOafNJhLacf9rsspAARJAz9OAnh8TKAUKix1kKVMyQU4iM3LsFfZRf6ODWXIf
-2qWMpB6fpd3PSoVYziPoOt2bIHIFLlgRLPJz3I3xBEdBCQ==
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-
-# root-ca01
-
-
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-CkEKEW5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhIDAxKM0cMM24zPCvBzogPzbWTxt8ZgXPQEwup7Br
-BrtIt1O0q5AuTRT3+t2x1VJAARJAZ+2ib23qBXjdy49oU1YysrwuKkWWKrtJ7Jye
-rFBQpDXikOukhQD/mfkloFwJ+Yjsfru7IpTN4ZfjXL+kN/2sCA==
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-
-`
-
-	expired := `
-# expired certificate
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-CjMKB2V4cGlyZWQozRwwzRw6ICJSG94CqX8wn5I65Pwn25V6HftVfWeIySVtp2DA
-7TY/QAESQMaAk5iJT5EnQwK524ZaaHGEJLUqqbh5yyOHhboIGiVTWkFeH3HccTW8
-Tq5a8AyWDQdfXbtEZ1FwabeHfH5Asw0=
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-`
-
-	p256 := `
-# p256 certificate
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-CmQKEG5lYnVsYSBQMjU2IHRlc3QozRwwzbjM8K8HOkEEdrmmg40zQp44AkMq6DZp
-k+coOv04r+zh33ISyhbsafnYduN17p2eD7CmHvHuerguXD9f32gcxo/KsFCKEjMe
-+0ABoAYBEkcwRQIgVoTg38L7uWku9xQgsr06kxZ/viQLOO/w1Qj1vFUEnhcCIQCq
-75SjTiV92kv/1GcbT3wWpAZQQDBiUHVMVmh1822szA==
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-`
-
-	rootCA := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name: "nebula root ca",
-		},
-	}
-
-	rootCA01 := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name: "nebula root ca 01",
-		},
-	}
-
-	rootCAP256 := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name: "nebula P256 test",
-		},
-	}
-
-	p, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(noNewLines))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, p.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
-	assert.Equal(t, p.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)
-
-	pp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(withNewLines))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, pp.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
-	assert.Equal(t, pp.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)
-
-	// expired cert, no valid certs
-	ppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(expired))
-	assert.Equal(t, ErrExpired, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "expired", ppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name())
-
-	// expired cert, with valid certs
-	pppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM(append([]byte(expired), noNewLines...))
-	assert.Equal(t, ErrExpired, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, pppp.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
-	assert.Equal(t, pppp.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)
-	assert.Equal(t, "expired", pppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name())
-	assert.Len(t, pppp.CAs, 3)
-
-	ppppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(p256))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, ppppp.CAs["552bf7d99bec1fc775a0e4c324bf6d8f789b3078f1919c7960d2e5e0c351ee97"].Certificate.Name(), rootCAP256.details.name)
-	assert.Len(t, ppppp.CAs, 1)
-}
-
-// oneByteReader wraps a reader to return at most 1 byte per Read call,
-// exercising the streaming accumulation logic in NewCAPoolFromPEMReader.
-type oneByteReader struct {
-	r io.Reader
-}
-
-func (o *oneByteReader) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
-	if len(p) == 0 {
-		return 0, nil
-	}
-	return o.r.Read(p[:1])
-}
-
-func TestNewCAPoolFromPEMReader_EmptyReader(t *testing.T) {
-	pool, err := NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(bytes.NewReader(nil))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, pool.CAs)
-
-	pool, err = NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(strings.NewReader("   \n\t\n  "))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, pool.CAs)
-}
-
-func TestNewCAPoolFromPEMReader_OneByteReads(t *testing.T) {
-	ca1, _, _, pem1 := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
-	ca2, _, _, pem2 := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
-
-	bundle := append(pem1, pem2...)
-	pool, err := NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(&oneByteReader{r: bytes.NewReader(bundle)})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Len(t, pool.CAs, 2)
-
-	fp1, err := ca1.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	fp2, err := ca2.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Contains(t, pool.CAs, fp1)
-	assert.Contains(t, pool.CAs, fp2)
-}
-
-func TestNewCAPoolFromPEMReader_TruncatedPEM(t *testing.T) {
-	_, err := NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(strings.NewReader("-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----\npartialdata"))
-	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPEMBlock)
-}
-
-func TestNewCAPoolFromPEMReader_TrailingGarbage(t *testing.T) {
-	_, _, _, pem1 := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
-
-	bundle := append(pem1, []byte("some trailing garbage")...)
-	_, err := NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(bytes.NewReader(bundle))
-	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPEMBlock)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Verify(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
-
-	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert2", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	})
-
-	// Test group assertion
-	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool = NewCAPool()
-	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
-	})
-
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test2", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
-
-	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	// Create a copy of the cert and swap to the alternate form for the signature
-	nc := c.Copy()
-	b, err := p256.Swap(c.Signature())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, nc.(*certificateV1).setSignature(b))
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), nc)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	})
-
-	// Test group assertion
-	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool = NewCAPool()
-	b, err = caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
-	})
-
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
-	cc, err := caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Reset the blocklist and block the alternate form fingerprint
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(cc.fingerprint2)
-	err = caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(time.Now(), cc)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	err = caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(time.Now(), cc)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
-	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
-	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	// ip is outside the network
-	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip and mask are within the network
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
-	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
-	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
-
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	// ip is outside the network
-	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip and mask are within the network
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_Verify(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
-
-	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert2", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	})
-
-	// Test group assertion
-	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool = NewCAPool()
-	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
-	})
-
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test2", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
-
-	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	// Create a copy of the cert and swap to the alternate form for the signature
-	nc := c.Copy()
-	b, err := p256.Swap(c.Signature())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, nc.(*certificateV2).setSignature(b))
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), nc)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	})
-
-	// Test group assertion
-	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool = NewCAPool()
-	b, err = caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "bad"})
-	})
-
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
-	cc, err := caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Reset the blocklist and block the alternate form fingerprint
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(cc.fingerprint2)
-	err = caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(time.Now(), cc)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
-
-	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
-	err = caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(time.Now(), cc)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
-	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
-	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	// ip is outside the network
-	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip and mask are within the network
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
-	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
-	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
-
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	// ip is outside the network
-	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	cIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/16")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is outside the network reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.0.0/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.1.0.0/24", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip is within the network but mask is outside reversed order of above
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/24")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/15")
-	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained an unsafe network assignment outside the limitations of the signing ca: 10.0.1.0/15", func() {
-		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	})
-
-	// ip and mask are within the network
-	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
-	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
-	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_CurveMismatch(t *testing.T) {
-	caIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.0/16")
-	caIp2 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.0/24")
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-
-	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-
-	// ip is outside the network
-	cIp1 := mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.0.1/24")
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-
-	fp, _ := c.Fingerprint()
-	_, err = caPool.verify(c, time.Now(), fp, c.Issuer())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	//
-	c2 := c.(*certificateV2)
-	c2.curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-	fp, _ = c.Fingerprint()
-	_, err = caPool.verify(c, time.Now(), fp, c.Issuer())
-	require.Error(t, err)
-}
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 // Code generated by protoc-gen-go. DO NOT EDIT.
 // versions:
-// 	protoc-gen-go v1.34.2
+// 	protoc-gen-go v1.30.0
 // 	protoc        v3.21.5
-// source: cert_v1.proto
+// source: cert.proto

 package cert

@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ func (x Curve) String() string {
 }

 func (Curve) Descriptor() protoreflect.EnumDescriptor {
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes[0].Descriptor()
+	return file_cert_proto_enumTypes[0].Descriptor()
 }

 func (Curve) Type() protoreflect.EnumType {
-	return &file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes[0]
+	return &file_cert_proto_enumTypes[0]
 }

 func (x Curve) Number() protoreflect.EnumNumber {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ func (x Curve) Number() protoreflect.EnumNumber {

 // Deprecated: Use Curve.Descriptor instead.
 func (Curve) EnumDescriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
 }

 type RawNebulaCertificate struct {
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ type RawNebulaCertificate struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaCertificate{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[0]
+		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[0]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaCertificate) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[0]
+	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[0]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaCertificate.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaCertificate) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
+	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{0}
 }

 func (x *RawNebulaCertificate) GetDetails() *RawNebulaCertificateDetails {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ type RawNebulaCertificateDetails struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaCertificateDetails{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[1]
+		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[1]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaCertificateDetails) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[1]
+	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[1]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaCertificateDetails.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaCertificateDetails) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
+	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{1}
 }

 func (x *RawNebulaCertificateDetails) GetName() string {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ type RawNebulaEncryptedData struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaEncryptedData{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[2]
+		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[2]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptedData) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[2]
+	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[2]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaEncryptedData.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptedData) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
+	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{2}
 }

 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptedData) GetEncryptionMetadata() *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata {
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ type RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[3]
+		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[3]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[3]
+	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[3]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
+	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{3}
 }

 func (x *RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata) GetEncryptionAlgorithm() string {
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ type RawNebulaArgon2Parameters struct {
 func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) Reset() {
 	*x = RawNebulaArgon2Parameters{}
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[4]
+		mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[4]
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		ms.StoreMessageInfo(mi)
 	}
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) String() string {
 func (*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) ProtoMessage() {}

 func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {
-	mi := &file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[4]
+	mi := &file_cert_proto_msgTypes[4]
 	if protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled && x != nil {
 		ms := protoimpl.X.MessageStateOf(protoimpl.Pointer(x))
 		if ms.LoadMessageInfo() == nil {
@@ -393,7 +393,7 @@ func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) ProtoReflect() protoreflect.Message {

 // Deprecated: Use RawNebulaArgon2Parameters.ProtoReflect.Descriptor instead.
 func (*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) Descriptor() ([]byte, []int) {
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
+	return file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP(), []int{4}
 }

 func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) GetVersion() int32 {
@@ -431,87 +431,87 @@ func (x *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) GetSalt() []byte {
 	return nil
 }

-var File_cert_v1_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor
+var File_cert_proto protoreflect.FileDescriptor

-var file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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+var file_cert_proto_rawDesc = []byte{
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+	0x6f, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x33,
 }

 var (
-	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
-	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData = file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc
+	file_cert_proto_rawDescOnce sync.Once
+	file_cert_proto_rawDescData = file_cert_proto_rawDesc
 )

-func file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
-	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
-		file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData)
+func file_cert_proto_rawDescGZIP() []byte {
+	file_cert_proto_rawDescOnce.Do(func() {
+		file_cert_proto_rawDescData = protoimpl.X.CompressGZIP(file_cert_proto_rawDescData)
 	})
-	return file_cert_v1_proto_rawDescData
+	return file_cert_proto_rawDescData
 }

-var file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 1)
-var file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 5)
-var file_cert_v1_proto_goTypes = []any{
+var file_cert_proto_enumTypes = make([]protoimpl.EnumInfo, 1)
+var file_cert_proto_msgTypes = make([]protoimpl.MessageInfo, 5)
+var file_cert_proto_goTypes = []interface{}{
 	(Curve)(0),                          // 0: cert.Curve
 	(*RawNebulaCertificate)(nil),        // 1: cert.RawNebulaCertificate
 	(*RawNebulaCertificateDetails)(nil), // 2: cert.RawNebulaCertificateDetails
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ var file_cert_v1_proto_goTypes = []any{
 	(*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata)(nil), // 4: cert.RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata
 	(*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters)(nil),   // 5: cert.RawNebulaArgon2Parameters
 }
-var file_cert_v1_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
+var file_cert_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	2, // 0: cert.RawNebulaCertificate.Details:type_name -> cert.RawNebulaCertificateDetails
 	0, // 1: cert.RawNebulaCertificateDetails.curve:type_name -> cert.Curve
 	4, // 2: cert.RawNebulaEncryptedData.EncryptionMetadata:type_name -> cert.RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata
@@ -531,13 +531,13 @@ var file_cert_v1_proto_depIdxs = []int32{
 	0, // [0:4] is the sub-list for field type_name
 }

-func init() { file_cert_v1_proto_init() }
-func file_cert_v1_proto_init() {
-	if File_cert_v1_proto != nil {
+func init() { file_cert_proto_init() }
+func file_cert_proto_init() {
+	if File_cert_proto != nil {
 		return
 	}
 	if !protoimpl.UnsafeEnabled {
-		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[0].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaCertificate); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ func file_cert_v1_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[1].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaCertificateDetails); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -561,7 +561,7 @@ func file_cert_v1_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[2].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaEncryptedData); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ func file_cert_v1_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[3].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ func file_cert_v1_proto_init() {
 				return nil
 			}
 		}
-		file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v any, i int) any {
+		file_cert_proto_msgTypes[4].Exporter = func(v interface{}, i int) interface{} {
 			switch v := v.(*RawNebulaArgon2Parameters); i {
 			case 0:
 				return &v.state
@@ -602,19 +602,19 @@ func file_cert_v1_proto_init() {
 	out := protoimpl.TypeBuilder{
 		File: protoimpl.DescBuilder{
 			GoPackagePath: reflect.TypeOf(x{}).PkgPath(),
-			RawDescriptor: file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc,
+			RawDescriptor: file_cert_proto_rawDesc,
 			NumEnums:      1,
 			NumMessages:   5,
 			NumExtensions: 0,
 			NumServices:   0,
 		},
-		GoTypes:           file_cert_v1_proto_goTypes,
-		DependencyIndexes: file_cert_v1_proto_depIdxs,
-		EnumInfos:         file_cert_v1_proto_enumTypes,
-		MessageInfos:      file_cert_v1_proto_msgTypes,
+		GoTypes:           file_cert_proto_goTypes,
+		DependencyIndexes: file_cert_proto_depIdxs,
+		EnumInfos:         file_cert_proto_enumTypes,
+		MessageInfos:      file_cert_proto_msgTypes,
 	}.Build()
-	File_cert_v1_proto = out.File
-	file_cert_v1_proto_rawDesc = nil
-	file_cert_v1_proto_goTypes = nil
-	file_cert_v1_proto_depIdxs = nil
+	File_cert_proto = out.File
+	file_cert_proto_rawDesc = nil
+	file_cert_proto_goTypes = nil
+	file_cert_proto_depIdxs = nil
 }
@@ -1,505 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"crypto/ecdh"
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/binary"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"encoding/pem"
-	"fmt"
-	"net"
-	"net/netip"
-	"time"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
-	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
-)
-
-const publicKeyLen = 32
-
-type certificateV1 struct {
-	details   detailsV1
-	signature []byte
-}
-
-type detailsV1 struct {
-	name           string
-	networks       []netip.Prefix
-	unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	groups         []string
-	notBefore      time.Time
-	notAfter       time.Time
-	publicKey      []byte
-	isCA           bool
-	issuer         string
-
-	curve Curve
-}
-
-type m = map[string]any
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Version() Version {
-	return Version1
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Curve() Curve {
-	return c.details.curve
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Groups() []string {
-	return c.details.groups
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) IsCA() bool {
-	return c.details.isCA
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Issuer() string {
-	return c.details.issuer
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Name() string {
-	return c.details.name
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return c.details.networks
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) NotAfter() time.Time {
-	return c.details.notAfter
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) NotBefore() time.Time {
-	return c.details.notBefore
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) PublicKey() []byte {
-	return c.details.publicKey
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
-	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Signature() []byte {
-	return c.signature
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) UnsafeNetworks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return c.details.unsafeNetworks
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Fingerprint() (string, error) {
-	b, err := c.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	}
-
-	sum := sha256.Sum256(b)
-	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]), nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
-	b, err := proto.Marshal(c.getRawDetails())
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	switch c.details.curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		if len(key) != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
-			return false //avoids a panic internal to ed25519
-		}
-		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
-	case Curve_P256:
-		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return false
-		}
-		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
-		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Expired(t time.Time) bool {
-	return c.details.notBefore.After(t) || c.details.notAfter.Before(t)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) VerifyPrivateKey(curve Curve, key []byte) error {
-	if curve != c.details.curve {
-		return fmt.Errorf("curve in cert and private key supplied don't match")
-	}
-	if c.details.isCA {
-		switch curve {
-		case Curve_CURVE25519:
-			// the call to PublicKey below will panic slice bounds out of range otherwise
-			if len(key) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
-				return fmt.Errorf("key was not 64 bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key")
-			}
-
-			if !ed25519.PublicKey(c.details.publicKey).Equal(ed25519.PrivateKey(key).Public()) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("public key in cert and private key supplied don't match")
-			}
-		case Curve_P256:
-			privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("cannot parse private key as P256: %w", err)
-			}
-			pub := privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
-			if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.details.publicKey) {
-				return fmt.Errorf("public key in cert and private key supplied don't match")
-			}
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	var pub []byte
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		var err error
-		pub, err = curve25519.X25519(key, curve25519.Basepoint)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	case Curve_P256:
-		privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		pub = privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.details.publicKey) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("public key in cert and private key supplied don't match")
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-// getRawDetails marshals the raw details into protobuf ready struct
-func (c *certificateV1) getRawDetails() *RawNebulaCertificateDetails {
-	rd := &RawNebulaCertificateDetails{
-		Name:      c.details.name,
-		Groups:    c.details.groups,
-		NotBefore: c.details.notBefore.Unix(),
-		NotAfter:  c.details.notAfter.Unix(),
-		PublicKey: make([]byte, len(c.details.publicKey)),
-		IsCA:      c.details.isCA,
-		Curve:     c.details.curve,
-	}
-
-	for _, ipNet := range c.details.networks {
-		mask := net.CIDRMask(ipNet.Bits(), ipNet.Addr().BitLen())
-		rd.Ips = append(rd.Ips, addr2int(ipNet.Addr()), ip2int(mask))
-	}
-
-	for _, ipNet := range c.details.unsafeNetworks {
-		mask := net.CIDRMask(ipNet.Bits(), ipNet.Addr().BitLen())
-		rd.Subnets = append(rd.Subnets, addr2int(ipNet.Addr()), ip2int(mask))
-	}
-
-	copy(rd.PublicKey, c.details.publicKey[:])
-
-	// I know, this is terrible
-	rd.Issuer, _ = hex.DecodeString(c.details.issuer)
-
-	return rd
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) String() string {
-	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(c.marshalJSON(), "", "\t")
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("<error marshalling certificate: %v>", err)
-	}
-	return string(b)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) MarshalForHandshakes() ([]byte, error) {
-	pubKey := c.details.publicKey
-	c.details.publicKey = nil
-	rawCertNoKey, err := c.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	c.details.publicKey = pubKey
-	return rawCertNoKey, nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
-	rc := RawNebulaCertificate{
-		Details:   c.getRawDetails(),
-		Signature: c.signature,
-	}
-
-	return proto.Marshal(&rc)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) MarshalPEM() ([]byte, error) {
-	b, err := c.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: CertificateBanner, Bytes: b}), nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return json.Marshal(c.marshalJSON())
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) marshalJSON() m {
-	fp, _ := c.Fingerprint()
-	return m{
-		"version": Version1,
-		"details": m{
-			"name":           c.details.name,
-			"networks":       c.details.networks,
-			"unsafeNetworks": c.details.unsafeNetworks,
-			"groups":         c.details.groups,
-			"notBefore":      c.details.notBefore,
-			"notAfter":       c.details.notAfter,
-			"publicKey":      fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.details.publicKey),
-			"isCa":           c.details.isCA,
-			"issuer":         c.details.issuer,
-			"curve":          c.details.curve.String(),
-		},
-		"fingerprint": fp,
-		"signature":   fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.Signature()),
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) Copy() Certificate {
-	nc := &certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name:      c.details.name,
-			notBefore: c.details.notBefore,
-			notAfter:  c.details.notAfter,
-			publicKey: make([]byte, len(c.details.publicKey)),
-			isCA:      c.details.isCA,
-			issuer:    c.details.issuer,
-			curve:     c.details.curve,
-		},
-		signature: make([]byte, len(c.signature)),
-	}
-
-	if c.details.groups != nil {
-		nc.details.groups = make([]string, len(c.details.groups))
-		copy(nc.details.groups, c.details.groups)
-	}
-
-	if c.details.networks != nil {
-		nc.details.networks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.networks))
-		copy(nc.details.networks, c.details.networks)
-	}
-
-	if c.details.unsafeNetworks != nil {
-		nc.details.unsafeNetworks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.unsafeNetworks))
-		copy(nc.details.unsafeNetworks, c.details.unsafeNetworks)
-	}
-
-	copy(nc.signature, c.signature)
-	copy(nc.details.publicKey, c.details.publicKey)
-
-	return nc
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) fromTBSCertificate(t *TBSCertificate) error {
-	c.details = detailsV1{
-		name:           t.Name,
-		networks:       t.Networks,
-		unsafeNetworks: t.UnsafeNetworks,
-		groups:         t.Groups,
-		notBefore:      t.NotBefore,
-		notAfter:       t.NotAfter,
-		publicKey:      t.PublicKey,
-		isCA:           t.IsCA,
-		curve:          t.Curve,
-		issuer:         t.issuer,
-	}
-
-	return c.validate()
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) validate() error {
-	// Empty names are allowed
-
-	if len(c.details.publicKey) == 0 {
-		return ErrInvalidPublicKey
-	}
-
-	// Original v1 rules allowed multiple networks to be present but ignored all but the first one.
-	// Continue to allow this behavior
-	if !c.details.isCA && len(c.details.networks) == 0 {
-		return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificates must contain exactly one network")
-	}
-
-	for _, network := range c.details.networks {
-		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid network: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().Is6() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("certificate may not contain IPv6 networks: %v", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().IsUnspecified() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificates must not use the zero address as a network: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, network := range c.details.unsafeNetworks {
-		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid unsafe network: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().Is6() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("certificate may not contain IPv6 unsafe networks: %v", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("unsafe networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// v1 doesn't bother with sort order or uniqueness of networks or unsafe networks.
-	// We can't modify the unmarshalled data because verification requires re-marshalling and a re-ordered
-	// unsafe networks would result in a different signature.
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) marshalForSigning() ([]byte, error) {
-	b, err := proto.Marshal(c.getRawDetails())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return b, nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV1) setSignature(b []byte) error {
-	if len(b) == 0 {
-		return ErrEmptySignature
-	}
-	c.signature = b
-	return nil
-}
-
-// unmarshalCertificateV1 will unmarshal a protobuf byte representation of a nebula cert
-// if the publicKey is provided here then it is not required to be present in `b`
-func unmarshalCertificateV1(b []byte, publicKey []byte) (*certificateV1, error) {
-	if len(b) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil byte array")
-	}
-	var rc RawNebulaCertificate
-	err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &rc)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if rc.Details == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded Details was nil")
-	}
-
-	if len(rc.Details.Ips)%2 != 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded IPs should be in pairs, an odd number was found")
-	}
-
-	if len(rc.Details.Subnets)%2 != 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded Subnets should be in pairs, an odd number was found")
-	}
-
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name:           rc.Details.Name,
-			groups:         make([]string, len(rc.Details.Groups)),
-			networks:       make([]netip.Prefix, len(rc.Details.Ips)/2),
-			unsafeNetworks: make([]netip.Prefix, len(rc.Details.Subnets)/2),
-			notBefore:      time.Unix(rc.Details.NotBefore, 0),
-			notAfter:       time.Unix(rc.Details.NotAfter, 0),
-			publicKey:      nil,
-			isCA:           rc.Details.IsCA,
-			curve:          rc.Details.Curve,
-		},
-		signature: make([]byte, len(rc.Signature)),
-	}
-
-	copy(nc.signature, rc.Signature)
-	copy(nc.details.groups, rc.Details.Groups)
-	nc.details.issuer = hex.EncodeToString(rc.Details.Issuer)
-
-	// If a public key is passed in as an argument, the certificate pubkey must be empty
-	// and the passed-in pubkey copied into the cert.
-	if len(publicKey) > 0 {
-		if len(rc.Details.PublicKey) != 0 {
-			return nil, ErrCertPubkeyPresent
-		}
-		nc.details.publicKey = make([]byte, len(publicKey))
-		copy(nc.details.publicKey, publicKey)
-	} else {
-		nc.details.publicKey = make([]byte, len(rc.Details.PublicKey))
-		copy(nc.details.publicKey, rc.Details.PublicKey)
-	}
-
-	var ip netip.Addr
-	for i, rawIp := range rc.Details.Ips {
-		if i%2 == 0 {
-			ip = int2addr(rawIp)
-		} else {
-			ones, _ := net.IPMask(int2ip(rawIp)).Size()
-			nc.details.networks[i/2] = netip.PrefixFrom(ip, ones)
-		}
-	}
-
-	for i, rawIp := range rc.Details.Subnets {
-		if i%2 == 0 {
-			ip = int2addr(rawIp)
-		} else {
-			ones, _ := net.IPMask(int2ip(rawIp)).Size()
-			nc.details.unsafeNetworks[i/2] = netip.PrefixFrom(ip, ones)
-		}
-	}
-
-	err = nc.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return &nc, nil
-}
-
-func ip2int(ip []byte) uint32 {
-	if len(ip) == 16 {
-		return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(ip[12:16])
-	}
-	return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(ip)
-}
-
-func int2ip(nn uint32) net.IP {
-	ip := make(net.IP, net.IPv4len)
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(ip, nn)
-	return ip
-}
-
-func addr2int(addr netip.Addr) uint32 {
-	b := addr.Unmap().As4()
-	return binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
-}
-
-func int2addr(nn uint32) netip.Addr {
-	ip := [4]byte{}
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(ip[:], nn)
-	return netip.AddrFrom4(ip).Unmap()
-}
@@ -1,334 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
-)
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: before,
-			notAfter:  after,
-			publicKey: pubKey,
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	b, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	//t.Log("Cert size:", len(b))
-
-	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, Version1, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Signature(), nc2.Signature())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Name(), nc2.Name())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotBefore(), nc2.NotBefore())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotAfter(), nc2.NotAfter())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.PublicKey(), nc2.PublicKey())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.IsCA(), nc2.IsCA())
-
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Networks(), nc2.Networks())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.UnsafeNetworks(), nc2.UnsafeNetworks())
-
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Unmarshal(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-	invalidPubkey := []byte("00000000000000000000000000000000")
-
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: before,
-			notAfter:  after,
-			publicKey: pubKey,
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	// This certificate has a pubkey included
-	certWithPubkey, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// This certificate is missing the pubkey section
-	certWithoutPubkey, err := nc.MarshalForHandshakes()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Cert has no pubkey and no pubkey passed in must fail to validate
-	isNil, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(certWithoutPubkey, nil)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-
-	// Cert has different pubkey than one passed in must fail
-	isNil, err = unmarshalCertificateV1(certWithPubkey, invalidPubkey)
-	require.Nil(t, isNil)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-
-	// Cert has pubkey and no pubkey argument works ok
-	_, err = unmarshalCertificateV1(certWithPubkey, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Cert has no pubkey and valid, correctly signed pubkey passed in
-	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(certWithoutPubkey, pubKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, pubKey, nc2.PublicKey())
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name:           "testing",
-			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
-			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore:      before,
-			notAfter:       after,
-			publicKey:      pubKey,
-			isCA:           false,
-			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t, Version1, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = true
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-
-	pubP256KeyPemCA := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	nc.details.curve = Curve_P256
-	nc.details.publicKey = pubP256Key
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPemCA))
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = false
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Expired(t *testing.T) {
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			notBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second),
-			notAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second),
-		},
-	}
-
-	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)))
-	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)))
-	assert.False(t, nc.Expired(time.Now()))
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	time.Local = time.UTC
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: time.Date(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
-			notAfter:  time.Date(1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
-			publicKey: pubKey,
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.JSONEq(
-		t,
-		"{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"test-group1\",\"test-group2\",\"test-group3\"],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab\",\"name\":\"testing\",\"networks\":[\"10.1.1.1/24\",\"10.1.1.2/16\"],\"notAfter\":\"0000-11-30T02:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0000-11-30T01:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162\",\"unsafeNetworks\":[\"9.1.1.2/24\",\"9.1.1.3/16\"]},\"fingerprint\":\"3944c53d4267a229295b56cb2d27d459164c010ac97d655063ba421e0670f4ba\",\"signature\":\"313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162\",\"version\":1}",
-		string(b),
-	)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_VerifyPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-
-	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, priv2 := X25519Keypair()
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_VerifyPrivateKeyP256(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-
-	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, priv2 := P256Keypair()
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-}
-
-// Ensure that upgrading the protobuf library does not change how certificates
-// are marshalled, since this would break signature verification
-func TestMarshalingCertificateV1Consistency(t *testing.T) {
-	before := time.Date(1970, time.January, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, time.UTC)
-	after := time.Date(9999, time.January, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, time.UTC)
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV1{
-		details: detailsV1{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: before,
-			notAfter:  after,
-			publicKey: pubKey,
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	b, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "0a8e010a0774657374696e671212828284508080fcff0f8182845080feffff0f1a12838284488080fcff0f8282844880feffff0f220b746573742d67726f757031220b746573742d67726f757032220b746573742d67726f75703328cd1c30cdb8ccf0af073a20313233343536373839306162636564666768696a3132333435363738393061624a081234567890abcedf1220313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162", fmt.Sprintf("%x", b))
-
-	b, err = proto.Marshal(nc.getRawDetails())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "0a0774657374696e671212828284508080fcff0f8182845080feffff0f1a12838284488080fcff0f8282844880feffff0f220b746573742d67726f757031220b746573742d67726f757032220b746573742d67726f75703328cd1c30cdb8ccf0af073a20313233343536373839306162636564666768696a3132333435363738393061624a081234567890abcedf", fmt.Sprintf("%x", b))
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Copy(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	cc := c.Copy()
-	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, c, cc)
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalCertificateV1(t *testing.T) {
-	// Test that we don't panic with an invalid certificate (#332)
-	data := []byte("\x98\x00\x00")
-	_, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(data, nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "encoded Details was nil")
-}
-
-func appendByteSlices(b ...[]byte) []byte {
-	retSlice := []byte{}
-	for _, v := range b {
-		retSlice = append(retSlice, v...)
-	}
-	return retSlice
-}
-
-func mustParsePrefixUnmapped(s string) netip.Prefix {
-	prefix := netip.MustParsePrefix(s)
-	return netip.PrefixFrom(prefix.Addr().Unmap(), prefix.Bits())
-}
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-Nebula DEFINITIONS AUTOMATIC TAGS ::= BEGIN
-
-Name ::= UTF8String (SIZE (1..253))
-Time ::= INTEGER (0..18446744073709551615) -- Seconds since unix epoch, uint64 maximum
-Network ::= OCTET STRING (SIZE (5,17)) -- IP addresses are 4 or 16 bytes + 1 byte for the prefix length
-Curve ::= ENUMERATED {
-    curve25519 (0),
-    p256 (1)
-}
-
-- The maximum size of a certificate must not exceed 65536 bytes
-Certificate ::= SEQUENCE {
-    details OCTET STRING,
-    curve Curve DEFAULT curve25519,
-    publicKey OCTET STRING,
-    -- signature(details + curve + publicKey) using the appropriate method for curve
-    signature OCTET STRING
-}
-
-Details ::= SEQUENCE {
-    name Name,
-
-    -- At least 1 ipv4 or ipv6 address must be present if isCA is false
-    networks SEQUENCE OF Network OPTIONAL,
-    unsafeNetworks SEQUENCE OF Network OPTIONAL,
-    groups SEQUENCE OF Name OPTIONAL,
-    isCA BOOLEAN DEFAULT false,
-    notBefore Time,
-    notAfter Time,
-
-    -- issuer is only required if isCA is false, if isCA is true then it must not be present
-    issuer OCTET STRING OPTIONAL,
-    ...
-    -- New fields can be added below here
-}
-
-END
@@ -1,745 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"crypto/ecdh"
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"encoding/json"
-	"encoding/pem"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
-	"time"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte/asn1"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
-)
-
-const (
-	classConstructed     = 0x20
-	classContextSpecific = 0x80
-
-	TagCertDetails   = 0 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
-	TagCertCurve     = 1 | classContextSpecific
-	TagCertPublicKey = 2 | classContextSpecific
-	TagCertSignature = 3 | classContextSpecific
-
-	TagDetailsName           = 0 | classContextSpecific
-	TagDetailsNetworks       = 1 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
-	TagDetailsUnsafeNetworks = 2 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
-	TagDetailsGroups         = 3 | classConstructed | classContextSpecific
-	TagDetailsIsCA           = 4 | classContextSpecific
-	TagDetailsNotBefore      = 5 | classContextSpecific
-	TagDetailsNotAfter       = 6 | classContextSpecific
-	TagDetailsIssuer         = 7 | classContextSpecific
-)
-
-const (
-	// MaxCertificateSize is the maximum length a valid certificate can be
-	MaxCertificateSize = 65536
-
-	// MaxNameLength is limited to a maximum realistic DNS domain name to help facilitate DNS systems
-	MaxNameLength = 253
-
-	// MaxNetworkLength is the maximum length a network value can be.
-	// 16 bytes for an ipv6 address + 1 byte for the prefix length
-	MaxNetworkLength = 17
-)
-
-type certificateV2 struct {
-	details detailsV2
-
-	// RawDetails contains the entire asn.1 DER encoded Details struct
-	// This is to benefit forwards compatibility in signature checking.
-	// signature(RawDetails + Curve + PublicKey) == Signature
-	rawDetails []byte
-	curve      Curve
-	publicKey  []byte
-	signature  []byte
-}
-
-type detailsV2 struct {
-	name           string
-	networks       []netip.Prefix // MUST BE SORTED
-	unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix // MUST BE SORTED
-	groups         []string
-	isCA           bool
-	notBefore      time.Time
-	notAfter       time.Time
-	issuer         string
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Version() Version {
-	return Version2
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Curve() Curve {
-	return c.curve
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Groups() []string {
-	return c.details.groups
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) IsCA() bool {
-	return c.details.isCA
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Issuer() string {
-	return c.details.issuer
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Name() string {
-	return c.details.name
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return c.details.networks
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) NotAfter() time.Time {
-	return c.details.notAfter
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) NotBefore() time.Time {
-	return c.details.notBefore
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) PublicKey() []byte {
-	return c.publicKey
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
-	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Signature() []byte {
-	return c.signature
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) UnsafeNetworks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return c.details.unsafeNetworks
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Fingerprint() (string, error) {
-	if len(c.rawDetails) == 0 {
-		return "", ErrMissingDetails
-	}
-
-	b := make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey)+len(c.signature))
-	copy(b, c.rawDetails)
-	b[len(c.rawDetails)] = byte(c.curve)
-	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1:], c.publicKey)
-	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey):], c.signature)
-	sum := sha256.Sum256(b)
-	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:]), nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
-	if len(c.rawDetails) == 0 {
-		return false
-	}
-	b := make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey))
-	copy(b, c.rawDetails)
-	b[len(c.rawDetails)] = byte(c.curve)
-	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1:], c.publicKey)
-
-	switch c.curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		if len(key) != ed25519.PublicKeySize {
-			return false //avoids a panic internal to ed25519
-		}
-		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
-	case Curve_P256:
-		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return false
-		}
-		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
-		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
-	default:
-		return false
-	}
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Expired(t time.Time) bool {
-	return c.details.notBefore.After(t) || c.details.notAfter.Before(t)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) VerifyPrivateKey(curve Curve, key []byte) error {
-	if curve != c.curve {
-		return ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch
-	}
-	if c.details.isCA {
-		switch curve {
-		case Curve_CURVE25519:
-			// the call to PublicKey below will panic slice bounds out of range otherwise
-			if len(key) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
-				return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
-			}
-
-			if !ed25519.PublicKey(c.publicKey).Equal(ed25519.PrivateKey(key).Public()) {
-				return ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch
-			}
-		case Curve_P256:
-			privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
-			if err != nil {
-				return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
-			}
-			pub := privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
-			if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.publicKey) {
-				return ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch
-			}
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	var pub []byte
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		var err error
-		pub, err = curve25519.X25519(key, curve25519.Basepoint)
-		if err != nil {
-			return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
-		}
-	case Curve_P256:
-		privkey, err := ecdh.P256().NewPrivateKey(key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return ErrInvalidPrivateKey
-		}
-		pub = privkey.PublicKey().Bytes()
-	default:
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curve)
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(pub, c.publicKey) {
-		return ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) String() string {
-	mb, err := c.marshalJSON()
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("<error marshalling certificate: %v>", err)
-	}
-
-	b, err := json.MarshalIndent(mb, "", "\t")
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Sprintf("<error marshalling certificate: %v>", err)
-	}
-	return string(b)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) MarshalForHandshakes() ([]byte, error) {
-	if c.rawDetails == nil {
-		return nil, ErrEmptyRawDetails
-	}
-	var b cryptobyte.Builder
-	// Outermost certificate
-	b.AddASN1(asn1.SEQUENCE, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-
-		// Add the cert details which is already marshalled
-		b.AddBytes(c.rawDetails)
-
-		// Skipping the curve and public key since those come across in a different part of the handshake
-
-		// Add the signature
-		b.AddASN1(TagCertSignature, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-			b.AddBytes(c.signature)
-		})
-	})
-
-	return b.Bytes()
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
-	if c.rawDetails == nil {
-		return nil, ErrEmptyRawDetails
-	}
-	var b cryptobyte.Builder
-	// Outermost certificate
-	b.AddASN1(asn1.SEQUENCE, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-
-		// Add the cert details which is already marshalled
-		b.AddBytes(c.rawDetails)
-
-		// Add the curve only if its not the default value
-		if c.curve != Curve_CURVE25519 {
-			b.AddASN1(TagCertCurve, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-				b.AddBytes([]byte{byte(c.curve)})
-			})
-		}
-
-		// Add the public key if it is not empty
-		if c.publicKey != nil {
-			b.AddASN1(TagCertPublicKey, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-				b.AddBytes(c.publicKey)
-			})
-		}
-
-		// Add the signature
-		b.AddASN1(TagCertSignature, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-			b.AddBytes(c.signature)
-		})
-	})
-
-	return b.Bytes()
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) MarshalPEM() ([]byte, error) {
-	b, err := c.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: CertificateV2Banner, Bytes: b}), nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	b, err := c.marshalJSON()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	return json.Marshal(b)
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) marshalJSON() (m, error) {
-	fp, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return m{
-		"details": m{
-			"name":           c.details.name,
-			"networks":       c.details.networks,
-			"unsafeNetworks": c.details.unsafeNetworks,
-			"groups":         c.details.groups,
-			"notBefore":      c.details.notBefore,
-			"notAfter":       c.details.notAfter,
-			"isCa":           c.details.isCA,
-			"issuer":         c.details.issuer,
-		},
-		"version":     Version2,
-		"publicKey":   fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.publicKey),
-		"curve":       c.curve.String(),
-		"fingerprint": fp,
-		"signature":   fmt.Sprintf("%x", c.Signature()),
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) Copy() Certificate {
-	nc := &certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			name:      c.details.name,
-			notBefore: c.details.notBefore,
-			notAfter:  c.details.notAfter,
-			isCA:      c.details.isCA,
-			issuer:    c.details.issuer,
-		},
-		curve:      c.curve,
-		publicKey:  make([]byte, len(c.publicKey)),
-		signature:  make([]byte, len(c.signature)),
-		rawDetails: make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)),
-	}
-
-	if c.details.groups != nil {
-		nc.details.groups = make([]string, len(c.details.groups))
-		copy(nc.details.groups, c.details.groups)
-	}
-
-	if c.details.networks != nil {
-		nc.details.networks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.networks))
-		copy(nc.details.networks, c.details.networks)
-	}
-
-	if c.details.unsafeNetworks != nil {
-		nc.details.unsafeNetworks = make([]netip.Prefix, len(c.details.unsafeNetworks))
-		copy(nc.details.unsafeNetworks, c.details.unsafeNetworks)
-	}
-
-	copy(nc.rawDetails, c.rawDetails)
-	copy(nc.signature, c.signature)
-	copy(nc.publicKey, c.publicKey)
-
-	return nc
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) fromTBSCertificate(t *TBSCertificate) error {
-	c.details = detailsV2{
-		name:           t.Name,
-		networks:       t.Networks,
-		unsafeNetworks: t.UnsafeNetworks,
-		groups:         t.Groups,
-		isCA:           t.IsCA,
-		notBefore:      t.NotBefore,
-		notAfter:       t.NotAfter,
-		issuer:         t.issuer,
-	}
-	c.curve = t.Curve
-	c.publicKey = t.PublicKey
-	return c.validate()
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) validate() error {
-	// Empty names are allowed
-
-	if len(c.publicKey) == 0 {
-		return ErrInvalidPublicKey
-	}
-
-	if !c.details.isCA && len(c.details.networks) == 0 {
-		return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificate must contain at least 1 network")
-	}
-
-	hasV4Networks := false
-	hasV6Networks := false
-	for _, network := range c.details.networks {
-		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid network: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().IsUnspecified() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("non-CA certificates must not use the zero address as a network: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().Is4In6() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("4in6 networks are not allowed: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		hasV4Networks = hasV4Networks || network.Addr().Is4()
-		hasV6Networks = hasV6Networks || network.Addr().Is6()
-	}
-
-	slices.SortFunc(c.details.networks, comparePrefix)
-	err := findDuplicatePrefix(c.details.networks)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, network := range c.details.unsafeNetworks {
-		if !network.IsValid() || !network.Addr().IsValid() {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("invalid unsafe network: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if network.Addr().Zone() != "" {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("unsafe networks may not contain zones: %s", network)
-		}
-
-		if !c.details.isCA {
-			if network.Addr().Is6() {
-				if !hasV6Networks {
-					return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("IPv6 unsafe networks require an IPv6 address assignment: %s", network)
-				}
-			} else if network.Addr().Is4() {
-				if !hasV4Networks {
-					return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("IPv4 unsafe networks require an IPv4 address assignment: %s", network)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	slices.SortFunc(c.details.unsafeNetworks, comparePrefix)
-	err = findDuplicatePrefix(c.details.unsafeNetworks)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) marshalForSigning() ([]byte, error) {
-	d, err := c.details.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("marshalling certificate details failed: %w", err)
-	}
-	c.rawDetails = d
-
-	b := make([]byte, len(c.rawDetails)+1+len(c.publicKey))
-	copy(b, c.rawDetails)
-	b[len(c.rawDetails)] = byte(c.curve)
-	copy(b[len(c.rawDetails)+1:], c.publicKey)
-	return b, nil
-}
-
-func (c *certificateV2) setSignature(b []byte) error {
-	if len(b) == 0 {
-		return ErrEmptySignature
-	}
-	c.signature = b
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (d *detailsV2) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
-	var b cryptobyte.Builder
-	var err error
-
-	// Details are a structure
-	b.AddASN1(TagCertDetails, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-
-		// Add the name
-		b.AddASN1(TagDetailsName, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-			b.AddBytes([]byte(d.name))
-		})
-
-		// Add the networks if any exist
-		if len(d.networks) > 0 {
-			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsNetworks, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-				for _, n := range d.networks {
-					sb, innerErr := n.MarshalBinary()
-					if innerErr != nil {
-						// MarshalBinary never returns an error
-						err = fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal network: %w", innerErr)
-						return
-					}
-					b.AddASN1OctetString(sb)
-				}
-			})
-		}
-
-		// Add the unsafe networks if any exist
-		if len(d.unsafeNetworks) > 0 {
-			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsUnsafeNetworks, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-				for _, n := range d.unsafeNetworks {
-					sb, innerErr := n.MarshalBinary()
-					if innerErr != nil {
-						// MarshalBinary never returns an error
-						err = fmt.Errorf("unable to marshal unsafe network: %w", innerErr)
-						return
-					}
-					b.AddASN1OctetString(sb)
-				}
-			})
-		}
-
-		// Add groups if any exist
-		if len(d.groups) > 0 {
-			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsGroups, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-				for _, group := range d.groups {
-					b.AddASN1(asn1.UTF8String, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-						b.AddBytes([]byte(group))
-					})
-				}
-			})
-		}
-
-		// Add IsCA only if true
-		if d.isCA {
-			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsIsCA, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-				b.AddUint8(0xff)
-			})
-		}
-
-		// Add not before
-		b.AddASN1Int64WithTag(d.notBefore.Unix(), TagDetailsNotBefore)
-
-		// Add not after
-		b.AddASN1Int64WithTag(d.notAfter.Unix(), TagDetailsNotAfter)
-
-		// Add the issuer if present
-		if d.issuer != "" {
-			issuerBytes, innerErr := hex.DecodeString(d.issuer)
-			if innerErr != nil {
-				err = fmt.Errorf("failed to decode issuer: %w", innerErr)
-				return
-			}
-			b.AddASN1(TagDetailsIssuer, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-				b.AddBytes(issuerBytes)
-			})
-		}
-	})
-
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return b.Bytes()
-}
-
-func unmarshalCertificateV2(b []byte, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (*certificateV2, error) {
-	l := len(b)
-	if l == 0 || l > MaxCertificateSize {
-		return nil, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	input := cryptobyte.String(b)
-	// Open the envelope
-	if !input.ReadASN1(&input, asn1.SEQUENCE) || input.Empty() {
-		return nil, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	// Grab the cert details, we need to preserve the tag and length
-	var rawDetails cryptobyte.String
-	if !input.ReadASN1Element(&rawDetails, TagCertDetails) || rawDetails.Empty() {
-		return nil, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	//Maybe grab the curve
-	var rawCurve byte
-	if !readOptionalASN1Byte(&input, &rawCurve, TagCertCurve, byte(curve)) {
-		return nil, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-	curve = Curve(rawCurve)
-
-	// Maybe grab the public key
-	var rawPublicKey cryptobyte.String
-	if len(publicKey) > 0 {
-		// If a public key is passed in, then the handshake certificate must
-		// not have a public key present
-		if input.PeekASN1Tag(TagCertPublicKey) {
-			return nil, ErrCertPubkeyPresent
-		}
-		rawPublicKey = make(cryptobyte.String, len(publicKey))
-		copy(rawPublicKey, publicKey)
-	} else if !input.ReadOptionalASN1(&rawPublicKey, nil, TagCertPublicKey) {
-		return nil, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	if len(rawPublicKey) == 0 {
-		return nil, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	// Grab the signature
-	var rawSignature cryptobyte.String
-	if !input.ReadASN1(&rawSignature, TagCertSignature) || rawSignature.Empty() {
-		return nil, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	// Finally unmarshal the details
-	details, err := unmarshalDetails(rawDetails)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	c := &certificateV2{
-		details:    details,
-		rawDetails: rawDetails,
-		curve:      curve,
-		publicKey:  rawPublicKey,
-		signature:  rawSignature,
-	}
-
-	err = c.validate()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return c, nil
-}
-
-func unmarshalDetails(b cryptobyte.String) (detailsV2, error) {
-	// Open the envelope
-	if !b.ReadASN1(&b, TagCertDetails) || b.Empty() {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	// Read the name
-	var name cryptobyte.String
-	if !b.ReadASN1(&name, TagDetailsName) || name.Empty() || len(name) > MaxNameLength {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	// Read the network addresses
-	var subString cryptobyte.String
-	var found bool
-
-	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&subString, &found, TagDetailsNetworks) {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	var networks []netip.Prefix
-	var val cryptobyte.String
-	if found {
-		for !subString.Empty() {
-			if !subString.ReadASN1(&val, asn1.OCTET_STRING) || val.Empty() || len(val) > MaxNetworkLength {
-				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-			}
-
-			var n netip.Prefix
-			if err := n.UnmarshalBinary(val); err != nil {
-				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-			}
-			networks = append(networks, n)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Read out any unsafe networks
-	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&subString, &found, TagDetailsUnsafeNetworks) {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	var unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	if found {
-		for !subString.Empty() {
-			if !subString.ReadASN1(&val, asn1.OCTET_STRING) || val.Empty() || len(val) > MaxNetworkLength {
-				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-			}
-
-			var n netip.Prefix
-			if err := n.UnmarshalBinary(val); err != nil {
-				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-			}
-			unsafeNetworks = append(unsafeNetworks, n)
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Read out any groups
-	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&subString, &found, TagDetailsGroups) {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	var groups []string
-	if found {
-		for !subString.Empty() {
-			if !subString.ReadASN1(&val, asn1.UTF8String) || val.Empty() {
-				return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-			}
-			groups = append(groups, string(val))
-		}
-	}
-
-	// Read out IsCA
-	var isCa bool
-	if !readOptionalASN1Boolean(&b, &isCa, TagDetailsIsCA, false) {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	// Read not before and not after
-	var notBefore int64
-	if !b.ReadASN1Int64WithTag(&notBefore, TagDetailsNotBefore) {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	var notAfter int64
-	if !b.ReadASN1Int64WithTag(&notAfter, TagDetailsNotAfter) {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	// Read issuer
-	var issuer cryptobyte.String
-	if !b.ReadOptionalASN1(&issuer, nil, TagDetailsIssuer) {
-		return detailsV2{}, ErrBadFormat
-	}
-
-	return detailsV2{
-		name:           string(name),
-		networks:       networks,
-		unsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		groups:         groups,
-		isCA:           isCa,
-		notBefore:      time.Unix(notBefore, 0),
-		notAfter:       time.Unix(notAfter, 0),
-		issuer:         hex.EncodeToString(issuer),
-	}, nil
-}
@@ -1,379 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: before,
-			notAfter:  after,
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"),
-		publicKey: pubKey,
-	}
-
-	db, err := nc.details.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	nc.rawDetails = db
-
-	b, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	//t.Log("Cert size:", len(b))
-
-	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV2(b, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, Version2, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Signature(), nc2.Signature())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Name(), nc2.Name())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotBefore(), nc2.NotBefore())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotAfter(), nc2.NotAfter())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.PublicKey(), nc2.PublicKey())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.IsCA(), nc2.IsCA())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Issuer(), nc2.Issuer())
-
-	// unmarshalling will sort networks and unsafeNetworks, we need to do the same
-	// but first make sure it fails
-	assert.NotEqual(t, nc.Networks(), nc2.Networks())
-	assert.NotEqual(t, nc.UnsafeNetworks(), nc2.UnsafeNetworks())
-
-	slices.SortFunc(nc.details.networks, comparePrefix)
-	slices.SortFunc(nc.details.unsafeNetworks, comparePrefix)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Networks(), nc2.Networks())
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.UnsafeNetworks(), nc2.UnsafeNetworks())
-
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_Unmarshal(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: before,
-			notAfter:  after,
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"),
-		publicKey: pubKey,
-	}
-
-	db, err := nc.details.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	nc.rawDetails = db
-
-	certWithPubkey, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	//t.Log("Cert size:", len(b))
-	certWithoutPubkey, err := nc.MarshalForHandshakes()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Cert must not have a pubkey if one is passed in as an argument
-	_, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(certWithPubkey, pubKey, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrCertPubkeyPresent)
-
-	// Certs must have pubkeys
-	_, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(certWithoutPubkey, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrBadFormat)
-
-	// Ensure proper unmarshal if a pubkey is passed in
-	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV2(certWithoutPubkey, pubKey, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, nc.PublicKey(), nc2.PublicKey())
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			name:           "testing",
-			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
-			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore:      before,
-			notAfter:       after,
-			isCA:           false,
-			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
-		},
-		publicKey: pubKey,
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t, Version2, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = true
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
-	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-
-	pubP256KeyPemCA := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-
-	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	nc.curve = Curve_P256
-	nc.publicKey = pubP256Key
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPemCA))
-	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
-
-	nc.details.isCA = false
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
-	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
-	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_Expired(t *testing.T) {
-	nc := certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			notBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second),
-			notAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second),
-		},
-	}
-
-	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(time.Hour)))
-	assert.True(t, nc.Expired(time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)))
-	assert.False(t, nc.Expired(time.Now()))
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
-	time.Local = time.UTC
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf")
-
-	nc := certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: time.Date(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
-			notAfter:  time.Date(1, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC),
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf",
-		},
-		publicKey: pubKey,
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf"),
-	}
-
-	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMissingDetails)
-
-	rd, err := nc.details.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	nc.rawDetails = rd
-	b, err = nc.MarshalJSON()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.JSONEq(
-		t,
-		"{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"details\":{\"groups\":[\"test-group1\",\"test-group2\",\"test-group3\"],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf\",\"name\":\"testing\",\"networks\":[\"10.1.1.1/24\",\"10.1.1.2/16\"],\"notAfter\":\"0000-11-30T02:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0000-11-30T01:00:00Z\",\"unsafeNetworks\":[\"9.1.1.2/24\",\"9.1.1.3/16\"]},\"fingerprint\":\"152d9a7400c1e001cb76cffd035215ebb351f69eeb797f7f847dd086e15e56dd\",\"publicKey\":\"3132333435363738393061626365646631323334353637383930616263656466\",\"signature\":\"31323334353637383930616263656466313233343536373839306162636564663132333435363738393061626365646631323334353637383930616263656466\",\"version\":2}",
-		string(b),
-	)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_VerifyPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
-
-	_, caKey2, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey2)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)
-
-	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, priv2 := X25519Keypair()
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch)
-
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)
-
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
-
-	ac, ok := c.(*certificateV2)
-	require.True(t, ok)
-	ac.curve = Curve(99)
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve(99), priv2)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")
-
-	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	err = ca2.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
-
-	c, _, priv, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca2, caKey2, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	rawPriv, b, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
-
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
-
-	aCa, ok := ca2.(*certificateV2)
-	require.True(t, ok)
-	aCa.curve = Curve(99)
-	err = aCa.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve(99), priv2)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")
-
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_VerifyPrivateKeyP256(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-
-	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	_, priv2 := P256Keypair()
-	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_Copy(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)
-	cc := c.Copy()
-	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, c, cc)
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalCertificateV2(t *testing.T) {
-	data := []byte("\x98\x00\x00")
-	_, err := unmarshalCertificateV2(data, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bad wire format")
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV2_marshalForSigningStability(t *testing.T) {
-	before := time.Date(1996, time.May, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.UTC)
-	after := before.Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	nc := certificateV2{
-		details: detailsV2{
-			name: "testing",
-			networks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-			},
-			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-				mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-			},
-			groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-			notBefore: before,
-			notAfter:  after,
-			isCA:      false,
-			issuer:    "1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef",
-		},
-		signature: []byte("1234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"),
-		publicKey: pubKey,
-	}
-
-	const expectedRawDetailsStr = "a070800774657374696e67a10e04050a0101021004050a01010118a20e0405090101031004050901010218a3270c0b746573742d67726f7570310c0b746573742d67726f7570320c0b746573742d67726f7570338504318bef808604318befbc87101234567890abcdef1234567890abcdef"
-	expectedRawDetails, err := hex.DecodeString(expectedRawDetailsStr)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	db, err := nc.details.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, expectedRawDetails, db)
-
-	expectedForSigning, err := hex.DecodeString(expectedRawDetailsStr + "00313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162")
-	b, err := nc.marshalForSigning()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, expectedForSigning, b)
-}
@@ -3,28 +3,14 @@ package cert
 import (
 	"crypto/aes"
 	"crypto/cipher"
-	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/pem"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"math"

 	"golang.org/x/crypto/argon2"
-	"google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
 )

-type NebulaEncryptedData struct {
-	EncryptionMetadata NebulaEncryptionMetadata
-	Ciphertext         []byte
-}
-
-type NebulaEncryptionMetadata struct {
-	EncryptionAlgorithm string
-	Argon2Parameters    Argon2Parameters
-}
-
-// Argon2Parameters KDF factors
+// KDF factors
 type Argon2Parameters struct {
 	version     rune
 	Memory      uint32 // KiB
@@ -33,7 +19,7 @@ type Argon2Parameters struct {
 	salt        []byte
 }

-// NewArgon2Parameters Returns a new Argon2Parameters object with current version set
+// Returns a new Argon2Parameters object with current version set
 func NewArgon2Parameters(memory uint32, parallelism uint8, iterations uint32) *Argon2Parameters {
 	return &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
@@ -155,146 +141,3 @@ func splitNonceCiphertext(blob []byte, nonceSize int) ([]byte, []byte, error) {

 	return blob[:nonceSize], blob[nonceSize:], nil
 }
-
-// EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey is a simple helper to encrypt and PEM encode a private key
-func EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve Curve, b []byte, passphrase []byte, kdfParams *Argon2Parameters) ([]byte, error) {
-	ciphertext, err := aes256Encrypt(passphrase, kdfParams, b)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	b, err = proto.Marshal(&RawNebulaEncryptedData{
-		EncryptionMetadata: &RawNebulaEncryptionMetadata{
-			EncryptionAlgorithm: "AES-256-GCM",
-			Argon2Parameters: &RawNebulaArgon2Parameters{
-				Version:     kdfParams.version,
-				Memory:      kdfParams.Memory,
-				Parallelism: uint32(kdfParams.Parallelism),
-				Iterations:  kdfParams.Iterations,
-				Salt:        kdfParams.salt,
-			},
-		},
-		Ciphertext: ciphertext,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b}), nil
-	case Curve_P256:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b}), nil
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %v", curve)
-	}
-}
-
-// UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData will unmarshal a protobuf byte representation of a nebula cert into its
-// protobuf-generated struct.
-func UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(b []byte) (*NebulaEncryptedData, error) {
-	if len(b) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nil byte array")
-	}
-	var rned RawNebulaEncryptedData
-	err := proto.Unmarshal(b, &rned)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if rned.EncryptionMetadata == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded EncryptionMetadata was nil")
-	}
-
-	if rned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters == nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("encoded Argon2Parameters was nil")
-	}
-
-	params, err := unmarshalArgon2Parameters(rned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	ned := NebulaEncryptedData{
-		EncryptionMetadata: NebulaEncryptionMetadata{
-			EncryptionAlgorithm: rned.EncryptionMetadata.EncryptionAlgorithm,
-			Argon2Parameters:    *params,
-		},
-		Ciphertext: rned.Ciphertext,
-	}
-
-	return &ned, nil
-}
-
-func unmarshalArgon2Parameters(params *RawNebulaArgon2Parameters) (*Argon2Parameters, error) {
-	if params.Version < math.MinInt32 || params.Version > math.MaxInt32 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Argon2Parameters Version must be at least %d and no more than %d", math.MinInt32, math.MaxInt32)
-	}
-	if params.Memory <= 0 || params.Memory > math.MaxUint32 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Argon2Parameters Memory must be be greater than 0 and no more than %d KiB", uint32(math.MaxUint32))
-	}
-	if params.Parallelism <= 0 || params.Parallelism > math.MaxUint8 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("Argon2Parameters Parallelism must be be greater than 0 and no more than %d", math.MaxUint8)
-	}
-	if params.Iterations <= 0 || params.Iterations > math.MaxUint32 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("-argon-iterations must be be greater than 0 and no more than %d", uint32(math.MaxUint32))
-	}
-
-	return &Argon2Parameters{
-		version:     params.Version,
-		Memory:      params.Memory,
-		Parallelism: uint8(params.Parallelism),
-		Iterations:  params.Iterations,
-		salt:        params.Salt,
-	}, nil
-
-}
-
-// DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey will try to pem decode and decrypt an Ed25519/ECDSA private key with
-// the given passphrase, returning any other bytes b or an error on failure
-func DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, b []byte) (Curve, []byte, []byte, error) {
-	var curve Curve
-
-	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
-	if k == nil {
-		return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-	}
-
-	switch k.Type {
-	case EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner:
-		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-	case EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner:
-		curve = Curve_P256
-	default:
-		return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper nebula encrypted Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
-	}
-
-	ned, err := UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(k.Bytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return curve, nil, r, err
-	}
-
-	var bytes []byte
-	switch ned.EncryptionMetadata.EncryptionAlgorithm {
-	case "AES-256-GCM":
-		bytes, err = aes256Decrypt(passphrase, &ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters, ned.Ciphertext)
-		if err != nil {
-			return curve, nil, r, err
-		}
-	default:
-		return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("unsupported encryption algorithm: %s", ned.EncryptionMetadata.EncryptionAlgorithm)
-	}
-
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		if len(bytes) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
-			return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key", ed25519.PrivateKeySize)
-		}
-	case Curve_P256:
-		if len(bytes) != 32 {
-			return curve, nil, r, fmt.Errorf("key was not 32 bytes, is invalid ECDSA P256 private key")
-		}
-	}
-
-	return curve, bytes, r, nil
-}
@@ -4,110 +4,22 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/argon2"
 )

 func TestNewArgon2Parameters(t *testing.T) {
 	p := NewArgon2Parameters(64*1024, 4, 3)
-	assert.Equal(t, &Argon2Parameters{
+	assert.EqualValues(t, &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
 		Memory:      64 * 1024,
 		Parallelism: 4,
 		Iterations:  3,
 	}, p)
 	p = NewArgon2Parameters(2*1024*1024, 2, 1)
-	assert.Equal(t, &Argon2Parameters{
+	assert.EqualValues(t, &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
 		Memory:      2 * 1024 * 1024,
 		Parallelism: 2,
 		Iterations:  1,
 	}, p)
 }
-
-func TestDecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
-	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE")
-	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiCPoDfGQiosxNPTbPn5EsMlc2MI
-c0Bt4oz6gTrFQhX3aBJcimhHKeAuhyTGvllD0Z19fe+DFPcLH3h5VrdjVfIAajg0
-KrbV3n9UHif/Au5skWmquNJzoW1E4MTdRbvpti6o+WdQ49DxjBFhx0YH8LBqrbPU
-0BGkUHmIO7daP24=
-----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	shortKey := []byte(`# A key which, once decrypted, is too short
-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiAVJwdfl3r+eqi/vF6S7OMdpjfo
-hAzmTCRnr58Su4AqmBJbCv3zleYCEKYJP6UI3S8ekLMGISsgO4hm5leukCCyqT0Z
-cQ76yrberpzkJKoPLGisX8f+xdy4aXSZl7oEYWQte1+vqbtl/eY9PGZhxUQdcyq7
-hqzIyrRqfUgVuA==
-----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner (not encrypted)
-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-bWRp2CTVFhW9HD/qCd28ltDgK3w8VXSeaEYczDWos8sMUBqDb9jP3+NYwcS4lURG
-XgLvodMXZJuaFPssp+WwtA==
-----END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
-BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCognnjujd67Vsv99p22wfAjQaDT
-oCMW1mdjkU3gACKNW4MSXOWR9Sts4C81yk1RUku2gvGKs3TB9LYoklLsIizSYOLl
-+Vs//O1T0I1Xbml2XBAROsb/VSoDln/6LMqR4B6fn6B3GOsLBBqRI8daDl9lRMPB
-qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA
-END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-
-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(privKey, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
-
-	// Success test case
-	curve, k, rest, err := DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, keyBundle)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-
-	// Fail due to short key
-	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key")
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-
-	// Fail due to invalid banner
-	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper nebula encrypted Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-
-	// Fail due to invalid PEM format, because
-	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
-	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-
-	// Fail due to invalid passphrase
-	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey([]byte("invalid passphrase"), privKey)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid passphrase or corrupt private key")
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, rest)
-}
-
-func TestEncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
-	// Having proved that decryption works correctly above, we can test the
-	// encryption function produces a value which can be decrypted
-	passphrase := []byte("passphrase")
-	bytes := []byte("AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA")
-	kdfParams := NewArgon2Parameters(64*1024, 4, 3)
-	key, err := EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, bytes, passphrase, kdfParams)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Verify the "key" can be decrypted successfully
-	curve, k, rest, err := DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, key)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, rest)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// EncryptAndMarshalEd25519PrivateKey does not create any errors itself
-}
@@ -2,51 +2,14 @@ package cert

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 )

 var (
-	ErrBadFormat                  = errors.New("bad wire format")
-	ErrRootExpired                = errors.New("root certificate is expired")
-	ErrExpired                    = errors.New("certificate is expired")
-	ErrNotCA                      = errors.New("certificate is not a CA")
-	ErrNotSelfSigned              = errors.New("certificate is not self-signed")
-	ErrBlockListed                = errors.New("certificate is in the block list")
-	ErrFingerprintMismatch        = errors.New("certificate fingerprint did not match")
-	ErrSignatureMismatch          = errors.New("certificate signature did not match")
-	ErrInvalidPublicKey           = errors.New("invalid public key")
-	ErrInvalidPrivateKey          = errors.New("invalid private key")
-	ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch = errors.New("public key does not match private key curve")
-	ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch   = errors.New("public key and private key are not a pair")
-	ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted        = errors.New("private key must be decrypted")
-	ErrCaNotFound                 = errors.New("could not find ca for the certificate")
-	ErrUnknownVersion             = errors.New("certificate version unrecognized")
-	ErrCertPubkeyPresent          = errors.New("certificate has unexpected pubkey present")
-	ErrCurveMismatch              = errors.New("certificate curve does not match CA")
-
-	ErrInvalidPEMBlock                   = errors.New("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-	ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner       = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")
-	ErrInvalidPEMX25519PublicKeyBanner   = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper X25519 public key banner")
-	ErrInvalidPEMX25519PrivateKeyBanner  = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper X25519 private key banner")
-	ErrInvalidPEMEd25519PublicKeyBanner  = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519 public key banner")
-	ErrInvalidPEMEd25519PrivateKeyBanner = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519 private key banner")
-
-	ErrNoPeerStaticKey = errors.New("no peer static key was present")
-	ErrNoPayload       = errors.New("provided payload was empty")
-
-	ErrMissingDetails  = errors.New("certificate did not contain details")
-	ErrEmptySignature  = errors.New("empty signature")
-	ErrEmptyRawDetails = errors.New("empty rawDetails not allowed")
+	ErrRootExpired                      = errors.New("root certificate is expired")
+	ErrExpired                          = errors.New("certificate is expired")
+	ErrNotCA                            = errors.New("certificate is not a CA")
+	ErrNotSelfSigned                    = errors.New("certificate is not self-signed")
+	ErrBlockListed                      = errors.New("certificate is in the block list")
+	ErrSignatureMismatch                = errors.New("certificate signature did not match")
+	ErrInvalidPEMCertificateUnsupported = errors.New("bytes contain an unsupported certificate format")
 )
-
-type ErrInvalidCertificateProperties struct {
-	str string
-}
-
-func NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties(format string, a ...any) error {
-	return &ErrInvalidCertificateProperties{fmt.Sprintf(format, a...)}
-}
-
-func (e *ErrInvalidCertificateProperties) Error() string {
-	return e.str
-}
@@ -1,141 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdh"
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"io"
-	"net/netip"
-	"time"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
-)
-
-// NewTestCaCert will create a new ca certificate
-func NewTestCaCert(version Version, curve Curve, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	var err error
-	var pub, priv []byte
-
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		pub, priv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	case Curve_P256:
-		privk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-
-		pub = elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), privk.PublicKey.X, privk.PublicKey.Y)
-		priv = privk.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
-	default:
-		// There is no default to allow the underlying lib to respond with an error
-	}
-
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	t := &TBSCertificate{
-		Curve:          curve,
-		Version:        version,
-		Name:           "test ca",
-		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-		PublicKey:      pub,
-		Networks:       networks,
-		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		Groups:         groups,
-		IsCA:           true,
-	}
-
-	c, err := t.Sign(nil, curve, priv)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return c, pub, priv, pem
-}
-
-// NewTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
-// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
-func NewTestCert(v Version, curve Curve, ca Certificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	if len(networks) == 0 {
-		networks = []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.123/8")}
-	}
-
-	var pub, priv []byte
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		pub, priv = X25519Keypair()
-	case Curve_P256:
-		pub, priv = P256Keypair()
-	default:
-		panic("unknown curve")
-	}
-
-	nc := &TBSCertificate{
-		Version:        v,
-		Curve:          curve,
-		Name:           name,
-		Networks:       networks,
-		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		Groups:         groups,
-		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-		PublicKey:      pub,
-		IsCA:           false,
-	}
-
-	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), key)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return c, pub, MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, priv), pem
-}
-
-func X25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
-	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return pubkey, privkey
-}
-
-func P256Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
-	privkey, err := ecdh.P256().GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	pubkey := privkey.PublicKey()
-	return pubkey.Bytes(), privkey.Bytes()
-}
@@ -1,127 +0,0 @@
-package p256
-
-import (
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"errors"
-	"math/big"
-
-	"filippo.io/bigmod"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/cryptobyte/asn1"
-)
-
-var halfN = new(big.Int).Rsh(elliptic.P256().Params().N, 1)
-var nMod *bigmod.Modulus
-
-func init() {
-	n, err := bigmod.NewModulus(elliptic.P256().Params().N.Bytes())
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	nMod = n
-}
-
-func IsNormalized(sig []byte) (bool, error) {
-	r, s, err := parseSignature(sig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	return checkLowS(r, s), nil
-}
-
-func checkLowS(_, s []byte) bool {
-	bigS := new(big.Int).SetBytes(s)
-	// Check if S <= (N/2), because we want to include the midpoint in the set of low-s
-	return bigS.Cmp(halfN) <= 0
-}
-
-func swap(r, s []byte) ([]byte, []byte, error) {
-	var err error
-	bigS, err := bigmod.NewNat().SetBytes(s, nMod)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil, err
-	}
-	sNormalized := nMod.Nat().Sub(bigS, nMod)
-
-	result := sNormalized.Bytes(nMod)
-	for len(result) > 1 && result[0] == 0 {
-		result = result[1:]
-	}
-
-	return r, result, nil
-}
-
-func Normalize(sig []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	r, s, err := parseSignature(sig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if checkLowS(r, s) {
-		return sig, nil
-	}
-
-	newR, newS, err := swap(r, s)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return encodeSignature(newR, newS)
-}
-
-// Swap will change sig between its current form to the opposite high or low form.
-func Swap(sig []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	r, s, err := parseSignature(sig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	newR, newS, err := swap(r, s)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	return encodeSignature(newR, newS)
-}
-
-// parseSignature taken exactly from crypto/ecdsa/ecdsa.go
-func parseSignature(sig []byte) (r, s []byte, err error) {
-	var inner cryptobyte.String
-	input := cryptobyte.String(sig)
-	if !input.ReadASN1(&inner, asn1.SEQUENCE) ||
-		!input.Empty() ||
-		!inner.ReadASN1Integer(&r) ||
-		!inner.ReadASN1Integer(&s) ||
-		!inner.Empty() {
-		return nil, nil, errors.New("invalid ASN.1")
-	}
-	return r, s, nil
-}
-
-func encodeSignature(r, s []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	var b cryptobyte.Builder
-	b.AddASN1(asn1.SEQUENCE, func(b *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-		addASN1IntBytes(b, r)
-		addASN1IntBytes(b, s)
-	})
-	return b.Bytes()
-}
-
-// addASN1IntBytes encodes in ASN.1 a positive integer represented as
-// a big-endian byte slice with zero or more leading zeroes.
-func addASN1IntBytes(b *cryptobyte.Builder, bytes []byte) {
-	for len(bytes) > 0 && bytes[0] == 0 {
-		bytes = bytes[1:]
-	}
-	if len(bytes) == 0 {
-		b.SetError(errors.New("invalid integer"))
-		return
-	}
-	b.AddASN1(asn1.INTEGER, func(c *cryptobyte.Builder) {
-		if bytes[0]&0x80 != 0 {
-			c.AddUint8(0)
-		}
-		c.AddBytes(bytes)
-	})
-}
@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-package p256
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestFlipping(t *testing.T) {
-	priv, err1 := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err1)
-
-	out, err := ecdsa.SignASN1(rand.Reader, priv, []byte("big chungus"))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	r, s, err := parseSignature(out)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	r, s1, err := swap(r, s)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	r, s2, err := swap(r, s1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Equal(t, s, s2)
-	require.NotEqual(t, s, s1)
-}
@@ -1,247 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"bytes"
-	"encoding/pem"
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
-)
-
-var ErrTruncatedPEMBlock = errors.New("truncated PEM block")
-
-// SplitPEM is a split function for bufio.Scanner that returns each PEM block.
-func SplitPEM(data []byte, atEOF bool) (advance int, token []byte, err error) {
-	// Look for the start of a PEM block
-	start := bytes.Index(data, []byte("-----BEGIN "))
-	if start == -1 {
-		if atEOF && len(bytes.TrimSpace(data)) > 0 {
-			// Non-whitespace content with no PEM block
-			return 0, nil, ErrTruncatedPEMBlock
-		}
-		if atEOF {
-			return len(data), nil, nil
-		}
-		// Request more data
-		return 0, nil, nil
-	}
-
-	// Look for the end marker
-	endMarkerStart := bytes.Index(data[start:], []byte("-----END "))
-	if endMarkerStart == -1 {
-		if atEOF {
-			// Incomplete PEM block at EOF
-			return 0, nil, ErrTruncatedPEMBlock
-		}
-		// Need more data to find the end
-		return 0, nil, nil
-	}
-
-	// Find the actual end of the END line (after the newline)
-	endMarkerStart += start
-	endLineEnd := bytes.IndexByte(data[endMarkerStart:], '\n')
-	var end int
-	if endLineEnd == -1 {
-		if atEOF {
-			// END marker without newline at EOF - take it anyway
-			end = len(data)
-		} else {
-			// Need more data
-			return 0, nil, nil
-		}
-	} else {
-		end = endMarkerStart + endLineEnd + 1
-	}
-
-	// Extract the PEM block
-	pemBlock := data[start:end]
-
-	// Return the valid PEM block
-	return end, pemBlock, nil
-}
-
-const ( //cert banners
-	CertificateBanner   = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE"
-	CertificateV2Banner = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE V2"
-)
-
-const ( //key-agreement-key banners
-	X25519PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY"
-	X25519PublicKeyBanner  = "NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY"
-	P256PrivateKeyBanner   = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
-	P256PublicKeyBanner    = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
-)
-
-/* including "ECDSA" in the P256 banners is a clue that these keys should be used only for signing */
-const ( //signing key banners
-	EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
-	ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
-	ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner           = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
-	EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner   = "NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
-	Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner            = "NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY"
-	Ed25519PublicKeyBanner             = "NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY"
-)
-
-// UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM will try to unmarshal the first pem block in a byte array, returning any non consumed
-// data or an error on failure
-func UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(b []byte) (Certificate, []byte, error) {
-	p, r := pem.Decode(b)
-	if p == nil {
-		return nil, r, ErrInvalidPEMBlock
-	}
-
-	c, err := unmarshalCertificateBlock(p)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, r, err
-	}
-
-	return c, r, nil
-
-}
-
-// unmarshalCertificateBlock decodes a single PEM block into a certificate.
-// It expects a Nebula certificate banner and returns ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner otherwise.
-func unmarshalCertificateBlock(block *pem.Block) (Certificate, error) {
-	switch block.Type {
-	// Implementations must validate the resulting certificate contains valid information
-	case CertificateBanner:
-		return unmarshalCertificateV1(block.Bytes, nil)
-	case CertificateV2Banner:
-		return unmarshalCertificateV2(block.Bytes, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	default:
-		return nil, ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner
-	}
-}
-
-func marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c Certificate) []byte {
-	if c.IsCA() {
-		return MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
-	} else {
-		return MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
-	}
-}
-
-// MarshalPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for ECDH.
-// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
-func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: X25519PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	case Curve_P256:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: P256PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-// MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for signing.
-// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
-func MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: Ed25519PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	case Curve_P256:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
-	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
-	if k == nil {
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-	}
-	var expectedLen int
-	var curve Curve
-	switch k.Type {
-	case X25519PublicKeyBanner, Ed25519PublicKeyBanner:
-		expectedLen = 32
-		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-	case P256PublicKeyBanner, ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner:
-		// Uncompressed
-		expectedLen = 65
-		curve = Curve_P256
-	default:
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
-	}
-	if len(k.Bytes) != expectedLen {
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid %s public key", expectedLen, curve)
-	}
-	return k.Bytes, r, curve, nil
-}
-
-func MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: X25519PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	case Curve_P256:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: P256PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-func MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
-	switch curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	case Curve_P256:
-		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
-	default:
-		return nil
-	}
-}
-
-// UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM will try to unmarshal the first pem block in a byte array, returning any non
-// consumed data or an error on failure
-func UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
-	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
-	if k == nil {
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-	}
-	var expectedLen int
-	var curve Curve
-	switch k.Type {
-	case X25519PrivateKeyBanner:
-		expectedLen = 32
-		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-	case P256PrivateKeyBanner:
-		expectedLen = 32
-		curve = Curve_P256
-	default:
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper private key banner")
-	}
-	if len(k.Bytes) != expectedLen {
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid %s private key", expectedLen, curve)
-	}
-	return k.Bytes, r, curve, nil
-}
-
-func UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
-	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
-	if k == nil {
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-	}
-	var curve Curve
-	switch k.Type {
-	case EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner:
-		return nil, nil, Curve_CURVE25519, ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted
-	case EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner:
-		return nil, nil, Curve_P256, ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted
-	case Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner:
-		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-		if len(k.Bytes) != ed25519.PrivateKeySize {
-			return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not %d bytes, is invalid Ed25519 private key", ed25519.PrivateKeySize)
-		}
-	case ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner:
-		curve = Curve_P256
-		if len(k.Bytes) != 32 {
-			return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("key was not 32 bytes, is invalid ECDSA P256 private key")
-		}
-	default:
-		return nil, r, 0, fmt.Errorf("bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
-	}
-	return k.Bytes, r, curve, nil
-}
@@ -1,384 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func scanAll(t *testing.T, input string) ([]string, error) {
-	t.Helper()
-	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(strings.NewReader(input))
-	scanner.Split(SplitPEM)
-	var blocks []string
-	for scanner.Scan() {
-		blocks = append(blocks, scanner.Text())
-	}
-	return blocks, scanner.Err()
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_Single(t *testing.T) {
-	input := "-----BEGIN TEST-----\ndata\n-----END TEST-----\n"
-	blocks, err := scanAll(t, input)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, blocks, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, input, blocks[0])
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
-	block1 := "-----BEGIN TEST-----\naaa\n-----END TEST-----\n"
-	block2 := "-----BEGIN TEST-----\nbbb\n-----END TEST-----\n"
-	blocks, err := scanAll(t, block1+block2)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, blocks, 2)
-	require.Equal(t, block1, blocks[0])
-	require.Equal(t, block2, blocks[1])
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_CommentsAndWhitespaceBetweenBlocks(t *testing.T) {
-	input := "# comment\n\n-----BEGIN TEST-----\naaa\n-----END TEST-----\n\n# another comment\n\n-----BEGIN TEST-----\nbbb\n-----END TEST-----\n"
-	blocks, err := scanAll(t, input)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, blocks, 2)
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_Empty(t *testing.T) {
-	blocks, err := scanAll(t, "")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Empty(t, blocks)
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_WhitespaceOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	blocks, err := scanAll(t, "  \n\t\n  ")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Empty(t, blocks)
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_TrailingGarbage(t *testing.T) {
-	input := "-----BEGIN TEST-----\ndata\n-----END TEST-----\ngarbage"
-	blocks, err := scanAll(t, input)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTruncatedPEMBlock)
-	require.Len(t, blocks, 1)
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_TruncatedBlock(t *testing.T) {
-	input := "-----BEGIN TEST-----\npartial data with no end"
-	_, err := scanAll(t, input)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTruncatedPEMBlock)
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_NoEndNewline(t *testing.T) {
-	input := "-----BEGIN TEST-----\ndata\n-----END TEST-----"
-	blocks, err := scanAll(t, input)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.Len(t, blocks, 1)
-	require.Equal(t, input, blocks[0])
-}
-
-func TestSplitPEM_GarbageOnly(t *testing.T) {
-	_, err := scanAll(t, "this is not PEM data")
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrTruncatedPEMBlock)
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
-	goodCert := []byte(`
-# A good cert
-----BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-CkAKDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKJfap9AFMJfg1+YGOiCUQGByMuNRhIlQBOyzXWbL
-vcKBwDhov900phEfJ5DN3kABEkDCq5R8qBiu8sl54yVfgRcQXEDt3cHr8UTSLszv
-bzBEr00kERQxxTzTsH8cpYEgRoipvmExvg8WP8NdAJEYJosB
-----END NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-`)
-	badBanner := []byte(`# A bad banner
-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-CkAKDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKJfap9AFMJfg1+YGOiCUQGByMuNRhIlQBOyzXWbL
-vcKBwDhov900phEfJ5DN3kABEkDCq5R8qBiu8sl54yVfgRcQXEDt3cHr8UTSLszv
-bzBEr00kERQxxTzTsH8cpYEgRoipvmExvg8WP8NdAJEYJosB
-----END NOT A NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-`)
-	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
-BEGIN NEBULA CERTIFICATE-----
-CkAKDm5lYnVsYSByb290IGNhKJfap9AFMJfg1+YGOiCUQGByMuNRhIlQBOyzXWbL
-vcKBwDhov900phEfJ5DN3kABEkDCq5R8qBiu8sl54yVfgRcQXEDt3cHr8UTSLszv
-bzBEr00kERQxxTzTsH8cpYEgRoipvmExvg8WP8NdAJEYJosB
-END NEBULA CERTIFICATE----`)
-
-	certBundle := appendByteSlices(goodCert, badBanner, invalidPem)
-
-	// Success test case
-	cert, rest, err := UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(certBundle)
-	assert.NotNil(t, cert)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, append(badBanner, invalidPem...))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Fail due to invalid banner.
-	cert, rest, err = UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, cert)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")
-
-	// Fail due to invalid PEM format, because
-	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
-	cert, rest, err = UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, cert)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
-	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
-----END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	privP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-----END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
-----END NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
-BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
-END NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY-----`)
-
-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(privKey, privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Fail due to short key
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid Ed25519 private key")
-
-	// Fail due to invalid banner
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
-
-	// Fail due to invalid PEM format, because
-	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
-	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	privP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
-----END NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NOT A NEBULA PRIVATE KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
-BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-END NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY-----`)
-
-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(privKey, privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	// Fail due to short key
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 private key")
-
-	// Fail due to invalid banner
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper private key banner")
-
-	// Fail due to invalid PEM format, because
-	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
-BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----`)
-
-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-
-	// Fail due to short key
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")
-
-	// Fail due to invalid banner
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-
-	// Fail due to invalid PEM format, because
-	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-}
-
-func TestUnmarshalX25519PublicKey(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	pubP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	oldPubP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==
-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner
-----BEGIN NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-----END NOT A NEBULA PUBLIC KEY-----
-`)
-	invalidPem := []byte(`# Not a valid PEM format
-BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----`)
-
-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-
-	// Success test case
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-
-	// Fail due to short key
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")
-
-	// Fail due to invalid banner
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-
-	// Fail due to invalid PEM format, because
-	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
-	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
-}
@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"crypto/sha256"
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert/p256"
-)
-
-// TBSCertificate represents a certificate intended to be signed.
-// It is invalid to use this structure as a Certificate.
-type TBSCertificate struct {
-	Version        Version
-	Name           string
-	Networks       []netip.Prefix
-	UnsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	Groups         []string
-	IsCA           bool
-	NotBefore      time.Time
-	NotAfter       time.Time
-	PublicKey      []byte
-	Curve          Curve
-	issuer         string
-}
-
-type beingSignedCertificate interface {
-	// fromTBSCertificate copies the values from the TBSCertificate to this versions internal representation
-	// Implementations must validate the resulting certificate contains valid information
-	fromTBSCertificate(*TBSCertificate) error
-
-	// marshalForSigning returns the bytes that should be signed
-	marshalForSigning() ([]byte, error)
-
-	// setSignature sets the signature for the certificate that has just been signed. The signature must not be blank.
-	setSignature([]byte) error
-}
-
-type SignerLambda func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error)
-
-// Sign will create a sealed certificate using details provided by the TBSCertificate as long as those
-// details do not violate constraints of the signing certificate.
-// If the TBSCertificate is a CA then signer must be nil.
-func (t *TBSCertificate) Sign(signer Certificate, curve Curve, key []byte) (Certificate, error) {
-	switch t.Curve {
-	case Curve_CURVE25519:
-		pk := ed25519.PrivateKey(key)
-		sp := func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-			sig := ed25519.Sign(pk, certBytes)
-			return sig, nil
-		}
-		return t.SignWith(signer, curve, sp)
-	case Curve_P256:
-		pk, err := ecdsa.ParseRawPrivateKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		sp := func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-			// We need to hash first for ECDSA
-			// - https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/ecdsa#SignASN1
-			hashed := sha256.Sum256(certBytes)
-			return ecdsa.SignASN1(rand.Reader, pk, hashed[:])
-		}
-		return t.SignWith(signer, curve, sp)
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", t.Curve)
-	}
-}
-
-// SignWith does the same thing as sign, but uses the function in `sp` to calculate the signature.
-// You should only use SignWith if you do not have direct access to your private key.
-func (t *TBSCertificate) SignWith(signer Certificate, curve Curve, sp SignerLambda) (Certificate, error) {
-	if curve != t.Curve {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("curve in cert and private key supplied don't match")
-	}
-
-	if signer != nil {
-		if t.IsCA {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("can not sign a CA certificate with another")
-		}
-
-		err := checkCAConstraints(signer, t.NotBefore, t.NotAfter, t.Groups, t.Networks, t.UnsafeNetworks)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-
-		issuer, err := signer.Fingerprint()
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error computing issuer: %v", err)
-		}
-		t.issuer = issuer
-	} else {
-		if !t.IsCA {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("self signed certificates must have IsCA set to true")
-		}
-	}
-
-	var c beingSignedCertificate
-	switch t.Version {
-	case Version1:
-		c = &certificateV1{}
-		err := c.fromTBSCertificate(t)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	case Version2:
-		c = &certificateV2{}
-		err := c.fromTBSCertificate(t)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown cert version %d", t.Version)
-	}
-
-	certBytes, err := c.marshalForSigning()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	sig, err := sp(certBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if curve == Curve_P256 {
-		sig, err = p256.Normalize(sig)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-	}
-
-	err = c.setSignature(sig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	sc, ok := c.(Certificate)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid certificate")
-	}
-
-	return sc, nil
-}
-
-func comparePrefix(a, b netip.Prefix) int {
-	addr := a.Addr().Compare(b.Addr())
-	if addr == 0 {
-		return a.Bits() - b.Bits()
-	}
-	return addr
-}
-
-// findDuplicatePrefix returns an error if there is a duplicate prefix in the pre-sorted input slice sortedPrefixes
-func findDuplicatePrefix(sortedPrefixes []netip.Prefix) error {
-	if len(sortedPrefixes) < 2 {
-		return nil
-	}
-	for i := 1; i < len(sortedPrefixes); i++ {
-		if comparePrefix(sortedPrefixes[i], sortedPrefixes[i-1]) == 0 {
-			return NewErrInvalidCertificateProperties("duplicate network detected: %v", sortedPrefixes[i])
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-package cert
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert/p256"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-func TestCertificateV1_Sign(t *testing.T) {
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	tbs := TBSCertificate{
-		Version: Version1,
-		Name:    "testing",
-		Networks: []netip.Prefix{
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-		},
-		UnsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/24"),
-		},
-		Groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-		NotBefore: before,
-		NotAfter:  after,
-		PublicKey: pubKey,
-		IsCA:      false,
-	}
-
-	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	c, err := tbs.Sign(&certificateV1{details: detailsV1{notBefore: before, notAfter: after}}, Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NotNil(t, c)
-	assert.True(t, c.CheckSignature(pub))
-
-	b, err := c.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	uc, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NotNil(t, uc)
-}
-
-func TestCertificateV1_SignP256(t *testing.T) {
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("01234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	tbs := TBSCertificate{
-		Version: Version1,
-		Name:    "testing",
-		Networks: []netip.Prefix{
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-		},
-		UnsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-		},
-		Groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-		NotBefore: before,
-		NotAfter:  after,
-		PublicKey: pubKey,
-		IsCA:      false,
-		Curve:     Curve_P256,
-	}
-
-	priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	pub := elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), priv.PublicKey.X, priv.PublicKey.Y)
-	rawPriv := priv.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
-
-	c, err := tbs.Sign(&certificateV1{details: detailsV1{notBefore: before, notAfter: after}}, Curve_P256, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NotNil(t, c)
-	assert.True(t, c.CheckSignature(pub))
-
-	b, err := c.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	uc, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.NotNil(t, uc)
-}
-
-func TestCertificate_SignP256_AlwaysNormalized(t *testing.T) {
-	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	pubKey := []byte("01234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
-
-	tbs := TBSCertificate{
-		Version: Version1,
-		Name:    "testing",
-		Networks: []netip.Prefix{
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.1/24"),
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.1.1.2/16"),
-		},
-		UnsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.2/24"),
-			mustParsePrefixUnmapped("9.1.1.3/16"),
-		},
-		Groups:    []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
-		NotBefore: before,
-		NotAfter:  after,
-		PublicKey: pubKey,
-		IsCA:      true,
-		Curve:     Curve_P256,
-	}
-
-	priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	pub := elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), priv.PublicKey.X, priv.PublicKey.Y)
-	rawPriv := priv.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
-
-	for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
-		if i&1 == 1 {
-			tbs.Version = Version1
-		} else {
-			tbs.Version = Version2
-		}
-		c, err := tbs.Sign(nil, Curve_P256, rawPriv)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.NotNil(t, c)
-		assert.True(t, c.CheckSignature(pub))
-		normie, err := p256.IsNormalized(c.Signature())
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.True(t, normie)
-	}
-}
@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-package cert_test
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ecdh"
-	"crypto/ecdsa"
-	"crypto/elliptic"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"io"
-	"net/netip"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
-)
-
-// NewTestCaCert will create a new ca certificate
-func NewTestCaCert(version cert.Version, curve cert.Curve, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	var err error
-	var pub, priv []byte
-
-	switch curve {
-	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
-		pub, priv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	case cert.Curve_P256:
-		privk, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-
-		pub = elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), privk.PublicKey.X, privk.PublicKey.Y)
-		priv = privk.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))
-	default:
-		// There is no default to allow the underlying lib to respond with an error
-	}
-
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Curve:          curve,
-		Version:        version,
-		Name:           "test ca",
-		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-		PublicKey:      pub,
-		Networks:       networks,
-		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		Groups:         groups,
-		IsCA:           true,
-	}
-
-	c, err := t.Sign(nil, curve, priv)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return c, pub, priv, pem
-}
-
-// NewTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
-// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
-func NewTestCert(v cert.Version, curve cert.Curve, ca cert.Certificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	var pub, priv []byte
-	switch curve {
-	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
-		pub, priv = X25519Keypair()
-	case cert.Curve_P256:
-		pub, priv = P256Keypair()
-	default:
-		panic("unknown curve")
-	}
-
-	nc := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Version:        v,
-		Curve:          curve,
-		Name:           name,
-		Networks:       networks,
-		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		Groups:         groups,
-		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-		PublicKey:      pub,
-		IsCA:           false,
-	}
-
-	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), key)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return c, pub, cert.MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, priv), pem
-}
-
-func NewTestCertDifferentVersion(c cert.Certificate, v cert.Version, ca cert.Certificate, key []byte) (cert.Certificate, []byte) {
-	nc := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Version:        v,
-		Curve:          c.Curve(),
-		Name:           c.Name(),
-		Networks:       c.Networks(),
-		UnsafeNetworks: c.UnsafeNetworks(),
-		Groups:         c.Groups(),
-		NotBefore:      time.Unix(c.NotBefore().Unix(), 0),
-		NotAfter:       time.Unix(c.NotAfter().Unix(), 0),
-		PublicKey:      c.PublicKey(),
-		IsCA:           false,
-	}
-
-	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), key)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return c, pem
-}
-
-func X25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
-	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return pubkey, privkey
-}
-
-func P256Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
-	privkey, err := ecdh.P256().GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	pubkey := privkey.PublicKey()
-	return pubkey.Bytes(), privkey.Bytes()
-}
-
-// DummyCert is a minimal cert.Certificate implementation for testing error paths.
-type DummyCert struct {
-	Version_        cert.Version
-	Curve_          cert.Curve
-	Groups_         []string
-	IsCA_           bool
-	Issuer_         string
-	Name_           string
-	Networks_       []netip.Prefix
-	NotAfter_       time.Time
-	NotBefore_      time.Time
-	PublicKey_      []byte
-	Signature_      []byte
-	UnsafeNetworks_ []netip.Prefix
-}
-
-func (d *DummyCert) Version() cert.Version                         { return d.Version_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) Curve() cert.Curve                             { return d.Curve_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) Groups() []string                              { return d.Groups_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) IsCA() bool                                    { return d.IsCA_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) Issuer() string                                { return d.Issuer_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) Name() string                                  { return d.Name_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) Networks() []netip.Prefix                      { return d.Networks_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) NotAfter() time.Time                           { return d.NotAfter_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) NotBefore() time.Time                          { return d.NotBefore_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) PublicKey() []byte                             { return d.PublicKey_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) Signature() []byte                             { return d.Signature_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) UnsafeNetworks() []netip.Prefix                { return d.UnsafeNetworks_ }
-func (d *DummyCert) Fingerprint() (string, error)                  { return "", nil }
-func (d *DummyCert) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool                { return false }
-func (d *DummyCert) MarshalForHandshakes() ([]byte, error)         { return nil, nil }
-func (d *DummyCert) MarshalPEM() ([]byte, error)                   { return nil, nil }
-func (d *DummyCert) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)                  { return nil, nil }
-func (d *DummyCert) Marshal() ([]byte, error)                      { return nil, nil }
-func (d *DummyCert) String() string                                { return "dummy" }
-func (d *DummyCert) Copy() cert.Certificate                        { return d }
-func (d *DummyCert) VerifyPrivateKey(c cert.Curve, k []byte) error { return nil }
-func (d *DummyCert) Expired(time.Time) bool                        { return false }
-func (d *DummyCert) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte                   { return nil }
-func (d *DummyCert) PublicKeyPEM() []byte                          { return nil }
-
-// NewTestCAPool creates a CAPool from the given CA certificates, panicking on error.
-func NewTestCAPool(cas ...cert.Certificate) *cert.CAPool {
-	pool := cert.NewCAPool()
-	for _, ca := range cas {
-		if err := pool.AddCA(ca); err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-	}
-	return pool
-}
@@ -8,14 +8,13 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/skip2/go-qrcode"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/pkclient"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )

@@ -27,43 +26,32 @@ type caFlags struct {
 	outCertPath      *string
 	outQRPath        *string
 	groups           *string
-	networks         *string
-	unsafeNetworks   *string
+	ips              *string
+	subnets          *string
 	argonMemory      *uint
 	argonIterations  *uint
 	argonParallelism *uint
 	encryption       *bool
-	version          *uint

-	curve  *string
-	p11url *string
-
-	// Deprecated options
-	ips     *string
-	subnets *string
+	curve *string
 }

 func newCaFlags() *caFlags {
 	cf := caFlags{set: flag.NewFlagSet("ca", flag.ContinueOnError)}
 	cf.set.Usage = func() {}
 	cf.name = cf.set.String("name", "", "Required: name of the certificate authority")
-	cf.version = cf.set.Uint("version", uint(cert.Version2), "Optional: version of the certificate format to use")
 	cf.duration = cf.set.Duration("duration", time.Duration(time.Hour*8760), "Optional: amount of time the certificate should be valid for. Valid time units are seconds: \"s\", minutes: \"m\", hours: \"h\"")
 	cf.outKeyPath = cf.set.String("out-key", "ca.key", "Optional: path to write the private key to")
 	cf.outCertPath = cf.set.String("out-crt", "ca.crt", "Optional: path to write the certificate to")
 	cf.outQRPath = cf.set.String("out-qr", "", "Optional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate")
 	cf.groups = cf.set.String("groups", "", "Optional: comma separated list of groups. This will limit which groups subordinate certs can use")
-	cf.networks = cf.set.String("networks", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in networks")
-	cf.unsafeNetworks = cf.set.String("unsafe-networks", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in unsafe networks")
+	cf.ips = cf.set.String("ips", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use for ip addresses")
+	cf.subnets = cf.set.String("subnets", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in subnets")
 	cf.argonMemory = cf.set.Uint("argon-memory", 2*1024*1024, "Optional: Argon2 memory parameter (in KiB) used for encrypted private key passphrase")
 	cf.argonParallelism = cf.set.Uint("argon-parallelism", 4, "Optional: Argon2 parallelism parameter used for encrypted private key passphrase")
 	cf.argonIterations = cf.set.Uint("argon-iterations", 1, "Optional: Argon2 iterations parameter used for encrypted private key passphrase")
 	cf.encryption = cf.set.Bool("encrypt", false, "Optional: prompt for passphrase and write out-key in an encrypted format")
 	cf.curve = cf.set.String("curve", "25519", "EdDSA/ECDSA Curve (25519, P256)")
-	cf.p11url = p11Flag(cf.set)
-
-	cf.ips = cf.set.String("ips", "", "Deprecated, see -networks")
-	cf.subnets = cf.set.String("subnets", "", "Deprecated, see -unsafe-networks")
 	return &cf
 }

@@ -88,21 +76,17 @@ func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error
 		return err
 	}

-	isP11 := len(*cf.p11url) > 0
-
 	if err := mustFlagString("name", cf.name); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if !isP11 {
-		if err = mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	if err := mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 	if err := mustFlagString("out-crt", cf.outCertPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	var kdfParams *cert.Argon2Parameters
-	if !isP11 && *cf.encryption {
+	if *cf.encryption {
 		if kdfParams, err = parseArgonParameters(*cf.argonMemory, *cf.argonParallelism, *cf.argonIterations); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -122,185 +106,134 @@ func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error
 		}
 	}

-	version := cert.Version(*cf.version)
-	if version != cert.Version1 && version != cert.Version2 {
-		return newHelpErrorf("-version must be either %v or %v", cert.Version1, cert.Version2)
-	}
-
-	var networks []netip.Prefix
-	if *cf.networks == "" && *cf.ips != "" {
-		// Pull up deprecated -ips flag if needed
-		*cf.networks = *cf.ips
-	}
-
-	if *cf.networks != "" {
-		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.networks, ",") {
+	var ips []*net.IPNet
+	if *cf.ips != "" {
+		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.ips, ",") {
 			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
 			if rs != "" {
-				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
+				ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(rs)
 				if err != nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: %s", rs)
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: %s", err)
 				}
-				if version == cert.Version1 && !n.Addr().Is4() {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
+				if ip.To4() == nil {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
 				}
-				networks = append(networks, n)
+
+				ipNet.IP = ip
+				ips = append(ips, ipNet)
 			}
 		}
 	}

-	var unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	if *cf.unsafeNetworks == "" && *cf.subnets != "" {
-		// Pull up deprecated -subnets flag if needed
-		*cf.unsafeNetworks = *cf.subnets
-	}
-
-	if *cf.unsafeNetworks != "" {
-		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.unsafeNetworks, ",") {
+	var subnets []*net.IPNet
+	if *cf.subnets != "" {
+		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*cf.subnets, ",") {
 			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
 			if rs != "" {
-				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
+				_, s, err := net.ParseCIDR(rs)
 				if err != nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: %s", rs)
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: %s", err)
 				}
-				if version == cert.Version1 && !n.Addr().Is4() {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
+				if s.IP.To4() == nil {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
 				}
-				unsafeNetworks = append(unsafeNetworks, n)
+				subnets = append(subnets, s)
 			}
 		}
 	}

 	var passphrase []byte
-	if !isP11 && *cf.encryption {
-		passphrase = []byte(os.Getenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE"))
+	if *cf.encryption {
+		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+			out.Write([]byte("Enter passphrase: "))
+			passphrase, err = pr.ReadPassword()
+
+			if err == ErrNoTerminal {
+				return fmt.Errorf("out-key must be encrypted interactively")
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error reading passphrase: %s", err)
+			}
+
+			if len(passphrase) > 0 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
 		if len(passphrase) == 0 {
-			for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-				out.Write([]byte("Enter passphrase: "))
-				passphrase, err = pr.ReadPassword()
-
-				if err == ErrNoTerminal {
-					return fmt.Errorf("out-key must be encrypted interactively")
-				} else if err != nil {
-					return fmt.Errorf("error reading passphrase: %s", err)
-				}
-
-				if len(passphrase) > 0 {
-					break
-				}
-			}
-
-			if len(passphrase) == 0 {
-				return fmt.Errorf("no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
-			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
 		}
 	}

 	var curve cert.Curve
 	var pub, rawPriv []byte
-	var p11Client *pkclient.PKClient
-
-	if isP11 {
-		switch *cf.curve {
-		case "P256":
-			curve = cert.Curve_P256
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve for PKCS#11: %s", *cf.curve)
-		}
-
-		p11Client, err = pkclient.FromUrl(*cf.p11url)
+	switch *cf.curve {
+	case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
+		curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
+		pub, rawPriv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while creating PKCS#11 client: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ed25519 keys: %s", err)
 		}
-		defer func(client *pkclient.PKClient) {
-			_ = client.Close()
-		}(p11Client)
-		pub, err = p11Client.GetPubKey()
+	case "P256":
+		var key *ecdsa.PrivateKey
+		curve = cert.Curve_P256
+		key, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while getting public key with PKCS#11: %w", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ecdsa keys: %s", err)
 		}
-	} else {
-		switch *cf.curve {
-		case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
-			curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
-			pub, rawPriv, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ed25519 keys: %s", err)
-			}
-		case "P256":
-			var key *ecdsa.PrivateKey
-			curve = cert.Curve_P256
-			key, err = ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while generating ecdsa keys: %s", err)
-			}

-			// ecdh.PrivateKey lets us get at the encoded bytes, even though
-			// we aren't using ECDH here.
-			eKey, err := key.ECDH()
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while converting ecdsa key: %s", err)
-			}
-			rawPriv = eKey.Bytes()
-			pub = eKey.PublicKey().Bytes()
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", *cf.curve)
+		// ecdh.PrivateKey lets us get at the encoded bytes, even though
+		// we aren't using ECDH here.
+		eKey, err := key.ECDH()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while converting ecdsa key: %s", err)
 		}
+		rawPriv = eKey.Bytes()
+		pub = eKey.PublicKey().Bytes()
 	}

-	t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Version:        version,
-		Name:           *cf.name,
-		Groups:         groups,
-		Networks:       networks,
-		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		NotBefore:      time.Now(),
-		NotAfter:       time.Now().Add(*cf.duration),
-		PublicKey:      pub,
-		IsCA:           true,
-		Curve:          curve,
+	nc := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      *cf.name,
+			Groups:    groups,
+			Ips:       ips,
+			Subnets:   subnets,
+			NotBefore: time.Now(),
+			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(*cf.duration),
+			PublicKey: pub,
+			IsCA:      true,
+			Curve:     curve,
+		},
 	}

-	if !isP11 {
-		if _, err := os.Stat(*cf.outKeyPath); err == nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing CA key: %s", *cf.outKeyPath)
-		}
+	if _, err := os.Stat(*cf.outKeyPath); err == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing CA key: %s", *cf.outKeyPath)
 	}

 	if _, err := os.Stat(*cf.outCertPath); err == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: %s", *cf.outCertPath)
 	}

-	var c cert.Certificate
-	var b []byte
-
-	if isP11 {
-		c, err = t.SignWith(nil, curve, p11Client.SignASN1)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while signing with PKCS#11: %w", err)
-		}
-	} else {
-		c, err = t.Sign(nil, curve, rawPriv)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %s", err)
-		}
-
-		if *cf.encryption {
-			b, err = cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while encrypting out-key: %s", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			b = cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, rawPriv)
-		}
-
-		err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, b, 0600)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
-		}
+	err = nc.Sign(curve, rawPriv)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %s", err)
 	}

-	b, err = c.MarshalPEM()
+	var b []byte
+	if *cf.encryption {
+		b, err = cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while encrypting out-key: %s", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		b = cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv)
+	}
+
+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, b, 0600)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	b, err = nc.MarshalToPEM()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -14,9 +14,10 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

+//TODO: test file permissions
+
 func Test_caSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "ca <flags>: create a self signed certificate authority", caSummary())
 }
@@ -42,24 +43,17 @@ func Test_caHelp(t *testing.T) {
 			"  -groups string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of groups. This will limit which groups subordinate certs can use\n"+
 			"  -ips string\n"+
-			"    	Deprecated, see -networks\n"+
+			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use for ip addresses\n"+
 			"  -name string\n"+
 			"    \tRequired: name of the certificate authority\n"+
-			"  -networks string\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in networks\n"+
 			"  -out-crt string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: path to write the certificate to (default \"ca.crt\")\n"+
 			"  -out-key string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: path to write the private key to (default \"ca.key\")\n"+
 			"  -out-qr string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate\n"+
-			optionalPkcs11String("  -pkcs11 string\n    \tOptional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key\n")+
 			"  -subnets string\n"+
-			"    \tDeprecated, see -unsafe-networks\n"+
-			"  -unsafe-networks string\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ip addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in unsafe networks\n"+
-			"  -version uint\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: version of the certificate format to use (default 2)\n",
+			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. This will limit which ipv4 addresses and networks subordinate certs can use in subnets\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
 }
@@ -88,105 +82,93 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {

 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, ca(
-		[]string{"-version", "1", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope", "duration", "100m"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+		[]string{"-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope", "duration", "100m"}, ob, eb, nopw,
 	), "-name is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// ipv4 only ips
-	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-version", "1", "-name", "ipv6", "-ips", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-name", "ipv6", "-ips", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// ipv4 only subnets
-	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-version", "1", "-name", "ipv6", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-name", "ipv6", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args := []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	args := []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// failed cert write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp cert file
 	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(crtF.Name()))
-	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
+	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// test proper cert with removed empty groups and subnets
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
-	lKey, b, c, err := cert.UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, c)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalEd25519PrivateKey(rb)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 64)

 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
-	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

-	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Name())
-	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.Networks())
-	assert.True(t, lCrt.IsCA())
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Groups())
-	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.UnsafeNetworks())
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.NotAfter().Sub(lCrt.NotBefore()))
-	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.Issuer())
-	assert.True(t, lCrt.CheckSignature(lCrt.PublicKey()))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Details.Name)
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Ips, 0)
+	assert.True(t, lCrt.Details.IsCA)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Details.Groups)
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Subnets, 0)
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.PublicKey, 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.Details.NotAfter.Sub(lCrt.Details.NotBefore))
+	assert.Equal(t, "", lCrt.Details.Issuer)
+	assert.True(t, lCrt.CheckSignature(lCrt.Details.PublicKey))

 	// test encrypted key
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	args = []string{"-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, pwPromptOb, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-
-	// test encrypted key with passphrase environment variable
-	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
-	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	ob.Reset()
-	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	os.Setenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE", string(passphrase))
-	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, testpw))
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	os.Setenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE", "")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read encrypted key file and verify default params
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	k, _ := pem.Decode(rb)
 	ned, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(k.Bytes)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	// we won't know salt in advance, so just check start of string
 	assert.Equal(t, uint32(2*1024*1024), ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters.Memory)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(4), ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters.Parallelism)
@@ -196,54 +178,54 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	var curve cert.Curve
 	curve, lKey, b, err = cert.DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rb)
 	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 64)

-	// test when reading password results in an error
+	// test when reading passsword results in an error
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.Error(t, ca(args, ob, eb, errpw))
+	args = []string{"-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.Error(t, ca(args, ob, eb, errpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, pwPromptOb, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// test when user fails to enter a password
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
+	args = []string{"-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
 	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat(pwPromptOb, 5), ob.String()) // prompts 5 times before giving up
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create valid cert/key for overwrite tests
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing certificate file
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA key: "+keyF.Name())
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA key: "+keyF.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing key file
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: "+crtF.Name())
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	args = []string{"-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: "+crtF.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 }
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"

-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/pkclient"
-
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 )

@@ -15,8 +13,8 @@ type keygenFlags struct {
 	set        *flag.FlagSet
 	outKeyPath *string
 	outPubPath *string
-	curve      *string
-	p11url     *string
+
+	curve *string
 }

 func newKeygenFlags() *keygenFlags {
@@ -25,7 +23,6 @@ func newKeygenFlags() *keygenFlags {
 	cf.outPubPath = cf.set.String("out-pub", "", "Required: path to write the public key to")
 	cf.outKeyPath = cf.set.String("out-key", "", "Required: path to write the private key to")
 	cf.curve = cf.set.String("curve", "25519", "ECDH Curve (25519, P256)")
-	cf.p11url = p11Flag(cf.set)
 	return &cf
 }

@@ -36,58 +33,32 @@ func keygen(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	isP11 := len(*cf.p11url) > 0
-
-	if !isP11 {
-		if err = mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	if err := mustFlagString("out-key", cf.outKeyPath); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	if err = mustFlagString("out-pub", cf.outPubPath); err != nil {
+	if err := mustFlagString("out-pub", cf.outPubPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

 	var pub, rawPriv []byte
 	var curve cert.Curve
-	if isP11 {
-		switch *cf.curve {
-		case "P256":
-			curve = cert.Curve_P256
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve for PKCS#11: %s", *cf.curve)
-		}
-	} else {
-		switch *cf.curve {
-		case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
-			pub, rawPriv = x25519Keypair()
-			curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
-		case "P256":
-			pub, rawPriv = p256Keypair()
-			curve = cert.Curve_P256
-		default:
-			return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", *cf.curve)
-		}
+	switch *cf.curve {
+	case "25519", "X25519", "Curve25519", "CURVE25519":
+		pub, rawPriv = x25519Keypair()
+		curve = cert.Curve_CURVE25519
+	case "P256":
+		pub, rawPriv = p256Keypair()
+		curve = cert.Curve_P256
+	default:
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", *cf.curve)
 	}

-	if isP11 {
-		p11Client, err := pkclient.FromUrl(*cf.p11url)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while creating PKCS#11 client: %w", err)
-		}
-		defer func(client *pkclient.PKClient) {
-			_ = client.Close()
-		}(p11Client)
-		pub, err = p11Client.GetPubKey()
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while getting public key: %w", err)
-		}
-	} else {
-		err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
-		}
+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
 	}
-	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outPubPath, cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve, pub), 0600)
+
+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outPubPath, cert.MarshalPublicKey(curve, pub), 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-pub: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -101,7 +72,7 @@ func keygenSummary() string {

 func keygenHelp(out io.Writer) {
 	cf := newKeygenFlags()
-	_, _ = out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + keygenSummary() + "\n"))
+	out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + keygenSummary() + "\n"))
 	cf.set.SetOutput(out)
 	cf.set.PrintDefaults()
 }
@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

+//TODO: test file permissions
+
 func Test_keygenSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "keygen <flags>: create a public/private key pair. the public key can be passed to `nebula-cert sign`", keygenSummary())
 }
@@ -25,8 +26,7 @@ func Test_keygenHelp(t *testing.T) {
 			"  -out-key string\n"+
 			"    \tRequired: path to write the private key to\n"+
 			"  -out-pub string\n"+
-			"    \tRequired: path to write the public key to\n"+
-			optionalPkcs11String("  -pkcs11 string\n    \tOptional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key\n"),
+			"    \tRequired: path to write the public key to\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
 }
@@ -37,59 +37,57 @@ func Test_keygen(t *testing.T) {

 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, keygen([]string{"-out-pub", "nope"}, ob, eb), "-out-key is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	assertHelpError(t, keygen([]string{"-out-key", "nope"}, ob, eb), "-out-pub is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args := []string{"-out-pub", "/do/not/write/pleasepub", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
-	require.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// failed pub write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-out-pub", "/do/not/write/pleasepub", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-pub: open /do/not/write/pleasepub: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-pub: open /do/not/write/pleasepub: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp pub file
 	pubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.pub")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(pubF.Name())

 	// test proper keygen
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-out-pub", pubF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb))
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Nil(t, keygen(args, ob, eb))
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
-	lKey, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PrivateKey(rb)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)

 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(pubF.Name())
-	lPub, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lPub, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PublicKey(rb)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lPub, 32)
 }
@@ -5,28 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
-	"runtime/debug"
-	"strings"
 )

-// A version string that can be set with
-//
-//	-ldflags "-X main.Build=SOMEVERSION"
-//
-// at compile-time.
 var Build string

-func init() {
-	if Build == "" {
-		info, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo()
-		if !ok {
-			return
-		}
-
-		Build = strings.TrimPrefix(info.Main.Version, "v")
-	}
-}
-
 type helpError struct {
 	s string
 }
@@ -35,7 +17,7 @@ func (he *helpError) Error() string {
 	return he.s
 }

-func newHelpErrorf(s string, v ...any) error {
+func newHelpErrorf(s string, v ...interface{}) error {
 	return &helpError{s: fmt.Sprintf(s, v...)}
 }

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ package main
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

+//TODO: all flag parsing continueOnError will print to stderr on its own currently
+
 func Test_help(t *testing.T) {
 	expected := "Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " <global flags> <mode>:\n" +
 		"  Global flags:\n" +
@@ -77,16 +77,8 @@ func assertHelpError(t *testing.T, err error, msg string) {
 	case *helpError:
 		// good
 	default:
-		t.Fatal(fmt.Sprintf("err was not a helpError: %q, expected %q", err, msg))
+		t.Fatal("err was not a helpError")
 	}

-	require.EqualError(t, err, msg)
-}
-
-func optionalPkcs11String(msg string) string {
-	if p11Supported() {
-		return msg
-	} else {
-		return ""
-	}
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, msg)
 }
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-//go:build cgo && pkcs11
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"flag"
-)
-
-func p11Supported() bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-func p11Flag(set *flag.FlagSet) *string {
-	return set.String("pkcs11", "", "Optional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key")
-}
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-//go:build !cgo || !pkcs11
-
-package main
-
-import (
-	"flag"
-)
-
-func p11Supported() bool {
-	return false
-}
-
-func p11Flag(set *flag.FlagSet) *string {
-	var ret = ""
-	return &ret
-}
@@ -45,27 +45,28 @@ func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read cert; %s", err)
 	}

-	var c cert.Certificate
+	var c *cert.NebulaCertificate
 	var qrBytes []byte
 	part := 0

-	var jsonCerts []cert.Certificate
-
 	for {
-		c, rawCert, err = cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
+		c, rawCert, err = cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while unmarshaling cert: %s", err)
 		}

 		if *pf.json {
-			jsonCerts = append(jsonCerts, c)
+			b, _ := json.Marshal(c)
+			out.Write(b)
+			out.Write([]byte("\n"))
+
 		} else {
-			_, _ = out.Write([]byte(c.String()))
-			_, _ = out.Write([]byte("\n"))
+			out.Write([]byte(c.String()))
+			out.Write([]byte("\n"))
 		}

 		if *pf.outQRPath != "" {
-			b, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+			b, err := c.MarshalToPEM()
 			if err != nil {
 				return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling cert to PEM: %s", err)
 			}
@@ -79,12 +80,6 @@ func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		part++
 	}

-	if *pf.json {
-		b, _ := json.Marshal(jsonCerts)
-		_, _ = out.Write(b)
-		_, _ = out.Write([]byte("\n"))
-	}
-
 	if *pf.outQRPath != "" {
 		b, err := qrcode.Encode(string(qrBytes), qrcode.Medium, -5)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -2,17 +2,12 @@ package main

 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/hex"
-	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func Test_printSummary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -43,203 +38,84 @@ func Test_printCert(t *testing.T) {

 	// no path
 	err := printCert([]string{}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
 	assertHelpError(t, err, "-path is required")

 	// no cert at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read cert; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read cert; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// invalid cert at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	tf, err := os.CreateTemp("", "print-cert")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(tf.Name())

 	tf.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", tf.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while unmarshaling cert: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while unmarshaling cert: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")

 	// test multiple certs
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	tf.Truncate(0)
 	tf.Seek(0, 0)
-	ca, caKey := NewTestCaCert("test ca", nil, nil, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	c, _ := NewTestCert(ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.123/8")}, nil, []string{"hi"})
+	c := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "test",
+			Groups:    []string{"hi"},
+			PublicKey: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
+		},
+		Signature: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
+	}

-	p, _ := c.MarshalPEM()
+	p, _ := c.MarshalToPEM()
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)

 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", tf.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	fp, _ := c.Fingerprint()
-	pk := hex.EncodeToString(c.PublicKey())
-	sig := hex.EncodeToString(c.Signature())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(
 		t,
-		//"NebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\n",
-		`{
-	"details": {
-		"curve": "CURVE25519",
-		"groups": [
-			"hi"
-		],
-		"isCa": false,
-		"issuer": "`+c.Issuer()+`",
-		"name": "test",
-		"networks": [
-			"10.0.0.123/8"
-		],
-		"notAfter": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"notBefore": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"publicKey": "`+pk+`",
-		"unsafeNetworks": []
-	},
-	"fingerprint": "`+fp+`",
-	"signature": "`+sig+`",
-	"version": 1
-}
-{
-	"details": {
-		"curve": "CURVE25519",
-		"groups": [
-			"hi"
-		],
-		"isCa": false,
-		"issuer": "`+c.Issuer()+`",
-		"name": "test",
-		"networks": [
-			"10.0.0.123/8"
-		],
-		"notAfter": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"notBefore": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"publicKey": "`+pk+`",
-		"unsafeNetworks": []
-	},
-	"fingerprint": "`+fp+`",
-	"signature": "`+sig+`",
-	"version": 1
-}
-{
-	"details": {
-		"curve": "CURVE25519",
-		"groups": [
-			"hi"
-		],
-		"isCa": false,
-		"issuer": "`+c.Issuer()+`",
-		"name": "test",
-		"networks": [
-			"10.0.0.123/8"
-		],
-		"notAfter": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"notBefore": "0001-01-01T00:00:00Z",
-		"publicKey": "`+pk+`",
-		"unsafeNetworks": []
-	},
-	"fingerprint": "`+fp+`",
-	"signature": "`+sig+`",
-	"version": 1
-}
-`,
+		"NebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: \n\t\tPublic key: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\n\tSignature: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: \n\t\tPublic key: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\n\tSignature: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: \n\t\tPublic key: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\n\tSignature: 0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\n}\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// test json
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	tf.Truncate(0)
 	tf.Seek(0, 0)
+	c = cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "test",
+			Groups:    []string{"hi"},
+			PublicKey: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
+		},
+		Signature: []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
+	}
+
+	p, _ = c.MarshalToPEM()
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)
 	tf.Write(p)

 	err = printCert([]string{"-json", "-path", tf.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	fp, _ = c.Fingerprint()
-	pk = hex.EncodeToString(c.PublicKey())
-	sig = hex.EncodeToString(c.Signature())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(
 		t,
-		`[{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1},{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1},{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1}]
-`,
+		"{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"hi\"],\"ips\":[],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"\",\"name\":\"test\",\"notAfter\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\",\"subnets\":[]},\"fingerprint\":\"cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\",\"signature\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\"}\n{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"hi\"],\"ips\":[],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"\",\"name\":\"test\",\"notAfter\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\",\"subnets\":[]},\"fingerprint\":\"cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\",\"signature\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\"}\n{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"hi\"],\"ips\":[],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"\",\"name\":\"test\",\"notAfter\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\",\"subnets\":[]},\"fingerprint\":\"cc3492c0e9c48f17547f5987ea807462ebb3451e622590a10bb3763c344c82bd\",\"signature\":\"0102030405060708090001020304050607080900010203040506070809000102\"}\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-}
-
-// NewTestCaCert will generate a CA cert
-func NewTestCaCert(name string, pubKey, privKey []byte, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte) {
-	var err error
-	if pubKey == nil || privKey == nil {
-		pubKey, privKey, err = ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Version:        cert.Version1,
-		Name:           name,
-		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-		PublicKey:      pubKey,
-		Networks:       networks,
-		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		Groups:         groups,
-		IsCA:           true,
-	}
-
-	c, err := t.Sign(nil, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return c, privKey
-}
-
-func NewTestCert(ca cert.Certificate, signerKey []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (cert.Certificate, []byte) {
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = ca.NotBefore()
-	}
-
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = ca.NotAfter()
-	}
-
-	if len(networks) == 0 {
-		networks = []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.123/8")}
-	}
-
-	pub, rawPriv := x25519Keypair()
-	nc := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Version:        cert.Version1,
-		Name:           name,
-		Networks:       networks,
-		UnsafeNetworks: unsafeNetworks,
-		Groups:         groups,
-		NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-		NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-		PublicKey:      pub,
-		IsCA:           false,
-	}
-
-	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), signerKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return c, rawPriv
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
 }
@@ -3,63 +3,50 @@ package main
 import (
 	"crypto/ecdh"
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net/netip"
+	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/skip2/go-qrcode"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/pkclient"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
 )

 type signFlags struct {
-	set            *flag.FlagSet
-	version        *uint
-	caKeyPath      *string
-	caCertPath     *string
-	name           *string
-	networks       *string
-	unsafeNetworks *string
-	duration       *time.Duration
-	inPubPath      *string
-	outKeyPath     *string
-	outCertPath    *string
-	outQRPath      *string
-	groups         *string
-
-	p11url *string
-
-	// Deprecated options
-	ip      *string
-	subnets *string
+	set         *flag.FlagSet
+	caKeyPath   *string
+	caCertPath  *string
+	name        *string
+	ip          *string
+	duration    *time.Duration
+	inPubPath   *string
+	outKeyPath  *string
+	outCertPath *string
+	outQRPath   *string
+	groups      *string
+	subnets     *string
 }

 func newSignFlags() *signFlags {
 	sf := signFlags{set: flag.NewFlagSet("sign", flag.ContinueOnError)}
 	sf.set.Usage = func() {}
-	sf.version = sf.set.Uint("version", 0, "Optional: version of the certificate format to use. The default is to match the version of the signing CA")
 	sf.caKeyPath = sf.set.String("ca-key", "ca.key", "Optional: path to the signing CA key")
 	sf.caCertPath = sf.set.String("ca-crt", "ca.crt", "Optional: path to the signing CA cert")
 	sf.name = sf.set.String("name", "", "Required: name of the cert, usually a hostname")
-	sf.networks = sf.set.String("networks", "", "Required: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation to assign to this cert")
-	sf.unsafeNetworks = sf.set.String("unsafe-networks", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. Unsafe networks this cert can route for")
+	sf.ip = sf.set.String("ip", "", "Required: ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation to assign the cert")
 	sf.duration = sf.set.Duration("duration", 0, "Optional: how long the cert should be valid for. The default is 1 second before the signing cert expires. Valid time units are seconds: \"s\", minutes: \"m\", hours: \"h\"")
 	sf.inPubPath = sf.set.String("in-pub", "", "Optional (if out-key not set): path to read a previously generated public key")
 	sf.outKeyPath = sf.set.String("out-key", "", "Optional (if in-pub not set): path to write the private key to")
 	sf.outCertPath = sf.set.String("out-crt", "", "Optional: path to write the certificate to")
 	sf.outQRPath = sf.set.String("out-qr", "", "Optional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate")
 	sf.groups = sf.set.String("groups", "", "Optional: comma separated list of groups")
-	sf.p11url = p11Flag(sf.set)
-
-	sf.ip = sf.set.String("ip", "", "Deprecated, see -networks")
-	sf.subnets = sf.set.String("subnets", "", "Deprecated, see -unsafe-networks")
+	sf.subnets = sf.set.String("subnets", "", "Optional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. Subnets this cert can serve for")
 	return &sf
+
 }

 func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error {
@@ -69,12 +56,8 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return err
 	}

-	isP11 := len(*sf.p11url) > 0
-
-	if !isP11 {
-		if err := mustFlagString("ca-key", sf.caKeyPath); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	if err := mustFlagString("ca-key", sf.caKeyPath); err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
 	if err := mustFlagString("ca-crt", sf.caCertPath); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -82,69 +65,50 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 	if err := mustFlagString("name", sf.name); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if !isP11 && *sf.inPubPath != "" && *sf.outKeyPath != "" {
+	if err := mustFlagString("ip", sf.ip); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if *sf.inPubPath != "" && *sf.outKeyPath != "" {
 		return newHelpErrorf("cannot set both -in-pub and -out-key")
 	}

-	var v4Networks []netip.Prefix
-	var v6Networks []netip.Prefix
-	if *sf.networks == "" && *sf.ip != "" {
-		// Pull up deprecated -ip flag if needed
-		*sf.networks = *sf.ip
-	}
-
-	if len(*sf.networks) == 0 {
-		return newHelpErrorf("-networks is required")
-	}
-
-	version := cert.Version(*sf.version)
-	if version != 0 && version != cert.Version1 && version != cert.Version2 {
-		return newHelpErrorf("-version must be either %v or %v", cert.Version1, cert.Version2)
+	rawCAKey, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caKeyPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-key: %s", err)
 	}

 	var curve cert.Curve
 	var caKey []byte

-	if !isP11 {
-		var rawCAKey []byte
-		rawCAKey, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caKeyPath)
+	// naively attempt to decode the private key as though it is not encrypted
+	caKey, _, curve, err = cert.UnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(rawCAKey)
+	if err == cert.ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted {
+		// ask for a passphrase until we get one
+		var passphrase []byte
+		for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+			out.Write([]byte("Enter passphrase: "))
+			passphrase, err = pr.ReadPassword()

+			if err == ErrNoTerminal {
+				return fmt.Errorf("ca-key is encrypted and must be decrypted interactively")
+			} else if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("error reading password: %s", err)
+			}
+
+			if len(passphrase) > 0 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if len(passphrase) == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cannot open encrypted ca-key without passphrase")
+		}
+
+		curve, caKey, _, err = cert.DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rawCAKey)
 		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-key: %s", err)
-		}
-
-		// naively attempt to decode the private key as though it is not encrypted
-		caKey, _, curve, err = cert.UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rawCAKey)
-		if errors.Is(err, cert.ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted) {
-			var passphrase []byte
-			passphrase = []byte(os.Getenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE"))
-			if len(passphrase) == 0 {
-				// ask for a passphrase until we get one
-				for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-					out.Write([]byte("Enter passphrase: "))
-					passphrase, err = pr.ReadPassword()
-
-					if errors.Is(err, ErrNoTerminal) {
-						return fmt.Errorf("ca-key is encrypted and must be decrypted interactively")
-					} else if err != nil {
-						return fmt.Errorf("error reading password: %s", err)
-					}
-
-					if len(passphrase) > 0 {
-						break
-					}
-				}
-				if len(passphrase) == 0 {
-					return fmt.Errorf("cannot open encrypted ca-key without passphrase")
-				}
-			}
-			curve, caKey, _, err = cert.DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rawCAKey)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing encrypted ca-key: %s", err)
-			}
-		} else if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing ca-key: %s", err)
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing encrypted ca-key: %s", err)
 		}
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing ca-key: %s", err)
 	}

 	rawCACert, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caCertPath)
@@ -152,74 +116,39 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-crt: %s", err)
 	}

-	caCert, _, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rawCACert)
+	caCert, _, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCACert)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing ca-crt: %s", err)
 	}

-	if !isP11 {
-		if err := caCert.VerifyPrivateKey(curve, caKey); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
-		}
+	if err := caCert.VerifyPrivateKey(curve, caKey); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
+	}
+
+	issuer, err := caCert.Sha256Sum()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while getting -ca-crt fingerprint: %s", err)
 	}

 	if caCert.Expired(time.Now()) {
 		return fmt.Errorf("ca certificate is expired")
 	}

-	if version == 0 {
-		version = caCert.Version()
-	}
-
 	// if no duration is given, expire one second before the root expires
 	if *sf.duration <= 0 {
-		*sf.duration = time.Until(caCert.NotAfter()) - time.Second*1
+		*sf.duration = time.Until(caCert.Details.NotAfter) - time.Second*1
 	}

-	if *sf.networks != "" {
-		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*sf.networks, ",") {
-			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
-			if rs != "" {
-				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
-				if err != nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: %s", rs)
-				}
-
-				if n.Addr().Is4() {
-					v4Networks = append(v4Networks, n)
-				} else {
-					v6Networks = append(v6Networks, n)
-				}
-			}
-		}
+	ip, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(*sf.ip)
+	if err != nil {
+		return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: %s", err)
 	}
-
-	var v4UnsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	var v6UnsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	if *sf.unsafeNetworks == "" && *sf.subnets != "" {
-		// Pull up deprecated -subnets flag if needed
-		*sf.unsafeNetworks = *sf.subnets
+	if ip.To4() == nil {
+		return newHelpErrorf("invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", *sf.ip)
 	}
+	ipNet.IP = ip

-	if *sf.unsafeNetworks != "" {
-		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*sf.unsafeNetworks, ",") {
-			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
-			if rs != "" {
-				n, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rs)
-				if err != nil {
-					return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: %s", rs)
-				}
-
-				if n.Addr().Is4() {
-					v4UnsafeNetworks = append(v4UnsafeNetworks, n)
-				} else {
-					v6UnsafeNetworks = append(v6UnsafeNetworks, n)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	var groups []string
+	groups := []string{}
 	if *sf.groups != "" {
 		for _, rg := range strings.Split(*sf.groups, ",") {
 			g := strings.TrimSpace(rg)
@@ -229,43 +158,60 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		}
 	}

-	var pub, rawPriv []byte
-	var p11Client *pkclient.PKClient
-
-	if isP11 {
-		curve = cert.Curve_P256
-		p11Client, err = pkclient.FromUrl(*sf.p11url)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while creating PKCS#11 client: %w", err)
+	subnets := []*net.IPNet{}
+	if *sf.subnets != "" {
+		for _, rs := range strings.Split(*sf.subnets, ",") {
+			rs := strings.Trim(rs, " ")
+			if rs != "" {
+				_, s, err := net.ParseCIDR(rs)
+				if err != nil {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: %s", err)
+				}
+				if s.IP.To4() == nil {
+					return newHelpErrorf("invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have %s", rs)
+				}
+				subnets = append(subnets, s)
+			}
 		}
-		defer func(client *pkclient.PKClient) {
-			_ = client.Close()
-		}(p11Client)
 	}

+	var pub, rawPriv []byte
 	if *sf.inPubPath != "" {
-		var pubCurve cert.Curve
 		rawPub, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.inPubPath)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while reading in-pub: %s", err)
 		}
-
-		pub, _, pubCurve, err = cert.UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rawPub)
+		var pubCurve cert.Curve
+		pub, _, pubCurve, err = cert.UnmarshalPublicKey(rawPub)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing in-pub: %s", err)
 		}
 		if pubCurve != curve {
 			return fmt.Errorf("curve of in-pub does not match ca")
 		}
-	} else if isP11 {
-		pub, err = p11Client.GetPubKey()
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while getting public key with PKCS#11: %w", err)
-		}
 	} else {
 		pub, rawPriv = newKeypair(curve)
 	}

+	nc := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      *sf.name,
+			Ips:       []*net.IPNet{ipNet},
+			Groups:    groups,
+			Subnets:   subnets,
+			NotBefore: time.Now(),
+			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(*sf.duration),
+			PublicKey: pub,
+			IsCA:      false,
+			Issuer:    issuer,
+			Curve:     curve,
+		},
+	}
+
+	if err := nc.CheckRootConstrains(caCert); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to sign, root certificate constraints violated: %s", err)
+	}
+
 	if *sf.outKeyPath == "" {
 		*sf.outKeyPath = *sf.name + ".key"
 	}
@@ -278,105 +224,25 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing cert: %s", *sf.outCertPath)
 	}

-	var crts []cert.Certificate
-
-	notBefore := time.Now()
-	notAfter := notBefore.Add(*sf.duration)
-
-	switch version {
-	case cert.Version1:
-		// Make sure we have only one ipv4 address
-		if len(v4Networks) != 1 {
-			return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only have a single ipv4 address")
-		}
-
-		if len(v6Networks) > 0 {
-			return newHelpErrorf("invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only contain ipv4 addresses")
-		}
-
-		if len(v6UnsafeNetworks) > 0 {
-			return newHelpErrorf("invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only contain ipv4 addresses")
-		}
-
-		t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-			Version:        cert.Version1,
-			Name:           *sf.name,
-			Networks:       []netip.Prefix{v4Networks[0]},
-			Groups:         groups,
-			UnsafeNetworks: v4UnsafeNetworks,
-			NotBefore:      notBefore,
-			NotAfter:       notAfter,
-			PublicKey:      pub,
-			IsCA:           false,
-			Curve:          curve,
-		}
-
-		var nc cert.Certificate
-		if p11Client == nil {
-			nc, err = t.Sign(caCert, curve, caKey)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %w", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			nc, err = t.SignWith(caCert, curve, p11Client.SignASN1)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing with PKCS#11: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		crts = append(crts, nc)
-
-	case cert.Version2:
-		t := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-			Version:        cert.Version2,
-			Name:           *sf.name,
-			Networks:       append(v4Networks, v6Networks...),
-			Groups:         groups,
-			UnsafeNetworks: append(v4UnsafeNetworks, v6UnsafeNetworks...),
-			NotBefore:      notBefore,
-			NotAfter:       notAfter,
-			PublicKey:      pub,
-			IsCA:           false,
-			Curve:          curve,
-		}
-
-		var nc cert.Certificate
-		if p11Client == nil {
-			nc, err = t.Sign(caCert, curve, caKey)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %w", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			nc, err = t.SignWith(caCert, curve, p11Client.SignASN1)
-			if err != nil {
-				return fmt.Errorf("error while signing with PKCS#11: %w", err)
-			}
-		}
-
-		crts = append(crts, nc)
-	default:
-		// this should be unreachable
-		return fmt.Errorf("invalid version: %d", version)
+	err = nc.Sign(curve, caKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %s", err)
 	}

-	if !isP11 && *sf.inPubPath == "" {
+	if *sf.inPubPath == "" {
 		if _, err := os.Stat(*sf.outKeyPath); err == nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing key: %s", *sf.outKeyPath)
 		}

-		err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
+		err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
 		}
 	}

-	var b []byte
-	for _, c := range crts {
-		sb, err := c.MarshalPEM()
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
-		}
-		b = append(b, sb...)
+	b, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
 	}

 	err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outCertPath, b, 0600)
@@ -13,10 +13,11 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )

+//TODO: test file permissions
+
 func Test_signSummary(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "sign <flags>: create and sign a certificate", signSummary())
 }
@@ -38,24 +39,17 @@ func Test_signHelp(t *testing.T) {
 			"  -in-pub string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional (if out-key not set): path to read a previously generated public key\n"+
 			"  -ip string\n"+
-			"    \tDeprecated, see -networks\n"+
+			"    \tRequired: ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation to assign the cert\n"+
 			"  -name string\n"+
 			"    \tRequired: name of the cert, usually a hostname\n"+
-			"  -networks string\n"+
-			"    \tRequired: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation to assign to this cert\n"+
 			"  -out-crt string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: path to write the certificate to\n"+
 			"  -out-key string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional (if in-pub not set): path to write the private key to\n"+
 			"  -out-qr string\n"+
 			"    \tOptional: output a qr code image (png) of the certificate\n"+
-			optionalPkcs11String("  -pkcs11 string\n    \tOptional: PKCS#11 URI to an existing private key\n")+
 			"  -subnets string\n"+
-			"    \tDeprecated, see -unsafe-networks\n"+
-			"  -unsafe-networks string\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ip address and network in CIDR notation. Unsafe networks this cert can route for\n"+
-			"  -version uint\n"+
-			"    \tOptional: version of the certificate format to use. The default is to match the version of the signing CA\n",
+			"    \tOptional: comma separated list of ipv4 address and network in CIDR notation. Subnets this cert can serve for\n",
 		ob.String(),
 	)
 }
@@ -82,20 +76,20 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {

 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, signCert(
-		[]string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+		[]string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
 	), "-name is required")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	assertHelpError(t, signCert(
-		[]string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
-	), "-networks is required")
+		[]string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+	), "-ip is required")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// cannot set -in-pub and -out-key
 	assertHelpError(t, signCert(
-		[]string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-in-pub", "nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
+		[]string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-in-pub", "nope", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope"}, ob, eb, nopw,
 	), "cannot set both -in-pub and -out-key")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
@@ -103,18 +97,18 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	// failed to read key
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args := []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-key: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	args := []string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-key: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// failed to unmarshal key
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caKeyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())

-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-key: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-key: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -122,11 +116,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caPub, caPriv, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	caKeyF.Write(cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv))
+	caKeyF.Write(cert.MarshalEd25519PrivateKey(caPriv))

 	// failed to read cert
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-crt: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-crt: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -134,22 +128,30 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caCrtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())

-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// write a proper ca cert for later
-	ca, _ := NewTestCaCert("ca", caPub, caPriv, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(time.Minute*200), nil, nil, nil)
-	b, _ := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	ca := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "ca",
+			NotBefore: time.Now(),
+			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Minute * 200),
+			PublicKey: caPub,
+			IsCA:      true,
+		},
+	}
+	b, _ := ca.MarshalToPEM()
 	caCrtF.Write(b)

 	// failed to read pub
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", "./nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading in-pub: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", "./nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading in-pub: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -157,11 +159,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	inPubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "in.pub")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(inPubF.Name())

-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing in-pub: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing in-pub: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -169,124 +171,116 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	inPub, _ := x25519Keypair()
-	inPubF.Write(cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, inPub))
+	inPubF.Write(cert.MarshalX25519PublicKey(inPub))

 	// bad ip cidr
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "a1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: a1.1.1.1/24")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "a1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid ip definition: invalid CIDR address: a1.1.1.1/24")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "100::100/100", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only have a single ipv4 address")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-
-	ob.Reset()
-	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24,1.1.1.2/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only have a single ipv4 address")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "100::100/100", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid ip definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// bad subnet cidr
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: a")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid subnet definition: invalid CIDR address: a")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}
-	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only contain ipv4 addresses")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}
+	assertHelpError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid subnet definition: can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// mismatched ca key
 	_, caPriv2, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
 	caKeyF2, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert-2.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF2.Name())
-	caKeyF2.Write(cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv2))
+	caKeyF2.Write(cert.MarshalEd25519PrivateKey(caPriv2))

 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF2.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF2.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// failed cert write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// create temp cert file
 	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())

 	// test proper cert with removed empty groups and subnets
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
-	lKey, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PrivateKey(rb)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)

 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
-	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

-	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Name())
-	assert.Equal(t, "1.1.1.1/24", lCrt.Networks()[0].String())
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Networks(), 1)
-	assert.False(t, lCrt.IsCA())
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Groups())
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.UnsafeNetworks(), 3)
-	assert.Len(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), 32)
-	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.NotAfter().Sub(lCrt.NotBefore()))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Details.Name)
+	assert.Equal(t, "1.1.1.1/24", lCrt.Details.Ips[0].String())
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Ips, 1)
+	assert.False(t, lCrt.Details.IsCA)
+	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Details.Groups)
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.Subnets, 3)
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Details.PublicKey, 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.Details.NotAfter.Sub(lCrt.Details.NotBefore))

 	sns := []string{}
-	for _, sn := range lCrt.UnsafeNetworks() {
+	for _, sn := range lCrt.Details.Subnets {
 		sns = append(sns, sn.String())
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"10.1.1.1/32", "10.2.2.2/32", "10.5.5.5/32"}, sns)

-	issuer, _ := ca.Fingerprint()
-	assert.Equal(t, issuer, lCrt.Issuer())
+	issuer, _ := ca.Sha256Sum()
+	assert.Equal(t, issuer, lCrt.Details.Issuer)

 	assert.True(t, lCrt.CheckSignature(caPub))

@@ -295,55 +289,53 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1"}
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// read cert file and check pub key matches in-pub
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
-	lCrt, b, err = cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), inPub)
+	lCrt, b, err = cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, lCrt.Details.PublicKey, inPub)

 	// test refuse to sign cert with duration beyond root
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
-	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "1000m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while signing: certificate expires after signing certificate")
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "1000m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate constraints violated: certificate expires after signing certificate")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// create valid cert/key for overwrite tests
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing key file
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing key: "+keyF.Name())
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing key: "+keyF.Name())
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// create valid cert/key for overwrite tests
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing certificate file
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing cert: "+crtF.Name())
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing cert: "+crtF.Name())
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -356,11 +348,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	eb.Reset()

 	caKeyF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())

 	caCrtF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())

 	// generate the encrypted key
@@ -369,52 +361,40 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	b, _ = cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
 	caKeyF.Write(b)

-	ca, _ = NewTestCaCert("ca", caPub, caPriv, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(time.Minute*200), nil, nil, nil)
-	b, _ = ca.MarshalPEM()
+	ca = cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "ca",
+			NotBefore: time.Now(),
+			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Minute * 200),
+			PublicKey: caPub,
+			IsCA:      true,
+		},
+	}
+	b, _ = ca.MarshalToPEM()
 	caCrtF.Write(b)

 	// test with the proper password
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

-	// test with the proper password in the environment
-	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
-	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	os.Setenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE", string(passphrase))
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	os.Setenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE", "")
-
 	// test with the wrong password
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()

 	testpw.password = []byte("invalid password")
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

-	// test with the wrong password in environment
-	ob.Reset()
-	eb.Reset()
-
-	os.Setenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE", "invalid password")
-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing encrypted ca-key: invalid passphrase or corrupt private key")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	os.Setenv("NEBULA_CA_PASSPHRASE", "")
-
 	// test with the user not entering a password
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()

-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	// normally the user hitting enter on the prompt would add newlines between these
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
@@ -423,8 +403,8 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()

-	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, errpw))
+	args = []string{"-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
+	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, errpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 }
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"strings"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
@@ -39,43 +39,39 @@ func verify(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	caFile, err := os.Open(*vf.caPath)
+	rawCACert, err := os.ReadFile(*vf.caPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca: %s", err)
 	}
-	defer caFile.Close()

-	caPool, err := cert.NewCAPoolFromPEMReader(caFile)
-	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, cert.ErrExpired) {
-		return fmt.Errorf("error while adding ca cert to pool: %w", err)
+	caPool := cert.NewCAPool()
+	for {
+		rawCACert, err = caPool.AddCACertificate(rawCACert)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while adding ca cert to pool: %s", err)
+		}
+
+		if rawCACert == nil || len(rawCACert) == 0 || strings.TrimSpace(string(rawCACert)) == "" {
+			break
+		}
 	}

 	rawCert, err := os.ReadFile(*vf.certPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read crt: %w", err)
-	}
-	var errs []error
-	for {
-		if len(rawCert) == 0 {
-			break
-		}
-		c, extra, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing crt: %w", err)
-		}
-		rawCert = extra
-		_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-		if err != nil {
-			switch {
-			case errors.Is(err, cert.ErrCaNotFound):
-				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("error while verifying certificate v%d %s with issuer %s: %w", c.Version(), c.Name(), c.Issuer(), err))
-			default:
-				errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("error while verifying certificate %+v: %w", c, err))
-			}
-		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read crt; %s", err)
 	}

-	return errors.Join(errs...)
+	c, _, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing crt: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	good, err := c.Verify(time.Now(), caPool)
+	if !good {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

 func verifySummary() string {
@@ -84,7 +80,7 @@ func verifySummary() string {

 func verifyHelp(out io.Writer) {
 	vf := newVerifyFlags()
-	_, _ = out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + verifySummary() + "\n"))
+	out.Write([]byte("Usage of " + os.Args[0] + " " + verifySummary() + "\n"))
 	vf.set.SetOutput(out)
 	vf.set.PrintDefaults()
 }
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )

@@ -38,87 +37,105 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {

 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, verify([]string{"-ca", "derp"}, ob, eb), "-crt is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	assertHelpError(t, verify([]string{"-crt", "derp"}, ob, eb), "-ca is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// no ca at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	err := verify([]string{"-ca", "does_not_exist", "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while reading ca: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while reading ca: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// invalid ca at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-ca")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caFile.Name())

 	caFile.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, cert.ErrInvalidPEMBlock)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while adding ca cert to pool: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")

 	// make a ca for later
 	caPub, caPriv, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	ca, _ := NewTestCaCert("test-ca", caPub, caPriv, time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour*2), nil, nil, nil)
-	b, _ := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	ca := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "test-ca",
+			NotBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Hour * -1),
+			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour * 2),
+			PublicKey: caPub,
+			IsCA:      true,
+		},
+	}
+	ca.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv)
+	b, _ := ca.MarshalToPEM()
 	caFile.Truncate(0)
 	caFile.Seek(0, 0)
 	caFile.Write(b)

 	// no crt at path
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read crt: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read crt; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// invalid crt at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	certFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-cert")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(certFile.Name())

 	certFile.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while parsing crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while parsing crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")

 	// unverifiable cert at path
-	crt, _ := NewTestCert(ca, caPriv, "test-cert", time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
-	// Slightly evil hack to modify the certificate after it was sealed to generate an invalid signature
-	pub := crt.PublicKey()
-	for i, _ := range pub {
-		pub[i] = 0
+	_, badPriv, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	certPub, _ := x25519Keypair()
+	signer, _ := ca.Sha256Sum()
+	crt := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "test-cert",
+			NotBefore: time.Now().Add(time.Hour * -1),
+			NotAfter:  time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
+			PublicKey: certPub,
+			IsCA:      false,
+			Issuer:    signer,
+		},
 	}
-	b, _ = crt.MarshalPEM()
+
+	crt.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, badPriv)
+	b, _ = crt.MarshalToPEM()
 	certFile.Truncate(0)
 	certFile.Seek(0, 0)
 	certFile.Write(b)

 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, cert.ErrSignatureMismatch)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "certificate signature did not match")

 	// verified cert at path
-	crt, _ = NewTestCert(ca, caPriv, "test-cert", time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
-	b, _ = crt.MarshalPEM()
+	crt.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv)
+	b, _ = crt.MarshalToPEM()
 	certFile.Truncate(0)
 	certFile.Seek(0, 0)
 	certFile.Write(b)

 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }
@@ -3,15 +3,8 @@

 package main

-import (
-	"log/slog"
-	"os"
+import "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"

-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/logging"
-)
-
-// newPlatformLogger returns a *slog.Logger that writes to stdout. Non-Windows
-// platforms have no special sink to integrate with.
-func newPlatformLogger() *slog.Logger {
-	return logging.NewLogger(os.Stdout)
+func HookLogger(l *logrus.Logger) {
+	// Do nothing, let the logs flow to stdout/stderr
 }
@@ -1,86 +1,54 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"context"
-	"log/slog"
-	"strings"
-	"sync"
+	"fmt"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"

-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/logging"
+	"github.com/kardianos/service"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )

-// newPlatformLogger returns a *slog.Logger that routes every log record
-// through the Windows service logger so records end up in the Windows
-// Event Log. All the heavy lifting (level management, format swap,
-// timestamp toggle, WithAttrs/WithGroup) comes from logging.NewHandler;
-// this file only contributes:
-//
-//   - an io.Writer that forwards each formatted line to the service
-//     logger at the current record's Event Log severity, and
-//   - a thin severityTag that embeds *logging.Handler and overrides
-//     only Handle / WithAttrs / WithGroup, so Event Viewer's severity
-//     column and severity-based filters keep working the way they did
-//     before the slog migration.
-//
-// Format (text vs json) is carried by the embedded *logging.Handler, so
-// logging.format: json in config still produces JSON lines in Event
-// Viewer, same as the pre-slog logrus setup.
-func newPlatformLogger() *slog.Logger {
-	w := &eventLogWriter{}
-	return slog.New(&severityTag{Handler: logging.NewHandler(w), w: w})
+// HookLogger routes the logrus logs through the service logger so that they end up in the Windows Event Viewer
+// logrus output will be discarded
+func HookLogger(l *logrus.Logger) {
+	l.AddHook(newLogHook(logger))
+	l.SetOutput(ioutil.Discard)
 }

-// eventLogWriter forwards slog-formatted lines to the Windows service
-// logger at the severity most recently stashed by severityTag.Handle.
-// The mutex serializes the stash + inner.Handle + Write cycle per record
-// across all concurrent goroutines; slog's builtin text/json handlers
-// each hold their own mutex around Write, but that only protects the
-// Write call itself, not our stash-then-handle sequence.
-type eventLogWriter struct {
-	mu    sync.Mutex
-	level slog.Level
+type logHook struct {
+	sl service.Logger
 }

-func (w *eventLogWriter) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
-	line := strings.TrimRight(string(p), "\n")
-	switch {
-	case w.level >= slog.LevelError:
-		return len(p), logger.Error(line)
-	case w.level >= slog.LevelWarn:
-		return len(p), logger.Warning(line)
+func newLogHook(sl service.Logger) *logHook {
+	return &logHook{sl: sl}
+}
+
+func (h *logHook) Fire(entry *logrus.Entry) error {
+	line, err := entry.String()
+	if err != nil {
+		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Unable to read entry, %v", err)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	switch entry.Level {
+	case logrus.PanicLevel:
+		return h.sl.Error(line)
+	case logrus.FatalLevel:
+		return h.sl.Error(line)
+	case logrus.ErrorLevel:
+		return h.sl.Error(line)
+	case logrus.WarnLevel:
+		return h.sl.Warning(line)
+	case logrus.InfoLevel:
+		return h.sl.Info(line)
+	case logrus.DebugLevel:
+		return h.sl.Info(line)
 	default:
-		return len(p), logger.Info(line)
+		return nil
 	}
 }

-// severityTag embeds *logging.Handler to pick up everything it does for
-// free (Enabled, SetLevel, GetLevel, SetFormat, GetFormat,
-// SetDisableTimestamp) and overrides only Handle / WithAttrs / WithGroup
-// so each record's slog.Level is stashed on the writer before formatting
-// and so derived handlers stay wrapped as severityTag rather than
-// downgrading to bare *logging.Handler.
-type severityTag struct {
-	*logging.Handler
-	w *eventLogWriter
-}
-
-func (s *severityTag) Handle(ctx context.Context, r slog.Record) error {
-	s.w.mu.Lock()
-	defer s.w.mu.Unlock()
-	s.w.level = r.Level
-	return s.Handler.Handle(ctx, r)
-}
-
-func (s *severityTag) WithAttrs(attrs []slog.Attr) slog.Handler {
-	if len(attrs) == 0 {
-		return s
-	}
-	return &severityTag{Handler: s.Handler.WithAttrs(attrs).(*logging.Handler), w: s.w}
-}
-
-func (s *severityTag) WithGroup(name string) slog.Handler {
-	if name == "" {
-		return s
-	}
-	return &severityTag{Handler: s.Handler.WithGroup(name).(*logging.Handler), w: s.w}
+func (h *logHook) Levels() []logrus.Level {
+	return logrus.AllLevels
 }
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"runtime/debug"
-	"strings"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/logging"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )

@@ -20,17 +18,6 @@ import (
 // at compile-time.
 var Build string

-func init() {
-	if Build == "" {
-		info, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo()
-		if !ok {
-			return
-		}
-
-		Build = strings.TrimPrefix(info.Main.Version, "v")
-	}
-}
-
 func main() {
 	serviceFlag := flag.String("service", "", "Control the system service.")
 	configPath := flag.String("config", "", "Path to either a file or directory to load configuration from")
@@ -50,14 +37,9 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(0)
 	}

-	l := logging.NewLogger(os.Stdout)
-
 	if *serviceFlag != "" {
-		if err := doService(configPath, configTest, Build, serviceFlag); err != nil {
-			l.Error("Service command failed", "error", err)
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-		return
+		doService(configPath, configTest, Build, serviceFlag)
+		os.Exit(1)
 	}

 	if *configPath == "" {
@@ -66,6 +48,9 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

+	l := logrus.New()
+	l.Out = os.Stdout
+
 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	err := c.Load(*configPath)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -73,16 +58,6 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

-	if err := logging.ApplyConfig(l, c); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("failed to apply logging config: %s", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
-		if err := logging.ApplyConfig(l, c); err != nil {
-			l.Error("Failed to reconfigure logger on reload", "error", err)
-		}
-	})
-
 	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(c, *configTest, Build, l, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to start", err, l)
@@ -90,20 +65,8 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	if !*configTest {
-		wait, err := ctrl.Start()
-		if err != nil {
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Error while running", err, l)
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-
-		go ctrl.ShutdownBlock()
-
-		if err := wait(); err != nil {
-			l.Error("Nebula stopped due to fatal error", "error", err)
-			os.Exit(2)
-		}
-
-		l.Info("Goodbye")
+		ctrl.Start()
+		ctrl.ShutdownBlock()
 	}

 	os.Exit(0)
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ import (
 	"path/filepath"

 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/logging"
 )

 var logger service.Logger
@@ -25,7 +25,8 @@ func (p *program) Start(s service.Service) error {
 	// Start should not block.
 	logger.Info("Nebula service starting.")

-	l := newPlatformLogger()
+	l := logrus.New()
+	HookLogger(l)

 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	err := c.Load(*p.configPath)
@@ -33,15 +34,6 @@ func (p *program) Start(s service.Service) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to load config: %s", err)
 	}

-	if err := logging.ApplyConfig(l, c); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to apply logging config: %s", err)
-	}
-	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
-		if err := logging.ApplyConfig(l, c); err != nil {
-			l.Error("Failed to reconfigure logger on reload", "error", err)
-		}
-	})
-
 	p.control, err = nebula.Main(c, *p.configTest, Build, l, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -65,11 +57,11 @@ func fileExists(filename string) bool {
 	return true
 }

-func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *string) error {
+func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *string) {
 	if *configPath == "" {
 		ex, err := os.Executable()
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			panic(err)
 		}
 		*configPath = filepath.Dir(ex) + "/config.yaml"
 		if !fileExists(*configPath) {
@@ -93,16 +85,16 @@ func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *
 	// Here are what the different loggers are doing:
 	// - `log` is the standard go log utility, meant to be used while the process is still attached to stdout/stderr
 	// - `logger` is the service log utility that may be attached to a special place depending on OS (Windows will have it attached to the event log)
-	// - in program.Start we build a *slog.Logger via newPlatformLogger; on non-Windows that is a stdout-backed slog logger, on Windows it routes records through the service logger
+	// - above, in `Run` we create a `logrus.Logger` which is what nebula expects to use
 	s, err := service.New(prg, svcConfig)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		log.Fatal(err)
 	}

 	errs := make(chan error, 5)
 	logger, err = s.Logger(errs)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		log.Fatal(err)
 	}

 	go func() {
@@ -117,16 +109,18 @@ func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *

 	switch *serviceFlag {
 	case "run":
-		if err := s.Run(); err != nil {
+		err = s.Run()
+		if err != nil {
 			// Route any errors to the system logger
 			logger.Error(err)
 		}
 	default:
-		if err := service.Control(s, *serviceFlag); err != nil {
+		err := service.Control(s, *serviceFlag)
+		if err != nil {
 			log.Printf("Valid actions: %q\n", service.ControlAction)
-			return err
+			log.Fatal(err)
 		}
+		return
 	}

-	return nil
 }
@@ -4,12 +4,10 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"runtime/debug"
-	"strings"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/logging"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )

@@ -20,17 +18,6 @@ import (
 // at compile-time.
 var Build string

-func init() {
-	if Build == "" {
-		info, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo()
-		if !ok {
-			return
-		}
-
-		Build = strings.TrimPrefix(info.Main.Version, "v")
-	}
-}
-
 func main() {
 	configPath := flag.String("config", "", "Path to either a file or directory to load configuration from")
 	configTest := flag.Bool("test", false, "Test the config and print the end result. Non zero exit indicates a faulty config")
@@ -55,7 +42,8 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

-	l := logging.NewLogger(os.Stdout)
+	l := logrus.New()
+	l.Out = os.Stdout

 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	err := c.Load(*configPath)
@@ -64,16 +52,6 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

-	if err := logging.ApplyConfig(l, c); err != nil {
-		fmt.Printf("failed to apply logging config: %s", err)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	}
-	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
-		if err := logging.ApplyConfig(l, c); err != nil {
-			l.Error("Failed to reconfigure logger on reload", "error", err)
-		}
-	})
-
 	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(c, *configTest, Build, l, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to start", err, l)
@@ -81,21 +59,9 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	if !*configTest {
-		wait, err := ctrl.Start()
-		if err != nil {
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Error while running", err, l)
-			os.Exit(1)
-		}
-
-		go ctrl.ShutdownBlock()
+		ctrl.Start()
 		notifyReady(l)
-
-		if err := wait(); err != nil {
-			l.Error("Nebula stopped due to fatal error", "error", err)
-			os.Exit(2)
-		}
-
-		l.Info("Goodbye")
+		ctrl.ShutdownBlock()
 	}

 	os.Exit(0)
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 package main

 import (
-	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 )

 // SdNotifyReady tells systemd the service is ready and dependent services can now be started
@@ -12,30 +13,30 @@ import (
 // https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html
 const SdNotifyReady = "READY=1"

-func notifyReady(l *slog.Logger) {
+func notifyReady(l *logrus.Logger) {
 	sockName := os.Getenv("NOTIFY_SOCKET")
 	if sockName == "" {
-		l.Debug("NOTIFY_SOCKET systemd env var not set, not sending ready signal")
+		l.Debugln("NOTIFY_SOCKET systemd env var not set, not sending ready signal")
 		return
 	}

 	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("unixgram", sockName, time.Second)
 	if err != nil {
-		l.Error("failed to connect to systemd notification socket", "error", err)
+		l.WithError(err).Error("failed to connect to systemd notification socket")
 		return
 	}
 	defer conn.Close()

 	err = conn.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(time.Second))
 	if err != nil {
-		l.Error("failed to set the write deadline for the systemd notification socket", "error", err)
+		l.WithError(err).Error("failed to set the write deadline for the systemd notification socket")
 		return
 	}

 	if _, err = conn.Write([]byte(SdNotifyReady)); err != nil {
-		l.Error("failed to signal the systemd notification socket", "error", err)
+		l.WithError(err).Error("failed to signal the systemd notification socket")
 		return
 	}

-	l.Debug("notified systemd the service is ready")
+	l.Debugln("notified systemd the service is ready")
 }
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@

 package main

-import "log/slog"
+import "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"

-func notifyReady(_ *slog.Logger) {
+func notifyReady(_ *logrus.Logger) {
 	// No init service to notify
 }
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
 	"math"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
@@ -17,22 +16,23 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"dario.cat/mergo"
-	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 type C struct {
 	path        string
 	files       []string
-	Settings    map[string]any
-	oldSettings map[string]any
+	Settings    map[interface{}]interface{}
+	oldSettings map[interface{}]interface{}
 	callbacks   []func(*C)
-	l           *slog.Logger
+	l           *logrus.Logger
 	reloadLock  sync.Mutex
 }

-func NewC(l *slog.Logger) *C {
+func NewC(l *logrus.Logger) *C {
 	return &C{
-		Settings: make(map[string]any),
+		Settings: make(map[interface{}]interface{}),
 		l:        l,
 	}
 }
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ func (c *C) HasChanged(k string) bool {
 	}

 	var (
-		nv any
-		ov any
+		nv interface{}
+		ov interface{}
 	)

 	if k == "" {
@@ -107,18 +107,12 @@ func (c *C) HasChanged(k string) bool {

 	newVals, err := yaml.Marshal(nv)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.l.Error("Error while marshaling new config",
-			"config_path", k,
-			"error", err,
-		)
+		c.l.WithField("config_path", k).WithError(err).Error("Error while marshaling new config")
 	}

 	oldVals, err := yaml.Marshal(ov)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.l.Error("Error while marshaling old config",
-			"config_path", k,
-			"error", err,
-		)
+		c.l.WithField("config_path", k).WithError(err).Error("Error while marshaling old config")
 	}

 	return string(newVals) != string(oldVals)
@@ -153,17 +147,14 @@ func (c *C) ReloadConfig() {
 	c.reloadLock.Lock()
 	defer c.reloadLock.Unlock()

-	c.oldSettings = make(map[string]any)
+	c.oldSettings = make(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	for k, v := range c.Settings {
 		c.oldSettings[k] = v
 	}

 	err := c.Load(c.path)
 	if err != nil {
-		c.l.Error("Error occurred while reloading config",
-			"config_path", c.path,
-			"error", err,
-		)
+		c.l.WithField("config_path", c.path).WithError(err).Error("Error occurred while reloading config")
 		return
 	}

@@ -176,7 +167,7 @@ func (c *C) ReloadConfigString(raw string) error {
 	c.reloadLock.Lock()
 	defer c.reloadLock.Unlock()

-	c.oldSettings = make(map[string]any)
+	c.oldSettings = make(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	for k, v := range c.Settings {
 		c.oldSettings[k] = v
 	}
@@ -210,7 +201,7 @@ func (c *C) GetStringSlice(k string, d []string) []string {
 		return d
 	}

-	rv, ok := r.([]any)
+	rv, ok := r.([]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return d
 	}
@@ -224,13 +215,13 @@ func (c *C) GetStringSlice(k string, d []string) []string {
 }

 // GetMap will get the map for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
-func (c *C) GetMap(k string, d map[string]any) map[string]any {
+func (c *C) GetMap(k string, d map[interface{}]interface{}) map[interface{}]interface{} {
 	r := c.Get(k)
 	if r == nil {
 		return d
 	}

-	v, ok := r.(map[string]any)
+	v, ok := r.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return d
 	}
@@ -252,7 +243,7 @@ func (c *C) GetInt(k string, d int) int {
 // GetUint32 will get the uint32 for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
 func (c *C) GetUint32(k string, d uint32) uint32 {
 	r := c.GetInt(k, int(d))
-	if r < 0 || uint64(r) > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
+	if uint64(r) > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
 		return d
 	}
 	return uint32(r)
@@ -275,22 +266,6 @@ func (c *C) GetBool(k string, d bool) bool {
 	return v
 }

-func AsBool(v any) (value bool, ok bool) {
-	switch x := v.(type) {
-	case bool:
-		return x, true
-	case string:
-		switch x {
-		case "y", "yes":
-			return true, true
-		case "n", "no":
-			return false, true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return false, false
-}
-
 // GetDuration will get the duration for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
 func (c *C) GetDuration(k string, d time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	r := c.GetString(k, "")
@@ -301,7 +276,7 @@ func (c *C) GetDuration(k string, d time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	return v
 }

-func (c *C) Get(k string) any {
+func (c *C) Get(k string) interface{} {
 	return c.get(k, c.Settings)
 }

@@ -309,10 +284,10 @@ func (c *C) IsSet(k string) bool {
 	return c.get(k, c.Settings) != nil
 }

-func (c *C) get(k string, v any) any {
+func (c *C) get(k string, v interface{}) interface{} {
 	parts := strings.Split(k, ".")
 	for _, p := range parts {
-		m, ok := v.(map[string]any)
+		m, ok := v.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 		if !ok {
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -371,7 +346,7 @@ func (c *C) addFile(path string, direct bool) error {
 }

 func (c *C) parseRaw(b []byte) error {
-	var m map[string]any
+	var m map[interface{}]interface{}

 	err := yaml.Unmarshal(b, &m)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -383,7 +358,7 @@ func (c *C) parseRaw(b []byte) error {
 }

 func (c *C) parse() error {
-	var m map[string]any
+	var m map[interface{}]interface{}

 	for _, path := range c.files {
 		b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
@@ -391,7 +366,7 @@ func (c *C) parse() error {
 			return err
 		}

-		var nm map[string]any
+		var nm map[interface{}]interface{}
 		err = yaml.Unmarshal(b, &nm)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {
@@ -19,37 +19,40 @@ func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {
 	// invalid yaml
 	c := NewC(l)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte(" invalid yaml"), 0644)
-	require.EqualError(t, c.Load(dir), "yaml: unmarshal errors:\n  line 1: cannot unmarshal !!str `invalid...` into map[string]interface {}")
+	assert.EqualError(t, c.Load(dir), "yaml: unmarshal errors:\n  line 1: cannot unmarshal !!str `invalid...` into map[interface {}]interface {}")

 	// simple multi config merge
 	c = NewC(l)
 	os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	os.Mkdir(dir, 0755)

-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "02.yml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: override\nnew: hi"), 0644)
-	require.NoError(t, c.Load(dir))
-	expected := map[string]any{
-		"outer": map[string]any{
+	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))
+	expected := map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"outer": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"inner": "override",
 		},
 		"new": "hi",
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, c.Settings)
+
+	//TODO: test symlinked file
+	//TODO: test symlinked directory
 }

 func TestConfig_Get(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	// test simple type
 	c := NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": "hi"}
+	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": "hi"}
 	assert.Equal(t, "hi", c.Get("firewall.outbound"))

 	// test complex type
-	inner := []map[string]any{{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}
-	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": inner}
+	inner := []map[interface{}]interface{}{{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}
+	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": inner}
 	assert.EqualValues(t, inner, c.Get("firewall.outbound"))

 	// test missing
@@ -59,7 +62,7 @@ func TestConfig_Get(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConfig_GetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["slice"] = []any{"one", "two"}
+	c.Settings["slice"] = []interface{}{"one", "two"}
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"one", "two"}, c.GetStringSlice("slice", []string{}))
 }

@@ -67,28 +70,28 @@ func TestConfig_GetBool(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["bool"] = true
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "true"
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = false
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "false"
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "Y"
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "yEs"
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "N"
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "nO"
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))
 }

 func TestConfig_HasChanged(t *testing.T) {
@@ -101,14 +104,14 @@ func TestConfig_HasChanged(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test key change
 	c = NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["test"] = "hi"
-	c.oldSettings = map[string]any{"test": "no"}
+	c.oldSettings = map[interface{}]interface{}{"test": "no"}
 	assert.True(t, c.HasChanged("test"))
 	assert.True(t, c.HasChanged(""))

 	// No key change
 	c = NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["test"] = "hi"
-	c.oldSettings = map[string]any{"test": "hi"}
+	c.oldSettings = map[interface{}]interface{}{"test": "hi"}
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("test"))
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged(""))
 }
@@ -117,11 +120,11 @@ func TestConfig_ReloadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	done := make(chan bool, 1)
 	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "config-test")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)

 	c := NewC(l)
-	require.NoError(t, c.Load(dir))
+	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))

 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("outer.inner"))
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("outer"))
@@ -184,11 +187,11 @@ firewall:
 `),
 	}

-	var m map[string]any
+	var m map[any]any

 	// merge the same way config.parse() merges
 	for _, b := range configs {
-		var nm map[string]any
+		var nm map[any]any
 		err := yaml.Unmarshal(b, &nm)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -205,15 +208,15 @@ firewall:
 	t.Logf("Merged Config as YAML:\n%s", mYaml)

 	// If a bug is present, some items might be replaced instead of merged like we expect
-	expected := map[string]any{
-		"firewall": map[string]any{
+	expected := map[any]any{
+		"firewall": map[any]any{
 			"inbound": []any{
-				map[string]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "icmp"},
-				map[string]any{"groups": []any{"server"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"},
-				map[string]any{"groups": []any{"webapp"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"}},
+				map[any]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "icmp"},
+				map[any]any{"groups": []any{"server"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"},
+				map[any]any{"groups": []any{"webapp"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"}},
 			"outbound": []any{
-				map[string]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "any"}}},
-		"listen": map[string]any{
+				map[any]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "any"}}},
+		"listen": map[any]any{
 			"host": "0.0.0.0",
 			"port": 4242,
 		},
@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
@@ -44,16 +45,19 @@ type connectionManager struct {
 	inactivityTimeout       atomic.Int64
 	dropInactive            atomic.Bool

-	l *slog.Logger
+	metricsTxPunchy metrics.Counter
+
+	l *logrus.Logger
 }

-func newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l *slog.Logger, c *config.C, hm *HostMap, p *Punchy) *connectionManager {
+func newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, hm *HostMap, p *Punchy) *connectionManager {
 	cm := &connectionManager{
-		hostMap:       hm,
-		l:             l,
-		punchy:        p,
-		relayUsed:     make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		relayUsedLock: &sync.RWMutex{},
+		hostMap:         hm,
+		l:               l,
+		punchy:          p,
+		relayUsed:       make(map[uint32]struct{}),
+		relayUsedLock:   &sync.RWMutex{},
+		metricsTxPunchy: metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("messages.tx.punchy", nil),
 	}

 	cm.reload(c, true)
@@ -81,10 +85,9 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) {
 		old := cm.getInactivityTimeout()
 		cm.inactivityTimeout.Store((int64)(c.GetDuration("tunnels.inactivity_timeout", 10*time.Minute)))
 		if !initial {
-			cm.l.Info("Inactivity timeout has changed",
-				"oldDuration", old,
-				"newDuration", cm.getInactivityTimeout(),
-			)
+			cm.l.WithField("oldDuration", old).
+				WithField("newDuration", cm.getInactivityTimeout()).
+				Info("Inactivity timeout has changed")
 		}
 	}

@@ -92,10 +95,9 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) {
 		old := cm.dropInactive.Load()
 		cm.dropInactive.Store(c.GetBool("tunnels.drop_inactive", false))
 		if !initial {
-			cm.l.Info("Drop inactive setting has changed",
-				"oldBool", old,
-				"newBool", cm.dropInactive.Load(),
-			)
+			cm.l.WithField("oldBool", old).
+				WithField("newBool", cm.dropInactive.Load()).
+				Info("Drop inactive setting has changed")
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -178,7 +180,7 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte
 	case deleteTunnel:
 		if cm.hostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo) {
 			// Only clearing the lighthouse cache if this is the last hostinfo for this vpn ip in the hostmap
-			cm.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnAddrs(hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
+			cm.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnIp(hostinfo.vpnIp)
 		}

 	case closeTunnel:
@@ -216,7 +218,7 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo
 	relayFor := oldhostinfo.relayState.CopyAllRelayFor()

 	for _, r := range relayFor {
-		existing, ok := newhostinfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(r.PeerAddr)
+		existing, ok := newhostinfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(r.PeerIp)

 		var index uint32
 		var relayFrom netip.Addr
@@ -228,15 +230,15 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo
 				// This relay already exists in newhostinfo, then do nothing.
 				continue
 			case Requested:
-				// The relay exists in a Requested state; re-send the request
+				// The relayed connection exists in a Requested state; re-send the request
 				index = existing.LocalIndex
 				switch r.Type {
 				case TerminalType:
-					relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
-					relayTo = existing.PeerAddr
+					relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnNet.Addr()
+					relayTo = existing.PeerIp
 				case ForwardingType:
-					relayFrom = existing.PeerAddr
-					relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
+					relayFrom = existing.PeerIp
+					relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnIp
 				default:
 					// should never happen
 					panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
@@ -252,66 +254,47 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo
 			cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 			// The relay doesn't exist at all; create some relay state and send the request.
 			var err error
-			index, err = AddRelay(cm.l, newhostinfo, cm.hostMap, r.PeerAddr, nil, r.Type, Requested)
+			index, err = AddRelay(cm.l, newhostinfo, cm.hostMap, r.PeerIp, nil, r.Type, Requested)
 			if err != nil {
-				cm.l.Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo", "error", err)
+				cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo")
 				continue
 			}
 			switch r.Type {
 			case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
-				relayTo = r.PeerAddr
+				relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnNet.Addr()
+				relayTo = r.PeerIp
 			case ForwardingType:
-				relayFrom = r.PeerAddr
-				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
+				relayFrom = r.PeerIp
+				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnIp
 			default:
 				// should never happen
 				panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
 			}
 		}

+		//TODO: IPV6-WORK
+		relayFromB := relayFrom.As4()
+		relayToB := relayTo.As4()
+
 		// Send a CreateRelayRequest to the peer.
 		req := NebulaControl{
 			Type:                NebulaControl_CreateRelayRequest,
 			InitiatorRelayIndex: index,
+			RelayFromIp:         binary.BigEndian.Uint32(relayFromB[:]),
+			RelayToIp:           binary.BigEndian.Uint32(relayToB[:]),
 		}
-
-		switch newhostinfo.GetCert().Certificate.Version() {
-		case cert.Version1:
-			if !relayFrom.Is4() {
-				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
-				continue
-			}
-
-			if !relayTo.Is4() {
-				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
-				continue
-			}
-
-			b := relayFrom.As4()
-			req.OldRelayFromAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
-			b = relayTo.As4()
-			req.OldRelayToAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
-		case cert.Version2:
-			req.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayFrom)
-			req.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayTo)
-		default:
-			newhostinfo.logger(cm.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while attempting to migrate relay")
-			continue
-		}
-
 		msg, err := req.Marshal()
 		if err != nil {
-			cm.l.Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay", "error", err)
+			cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay")
 		} else {
 			cm.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, newhostinfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
-			cm.l.Info("send CreateRelayRequest",
-				"relayFrom", req.RelayFromAddr,
-				"relayTo", req.RelayToAddr,
-				"initiatorRelayIndex", req.InitiatorRelayIndex,
-				"responderRelayIndex", req.ResponderRelayIndex,
-				"vpnAddrs", newhostinfo.vpnAddrs,
-			)
+			cm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+				"relayFrom":           req.RelayFromIp,
+				"relayTo":             req.RelayToIp,
+				"initiatorRelayIndex": req.InitiatorRelayIndex,
+				"responderRelayIndex": req.ResponderRelayIndex,
+				"vpnIp":               newhostinfo.vpnIp}).
+				Info("send CreateRelayRequest")
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -323,7 +306,7 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim

 	hostinfo := cm.hostMap.Indexes[localIndex]
 	if hostinfo == nil {
-		cm.l.Debug("Not found in hostmap", "localIndex", localIndex)
+		cm.l.WithField("localIndex", localIndex).Debugln("Not found in hostmap")
 		return doNothing, nil, nil
 	}

@@ -331,7 +314,7 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim
 		return closeTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}

-	primary := cm.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
+	primary := cm.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnIp]
 	mainHostInfo := true
 	if primary != nil && primary != hostinfo {
 		mainHostInfo = false
@@ -343,17 +326,18 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim
 	// A hostinfo is determined alive if there is incoming traffic
 	if inTraffic {
 		decision := doNothing
-		if cm.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Debug("Tunnel status",
-				"tunnelCheck", m{"state": "alive", "method": "passive"},
-			)
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "alive", "method": "passive"}).
+				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}
 		hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Store(false)

 		if mainHostInfo {
 			decision = tryRehandshake
+
 		} else {
-			if cm.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo) {
+			if cm.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo, primary) {
 				decision = swapPrimary
 			} else {
 				// migrate the relays to the primary, if in use.
@@ -365,7 +349,7 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim

 		if !outTraffic {
 			// Send a punch packet to keep the NAT state alive
-			cm.punchy.SendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 		}

 		return decision, hostinfo, primary
@@ -373,9 +357,9 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim

 	if hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load() {
 		// We have already sent a test packet and nothing was returned, this hostinfo is dead
-		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Info("Tunnel status",
-			"tunnelCheck", m{"state": "dead", "method": "active"},
-		)
+		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+			WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "dead", "method": "active"}).
+			Info("Tunnel status")

 		return deleteTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}
@@ -386,39 +370,40 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim
 			inactiveFor, isInactive := cm.isInactive(hostinfo, now)
 			if isInactive {
 				// Tunnel is inactive, tear it down
-				hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Info("Dropping tunnel due to inactivity",
-					"inactiveDuration", inactiveFor,
-					"primary", mainHostInfo,
-				)
+				hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+					WithField("inactiveDuration", inactiveFor).
+					WithField("primary", mainHostInfo).
+					Info("Dropping tunnel due to inactivity")

 				return closeTunnel, hostinfo, primary
 			}

 			// If we aren't sending or receiving traffic then its an unused tunnel and we don't to test the tunnel.
 			// Just maintain NAT state if configured to do so.
-			cm.punchy.SendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 			cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
 			return doNothing, nil, nil
 		}

-		// We aren't receiving traffic but we are sending it. The outbound
-		// traffic itself refreshes the primary remote's NAT state; this
-		// fans out to non-primary remotes, but only if target_all_remotes
-		// is configured.
-		cm.punchy.SendPunchToAll(hostinfo)
+		if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+			// This is similar to the old punchy behavior with a slight optimization.
+			// We aren't receiving traffic but we are sending it, punch on all known
+			// ips in case we need to re-prime NAT state
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+		}

-		if cm.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Debug("Tunnel status",
-				"tunnelCheck", m{"state": "testing", "method": "active"},
-			)
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "testing", "method": "active"}).
+				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}

 		// Send a test packet to trigger an authenticated tunnel test, this should suss out any lingering tunnel issues
 		decision = sendTestPacket

 	} else {
-		if cm.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Debug("Hostinfo sadness")
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Debugf("Hostinfo sadness")
 		}
 	}

@@ -443,116 +428,92 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) isInactive(hostinfo *HostInfo, now time.Time) (time
 	return inactiveDuration, true
 }

-func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current *HostInfo) bool {
+func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
 	// The primary tunnel is the most recent handshake to complete locally and should work entirely fine.
 	// If we are here then we have multiple tunnels for a host pair and neither side believes the same tunnel is primary.
 	// Let's sort this out.

-	// Only one side should swap because if both swap then we may never resolve to a single tunnel.
-	// vpn addr is static across all tunnels for this host pair so lets
-	// use that to determine if we should consider swapping.
-	if current.vpnAddrs[0].Compare(cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]) < 0 {
-		// Their primary vpn addr is less than mine. Do not swap.
+	if current.vpnIp.Compare(cm.intf.myVpnNet.Addr()) < 0 {
+		// Only one side should flip primary because if both flip then we may never resolve to a single tunnel.
+		// vpn ip is static across all tunnels for this host pair so lets use that to determine who is flipping.
+		// The remotes vpn ip is lower than mine. I will not flip.
 		return false
 	}

-	crt := cm.intf.pki.getCertState().getCertificate(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Version())
-	if crt == nil {
-		//my cert was reloaded away. We should definitely swap from this tunnel
-		return true
-	}
-	// If this tunnel is using the latest certificate then we should swap it to primary for a bit and see if things
-	// settle down.
-	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature(), crt.Signature())
+	certState := cm.intf.pki.GetCertState()
+	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature, certState.Certificate.Signature)
 }

 func (cm *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
 	cm.hostMap.Lock()
 	// Make sure the primary is still the same after the write lock. This avoids a race with a rehandshake.
-	if cm.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnAddrs[0]] == primary {
+	if cm.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnIp] == primary {
 		cm.hostMap.unlockedMakePrimary(current)
 	}
 	cm.hostMap.Unlock()
 }

-// isInvalidCertificate decides if we should destroy a tunnel.
-// returns true if pki.disconnect_invalid is true and the certificate is no longer valid.
-// Blocklisted certificates will skip the pki.disconnect_invalid check and return true.
+// isInvalidCertificate will check if we should destroy a tunnel if pki.disconnect_invalid is true and
+// the certificate is no longer valid. Block listed certificates will skip the pki.disconnect_invalid
+// check and return true.
 func (cm *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
 	remoteCert := hostinfo.GetCert()
 	if remoteCert == nil {
-		return false //don't tear down tunnels for handshakes in progress
+		return false
 	}

-	caPool := cm.intf.pki.GetCAPool()
-	err := caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(now, remoteCert)
-	if err == nil {
-		return false //cert is still valid! yay!
-	} else if err == cert.ErrBlockListed { //avoiding errors.Is for speed
-		// Block listed certificates should always be disconnected
-		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Info("Remote certificate is blocked, tearing down the tunnel",
-			"error", err,
-			"fingerprint", remoteCert.Fingerprint,
-		)
-		return true
-	} else if cm.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() {
-		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Info("Remote certificate is no longer valid, tearing down the tunnel",
-			"error", err,
-			"fingerprint", remoteCert.Fingerprint,
-		)
-		return true
-	} else {
-		//if we reach here, the cert is no longer valid, but we're configured to keep tunnels from now-invalid certs open
+	valid, err := remoteCert.VerifyWithCache(now, cm.intf.pki.GetCAPool())
+	if valid {
 		return false
 	}
+
+	if !cm.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
+		// Block listed certificates should always be disconnected
+		return false
+	}
+
+	fingerprint, _ := remoteCert.Sha256Sum()
+	hostinfo.logger(cm.l).WithError(err).
+		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
+		Info("Remote certificate is no longer valid, tearing down the tunnel")
+
+	return true
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	if !cm.punchy.GetPunch() {
+		// Punching is disabled
+		return
+	}
+
+	if cm.intf.lightHouse.IsLighthouseIP(hostinfo.vpnIp) {
+		// Do not punch to lighthouses, we assume our lighthouse update interval is good enough.
+		// In the event the update interval is not sufficient to maintain NAT state then a publicly available lighthouse
+		// would lose the ability to notify us and punchy.respond would become unreliable.
+		return
+	}
+
+	if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+		hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(cm.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges(), func(addr netip.AddrPort, preferred bool) {
+			cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+			cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, addr)
+		})
+
+	} else if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() {
+		cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+		cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, hostinfo.remote)
+	}
 }

 func (cm *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	cs := cm.intf.pki.getCertState()
-	curCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert
-	curCrtVersion := curCrt.Version()
-	myCrt := cs.getCertificate(curCrtVersion)
-	if myCrt == nil {
-		cm.l.Info("Re-handshaking with remote",
-			"vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs,
-			"version", curCrtVersion,
-			"reason", "local certificate removed",
-		)
-		cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
+	certState := cm.intf.pki.GetCertState()
+	if bytes.Equal(hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature, certState.Certificate.Signature) {
 		return
 	}
-	peerCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.peerCert
-	if peerCrt != nil && curCrtVersion < peerCrt.Certificate.Version() {
-		// if our certificate version is less than theirs, and we have a matching version available, rehandshake?
-		if cs.getCertificate(peerCrt.Certificate.Version()) != nil {
-			cm.l.Info("Re-handshaking with remote",
-				"vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs,
-				"version", curCrtVersion,
-				"peerVersion", peerCrt.Certificate.Version(),
-				"reason", "local certificate version lower than peer, attempting to correct",
-			)
-			cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
-				hh.initiatingVersionOverride = peerCrt.Certificate.Version()
-			})
-			return
-		}
-	}
-	if !bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) {
-		cm.l.Info("Re-handshaking with remote",
-			"vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs,
-			"reason", "local certificate is not current",
-		)

-		cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
-		return
-	}
-	if curCrtVersion < cs.initiatingVersion {
-		cm.l.Info("Re-handshaking with remote",
-			"vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs,
-			"reason", "current cert version < pki.initiatingVersion",
-		)
+	cm.l.WithField("vpnIp", hostinfo.vpnIp).
+		WithField("reason", "local certificate is not current").
+		Info("Re-handshaking with remote")

-		cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
-		return
-	}
+	cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnIp, nil)
 }
@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ package nebula
 import (
 	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/flynn/noise"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/overlaytest"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 		addrMap:   map[netip.Addr]*RemoteList{},
 		queryChan: make(chan netip.Addr, 10),
 	}
-	lighthouses := []netip.Addr{}
+	lighthouses := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
 	staticList := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}

 	lh.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
@@ -34,25 +34,26 @@ func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	//_, tuncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("1.1.1.1/24")
+	vpncidr := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/24")
 	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
 	vpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")
 	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}

 	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l, vpncidr)
 	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)

 	cs := &CertState{
-		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
-		privateKey:        []byte{},
-		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		v1Credential:      nil,
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
 	ifce := &Interface{
 		hostMap:          hostMap,
-		inside:           &overlaytest.NoopTun{},
+		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
 		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
 		firewall:         &Firewall{},
 		lightHouse:       lh,
@@ -63,9 +64,9 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)

 	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(test.NewLogger())
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, nil)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
 	nc.intf = ifce
 	p := []byte("")
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
@@ -73,12 +74,13 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {

 	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
+		vpnIp:         vpnIp,
 		localIndexId:  1099,
 		remoteIndexId: 9901,
 	}
 	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		myCert: &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	nc.Out(hostinfo)
 	nc.In(hostinfo)
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
@@ -105,36 +107,37 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)

 	// Do a final traffic check tick, the host should now be removed
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
 	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 }

 func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	//_, tuncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("1.1.1.1/24")
+	vpncidr := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/24")
 	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
 	vpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")
 	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}

 	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l, vpncidr)
 	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)

 	cs := &CertState{
-		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
-		privateKey:        []byte{},
-		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		v1Credential:      nil,
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
 	ifce := &Interface{
 		hostMap:          hostMap,
-		inside:           &overlaytest.NoopTun{},
+		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
 		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
 		firewall:         &Firewall{},
 		lightHouse:       lh,
@@ -145,9 +148,9 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)

 	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(test.NewLogger())
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, nil)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
 	nc.intf = ifce
 	p := []byte("")
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
@@ -155,12 +158,13 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {

 	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
+		vpnIp:         vpnIp,
 		localIndexId:  1099,
 		remoteIndexId: 9901,
 	}
 	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		myCert: &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

@@ -170,7 +174,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)

 	// Do a traffic check tick, should not be pending deletion but should not have any in/out packets recorded
@@ -186,7 +190,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)

 	// We saw traffic, should no longer be pending deletion
 	nc.In(hostinfo)
@@ -195,30 +199,31 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
 }

 func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
+	vpncidr := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/24")
 	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
-	vpnAddrs := []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")}
+	vpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")
 	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}

 	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l, vpncidr)
 	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)

 	cs := &CertState{
-		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
-		privateKey:        []byte{},
-		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		v1Credential:      nil,
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
 	ifce := &Interface{
 		hostMap:          hostMap,
-		inside:           &overlaytest.NoopTun{},
+		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
 		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
 		firewall:         &Firewall{},
 		lightHouse:       lh,
@@ -229,23 +234,24 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)

 	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(test.NewLogger())
-	conf.Settings["tunnels"] = map[string]any{
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	conf.Settings["tunnels"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"drop_inactive": true,
 	}
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, nil)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
 	assert.True(t, nc.dropInactive.Load())
 	nc.intf = ifce

 	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnAddrs:      vpnAddrs,
+		vpnIp:         vpnIp,
 		localIndexId:  1099,
 		remoteIndexId: 9901,
 	}
 	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		myCert: &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

@@ -278,7 +284,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)

 	// Finally advance beyond the inactivity timeout
 	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Minute*10))
@@ -288,7 +294,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
 }

 // Check if we can disconnect the peer.
@@ -297,54 +303,61 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
 func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	now := time.Now()
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-
+	ipNet := net.IPNet{
+		IP:   net.IPv4(172, 1, 1, 2),
+		Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
+	}
 	vpncidr := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/24")
 	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
 	vpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")
 	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}
-	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l, vpncidr)
 	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)

 	// Generate keys for CA and peer's cert.
 	pubCA, privCA, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	tbs := &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Version:   1,
-		Name:      "ca",
-		IsCA:      true,
-		NotBefore: now,
-		NotAfter:  now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
-		PublicKey: pubCA,
+	caCert := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "ca",
+			NotBefore: now,
+			NotAfter:  now.Add(1 * time.Hour),
+			IsCA:      true,
+			PublicKey: pubCA,
+		},
 	}

-	caCert, err := tbs.Sign(nil, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	ncp := cert.NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, ncp.AddCA(caCert))
+	assert.NoError(t, caCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA))
+	ncp := &cert.NebulaCAPool{
+		CAs: cert.NewCAPool().CAs,
+	}
+	ncp.CAs["ca"] = &caCert

 	pubCrt, _, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	tbs = &cert.TBSCertificate{
-		Version:   1,
-		Name:      "host",
-		Networks:  []netip.Prefix{vpncidr},
-		NotBefore: now,
-		NotAfter:  now.Add(60 * time.Second),
-		PublicKey: pubCrt,
+	peerCert := cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:      "host",
+			Ips:       []*net.IPNet{&ipNet},
+			Subnets:   []*net.IPNet{},
+			NotBefore: now,
+			NotAfter:  now.Add(60 * time.Second),
+			PublicKey: pubCrt,
+			IsCA:      false,
+			Issuer:    "ca",
+		},
 	}
-	peerCert, err := tbs.Sign(caCert, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	cachedPeerCert, err := ncp.VerifyCertificate(now.Add(time.Second), peerCert)
+	assert.NoError(t, peerCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA))

 	cs := &CertState{
-		privateKey:   []byte{},
-		v1Cert:       &dummyCert{},
-		v1Credential: nil,
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
 	ifce := &Interface{
 		hostMap:          hostMap,
-		inside:           &overlaytest.NoopTun{},
+		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
 		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
 		firewall:         &Firewall{},
 		lightHouse:       lh,
@@ -357,17 +370,18 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.disconnectInvalid.Store(true)

 	// Create manager
-	conf := config.NewC(test.NewLogger())
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, nil)
-	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(test.NewLogger(), conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
 	nc.intf = ifce
 	ifce.connectionManager = nc

 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
-		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
+		vpnIp: vpnIp,
 		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
-			myCert:   &dummyCert{},
-			peerCert: cachedPeerCert,
+			myCert:   &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+			peerCert: &peerCert,
+			H:        &noise.HandshakeState{},
 		},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
@@ -386,118 +400,3 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	invalid = nc.isInvalidCertificate(nextTick, hostinfo)
 	assert.True(t, invalid)
 }
-
-type dummyCert struct {
-	version        cert.Version
-	curve          cert.Curve
-	groups         []string
-	isCa           bool
-	issuer         string
-	name           string
-	networks       []netip.Prefix
-	notAfter       time.Time
-	notBefore      time.Time
-	publicKey      []byte
-	signature      []byte
-	unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Version() cert.Version {
-	return d.version
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Curve() cert.Curve {
-	return d.curve
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Groups() []string {
-	return d.groups
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) IsCA() bool {
-	return d.isCa
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Issuer() string {
-	return d.issuer
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Name() string {
-	return d.name
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return d.networks
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) NotAfter() time.Time {
-	return d.notAfter
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) NotBefore() time.Time {
-	return d.notBefore
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) PublicKey() []byte {
-	return d.publicKey
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
-	return cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(d.curve, d.publicKey)
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Signature() []byte {
-	return d.signature
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) UnsafeNetworks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return d.unsafeNetworks
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) MarshalForHandshakes() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Sign(curve cert.Curve, key []byte) error {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
-	return true
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Expired(t time.Time) bool {
-	return false
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) CheckRootConstraints(signer cert.Certificate) error {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) VerifyPrivateKey(curve cert.Curve, key []byte) error {
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) String() string {
-	return ""
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Marshal() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) MarshalPEM() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Fingerprint() (string, error) {
-	return "", nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
-	return nil, nil
-}
-
-func (d *dummyCert) Copy() cert.Certificate {
-	return d
-}
@@ -1,45 +1,80 @@
 package nebula

 import (
+	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"

+	"github.com/flynn/noise"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/handshake"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/noiseutil"
 )

-const ReplayWindow = 8192
+const ReplayWindow = 1024

 type ConnectionState struct {
-	eKey           noiseutil.CipherState
-	dKey           noiseutil.CipherState
-	myCert         cert.Certificate
-	peerCert       *cert.CachedCertificate
+	eKey           *NebulaCipherState
+	dKey           *NebulaCipherState
+	H              *noise.HandshakeState
+	myCert         *cert.NebulaCertificate
+	peerCert       *cert.NebulaCertificate
 	initiator      bool
 	messageCounter atomic.Uint64
 	window         *Bits
 	writeLock      sync.Mutex
 }

-// newConnectionStateFromResult builds a fully-populated ConnectionState from a
-// completed handshake.Result. It seeds messageCounter and the replay window so
-// that the post-handshake message indices already used on the wire don't count
-// as missed traffic in the data plane.
-func newConnectionStateFromResult(r *handshake.Result) *ConnectionState {
+func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cipher string, certState *CertState, initiator bool, pattern noise.HandshakePattern, psk []byte, pskStage int) *ConnectionState {
+	var dhFunc noise.DHFunc
+	switch certState.Certificate.Details.Curve {
+	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
+		dhFunc = noise.DH25519
+	case cert.Curve_P256:
+		dhFunc = noiseutil.DHP256
+	default:
+		l.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", certState.Certificate.Details.Curve)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var cs noise.CipherSuite
+	if cipher == "chachapoly" {
+		cs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noise.CipherChaChaPoly, noise.HashSHA256)
+	} else {
+		cs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noiseutil.CipherAESGCM, noise.HashSHA256)
+	}
+
+	static := noise.DHKey{Private: certState.PrivateKey, Public: certState.PublicKey}
+
+	b := NewBits(ReplayWindow)
+	// Clear out bit 0, we never transmit it and we don't want it showing as packet loss
+	b.Update(l, 0)
+
+	hs, err := noise.NewHandshakeState(noise.Config{
+		CipherSuite:           cs,
+		Random:                rand.Reader,
+		Pattern:               pattern,
+		Initiator:             initiator,
+		StaticKeypair:         static,
+		PresharedKey:          psk,
+		PresharedKeyPlacement: pskStage,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// The queue and ready params prevent a counter race that would happen when
+	// sending stored packets and simultaneously accepting new traffic.
 	ci := &ConnectionState{
-		myCert:    r.MyCert,
-		initiator: r.Initiator,
-		peerCert:  r.RemoteCert,
-		eKey:      noiseutil.NewCipherState(r.EKey, r.Cipher),
-		dKey:      noiseutil.NewCipherState(r.DKey, r.Cipher),
-		window:    NewBits(ReplayWindow),
-	}
-	ci.messageCounter.Add(r.MessageIndex)
-	for i := uint64(1); i <= r.MessageIndex; i++ {
-		ci.window.Update(nil, i)
+		H:         hs,
+		initiator: initiator,
+		window:    b,
+		myCert:    certState.Certificate,
 	}
+	// always start the counter from 2, as packet 1 and packet 2 are handshake packets.
+	ci.messageCounter.Add(2)
+
 	return ci
 }

@@ -50,7 +85,3 @@ func (cs *ConnectionState) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		"message_counter": cs.messageCounter.Load(),
 	})
 }
-
-func (cs *ConnectionState) Curve() cert.Curve {
-	return cs.myCert.Curve()
-}
@@ -1,114 +0,0 @@
-package nebula
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/flynn/noise"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	ct "github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/handshake"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-)
-
-// runTestHandshake runs a complete IX handshake between two freshly-built
-// peers and returns the initiator and responder Results. Used to produce
-// real cipher states for tests that need to exercise post-handshake glue.
-func runTestHandshake(t *testing.T) (initR, respR *handshake.Result) {
-	t.Helper()
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := ct.NewTestCaCert(
-		cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil,
-	)
-	caPool := ct.NewTestCAPool(ca)
-
-	makeCreds := func(name string, networks []netip.Prefix) handshake.GetCredentialFunc {
-		c, _, rawKey, _ := ct.NewTestCert(
-			cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey,
-			name, ca.NotBefore(), ca.NotAfter(), networks, nil, nil,
-		)
-		priv, _, _, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rawKey)
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		hsBytes, err := c.MarshalForHandshakes()
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		ncs := noise.NewCipherSuite(noise.DH25519, noise.CipherChaChaPoly, noise.HashSHA256)
-		cred := handshake.NewCredential(c, hsBytes, priv, ncs)
-		return func(v cert.Version) *handshake.Credential {
-			if v == cert.Version2 {
-				return cred
-			}
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-
-	verifier := func(c cert.Certificate) (*cert.CachedCertificate, error) {
-		return caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	}
-
-	initCreds := makeCreds("initiator", []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.1/24")})
-	respCreds := makeCreds("responder", []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.2/24")})
-
-	initM, err := handshake.NewMachine(
-		cert.Version2, initCreds, verifier,
-		func() (uint32, error) { return 1000, nil },
-		true, header.HandshakeIXPSK0,
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	respM, err := handshake.NewMachine(
-		cert.Version2, respCreds, verifier,
-		func() (uint32, error) { return 2000, nil },
-		false, header.HandshakeIXPSK0,
-	)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	msg1, err := initM.Initiate(nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	resp, respR, err := respM.ProcessPacket(nil, msg1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, respR)
-
-	_, initR, err = initM.ProcessPacket(nil, resp)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NotNil(t, initR)
-
-	return initR, respR
-}
-
-func TestNewConnectionStateFromResult(t *testing.T) {
-	initR, respR := runTestHandshake(t)
-
-	t.Run("initiator", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ci := newConnectionStateFromResult(initR)
-		assert.True(t, ci.initiator)
-		assert.Equal(t, initR.MyCert, ci.myCert)
-		assert.Equal(t, initR.RemoteCert, ci.peerCert)
-		assert.NotNil(t, ci.eKey)
-		assert.NotNil(t, ci.dKey)
-
-		// IX has 2 handshake messages; the next data-plane send is counter=3.
-		assert.Equal(t, uint64(2), ci.messageCounter.Load(),
-			"messageCounter must equal Result.MessageIndex so the next send is N+1")
-
-		// Both handshake counters must be marked seen so they don't appear lost.
-		// Check returns false if an index has already been recorded.
-		assert.False(t, ci.window.Check(nil, 1), "counter 1 must already be seen")
-		assert.False(t, ci.window.Check(nil, 2), "counter 2 must already be seen")
-		// Counter 3 is the next data-plane message and must NOT be pre-marked.
-		assert.True(t, ci.window.Check(nil, 3), "counter 3 must not be pre-seeded")
-	})
-
-	t.Run("responder", func(t *testing.T) {
-		ci := newConnectionStateFromResult(respR)
-		assert.False(t, ci.initiator)
-		assert.Equal(t, respR.MyCert, ci.myCert)
-		assert.Equal(t, respR.RemoteCert, ci.peerCert)
-		assert.NotNil(t, ci.eKey)
-		assert.NotNil(t, ci.dKey)
-		assert.Equal(t, uint64(2), ci.messageCounter.Load())
-	})
-}
@@ -2,51 +2,32 @@ package nebula

 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
-	"log/slog"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
-	"sync"
 	"syscall"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 )

-type RunState int
-
-const (
-	StateUnknown RunState = iota
-	StateReady
-	StateStarted
-	StateStopping
-	StateStopped
-)
-
-var ErrAlreadyStarted = errors.New("nebula is already started")
-var ErrAlreadyStopped = errors.New("nebula cannot be restarted")
-var ErrUnknownState = errors.New("nebula state is invalid")
-
 // Every interaction here needs to take extra care to copy memory and not return or use arguments "as is" when touching
 // core. This means copying IP objects, slices, de-referencing pointers and taking the actual value, etc

 type controlEach func(h *HostInfo)

 type controlHostLister interface {
-	QueryVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr) *HostInfo
+	QueryVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr) *HostInfo
 	ForEachIndex(each controlEach)
-	ForEachVpnAddr(each controlEach)
+	ForEachVpnIp(each controlEach)
 	GetPreferredRanges() []netip.Prefix
 }

 type Control struct {
-	stateLock sync.Mutex
-	state     RunState
-
 	f                      *Interface
-	l                      *slog.Logger
+	l                      *logrus.Logger
 	ctx                    context.Context
 	cancel                 context.CancelFunc
 	sshStart               func()
@@ -57,42 +38,21 @@ type Control struct {
 }

 type ControlHostInfo struct {
-	VpnAddrs               []netip.Addr     `json:"vpnAddrs"`
-	LocalIndex             uint32           `json:"localIndex"`
-	RemoteIndex            uint32           `json:"remoteIndex"`
-	RemoteAddrs            []netip.AddrPort `json:"remoteAddrs"`
-	Cert                   cert.Certificate `json:"cert"`
-	MessageCounter         uint64           `json:"messageCounter"`
-	CurrentRemote          netip.AddrPort   `json:"currentRemote"`
-	CurrentRelaysToMe      []netip.Addr     `json:"currentRelaysToMe"`
-	CurrentRelaysThroughMe []netip.Addr     `json:"currentRelaysThroughMe"`
+	VpnIp                  netip.Addr              `json:"vpnIp"`
+	LocalIndex             uint32                  `json:"localIndex"`
+	RemoteIndex            uint32                  `json:"remoteIndex"`
+	RemoteAddrs            []netip.AddrPort        `json:"remoteAddrs"`
+	Cert                   *cert.NebulaCertificate `json:"cert"`
+	MessageCounter         uint64                  `json:"messageCounter"`
+	CurrentRemote          netip.AddrPort          `json:"currentRemote"`
+	CurrentRelaysToMe      []netip.Addr            `json:"currentRelaysToMe"`
+	CurrentRelaysThroughMe []netip.Addr            `json:"currentRelaysThroughMe"`
 }

-// Start actually runs nebula, this is a nonblocking call.
-// The returned function blocks until nebula has fully stopped and returns the
-// first fatal reader error (if any). A nil error means nebula shut down
-// gracefully; a non-nil error means a reader hit an unexpected failure that
-// triggered the shutdown.
-func (c *Control) Start() (func() error, error) {
-	c.stateLock.Lock()
-	defer c.stateLock.Unlock()
-	switch c.state {
-	case StateReady:
-		//yay!
-	case StateStopped, StateStopping:
-		return nil, ErrAlreadyStopped
-	case StateStarted:
-		return nil, ErrAlreadyStarted
-	default:
-		return nil, ErrUnknownState
-	}
-
+// Start actually runs nebula, this is a nonblocking call. To block use Control.ShutdownBlock()
+func (c *Control) Start() {
 	// Activate the interface
-	err := c.f.activate()
-	if err != nil {
-		c.state = StateStopped
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	c.f.activate()

 	// Call all the delayed funcs that waited patiently for the interface to be created.
 	if c.sshStart != nil {
@@ -111,51 +71,25 @@ func (c *Control) Start() (func() error, error) {
 		c.lighthouseStart()
 	}

-	c.f.triggerShutdown = c.Stop
-
 	// Start reading packets.
-	out, err := c.f.run()
-	if err != nil {
-		c.state = StateStopped
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	c.state = StateStarted
-	return out, nil
-}
-
-func (c *Control) State() RunState {
-	c.stateLock.Lock()
-	defer c.stateLock.Unlock()
-	return c.state
+	c.f.run()
 }

 func (c *Control) Context() context.Context {
 	return c.ctx
 }

-// Stop is a non-blocking call that signals nebula to close all tunnels and shut down
+// Stop signals nebula to shutdown and close all tunnels, returns after the shutdown is complete
 func (c *Control) Stop() {
-	c.stateLock.Lock()
-	if c.state != StateStarted {
-		c.stateLock.Unlock()
-		// We are stopping or stopped already
-		return
-	}
-
-	c.state = StateStopping
-	c.stateLock.Unlock()
-
 	// Stop the handshakeManager (and other services), to prevent new tunnels from
 	// being created while we're shutting them all down.
 	c.cancel()

 	c.CloseAllTunnels(false)
 	if err := c.f.Close(); err != nil {
-		c.l.Error("Close interface failed", "error", err)
+		c.l.WithError(err).Error("Close interface failed")
 	}
-	c.stateLock.Lock()
-	c.state = StateStopped
-	c.stateLock.Unlock()
+	c.l.Info("Goodbye")
 }

 // ShutdownBlock will listen for and block on term and interrupt signals, calling Control.Stop() once signalled
@@ -166,7 +100,7 @@ func (c *Control) ShutdownBlock() {

 	rawSig := <-sigChan
 	sig := rawSig.String()
-	c.l.Info("Caught signal, shutting down", "signal", sig)
+	c.l.WithField("signal", sig).Info("Caught signal, shutting down")
 	c.Stop()
 }

@@ -200,17 +134,15 @@ func (c *Control) ListHostmapIndexes(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {
 }

 // GetCertByVpnIp returns the authenticated certificate of the given vpn IP, or nil if not found
-func (c *Control) GetCertByVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr) cert.Certificate {
-	if c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(vpnIp) {
-		// Only returning the default certificate since its impossible
-		// for any other host but ourselves to have more than 1
-		return c.f.pki.getCertState().GetDefaultCertificate().Copy()
+func (c *Control) GetCertByVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr) *cert.NebulaCertificate {
+	if c.f.myVpnNet.Addr() == vpnIp {
+		return c.f.pki.GetCertState().Certificate
 	}
-	hi := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
+	hi := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if hi == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
-	return hi.GetCert().Certificate.Copy()
+	return hi.GetCert()
 }

 // CreateTunnel creates a new tunnel to the given vpn ip.
@@ -220,7 +152,7 @@ func (c *Control) CreateTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr) {

 // PrintTunnel creates a new tunnel to the given vpn ip.
 func (c *Control) PrintTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr) *ControlHostInfo {
-	hi := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
+	hi := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if hi == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -237,9 +169,9 @@ func (c *Control) QueryLighthouse(vpnIp netip.Addr) *CacheMap {
 	return hi.CopyCache()
 }

-// GetHostInfoByVpnAddr returns a single tunnels hostInfo, or nil if not found
+// GetHostInfoByVpnIp returns a single tunnels hostInfo, or nil if not found
 // Caller should take care to Unmap() any 4in6 addresses prior to calling.
-func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr, pending bool) *ControlHostInfo {
+func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr, pending bool) *ControlHostInfo {
 	var hl controlHostLister
 	if pending {
 		hl = c.f.handshakeManager
@@ -247,7 +179,7 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr, pending bool) *Contro
 		hl = c.f.hostMap
 	}

-	h := hl.QueryVpnAddr(vpnAddr)
+	h := hl.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if h == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -259,7 +191,7 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr, pending bool) *Contro
 // SetRemoteForTunnel forces a tunnel to use a specific remote
 // Caller should take care to Unmap() any 4in6 addresses prior to calling.
 func (c *Control) SetRemoteForTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr, addr netip.AddrPort) *ControlHostInfo {
-	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
+	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -272,7 +204,7 @@ func (c *Control) SetRemoteForTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr, addr netip.AddrPort) *Con
 // CloseTunnel closes a fully established tunnel. If localOnly is false it will notify the remote end as well.
 // Caller should take care to Unmap() any 4in6 addresses prior to calling.
 func (c *Control) CloseTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr, localOnly bool) bool {
-	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
+	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -296,17 +228,20 @@ func (c *Control) CloseTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr, localOnly bool) bool {
 // CloseAllTunnels is just like CloseTunnel except it goes through and shuts them all down, optionally you can avoid shutting down lighthouse tunnels
 // the int returned is a count of tunnels closed
 func (c *Control) CloseAllTunnels(excludeLighthouses bool) (closed int) {
+	//TODO: this is probably better as a function in ConnectionManager or HostMap directly
+	lighthouses := c.f.lightHouse.GetLighthouses()
+
 	shutdown := func(h *HostInfo) {
-		if excludeLighthouses && c.f.lightHouse.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(h.vpnAddrs) {
-			return
+		if excludeLighthouses {
+			if _, ok := lighthouses[h.vpnIp]; ok {
+				return
+			}
 		}
 		c.f.send(header.CloseTunnel, 0, h.ConnectionState, h, []byte{}, make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 		c.f.closeTunnel(h)

-		c.l.Debug("Sending close tunnel message",
-			"vpnAddrs", h.vpnAddrs,
-			"udpAddr", h.remote,
-		)
+		c.l.WithField("vpnIp", h.vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", h.remote).
+			Debug("Sending close tunnel message")
 		closed++
 	}

@@ -315,7 +250,7 @@ func (c *Control) CloseAllTunnels(excludeLighthouses bool) (closed int) {
 	// Grab the hostMap lock to access the Relays map
 	c.f.hostMap.Lock()
 	for _, relayingHost := range c.f.hostMap.Relays {
-		relayingHosts[relayingHost.vpnAddrs[0]] = relayingHost
+		relayingHosts[relayingHost.vpnIp] = relayingHost
 	}
 	c.f.hostMap.Unlock()

@@ -323,7 +258,7 @@ func (c *Control) CloseAllTunnels(excludeLighthouses bool) (closed int) {
 	// Grab the hostMap lock to access the Hosts map
 	c.f.hostMap.Lock()
 	for _, relayHost := range c.f.hostMap.Indexes {
-		if _, ok := relayingHosts[relayHost.vpnAddrs[0]]; !ok {
+		if _, ok := relayingHosts[relayHost.vpnIp]; !ok {
 			hostInfos = append(hostInfos, relayHost)
 		}
 	}
@@ -343,8 +278,9 @@ func (c *Control) Device() overlay.Device {
 }

 func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) ControlHostInfo {
+
 	chi := ControlHostInfo{
-		VpnAddrs:               make([]netip.Addr, len(h.vpnAddrs)),
+		VpnIp:                  h.vpnIp,
 		LocalIndex:             h.localIndexId,
 		RemoteIndex:            h.remoteIndexId,
 		RemoteAddrs:            h.remotes.CopyAddrs(preferredRanges),
@@ -353,16 +289,12 @@ func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) ControlHostInfo {
 		CurrentRemote:          h.remote,
 	}

-	for i, a := range h.vpnAddrs {
-		chi.VpnAddrs[i] = a
-	}
-
 	if h.ConnectionState != nil {
 		chi.MessageCounter = h.ConnectionState.messageCounter.Load()
 	}

 	if c := h.GetCert(); c != nil {
-		chi.Cert = c.Certificate.Copy()
+		chi.Cert = c.Copy()
 	}

 	return chi
@@ -371,7 +303,7 @@ func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []netip.Prefix) ControlHostInfo {
 func listHostMapHosts(hl controlHostLister) []ControlHostInfo {
 	hosts := make([]ControlHostInfo, 0)
 	pr := hl.GetPreferredRanges()
-	hl.ForEachVpnAddr(func(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	hl.ForEachVpnIp(func(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 		hosts = append(hosts, copyHostInfo(hostinfo, pr))
 	})
 	return hosts
@@ -5,20 +5,19 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"reflect"
 	"testing"
+	"time"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )

 func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 with multiple certificate versions we have a problem with this test
-	// Some certs versions have different characteristics and each version implements their own Copy() func
-	// which means this is not a good place to test for exposing memory
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	// Special care must be taken to re-use all objects provided to the hostmap and certificate in the expectedInfo object
 	// To properly ensure we are not exposing core memory to the caller
-	hm := newHostMap(l)
+	hm := newHostMap(l, netip.Prefix{})
 	hm.preferredRanges.Store(&[]netip.Prefix{})

 	remote1 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("0.0.0.100:4444")
@@ -34,27 +33,42 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
 	}

-	remotes := NewRemoteList([]netip.Addr{netip.IPv4Unspecified()}, nil)
-	remotes.unlockedPrependV4(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), netAddrToProtoV4AddrPort(remote1.Addr(), remote1.Port()))
-	remotes.unlockedPrependV6(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(remote2.Addr(), remote2.Port()))
+	crt := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:           "test",
+			Ips:            []*net.IPNet{&ipNet},
+			Subnets:        []*net.IPNet{},
+			Groups:         []string{"default-group"},
+			NotBefore:      time.Unix(1, 0),
+			NotAfter:       time.Unix(2, 0),
+			PublicKey:      []byte{5, 6, 7, 8},
+			IsCA:           false,
+			Issuer:         "the-issuer",
+			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"default-group": {}},
+		},
+		Signature: []byte{1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3},
+	}
+
+	remotes := NewRemoteList(nil)
+	remotes.unlockedPrependV4(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), NewIp4AndPortFromNetIP(remote1.Addr(), remote1.Port()))
+	remotes.unlockedPrependV6(netip.IPv4Unspecified(), NewIp6AndPortFromNetIP(remote2.Addr(), remote2.Port()))

 	vpnIp, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ipNet.IP)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

-	crt := &dummyCert{}
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(&HostInfo{
 		remote:  remote1,
 		remotes: remotes,
 		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
-			peerCert: &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: crt},
+			peerCert: crt,
 		},
 		remoteIndexId: 200,
 		localIndexId:  201,
-		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
+		vpnIp:         vpnIp,
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         nil,
-			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
-			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
+			relays:        nil,
+			relayForByIp:  map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
+			relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
 	}, &Interface{})

@@ -69,26 +83,25 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		remoteIndexId: 200,
 		localIndexId:  201,
-		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp2},
+		vpnIp:         vpnIp2,
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         nil,
-			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
-			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
+			relays:        nil,
+			relayForByIp:  map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
+			relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
 	}, &Interface{})

 	c := Control{
-		state: StateReady,
 		f: &Interface{
 			hostMap: hm,
 		},
-		l: test.NewLogger(),
+		l: logrus.New(),
 	}

-	thi := c.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnIp, false)
+	thi := c.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIp, false)

 	expectedInfo := ControlHostInfo{
-		VpnAddrs:               []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
+		VpnIp:                  vpnIp,
 		LocalIndex:             201,
 		RemoteIndex:            200,
 		RemoteAddrs:            []netip.AddrPort{remote2, remote1},
@@ -100,17 +113,18 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// Make sure we don't have any unexpected fields
-	assertFields(t, []string{"VpnAddrs", "LocalIndex", "RemoteIndex", "RemoteAddrs", "Cert", "MessageCounter", "CurrentRemote", "CurrentRelaysToMe", "CurrentRelaysThroughMe"}, thi)
-	assert.Equal(t, &expectedInfo, thi)
-	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, &expectedInfo, thi)
+	assertFields(t, []string{"VpnIp", "LocalIndex", "RemoteIndex", "RemoteAddrs", "Cert", "MessageCounter", "CurrentRemote", "CurrentRelaysToMe", "CurrentRelaysThroughMe"}, thi)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, &expectedInfo, thi)
+	//TODO: netip.Addr reuses global memory for zone identifiers which breaks our "no reused memory check" here
+	//test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, &expectedInfo, thi)

 	// Make sure we don't panic if the host info doesn't have a cert yet
 	assert.NotPanics(t, func() {
-		thi = c.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnIp2, false)
+		thi = c.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIp2, false)
 	})
 }

-func assertFields(t *testing.T, expected []string, actualStruct any) {
+func assertFields(t *testing.T, expected []string, actualStruct interface{}) {
 	val := reflect.ValueOf(actualStruct).Elem()
 	fields := make([]string, val.NumField())
 	for i := 0; i < val.NumField(); i++ {
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
 //go:build e2e_testing
+// +build e2e_testing

 package nebula

 import (
 	"net/netip"

+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+
+	"github.com/google/gopacket"
+	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
@@ -20,9 +25,7 @@ func (c *Control) WaitForType(msgType header.MessageType, subType header.Message
 			panic(err)
 		}
 		pipeTo.InjectUDPPacket(p)
-		match := h.Type == msgType && h.Subtype == subType
-		p.Release()
-		if match {
+		if h.Type == msgType && h.Subtype == subType {
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -38,9 +41,7 @@ func (c *Control) WaitForTypeByIndex(toIndex uint32, msgType header.MessageType,
 			panic(err)
 		}
 		pipeTo.InjectUDPPacket(p)
-		match := h.RemoteIndex == toIndex && h.Type == msgType && h.Subtype == subType
-		p.Release()
-		if match {
+		if h.RemoteIndex == toIndex && h.Type == msgType && h.Subtype == subType {
 			return
 		}
 	}
@@ -50,15 +51,15 @@ func (c *Control) WaitForTypeByIndex(toIndex uint32, msgType header.MessageType,
 // This is necessary if you did not configure static hosts or are not running a lighthouse
 func (c *Control) InjectLightHouseAddr(vpnIp netip.Addr, toAddr netip.AddrPort) {
 	c.f.lightHouse.Lock()
-	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{vpnIp})
+	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnIp)
 	remoteList.Lock()
 	defer remoteList.Unlock()
 	c.f.lightHouse.Unlock()

 	if toAddr.Addr().Is4() {
-		remoteList.unlockedPrependV4(vpnIp, netAddrToProtoV4AddrPort(toAddr.Addr(), toAddr.Port()))
+		remoteList.unlockedPrependV4(vpnIp, NewIp4AndPortFromNetIP(toAddr.Addr(), toAddr.Port()))
 	} else {
-		remoteList.unlockedPrependV6(vpnIp, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(toAddr.Addr(), toAddr.Port()))
+		remoteList.unlockedPrependV6(vpnIp, NewIp6AndPortFromNetIP(toAddr.Addr(), toAddr.Port()))
 	}
 }

@@ -66,12 +67,12 @@ func (c *Control) InjectLightHouseAddr(vpnIp netip.Addr, toAddr netip.AddrPort)
 // This is necessary to inform an initiator of possible relays for communicating with a responder
 func (c *Control) InjectRelays(vpnIp netip.Addr, relayVpnIps []netip.Addr) {
 	c.f.lightHouse.Lock()
-	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{vpnIp})
+	remoteList := c.f.lightHouse.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnIp)
 	remoteList.Lock()
 	defer remoteList.Unlock()
 	c.f.lightHouse.Unlock()

-	remoteList.unlockedSetRelay(vpnIp, relayVpnIps)
+	remoteList.unlockedSetRelay(vpnIp, vpnIp, relayVpnIps)
 }

 // GetFromTun will pull a packet off the tun side of nebula
@@ -92,19 +93,46 @@ func (c *Control) GetTunTxChan() <-chan []byte {
 	return c.f.inside.(*overlay.TestTun).TxPackets
 }

-// InjectUDPPacket injects a packet into the udp side. We copy internally so the caller keeps ownership of p.
-// The copy comes from the freelist so steady-state alloc is zero.
+// InjectUDPPacket will inject a packet into the udp side of nebula
 func (c *Control) InjectUDPPacket(p *udp.Packet) {
-	c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Send(p.Copy())
+	c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Send(p)
 }

-// InjectTunPacket pushes an IP packet onto the tun interface.
-func (c *Control) InjectTunPacket(packet []byte) {
-	c.f.inside.(*overlay.TestTun).Send(packet)
+// InjectTunUDPPacket puts a udp packet on the tun interface. Using UDP here because it's a simpler protocol
+func (c *Control) InjectTunUDPPacket(toIp netip.Addr, toPort uint16, fromPort uint16, data []byte) {
+	//TODO: IPV6-WORK
+	ip := layers.IPv4{
+		Version:  4,
+		TTL:      64,
+		Protocol: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
+		SrcIP:    c.f.inside.Cidr().Addr().Unmap().AsSlice(),
+		DstIP:    toIp.Unmap().AsSlice(),
+	}
+
+	udp := layers.UDP{
+		SrcPort: layers.UDPPort(fromPort),
+		DstPort: layers.UDPPort(toPort),
+	}
+	err := udp.SetNetworkLayerForChecksum(&ip)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	buffer := gopacket.NewSerializeBuffer()
+	opt := gopacket.SerializeOptions{
+		ComputeChecksums: true,
+		FixLengths:       true,
+	}
+	err = gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, opt, &ip, &udp, gopacket.Payload(data))
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	c.f.inside.(*overlay.TestTun).Send(buffer.Bytes())
 }

-func (c *Control) GetVpnAddrs() []netip.Addr {
-	return c.f.myVpnAddrs
+func (c *Control) GetVpnIp() netip.Addr {
+	return c.f.myVpnNet.Addr()
 }

 func (c *Control) GetUDPAddr() netip.AddrPort {
@@ -112,7 +140,7 @@ func (c *Control) GetUDPAddr() netip.AddrPort {
 }

 func (c *Control) KillPendingTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr) bool {
-	hostinfo := c.f.handshakeManager.QueryVpnAddr(vpnIp)
+	hostinfo := c.f.handshakeManager.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if hostinfo == nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -125,12 +153,8 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostmap() *HostMap {
 	return c.f.hostMap
 }

-func (c *Control) GetF() *Interface {
-	return c.f
-}
-
-func (c *Control) GetCertState() *CertState {
-	return c.f.pki.getCertState()
+func (c *Control) GetCert() *cert.NebulaCertificate {
+	return c.f.pki.GetCertState().Certificate
 }

 func (c *Control) ReHandshake(vpnIp netip.Addr) {
@@ -84,24 +84,30 @@ end

 function nebula.prefs_changed()
    if default_settings.all_ports == nebula.prefs.all_ports and default_settings.port == nebula.prefs.port then
+        -- Nothing changed, bail
        return
    end

-    -- Remove all existing registrations
+    -- Remove our old dissector
    DissectorTable.get("udp.port"):remove_all(nebula)

-    if nebula.prefs.all_ports then
-        -- Register on every port for hole punch capture
+    if nebula.prefs.all_ports and default_settings.all_ports ~= nebula.prefs.all_ports then
+        default_settings.all_port = nebula.prefs.all_ports
+
        for i=0, 65535 do
            DissectorTable.get("udp.port"):add(i, nebula)
        end
-    else
-        -- Register on the configured port only
-        DissectorTable.get("udp.port"):add(nebula.prefs.port, nebula)
+
+        -- no need to establish again on specific ports
+        return
    end

-    default_settings.all_ports = nebula.prefs.all_ports
-    default_settings.port = nebula.prefs.port
+
+    if default_settings.all_ports ~= nebula.prefs.all_ports then
+        -- Add our new port dissector
+        default_settings.port = nebula.prefs.port
+        DissectorTable.get("udp.port"):add(default_settings.port, nebula)
+    end
 end

 DissectorTable.get("udp.port"):add(default_settings.port, nebula)
@@ -1,255 +1,53 @@
 package nebula

 import (
-	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"

-	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 )

-type dnsServer struct {
+// This whole thing should be rewritten to use context
+
+var dnsR *dnsRecords
+var dnsServer *dns.Server
+var dnsAddr string
+
+type dnsRecords struct {
 	sync.RWMutex
-	l               *slog.Logger
-	ctx             context.Context
-	dnsMap4         map[string]netip.Addr
-	dnsMap6         map[string]netip.Addr
-	hostMap         *HostMap
-	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Lite
-
-	mux *dns.ServeMux
-
-	// enabled mirrors `lighthouse.serve_dns && lighthouse.am_lighthouse`.
-	// Start, Add, and reload consult it so callers don't need to know the
-	// gating rules. When it toggles off via reload, accumulated records are
-	// cleared so a later re-enable starts with a fresh map populated from
-	// new handshakes.
-	enabled atomic.Bool
-
-	serverMu sync.Mutex
-	server   *dns.Server
-	// started is closed once `server` has finished binding (or after
-	// ListenAndServe returns on a bind failure). Stop waits on it before
-	// calling Shutdown to avoid the miekg/dns "server not started" race
-	// where a Shutdown that arrives before bind completes is silently
-	// ignored, leaving the listener running forever.
-	started chan struct{}
-	addr    string
+	dnsMap  map[string]string
+	hostMap *HostMap
 }

-// newDnsServerFromConfig builds a dnsServer, applies the initial config, and
-// registers a reload callback. The reload callback is registered before the
-// initial config is applied, so a SIGHUP can later enable, fix, or disable
-// DNS even if the initial application failed.
-//
-// The dnsServer internally gates on `lighthouse.serve_dns &&
-// lighthouse.am_lighthouse`. Start and Add are safe to call unconditionally,
-// they no-op when DNS isn't enabled. Each Start invocation owns a ctx-cancel
-// watcher that tears the listener down on nebula shutdown. The returned
-// pointer is always non-nil, even on error.
-func newDnsServerFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *slog.Logger, cs *CertState, hostMap *HostMap, c *config.C) (*dnsServer, error) {
-	ds := &dnsServer{
-		l:               l,
-		ctx:             ctx,
-		dnsMap4:         make(map[string]netip.Addr),
-		dnsMap6:         make(map[string]netip.Addr),
-		hostMap:         hostMap,
-		myVpnAddrsTable: cs.myVpnAddrsTable,
-	}
-	ds.mux = dns.NewServeMux()
-	ds.mux.HandleFunc(".", ds.handleDnsRequest)
-
-	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
-		if err := ds.reload(c, false); err != nil {
-			ds.l.Error("Failed to reload DNS responder from config", "error", err)
-		}
-	})
-
-	if err := ds.reload(c, true); err != nil {
-		return ds, err
-	}
-	return ds, nil
-}
-
-// reload applies the latest config and reconciles the running state with it:
-//   - enabled toggled on  -> spawn a runner
-//   - enabled toggled off -> stop the runner
-//   - listen address changed (while running) -> restart on the new address
-//   - everything else     -> no-op
-//
-// On the initial call it only records configuration; Control.Start is what
-// launches the first runner via dnsStart.
-func (d *dnsServer) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
-	wantsDns := c.GetBool("lighthouse.serve_dns", false)
-	amLighthouse := c.GetBool("lighthouse.am_lighthouse", false)
-	enabled := wantsDns && amLighthouse
-	newAddr := getDnsServerAddr(c)
-
-	d.serverMu.Lock()
-	running := d.server
-	runningStarted := d.started
-	sameAddr := d.addr == newAddr
-	d.addr = newAddr
-	d.enabled.Store(enabled)
-	d.serverMu.Unlock()
-
-	if initial {
-		if wantsDns && !amLighthouse {
-			d.l.Warn("DNS server refusing to run because this host is not a lighthouse.")
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if !enabled {
-		if running != nil {
-			d.Stop()
-		}
-		// Drop any records that accumulated while enabled; a later re-enable
-		// will repopulate from fresh handshakes.
-		d.clearRecords()
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if running == nil {
-		// Was disabled (or never started); bring it up now.
-		go d.Start()
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	if sameAddr {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	d.shutdownServer(running, runningStarted, "reload")
-	// Old Start goroutine has now exited; bring up a fresh listener on the
-	// new address.
-	go d.Start()
-	return nil
-}
-
-// shutdownServer waits for the server to finish binding (so Shutdown actually
-// stops it rather than no-oping) and then shuts it down.
-func (d *dnsServer) shutdownServer(srv *dns.Server, started chan struct{}, reason string) {
-	if srv == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	if started != nil {
-		<-started
-	}
-	if err := srv.Shutdown(); err != nil {
-		d.l.Warn("Failed to shut down the DNS responder", "reason", reason, "error", err)
+func newDnsRecords(hostMap *HostMap) *dnsRecords {
+	return &dnsRecords{
+		dnsMap:  make(map[string]string),
+		hostMap: hostMap,
 	}
 }

-// Start binds and serves the DNS responder. Blocks until Stop is called or
-// the listener errors. Safe to call when DNS is disabled (returns
-// immediately). This is what Control.dnsStart points at.
-//
-// Must be invoked after the tun device is active so that lighthouse.dns.host
-// may bind to a nebula IP.
-func (d *dnsServer) Start() {
-	if !d.enabled.Load() {
-		return
-	}
-
-	started := make(chan struct{})
-	d.serverMu.Lock()
-	if d.ctx.Err() != nil {
-		d.serverMu.Unlock()
-		return
-	}
-	addr := d.addr
-	server := &dns.Server{
-		Addr:              addr,
-		Net:               "udp",
-		Handler:           d.mux,
-		NotifyStartedFunc: func() { close(started) },
-	}
-	d.server = server
-	d.started = started
-	d.serverMu.Unlock()
-
-	// Per-invocation ctx watcher. Exits when Start does, so we don't leak a
-	// watcher per reload-driven restart.
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		select {
-		case <-d.ctx.Done():
-			d.shutdownServer(server, started, "shutdown")
-		case <-done:
-		}
-	}()
-
-	d.l.Info("Starting DNS responder", "dnsListener", addr)
-	err := server.ListenAndServe()
-	close(done)
-
-	// If the listener never bound (bind error) NotifyStartedFunc never fires,
-	// so close started here to release any Stop caller waiting on it.
-	select {
-	case <-started:
-	default:
-		close(started)
-	}
-
-	if err != nil {
-		d.l.Warn("Failed to run the DNS responder", "error", err)
-	}
-}
-
-// Stop shuts down the active server, if any. Idempotent.
-func (d *dnsServer) Stop() {
-	d.serverMu.Lock()
-	srv := d.server
-	started := d.started
-	d.server = nil
-	d.started = nil
-	d.serverMu.Unlock()
-	d.shutdownServer(srv, started, "stop")
-}
-
-// Query returns the address for the given name and query type. The second
-// return value reports whether the name is known at all (in either A or AAAA),
-// which lets callers distinguish NODATA from NXDOMAIN.
-func (d *dnsServer) Query(q uint16, data string) (netip.Addr, bool) {
-	data = strings.ToLower(data)
+func (d *dnsRecords) Query(data string) string {
 	d.RLock()
 	defer d.RUnlock()
-	addr4, haveV4 := d.dnsMap4[data]
-	addr6, haveV6 := d.dnsMap6[data]
-	nameExists := haveV4 || haveV6
-	switch q {
-	case dns.TypeA:
-		if haveV4 {
-			return addr4, nameExists
-		}
-	case dns.TypeAAAA:
-		if haveV6 {
-			return addr6, nameExists
-		}
+	if r, ok := d.dnsMap[strings.ToLower(data)]; ok {
+		return r
 	}
-
-	return netip.Addr{}, nameExists
+	return ""
 }

-func (d *dnsServer) QueryCert(data string) string {
-	if len(data) < 2 {
-		return ""
-	}
+func (d *dnsRecords) QueryCert(data string) string {
 	ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(data[:len(data)-1])
 	if err != nil {
 		return ""
 	}

-	hostinfo := d.hostMap.QueryVpnAddr(ip)
+	hostinfo := d.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(ip)
 	if hostinfo == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
@@ -259,93 +57,43 @@ func (d *dnsServer) QueryCert(data string) string {
 		return ""
 	}

-	b, err := q.Certificate.MarshalJSON()
-	if err != nil {
-		return ""
-	}
-	return string(b)
+	cert := q.Details
+	c := fmt.Sprintf("\"Name: %s\" \"Ips: %s\" \"Subnets %s\" \"Groups %s\" \"NotBefore %s\" \"NotAfter %s\" \"PublicKey %x\" \"IsCA %t\" \"Issuer %s\"", cert.Name, cert.Ips, cert.Subnets, cert.Groups, cert.NotBefore, cert.NotAfter, cert.PublicKey, cert.IsCA, cert.Issuer)
+	return c
 }

-// clearRecords drops all DNS records.
-func (d *dnsServer) clearRecords() {
+func (d *dnsRecords) Add(host, data string) {
 	d.Lock()
 	defer d.Unlock()
-	clear(d.dnsMap4)
-	clear(d.dnsMap6)
+	d.dnsMap[strings.ToLower(host)] = data
 }

-// Add adds the first IPv4 and IPv6 address that appears in `addresses` as the record for `host`
-func (d *dnsServer) Add(host string, addresses []netip.Addr) {
-	if !d.enabled.Load() {
-		return
-	}
-	host = strings.ToLower(host)
-	d.Lock()
-	defer d.Unlock()
-	haveV4 := false
-	haveV6 := false
-	for _, addr := range addresses {
-		if addr.Is4() && !haveV4 {
-			d.dnsMap4[host] = addr
-			haveV4 = true
-		} else if addr.Is6() && !haveV6 {
-			d.dnsMap6[host] = addr
-			haveV6 = true
-		}
-		if haveV4 && haveV6 {
-			break
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (d *dnsServer) isSelfNebulaOrLocalhost(addr string) bool {
-	a, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
-	b, err := netip.ParseAddr(a)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	if b.IsLoopback() {
-		return true
-	}
-
-	//if we found it in this table, it's good
-	return d.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(b)
-}
-
-func (d *dnsServer) parseQuery(m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
-	debugEnabled := d.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug)
-	// Per RFC 2308 §2.2, a name that exists but has no record of the requested
-	// type must be answered with NOERROR and an empty answer section (NODATA),
-	// not NXDOMAIN (RFC 2308 §2.1), which is reserved for names that do not
-	// exist at all.
-	anyNameExists := false
+func parseQuery(l *logrus.Logger, m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
 	for _, q := range m.Question {
 		switch q.Qtype {
-		case dns.TypeA, dns.TypeAAAA:
-			qType := dns.TypeToString[q.Qtype]
-			if debugEnabled {
-				d.l.Debug("DNS query", "type", qType, "name", q.Name)
-			}
-			ip, nameExists := d.Query(q.Qtype, q.Name)
-			if nameExists {
-				anyNameExists = true
-			}
-			if ip.IsValid() {
-				rr, err := dns.NewRR(fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s", q.Name, qType, ip))
+		case dns.TypeA:
+			l.Debugf("Query for A %s", q.Name)
+			ip := dnsR.Query(q.Name)
+			if ip != "" {
+				rr, err := dns.NewRR(fmt.Sprintf("%s A %s", q.Name, ip))
 				if err == nil {
 					m.Answer = append(m.Answer, rr)
 				}
 			}
 		case dns.TypeTXT:
-			// We only answer these queries from nebula nodes or localhost
-			if !d.isSelfNebulaOrLocalhost(w.RemoteAddr().String()) {
+			a, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(w.RemoteAddr().String())
+			b, err := netip.ParseAddr(a)
+			if err != nil {
 				return
 			}
-			if debugEnabled {
-				d.l.Debug("DNS query", "type", "TXT", "name", q.Name)
+
+			// We don't answer these queries from non nebula nodes or localhost
+			//l.Debugf("Does %s contain %s", b, dnsR.hostMap.vpnCIDR)
+			if !dnsR.hostMap.vpnCIDR.Contains(b) && a != "127.0.0.1" {
+				return
 			}
-			ip := d.QueryCert(q.Name)
+			l.Debugf("Query for TXT %s", q.Name)
+			ip := dnsR.QueryCert(q.Name)
 			if ip != "" {
 				rr, err := dns.NewRR(fmt.Sprintf("%s TXT %s", q.Name, ip))
 				if err == nil {
@@ -355,24 +103,41 @@ func (d *dnsServer) parseQuery(m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
 		}
 	}

-	if len(m.Answer) == 0 && !anyNameExists {
+	if len(m.Answer) == 0 {
 		m.Rcode = dns.RcodeNameError
 	}
 }

-func (d *dnsServer) handleDnsRequest(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
+func handleDnsRequest(l *logrus.Logger, w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 	m := new(dns.Msg)
 	m.SetReply(r)
 	m.Compress = false

 	switch r.Opcode {
 	case dns.OpcodeQuery:
-		d.parseQuery(m, w)
+		parseQuery(l, m, w)
 	}

 	w.WriteMsg(m)
 }

+func dnsMain(l *logrus.Logger, hostMap *HostMap, c *config.C) func() {
+	dnsR = newDnsRecords(hostMap)
+
+	// attach request handler func
+	dns.HandleFunc(".", func(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
+		handleDnsRequest(l, w, r)
+	})
+
+	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
+		reloadDns(l, c)
+	})
+
+	return func() {
+		startDns(l, c)
+	}
+}
+
 func getDnsServerAddr(c *config.C) string {
 	dnsHost := strings.TrimSpace(c.GetString("lighthouse.dns.host", ""))
 	// Old guidance was to provide the literal `[::]` in `lighthouse.dns.host` but that won't resolve.
@@ -381,3 +146,25 @@ func getDnsServerAddr(c *config.C) string {
 	}
 	return net.JoinHostPort(dnsHost, strconv.Itoa(c.GetInt("lighthouse.dns.port", 53)))
 }
+
+func startDns(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) {
+	dnsAddr = getDnsServerAddr(c)
+	dnsServer = &dns.Server{Addr: dnsAddr, Net: "udp"}
+	l.WithField("dnsListener", dnsAddr).Info("Starting DNS responder")
+	err := dnsServer.ListenAndServe()
+	defer dnsServer.Shutdown()
+	if err != nil {
+		l.Errorf("Failed to start server: %s\n ", err.Error())
+	}
+}
+
+func reloadDns(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) {
+	if dnsAddr == getDnsServerAddr(c) {
+		l.Debug("No DNS server config change detected")
+		return
+	}
+
+	l.Debug("Restarting DNS server")
+	dnsServer.Shutdown()
+	go startDns(l, c)
+}
@@ -1,123 +1,46 @@
 package nebula

 import (
-	"context"
-	"log/slog"
-	"net"
-	"net/netip"
-	"strconv"
 	"testing"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

-type stubDNSWriter struct{}
-
-func (stubDNSWriter) LocalAddr() net.Addr { return &net.UDPAddr{} }
-func (stubDNSWriter) RemoteAddr() net.Addr {
-	return &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1"), Port: 5353}
-}
-func (stubDNSWriter) Write([]byte) (int, error) { return 0, nil }
-func (stubDNSWriter) WriteMsg(*dns.Msg) error   { return nil }
-func (stubDNSWriter) Close() error              { return nil }
-func (stubDNSWriter) TsigStatus() error         { return nil }
-func (stubDNSWriter) TsigTimersOnly(bool)       {}
-func (stubDNSWriter) Hijack()                   {}
-
 func TestParsequery(t *testing.T) {
-	l := slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)
+	//TODO: This test is basically pointless
 	hostMap := &HostMap{}
-	ds := &dnsServer{
-		l:       l,
-		dnsMap4: make(map[string]netip.Addr),
-		dnsMap6: make(map[string]netip.Addr),
-		hostMap: hostMap,
-	}
-	ds.enabled.Store(true)
-	addrs := []netip.Addr{
-		netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"),
-		netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.5"),
-		netip.MustParseAddr("fd01::24"),
-		netip.MustParseAddr("fd01::25"),
-	}
-	ds.Add("test.com.com", addrs)
-	ds.Add("v4only.com.com", []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.6")})
-	ds.Add("v6only.com.com", []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("fd01::26")})
+	ds := newDnsRecords(hostMap)
+	ds.Add("test.com.com", "1.2.3.4")

-	m := &dns.Msg{}
+	m := new(dns.Msg)
 	m.SetQuestion("test.com.com", dns.TypeA)
-	ds.parseQuery(m, nil)
-	assert.NotNil(t, m.Answer)
-	assert.Equal(t, "1.2.3.4", m.Answer[0].(*dns.A).A.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, m.Rcode)

-	m = &dns.Msg{}
-	m.SetQuestion("test.com.com", dns.TypeAAAA)
-	ds.parseQuery(m, nil)
-	assert.NotNil(t, m.Answer)
-	assert.Equal(t, "fd01::24", m.Answer[0].(*dns.AAAA).AAAA.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, m.Rcode)
-
-	// A known name with no record of the requested type should return NODATA
-	// (NOERROR with empty answer), not NXDOMAIN.
-	m = &dns.Msg{}
-	m.SetQuestion("v4only.com.com", dns.TypeAAAA)
-	ds.parseQuery(m, nil)
-	assert.Empty(t, m.Answer)
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, m.Rcode)
-
-	m = &dns.Msg{}
-	m.SetQuestion("v6only.com.com", dns.TypeA)
-	ds.parseQuery(m, nil)
-	assert.Empty(t, m.Answer)
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, m.Rcode)
-
-	// An unknown name should still return NXDOMAIN.
-	m = &dns.Msg{}
-	m.SetQuestion("unknown.com.com", dns.TypeA)
-	ds.parseQuery(m, nil)
-	assert.Empty(t, m.Answer)
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeNameError, m.Rcode)
-
-	// short lookups should not fail
-	m = &dns.Msg{}
-	m.Question = []dns.Question{{Name: "", Qtype: dns.TypeTXT, Qclass: dns.ClassINET}}
-	ds.parseQuery(m, stubDNSWriter{})
-	assert.Empty(t, m.Answer)
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeNameError, m.Rcode)
-
-	m = &dns.Msg{}
-	m.Question = []dns.Question{{Name: ".", Qtype: dns.TypeTXT, Qclass: dns.ClassINET}}
-	ds.parseQuery(m, stubDNSWriter{})
-	assert.Empty(t, m.Answer)
-	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeNameError, m.Rcode)
+	//parseQuery(m)
 }

 func Test_getDnsServerAddr(t *testing.T) {
 	c := config.NewC(nil)

-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "0.0.0.0",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, "0.0.0.0:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))

-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "::",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))

-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "[::]",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
@@ -125,216 +48,11 @@ func Test_getDnsServerAddr(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))

 	// Make sure whitespace doesn't mess us up
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "[::] ",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))
 }
-
-func newTestDnsServer(t *testing.T) (*dnsServer, *config.C) {
-	t.Helper()
-	sl := slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)
-	ds := &dnsServer{
-		l:       sl,
-		ctx:     context.Background(),
-		dnsMap4: make(map[string]netip.Addr),
-		dnsMap6: make(map[string]netip.Addr),
-		hostMap: &HostMap{},
-	}
-	ds.mux = dns.NewServeMux()
-	ds.mux.HandleFunc(".", ds.handleDnsRequest)
-	return ds, config.NewC(nil)
-}
-
-func setDnsConfig(c *config.C, host string, port string, amLighthouse, serveDns bool) {
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"am_lighthouse": amLighthouse,
-		"serve_dns":     serveDns,
-		"dns": map[string]any{
-			"host": host,
-			"port": port,
-		},
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDnsServer_reload_initial_disabled(t *testing.T) {
-	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", "0", true, false)
-
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-	assert.False(t, ds.enabled.Load())
-	assert.Equal(t, "127.0.0.1:0", ds.addr)
-	assert.Nil(t, ds.server)
-}
-
-func TestDnsServer_reload_initial_enabled(t *testing.T) {
-	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", "0", true, true)
-
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-	assert.True(t, ds.enabled.Load())
-	assert.Equal(t, "127.0.0.1:0", ds.addr)
-	// initial never starts a runner; that's Control.Start's job
-	assert.Nil(t, ds.server)
-}
-
-func TestDnsServer_reload_initial_serveDnsWithoutLighthouse(t *testing.T) {
-	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", "0", false, true)
-
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-	// Wants DNS but isn't a lighthouse: gated off, no runner.
-	assert.False(t, ds.enabled.Load())
-}
-
-func TestDnsServer_reload_sameAddr_noOp(t *testing.T) {
-	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", "0", true, true)
-
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-	// No server running yet, no addr change. Reload should not spawn anything.
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, false))
-	assert.True(t, ds.enabled.Load())
-	assert.Nil(t, ds.server)
-}
-
-func TestDnsServer_StartStop_lifecycle(t *testing.T) {
-	// Bind to a real (random) UDP port so we exercise the actual
-	// ListenAndServe + Shutdown plumbing including the started-chan race fix.
-	port := freeUDPPort(t)
-
-	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, true)
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		ds.Start()
-		close(done)
-	}()
-
-	waitFor(t, func() bool {
-		ds.serverMu.Lock()
-		started := ds.started
-		ds.serverMu.Unlock()
-		if started == nil {
-			return false
-		}
-		select {
-		case <-started:
-			return true
-		default:
-			return false
-		}
-	})
-
-	ds.Stop()
-	select {
-	case <-done:
-	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("Start did not return after Stop")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDnsServer_Stop_beforeBind_doesNotHang(t *testing.T) {
-	// Stop called immediately after Start should not deadlock even if bind
-	// hasn't completed yet. This exercises the started-chan close-on-bind-fail
-	// path: by binding to an obviously bad port (privileged) we get a fast
-	// bind error before NotifyStartedFunc fires.
-	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	// Use a port that should fail to bind (negative would be invalid, use a
-	// host that won't resolve to ensure listenUDP fails quickly).
-	setDnsConfig(c, "256.256.256.256", "53", true, true)
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-
-	done := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		ds.Start()
-		close(done)
-	}()
-
-	// Give Start a moment to attempt the bind and fail.
-	select {
-	case <-done:
-		// Bind failed and Start returned; Stop should be a no-op.
-	case <-time.After(time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("Start did not return after a bad bind")
-	}
-
-	stopped := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		ds.Stop()
-		close(stopped)
-	}()
-	select {
-	case <-stopped:
-	case <-time.After(time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("Stop hung after a failed bind")
-	}
-}
-
-func TestDnsServer_reload_disable_stopsRunningServer(t *testing.T) {
-	port := freeUDPPort(t)
-	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, true)
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-
-	startReturned := make(chan struct{})
-	go func() {
-		ds.Start()
-		close(startReturned)
-	}()
-	waitForBind(t, ds)
-
-	// Toggle serve_dns off; reload should shut the running server down.
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, false)
-	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, false))
-	select {
-	case <-startReturned:
-	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
-		t.Fatal("Start did not return after reload disabled DNS")
-	}
-	assert.False(t, ds.enabled.Load())
-}
-
-func freeUDPPort(t *testing.T) string {
-	t.Helper()
-	conn, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	port := conn.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr).Port
-	require.NoError(t, conn.Close())
-	return strconv.Itoa(port)
-}
-
-func waitForBind(t *testing.T, ds *dnsServer) {
-	t.Helper()
-	waitFor(t, func() bool {
-		ds.serverMu.Lock()
-		started := ds.started
-		ds.serverMu.Unlock()
-		if started == nil {
-			return false
-		}
-		select {
-		case <-started:
-			return true
-		default:
-			return false
-		}
-	})
-}
-
-func waitFor(t *testing.T, cond func() bool) {
-	t.Helper()
-	deadline := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second)
-	for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
-		if cond() {
-			return
-		}
-		time.Sleep(5 * time.Millisecond)
-	}
-	t.Fatal("timed out waiting for condition")
-}
@@ -1,577 +0,0 @@
-//go:build e2e_testing
-// +build e2e_testing
-
-package e2e
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-// makeHandshakePacket creates a handshake packet with the given parameters.
-func makeHandshakePacket(from, to netip.AddrPort, subtype header.MessageSubType, remoteIndex uint32, counter uint64) *udp.Packet {
-	data := make([]byte, 200)
-	header.Encode(data, header.Version, header.Handshake, subtype, remoteIndex, counter)
-	for i := header.Len; i < len(data); i++ {
-		data[i] = byte(i)
-	}
-	return &udp.Packet{To: to, From: from, Data: data}
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeRetransmitDuplicate(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// Verify the responder correctly handles receiving the same msg1 multiple times
-	// (retransmission). The duplicate goes through CheckAndComplete -> ErrAlreadySeen
-	// and the cached response is resent.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger handshake from me to them")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi")))
-
-	t.Log("Grab my msg1")
-	msg1 := myControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-
-	t.Log("Inject msg1 into them, first time")
-	theirControl.InjectUDPPacket(msg1)
-	_ = theirControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-
-	t.Log("Inject the SAME msg1 again, tests ErrAlreadySeen path")
-	theirControl.InjectUDPPacket(msg1)
-	resp2 := theirControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-	assert.NotNil(t, resp2, "should get cached response on duplicate msg1")
-
-	t.Log("Complete handshake with cached response")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(resp2)
-	myControl.WaitForType(1, 0, theirControl)
-
-	t.Log("Drain cached packet and verify tunnel works")
-	cachedPacket := theirControl.GetFromTun(true)
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi"), cachedPacket, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	t.Log("Verify only one tunnel exists on each side")
-	assert.Len(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(false), 1)
-	assert.Len(t, theirControl.ListHostmapHosts(false), 1)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeTruncatedPacketRecovery(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// Verify that a truncated handshake packet is ignored and the real
-	// packet can still complete the handshake.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger handshake")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi")))
-
-	t.Log("Get msg1 and deliver to responder")
-	msg1 := myControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-	theirControl.InjectUDPPacket(msg1)
-
-	t.Log("Get the real response")
-	realResp := theirControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-
-	t.Log("Truncate the response and inject, should be ignored")
-	truncResp := realResp.Copy()
-	truncResp.Data = truncResp.Data[:header.Len]
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(truncResp)
-
-	t.Log("Verify pending handshake survived the truncated packet")
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(true), "pending handshake should still exist")
-
-	t.Log("Inject real response, should complete handshake")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(realResp)
-	myControl.WaitForType(1, 0, theirControl)
-
-	t.Log("Drain and verify tunnel")
-	cachedPacket := theirControl.GetFromTun(true)
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi"), cachedPacket, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeOrphanedMsg2Dropped(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// A msg2 arriving with no matching pending index should be silently dropped
-	// with no response sent and no state changes.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	t.Log("Complete a normal handshake")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi")))
-	r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	t.Log("Record hostmap state")
-	myIndexes := len(myControl.ListHostmapIndexes(false))
-
-	t.Log("Inject a fake msg2 with unknown RemoteIndex")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(makeHandshakePacket(theirUdpAddr, myUdpAddr, header.HandshakeIXPSK0, 0xDEADBEEF, 2))
-
-	t.Log("Verify no new indexes created")
-	assert.Equal(t, myIndexes, len(myControl.ListHostmapIndexes(false)))
-
-	t.Log("Verify no UDP response was sent")
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetFromUDP(false), "should not send a response to orphaned msg2")
-
-	t.Log("Verify existing tunnel still works")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeUnknownMessageCounter(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// A handshake packet with an unexpected message counter should be silently
-	// dropped with no side effects and no UDP response.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, _, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Inject handshake with MessageCounter=3")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(makeHandshakePacket(theirUdpAddr, myUdpAddr, header.HandshakeIXPSK0, 0, 3))
-
-	t.Log("Inject handshake with MessageCounter=99")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(makeHandshakePacket(theirUdpAddr, myUdpAddr, header.HandshakeIXPSK0, 0, 99))
-
-	t.Log("Verify no tunnels or pending handshakes")
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(false))
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(true))
-
-	t.Log("Verify no UDP response was sent")
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetFromUDP(false))
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeUnknownSubtype(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// A handshake packet with an unknown subtype should be silently dropped.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, _, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	theirControl, _, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Inject handshake with unknown subtype 99")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(makeHandshakePacket(theirUdpAddr, myUdpAddr, header.MessageSubType(99), 0, 1))
-
-	t.Log("Verify no tunnels or pending handshakes")
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(false))
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(true))
-
-	t.Log("Verify no UDP response was sent")
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetFromUDP(false))
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeLateResponse(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// After a handshake times out, a late response should be silently ignored
-	// with no new tunnels created.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{
-		"handshakes": m{
-			"try_interval": "200ms",
-			"retries":      2,
-		},
-	})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger handshake from me")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi")))
-
-	t.Log("Grab msg1 but don't deliver")
-	msg1 := myControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-
-	t.Log("Wait for handshake to time out")
-	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
-		time.Sleep(300 * time.Millisecond)
-		myControl.GetFromUDP(false)
-	}
-
-	t.Log("Confirm no pending handshakes remain")
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(true))
-
-	t.Log("Deliver old msg1 to them, they create a tunnel")
-	theirControl.InjectUDPPacket(msg1)
-	resp := theirControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-	assert.NotNil(t, resp)
-
-	t.Log("Inject late response into me, should be ignored")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(resp)
-
-	t.Log("No tunnel should exist on my side")
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(false))
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(true))
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeSelfConnectionRejected(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// Verify that a node rejects a handshake containing its own VPN IP in the
-	// peer cert. We do this by sending the initiator's own msg1 back to itself.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-
-	// Need a lighthouse entry to trigger a handshake
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.2"), netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.2:4242"))
-
-	myControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger handshake from me")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.2"), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi")))
-	msg1 := myControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-
-	t.Log("Drain any handshake retransmits before injecting")
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	for myControl.GetFromUDP(false) != nil {
-	}
-
-	t.Log("Feed my own msg1 back to me as if it came from someone else")
-	selfMsg := msg1.Copy()
-	selfMsg.From = netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.99:4242")
-	selfMsg.To = myUdpAddr
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(selfMsg)
-
-	t.Log("Verify no response was sent (self-connection rejected)")
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	// Drain any further retransmits from the original handshake, then check
-	// that none of them are a handshake response (MessageCounter=2)
-	h := &header.H{}
-	for {
-		p := myControl.GetFromUDP(false)
-		if p == nil {
-			break
-		}
-		_ = h.Parse(p.Data)
-		assert.NotEqual(t, uint64(2), h.MessageCounter,
-			"should not send a stage 2 response to self-connection")
-	}
-
-	t.Log("Verify no tunnel to myself was created")
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false))
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeMessageCounter0Dropped(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// MessageCounter=0 is not a valid handshake message and should be dropped.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, _, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	_, _, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Inject handshake with MessageCounter=0")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(makeHandshakePacket(theirUdpAddr, myUdpAddr, header.HandshakeIXPSK0, 0, 0))
-
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(false))
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(true))
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetFromUDP(false))
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeRemoteAllowList(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// Verify that a handshake from a blocked underlay IP is dropped with no
-	// response and no state changes. Then verify the same packet from an
-	// allowed IP succeeds.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{
-		"lighthouse": m{
-			"remote_allow_list": m{
-				"10.0.0.0/8": true,
-				"0.0.0.0/0":  false,
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger handshake from them")
-	theirControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi")))
-	msg1 := theirControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-
-	t.Log("Rewrite the source to a blocked IP and inject")
-	blockedMsg := msg1.Copy()
-	blockedMsg.From = netip.MustParseAddrPort("192.168.1.1:4242")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(blockedMsg)
-
-	t.Log("Verify no tunnel, no pending, no response from blocked source")
-	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(false))
-	assert.Empty(t, myControl.ListHostmapHosts(true))
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetFromUDP(false), "should not respond to blocked source")
-
-	t.Log("Now inject the real packet from the allowed source")
-	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(msg1)
-
-	t.Log("Verify handshake completes from allowed source")
-	resp := myControl.GetFromUDP(true)
-	assert.NotNil(t, resp)
-	theirControl.InjectUDPPacket(resp)
-	theirControl.WaitForType(1, 0, myControl)
-
-	t.Log("Drain cached packet and verify tunnel works")
-	cachedPacket := myControl.GetFromTun(true)
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi"), cachedPacket, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeAlreadySeenPreferredRemote(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// When a duplicate msg1 arrives via ErrAlreadySeen, verify the tunnel
-	// remains functional and hostmap index count is stable.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	t.Log("Complete a normal handshake via the router")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi")))
-	r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	t.Log("Record hostmap state")
-	theirIndexes := len(theirControl.ListHostmapIndexes(false))
-	hi := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, hi)
-	originalRemote := hi.CurrentRemote
-
-	t.Log("Re-trigger traffic to cause a new handshake attempt (ErrAlreadySeen)")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("roam")))
-	r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-
-	t.Log("Verify tunnel still works")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	t.Log("Verify remote is still valid and index count is stable")
-	hi2 := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, hi2)
-	assert.Equal(t, originalRemote, hi2.CurrentRemote)
-	assert.Equal(t, theirIndexes, len(theirControl.ListHostmapIndexes(false)),
-		"no extra indexes should be created from ErrAlreadySeen")
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeWrongResponderPacketStore(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// Verify that when the wrong host responds, the cached packets are
-	// transferred to the new handshake, the evil tunnel is closed, evil's
-	// address is blocked, and the correct tunnel is eventually established.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.100/24", nil)
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.99/24", nil)
-	evilControl, evilVpnIpNet, evilUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "evil", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), evilUdpAddr)
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl, evilControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-	evilControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Send multiple packets to them (cached during handshake)")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("packet1")))
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("packet2")))
-
-	t.Log("Route until evil tunnel is closed")
-	h := &header.H{}
-	r.RouteForAllExitFunc(func(p *udp.Packet, c *nebula.Control) router.ExitType {
-		if err := h.Parse(p.Data); err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		if h.Type == header.CloseTunnel && p.To == evilUdpAddr {
-			return router.RouteAndExit
-		}
-		return router.KeepRouting
-	})
-
-	t.Log("Verify evil's address is blocked in the new pending handshake")
-	pendingHI := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), true)
-	if pendingHI != nil {
-		assert.NotContains(t, pendingHI.RemoteAddrs, evilUdpAddr,
-			"evil's address should be blocked")
-	}
-
-	t.Log("Inject correct lighthouse addr for them")
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-
-	t.Log("Route until cached packets arrive at the real them")
-	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-	assert.NotNil(t, p, "a cached packet should be delivered to the correct host")
-
-	t.Log("Verify the correct host has a tunnel")
-	assertHostInfoPair(t, myUdpAddr, theirUdpAddr, myVpnIpNet, theirVpnIpNet, myControl, theirControl)
-
-	t.Log("Verify no hostinfo artifacts from evil remain")
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(evilVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), true),
-		"no pending hostinfo for evil")
-	assert.Nil(t, myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(evilVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false),
-		"no main hostinfo for evil")
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-	evilControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestHandshakeRelayComplete(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// Verify that a relay handshake completes correctly and relay state is
-	// properly maintained on all three nodes.
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "relay", "10.128.0.128/24", m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
-	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), []netip.Addr{relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr()})
-	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	relayControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger handshake via relay")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi via relay")))
-
-	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi via relay"), p, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
-
-	t.Log("Verify bidirectional tunnel via relay")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	t.Log("Verify relay state on my side shows relay-to-me")
-	myHI := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, myHI)
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, myHI.CurrentRelaysToMe, "should have relay-to-me for them")
-
-	t.Log("Verify relay state on their side shows relay-to-me")
-	theirHI := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, theirHI)
-	assert.NotEmpty(t, theirHI.CurrentRelaysToMe, "should have relay-to-me for me")
-
-	t.Log("Verify relay node shows through-me relays")
-	relayHI := relayControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, relayHI)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	relayControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-// NOTE: Relay V1 cert + IPv6 rejection is not tested here because
-// BuildTunUDPPacket from a V4 node to a V6 address panics in the test
-// framework. The check is in handshake_manager.go handleOutbound relay
-// logic (lines ~304-313): if the relay host has a V1 cert and either
-// address is IPv6, the relay is skipped.
-
-// NOTE: Relay reestablishment (Disestablished state transition) is covered
-// by the existing TestReestablishRelays in handshakes_test.go.
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
+)
+
+// NewTestCaCert will generate a CA cert
+func NewTestCaCert(before, after time.Time, ips, subnets []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:           "test ca",
+			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+			PublicKey:      pub,
+			IsCA:           true,
+			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
+		},
+	}
+
+	if len(ips) > 0 {
+		nc.Details.Ips = make([]*net.IPNet, len(ips))
+		for i, ip := range ips {
+			nc.Details.Ips[i] = &net.IPNet{IP: ip.Addr().AsSlice(), Mask: net.CIDRMask(ip.Bits(), ip.Addr().BitLen())}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(subnets) > 0 {
+		nc.Details.Subnets = make([]*net.IPNet, len(subnets))
+		for i, ip := range subnets {
+			nc.Details.Ips[i] = &net.IPNet{IP: ip.Addr().AsSlice(), Mask: net.CIDRMask(ip.Bits(), ip.Addr().BitLen())}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(groups) > 0 {
+		nc.Details.Groups = groups
+	}
+
+	err = nc.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return nc, pub, priv, pem
+}
+
+// NewTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
+// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
+func NewTestCert(ca *cert.NebulaCertificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, ip netip.Prefix, subnets []netip.Prefix, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	issuer, err := ca.Sha256Sum()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	pub, rawPriv := x25519Keypair()
+	ipb := ip.Addr().AsSlice()
+	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name: name,
+			Ips:  []*net.IPNet{{IP: ipb[:], Mask: net.CIDRMask(ip.Bits(), ip.Addr().BitLen())}},
+			//Subnets:        subnets,
+			Groups:         groups,
+			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+			PublicKey:      pub,
+			IsCA:           false,
+			Issuer:         issuer,
+			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
+		},
+	}
+
+	err = nc.Sign(ca.Details.Curve, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return nc, pub, cert.MarshalX25519PrivateKey(rawPriv), pem
+}
+
+func x25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return pubkey, privkey
+}
@@ -4,107 +4,49 @@
 package e2e

 import (
-	"log/slog"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/google/gopacket"
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
-
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/logging"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 // newSimpleServer creates a nebula instance with many assumptions
-func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
-	var vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	for _, sn := range strings.Split(sVpnNetworks, ",") {
-		vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		vpnNetworks = append(vpnNetworks, vpnIpNet)
-	}
+func newSimpleServer(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnIpNet string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
+	l := NewTestLogger()

-	if len(vpnNetworks) == 0 {
-		panic("no vpn networks")
+	vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(sVpnIpNet)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
 	}

 	var udpAddr netip.AddrPort
-	if vpnNetworks[0].Addr().Is4() {
-		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As4()
+	if vpnIpNet.Addr().Is4() {
+		budpIp := vpnIpNet.Addr().As4()
 		budpIp[1] -= 128
 		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(budpIp), 4242)
 	} else {
-		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As16()
-		// beef for funsies
-		budpIp[2] = 190
-		budpIp[3] = 239
+		budpIp := vpnIpNet.Addr().As16()
+		budpIp[13] -= 128
 		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(budpIp), 4242)
 	}
-	return newSimpleServerWithUdp(v, caCrt, caKey, name, sVpnNetworks, udpAddr, overrides)
-}
+	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := NewTestCert(caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnIpNet, nil, []string{})

-func newSimpleServerWithUdp(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, udpAddr netip.AddrPort, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
-	return newSimpleServerWithUdpAndUnsafeNetworks(v, caCrt, caKey, name, sVpnNetworks, udpAddr, "", overrides)
-}
-
-func newSimpleServerWithUdpAndUnsafeNetworks(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, udpAddr netip.AddrPort, sUnsafeNetworks string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
-	l := NewTestLogger()
-
-	var vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	for _, sn := range strings.Split(sVpnNetworks, ",") {
-		vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		vpnNetworks = append(vpnNetworks, vpnIpNet)
-	}
-
-	if len(vpnNetworks) == 0 {
-		panic("no vpn networks")
-	}
-
-	firewallInbound := []m{{
-		"proto": "any",
-		"port":  "any",
-		"host":  "any",
-	}}
-
-	var unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	if sUnsafeNetworks != "" {
-		firewallInbound = []m{{
-			"proto":      "any",
-			"port":       "any",
-			"host":       "any",
-			"local_cidr": "0.0.0.0/0",
-		}}
-
-		for _, sn := range strings.Split(sUnsafeNetworks, ",") {
-			x, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
-			if err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-			unsafeNetworks = append(unsafeNetworks, x)
-		}
-	}
-
-	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := cert_test.NewTestCert(v, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnNetworks, unsafeNetworks, []string{})
-
-	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalPEM()
+	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalToPEM()
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
@@ -116,103 +58,6 @@ func newSimpleServerWithUdpAndUnsafeNetworks(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certific
 			"key":  string(myPrivKey),
 		},
 		//"tun": m{"disabled": true},
-		"firewall": m{
-			"outbound": []m{{
-				"proto": "any",
-				"port":  "any",
-				"host":  "any",
-			}},
-			"inbound": firewallInbound,
-		},
-		//"handshakes": m{
-		//	"try_interval": "1s",
-		//},
-		"listen": m{
-			"host": udpAddr.Addr().String(),
-			"port": udpAddr.Port(),
-		},
-		"logging": m{
-			"level": testLogLevelName(),
-		},
-		"timers": m{
-			"pending_deletion_interval": 2,
-			"connection_alive_interval": 2,
-		},
-	}
-
-	if overrides != nil {
-		final := m{}
-		err = mergo.Merge(&final, overrides, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		err = mergo.Merge(&final, mc, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		mc = final
-	}
-
-	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.LoadString(string(cb))
-
-	control, err := nebula.Main(c, false, "e2e-test", l, nil)
-
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return control, vpnNetworks, udpAddr, c
-}
-
-// newServer creates a nebula instance with fewer assumptions
-func newServer(caCrt []cert.Certificate, certs []cert.Certificate, key []byte, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
-	l := NewTestLogger()
-
-	vpnNetworks := certs[len(certs)-1].Networks()
-
-	var udpAddr netip.AddrPort
-	if vpnNetworks[0].Addr().Is4() {
-		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As4()
-		budpIp[1] -= 128
-		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(budpIp), 4242)
-	} else {
-		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As16()
-		// beef for funsies
-		budpIp[2] = 190
-		budpIp[3] = 239
-		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(budpIp), 4242)
-	}
-
-	caStr := ""
-	for _, ca := range caCrt {
-		x, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		caStr += string(x)
-	}
-	certStr := ""
-	for _, c := range certs {
-		x, err := c.MarshalPEM()
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		certStr += string(x)
-	}
-
-	mc := m{
-		"pki": m{
-			"ca":   caStr,
-			"cert": certStr,
-			"key":  string(key),
-		},
-		//"tun": m{"disabled": true},
 		"firewall": m{
 			"outbound": []m{{
 				"proto": "any",
@@ -233,7 +78,8 @@ func newServer(caCrt []cert.Certificate, certs []cert.Certificate, key []byte, o
 			"port": udpAddr.Port(),
 		},
 		"logging": m{
-			"level": testLogLevelName(),
+			"timestamp_format": fmt.Sprintf("%v 15:04:05.000000", name),
+			"level":            l.Level.String(),
 		},
 		"timers": m{
 			"pending_deletion_interval": 2,
@@ -242,16 +88,11 @@ func newServer(caCrt []cert.Certificate, certs []cert.Certificate, key []byte, o
 	}

 	if overrides != nil {
-		final := m{}
-		err := mergo.Merge(&final, overrides, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
+		err = mergo.Merge(&overrides, mc, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
 		if err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
-		err = mergo.Merge(&final, mc, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
-		mc = final
+		mc = overrides
 	}

 	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
@@ -260,8 +101,7 @@ func newServer(caCrt []cert.Certificate, certs []cert.Certificate, key []byte, o
 	}

 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	cStr := string(cb)
-	c.LoadString(cStr)
+	c.LoadString(string(cb))

 	control, err := nebula.Main(c, false, "e2e-test", l, nil)

@@ -269,7 +109,7 @@ func newServer(caCrt []cert.Certificate, certs []cert.Certificate, key []byte, o
 		panic(err)
 	}

-	return control, vpnNetworks, udpAddr, c
+	return control, vpnIpNet, udpAddr, c
 }

 type doneCb func()
@@ -290,30 +130,29 @@ func deadline(t *testing.T, seconds time.Duration) doneCb {
 	}
 }

-func assertTunnel(t testing.TB, vpnIpA, vpnIpB netip.Addr, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control, r *router.R) {
+func assertTunnel(t *testing.T, vpnIpA, vpnIpB netip.Addr, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control, r *router.R) {
 	// Send a packet from them to me
-	controlB.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(vpnIpA, 80, vpnIpB, 90, []byte("Hi from B")))
+	controlB.InjectTunUDPPacket(vpnIpA, 80, 90, []byte("Hi from B"))
 	bPacket := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(controlA)
 	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from B"), bPacket, vpnIpB, vpnIpA, 90, 80)

 	// And once more from me to them
-	controlA.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(vpnIpB, 80, vpnIpA, 90, []byte("Hello from A")))
+	controlA.InjectTunUDPPacket(vpnIpB, 80, 90, []byte("Hello from A"))
 	aPacket := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(controlB)
 	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hello from A"), aPacket, vpnIpA, vpnIpB, 90, 80)
 }

-func assertHostInfoPair(t testing.TB, addrA, addrB netip.AddrPort, vpnNetsA, vpnNetsB []netip.Prefix, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control) {
+func assertHostInfoPair(t *testing.T, addrA, addrB netip.AddrPort, vpnIpA, vpnIpB netip.Addr, controlA, controlB *nebula.Control) {
 	// Get both host infos
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 we may want to loop over each vpnAddr and assert all the things
-	hBinA := controlA.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnNetsB[0].Addr(), false)
-	require.NotNil(t, hBinA, "Host B was not found by vpnAddr in controlA")
+	hBinA := controlA.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIpB, false)
+	assert.NotNil(t, hBinA, "Host B was not found by vpnIp in controlA")

-	hAinB := controlB.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnNetsA[0].Addr(), false)
-	require.NotNil(t, hAinB, "Host A was not found by vpnAddr in controlB")
+	hAinB := controlB.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIpA, false)
+	assert.NotNil(t, hAinB, "Host A was not found by vpnIp in controlB")

 	// Check that both vpn and real addr are correct
-	assert.EqualValues(t, getAddrs(vpnNetsB), hBinA.VpnAddrs, "Host B VpnIp is wrong in control A")
-	assert.EqualValues(t, getAddrs(vpnNetsA), hAinB.VpnAddrs, "Host A VpnIp is wrong in control B")
+	assert.Equal(t, vpnIpB, hBinA.VpnIp, "Host B VpnIp is wrong in control A")
+	assert.Equal(t, vpnIpA, hAinB.VpnIp, "Host A VpnIp is wrong in control B")

 	assert.Equal(t, addrB, hBinA.CurrentRemote, "Host B remote is wrong in control A")
 	assert.Equal(t, addrA, hAinB.CurrentRemote, "Host A remote is wrong in control B")
@@ -321,36 +160,25 @@ func assertHostInfoPair(t testing.TB, addrA, addrB netip.AddrPort, vpnNetsA, vpn
 	// Check that our indexes match
 	assert.Equal(t, hBinA.LocalIndex, hAinB.RemoteIndex, "Host B local index does not match host A remote index")
 	assert.Equal(t, hBinA.RemoteIndex, hAinB.LocalIndex, "Host B remote index does not match host A local index")
+
+	//TODO: Would be nice to assert this memory
+	//checkIndexes := func(name string, hm *HostMap, hi *HostInfo) {
+	//	hBbyIndex := hmA.Indexes[hBinA.localIndexId]
+	//	assert.NotNil(t, hBbyIndex, "Could not host info by local index in %s", name)
+	//	assert.Equal(t, &hBbyIndex, &hBinA, "%s Indexes map did not point to the right host info", name)
+	//
+	//	//TODO: remote indexes are susceptible to collision
+	//	hBbyRemoteIndex := hmA.RemoteIndexes[hBinA.remoteIndexId]
+	//	assert.NotNil(t, hBbyIndex, "Could not host info by remote index in %s", name)
+	//	assert.Equal(t, &hBbyRemoteIndex, &hBinA, "%s RemoteIndexes did not point to the right host info", name)
+	//}
+	//
+	//// Check hostmap indexes too
+	//checkIndexes("hmA", hmA, hBinA)
+	//checkIndexes("hmB", hmB, hAinB)
 }

-func assertUdpPacket(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
-	if toIp.Is6() {
-		assertUdpPacket6(t, expected, b, fromIp, toIp, fromPort, toPort)
-	} else {
-		assertUdpPacket4(t, expected, b, fromIp, toIp, fromPort, toPort)
-	}
-}
-
-func assertUdpPacket6(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
-	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(b, layers.LayerTypeIPv6, gopacket.Lazy)
-	v6 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv6).(*layers.IPv6)
-	assert.NotNil(t, v6, "No ipv6 data found")
-
-	assert.Equal(t, fromIp.AsSlice(), []byte(v6.SrcIP), "Source ip was incorrect")
-	assert.Equal(t, toIp.AsSlice(), []byte(v6.DstIP), "Dest ip was incorrect")
-
-	udp := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeUDP).(*layers.UDP)
-	assert.NotNil(t, udp, "No udp data found")
-
-	assert.Equal(t, fromPort, uint16(udp.SrcPort), "Source port was incorrect")
-	assert.Equal(t, toPort, uint16(udp.DstPort), "Dest port was incorrect")
-
-	data := packet.ApplicationLayer()
-	assert.NotNil(t, data)
-	assert.Equal(t, expected, data.Payload(), "Data was incorrect")
-}
-
-func assertUdpPacket4(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
+func assertUdpPacket(t *testing.T, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr, fromPort, toPort uint16) {
 	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(b, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
 	v4 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
 	assert.NotNil(t, v4, "No ipv4 data found")
@@ -369,95 +197,24 @@ func assertUdpPacket4(t testing.TB, expected, b []byte, fromIp, toIp netip.Addr,
 	assert.Equal(t, expected, data.Payload(), "Data was incorrect")
 }

-func getAddrs(ns []netip.Prefix) []netip.Addr {
-	var a []netip.Addr
-	for _, n := range ns {
-		a = append(a, n.Addr())
-	}
-	return a
-}
+func NewTestLogger() *logrus.Logger {
+	l := logrus.New()

-func NewTestLogger() *slog.Logger {
 	v := os.Getenv("TEST_LOGS")
 	if v == "" {
-		return slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)
+		l.SetOutput(io.Discard)
+		l.SetLevel(logrus.PanicLevel)
+		return l
 	}

-	level := slog.LevelInfo
 	switch v {
 	case "2":
-		level = slog.LevelDebug
+		l.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
 	case "3":
-		level = logging.LevelTrace
+		l.SetLevel(logrus.TraceLevel)
+	default:
+		l.SetLevel(logrus.InfoLevel)
 	}
-	return slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stderr, &slog.HandlerOptions{Level: level}))
-}
-
-// testLogLevelName returns the level name string accepted by logging.ApplyConfig
-// for the current TEST_LOGS setting. Kept in sync with NewTestLogger.
-func testLogLevelName() string {
-	switch os.Getenv("TEST_LOGS") {
-	case "2":
-		return "debug"
-	case "3":
-		return "trace"
-	case "":
-		return "info"
-	}
-	return "info"
-}
-
-// BuildTunUDPPacket assembles an IP+UDP packet suitable for Control.InjectTunPacket.
-// Using UDP here because it's a simpler protocol.
-func BuildTunUDPPacket(toAddr netip.Addr, toPort uint16, fromAddr netip.Addr, fromPort uint16, data []byte) []byte {
-	serialize := make([]gopacket.SerializableLayer, 0)
-	var netLayer gopacket.NetworkLayer
-	if toAddr.Is6() {
-		if !fromAddr.Is6() {
-			panic("Cant send ipv6 to ipv4")
-		}
-		ip := &layers.IPv6{
-			Version:    6,
-			NextHeader: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
-			SrcIP:      fromAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
-			DstIP:      toAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
-		}
-		serialize = append(serialize, ip)
-		netLayer = ip
-	} else {
-		if !fromAddr.Is4() {
-			panic("Cant send ipv4 to ipv6")
-		}
-
-		ip := &layers.IPv4{
-			Version:  4,
-			TTL:      64,
-			Protocol: layers.IPProtocolUDP,
-			SrcIP:    fromAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
-			DstIP:    toAddr.Unmap().AsSlice(),
-		}
-		serialize = append(serialize, ip)
-		netLayer = ip
-	}
-
-	udp := layers.UDP{
-		SrcPort: layers.UDPPort(fromPort),
-		DstPort: layers.UDPPort(toPort),
-	}
-	if err := udp.SetNetworkLayerForChecksum(netLayer); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	buffer := gopacket.NewSerializeBuffer()
-	opt := gopacket.SerializeOptions{
-		ComputeChecksums: true,
-		FixLengths:       true,
-	}
-
-	serialize = append(serialize, &udp, gopacket.Payload(data))
-	if err := gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, opt, serialize...); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return buffer.Bytes()
+
+	return l
 }
@@ -1,47 +0,0 @@
-//go:build e2e_testing
-// +build e2e_testing
-
-package e2e
-
-import (
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
-	"go.uber.org/goleak"
-)
-
-// TestNoGoroutineLeaks brings up two nebula instances, completes a tunnel,
-// stops both, and asserts no goroutines leak past the shutdown. goleak's
-// retry mechanism gives the wg.Wait()-driven goroutines a moment to drain
-// before failing the assertion.
-//
-// Intentionally NOT t.Parallel()'d: concurrent tests would have their own
-// goroutines running and trip the assertion.
-func TestNoGoroutineLeaks(t *testing.T) {
-	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t)
-
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", nil)
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-	r.RenderFlow()
-
-	// Settle period: Stop() is non-blocking; the wg-driven goroutines need
-	// a moment to drain. goleak retries internally too, but a short explicit
-	// settle reduces flakes when the suite is busy.
-	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
-}
@@ -58,9 +58,8 @@ func renderHostmap(c *nebula.Control) (string, []*edge) {
 	var lines []string
 	var globalLines []*edge

-	crt := c.GetCertState().GetDefaultCertificate()
-	clusterName := strings.Trim(crt.Name(), " ")
-	clusterVpnIp := crt.Networks()[0].Addr()
+	clusterName := strings.Trim(c.GetCert().Details.Name, " ")
+	clusterVpnIp := c.GetCert().Details.Ips[0].IP
 	r := fmt.Sprintf("\tsubgraph %s[\"%s (%s)\"]\n", clusterName, clusterName, clusterVpnIp)

 	hm := c.GetHostmap()
@@ -102,8 +101,8 @@ func renderHostmap(c *nebula.Control) (string, []*edge) {
 	for _, idx := range indexes {
 		hi, ok := hm.Indexes[idx]
 		if ok {
-			r += fmt.Sprintf("\t\t\t%v.%v[\"%v (%v)\"]\n", clusterName, idx, idx, hi.GetVpnAddrs())
-			remoteClusterName := strings.Trim(hi.GetCert().Certificate.Name(), " ")
+			r += fmt.Sprintf("\t\t\t%v.%v[\"%v (%v)\"]\n", clusterName, idx, idx, hi.GetVpnIp())
+			remoteClusterName := strings.Trim(hi.GetCert().Details.Name, " ")
 			globalLines = append(globalLines, &edge{from: fmt.Sprintf("%v.%v", clusterName, idx), to: fmt.Sprintf("%v.%v", remoteClusterName, hi.GetRemoteIndex())})
 			_ = hi
 		}
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"reflect"
-	"regexp"
 	"sort"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

@@ -25,19 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 )

-// outNatKey is the (from, to) pair used by outNat. Comparable struct, so it works as a map key without the
-// allocation cost of a string-concat key.
-type outNatKey struct {
-	from, to netip.AddrPort
-}
-
-// fannedPacket pairs a UDP TX packet with its source control so the router can route it after popping from
-// the fan-in channel.
-type fannedPacket struct {
-	from *nebula.Control
-	pkt  *udp.Packet
-}
-
 type R struct {
 	// Simple map of the ip:port registered on a control to the control
 	// Basically a router, right?
@@ -48,28 +34,12 @@ type R struct {

 	// A last used map, if an inbound packet hit the inNat map then
 	// all return packets should use the same last used inbound address for the outbound sender
-	outNat map[outNatKey]netip.AddrPort
+	// map[from address + ":" + to address] => ip:port to rewrite in the udp packet to receiver
+	outNat map[string]netip.AddrPort

 	// A map of vpn ip to the nebula control it belongs to
 	vpnControls map[netip.Addr]*nebula.Control

-	// Cached select infrastructure for RouteForAllUntilTxTun.
-	// The controls map is immutable after NewR so the cases are good for the test lifetime.
-	// We only rebuild if a different receiver is asked.
-	selRecvCtl *nebula.Control
-	selCases   []reflect.SelectCase
-	selCtls    []*nebula.Control
-
-	// Optional fan-in mode for hot-path benchmarks: one forwarder goroutine per control drains UDP TX into udpFanIn,
-	// so RouteForAllUntilTxTun can do a fixed 2-way native select instead of paying reflect.Select per call.
-	// Off by default (would otherwise interleave with tests that use GetFromUDP directly on the same control).
-	// Enabled by EnableFanIn.
-	udpFanIn  chan fannedPacket
-	stopFanIn chan struct{}
-	fanInWG   sync.WaitGroup
-	fanInMu   sync.Mutex
-	fanInOn   atomic.Bool
-
 	ignoreFlows []ignoreFlow
 	flow        []flowEntry

@@ -149,7 +119,7 @@ func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 		controls:     make(map[netip.AddrPort]*nebula.Control),
 		vpnControls:  make(map[netip.Addr]*nebula.Control),
 		inNat:        make(map[netip.AddrPort]*nebula.Control),
-		outNat:       make(map[outNatKey]netip.AddrPort),
+		outNat:       make(map[string]netip.AddrPort),
 		flow:         []flowEntry{},
 		ignoreFlows:  []ignoreFlow{},
 		fn:           filepath.Join("mermaid", fmt.Sprintf("%s.md", t.Name())),
@@ -166,10 +136,7 @@ func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 			panic("Duplicate listen address: " + addr.String())
 		}

-		for _, vpnAddr := range c.GetVpnAddrs() {
-			r.vpnControls[vpnAddr] = c
-		}
-
+		r.vpnControls[c.GetVpnIp()] = c
 		r.controls[addr] = c
 	}

@@ -183,10 +150,8 @@ func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 			case <-ctx.Done():
 				return
 			case <-clockSource.C:
-				r.Lock()
 				r.renderHostmaps("clock tick")
 				r.renderFlow()
-				r.Unlock()
 			}
 		}
 	}()
@@ -212,21 +177,15 @@ func (r *R) AddRoute(ip netip.Addr, port uint16, c *nebula.Control) {
 // RenderFlow renders the packet flow seen up until now and stops further automatic renders from happening.
 func (r *R) RenderFlow() {
 	r.cancelRender()
-	r.Lock()
-	defer r.Unlock()
 	r.renderFlow()
 }

 // CancelFlowLogs stops flow logs from being tracked and destroys any logs already collected
 func (r *R) CancelFlowLogs() {
 	r.cancelRender()
-	r.Lock()
 	r.flow = nil
-	r.Unlock()
 }

-// renderFlow writes the flow log to disk. Caller must hold r.Lock. renderFlow reads r.flow / r.additionalGraphs and
-// the *packet pointers stashed inside, all of which are mutated under the same lock by routing paths.
 func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 	if r.flow == nil {
 		return
@@ -254,11 +213,11 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 			continue
 		}
 		participants[addr] = struct{}{}
-		sanAddr := normalizeName(addr.String())
+		sanAddr := strings.Replace(addr.String(), ":", "-", 1)
 		participantsVals = append(participantsVals, sanAddr)
 		fmt.Fprintf(
 			f, "    participant %s as Nebula: %s<br/>UDP: %s\n",
-			sanAddr, e.packet.from.GetVpnAddrs(), sanAddr,
+			sanAddr, e.packet.from.GetVpnIp(), sanAddr,
 		)
 	}

@@ -291,9 +250,9 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {

 			fmt.Fprintf(f,
 				"    %s%s%s: %s(%s), index %v, counter: %v\n",
-				normalizeName(p.from.GetUDPAddr().String()),
+				strings.Replace(p.from.GetUDPAddr().String(), ":", "-", 1),
 				line,
-				normalizeName(p.to.GetUDPAddr().String()),
+				strings.Replace(p.to.GetUDPAddr().String(), ":", "-", 1),
 				h.TypeName(), h.SubTypeName(), h.RemoteIndex, h.MessageCounter,
 			)
 		}
@@ -308,11 +267,6 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 	}
 }

-func normalizeName(s string) string {
-	rx := regexp.MustCompile("[\\[\\]\\:]")
-	return rx.ReplaceAllLiteralString(s, "_")
-}
-
 // IgnoreFlow tells the router to stop recording future flows that matches the provided criteria.
 // messageType and subType will target nebula underlay packets while tun will target nebula overlay packets
 // NOTE: This is a very broad system, if you set tun to true then no more tun traffic will be rendered
@@ -349,7 +303,7 @@ func (r *R) RenderHostmaps(title string, controls ...*nebula.Control) {
 func (r *R) renderHostmaps(title string) {
 	c := maps.Values(r.controls)
 	sort.SliceStable(c, func(i, j int) bool {
-		return c[i].GetVpnAddrs()[0].Compare(c[j].GetVpnAddrs()[0]) > 0
+		return c[i].GetVpnIp().Compare(c[j].GetVpnIp()) > 0
 	})

 	s := renderHostmaps(c...)
@@ -465,164 +419,73 @@ func (r *R) RouteUntilTxTun(sender *nebula.Control, receiver *nebula.Control) []
 		// Nope, lets push the sender along
 		case p := <-udpTx:
 			r.Lock()
-			a := sender.GetUDPAddr()
-			c := r.getControl(a, p.To, p)
+			c := r.getControl(sender.GetUDPAddr(), p.To, p)
 			if c == nil {
 				r.Unlock()
-				panic("No control for udp tx " + a.String())
+				panic("No control for udp tx")
 			}
 			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(sender, c, p, false)
-			c.InjectUDPPacket(p) // copies internally; original is ours to release
+			c.InjectUDPPacket(p)
 			fp.WasReceived()
 			r.Unlock()
-			p.Release()
 		}
 	}
 }

-// RouteForAllUntilTxTun will route for everyone and return when a packet is seen on the receiver's tun.
-// If a control's UDP TX address can't be matched to a registered control, we panic.
-//
-// For allocation-sensitive callers (hot-path benchmarks, in particular relay
-// benches with 3+ controls), call EnableFanIn() first.
+// RouteForAllUntilTxTun will route for everyone and return when a packet is seen on receivers tun
+// If the router doesn't have the nebula controller for that address, we panic
 func (r *R) RouteForAllUntilTxTun(receiver *nebula.Control) []byte {
-	if r.fanInOn.Load() {
-		return r.routeFanIn(receiver)
-	}
-	return r.routeReflect(receiver)
-}
-
-// routeFanIn is the alloc-free path used when EnableFanIn is in effect.
-func (r *R) routeFanIn(receiver *nebula.Control) []byte {
-	tunTx := receiver.GetTunTxChan()
-	for {
-		select {
-		case p := <-tunTx:
-			r.Lock()
-			if r.flow != nil {
-				np := udp.Packet{Data: make([]byte, len(p))}
-				copy(np.Data, p)
-				r.unlockedInjectFlow(receiver, receiver, &np, true)
-			}
-			r.Unlock()
-			return p
-		case fp := <-r.udpFanIn:
-			r.routeUDP(fp.from, fp.pkt)
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-// routeReflect is the default reflect.Select-based path. Pays the boxing allocation per call but doesn't interfere
-// with tests that pull packets directly from controls' UDP TX channels via GetFromUDP.
-func (r *R) routeReflect(receiver *nebula.Control) []byte {
-	sc, cm := r.selectCasesFor(receiver)
-	for {
-		x, rx, _ := reflect.Select(sc)
-		if x == 0 {
-			p := rx.Interface().([]byte)
-			r.Lock()
-			if r.flow != nil {
-				np := udp.Packet{Data: make([]byte, len(p))}
-				copy(np.Data, p)
-				r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], cm[x], &np, true)
-			}
-			r.Unlock()
-			return p
-		}
-		r.routeUDP(cm[x], rx.Interface().(*udp.Packet))
-	}
-}
-
-// EnableFanIn switches RouteForAllUntilTxTun to the alloc-free fan-in path.
-// One forwarder goroutine per registered control drains UDP TX into a shared channel that RouteForAllUntilTxTun selects
-// on alongside the receiver's TUN TX channel.
-func (r *R) EnableFanIn() {
-	r.fanInMu.Lock()
-	defer r.fanInMu.Unlock()
-	if r.fanInOn.Load() {
-		return
-	}
-	r.udpFanIn = make(chan fannedPacket, 32)
-	r.stopFanIn = make(chan struct{})
-	for _, c := range r.controls {
-		r.startFanInWorker(c)
-	}
-	r.fanInOn.Store(true)
-	r.t.Cleanup(r.stopFanInWorkers)
-}
-
-// startFanInWorker spawns a goroutine that drains c's UDP TX into r.udpFanIn.
-func (r *R) startFanInWorker(c *nebula.Control) {
-	r.fanInWG.Add(1)
-	udpTx := c.GetUDPTxChan()
-	go func() {
-		defer r.fanInWG.Done()
-		for {
-			select {
-			case <-r.stopFanIn:
-				return
-			case p := <-udpTx:
-				select {
-				case <-r.stopFanIn:
-					p.Release()
-					return
-				case r.udpFanIn <- fannedPacket{from: c, pkt: p}:
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-}
-
-// stopFanInWorkers signals the fan-in goroutines to exit and waits for them.
-func (r *R) stopFanInWorkers() {
-	r.fanInMu.Lock()
-	wasOn := r.fanInOn.Swap(false)
-	r.fanInMu.Unlock()
-	if !wasOn {
-		return
-	}
-	close(r.stopFanIn)
-	r.fanInWG.Wait()
-}
-
-// routeUDP forwards a UDP TX packet from the named source control to the destination control derived from p.To,
-// releasing the source packet after InjectUDPPacket has copied its bytes into a fresh pool slot.
-func (r *R) routeUDP(from *nebula.Control, p *udp.Packet) {
-	r.Lock()
-	defer r.Unlock()
-	a := from.GetUDPAddr()
-	c := r.getControl(a, p.To, p)
-	if c == nil {
-		panic(fmt.Sprintf("No control for udp tx %s", p.To))
-	}
-	fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(from, c, p, false)
-	c.InjectUDPPacket(p) // copies internally; original is ours to release
-	fp.WasReceived()
-	p.Release()
-}
-
-// selectCasesFor returns the SelectCase array used by routeReflect: one slot for the receiver's TUN TX channel followed
-// by one per control's UDP TX channel. Cached for the test lifetime, only rebuilt if the receiver changes.
-func (r *R) selectCasesFor(receiver *nebula.Control) ([]reflect.SelectCase, []*nebula.Control) {
-	r.Lock()
-	defer r.Unlock()
-	if r.selRecvCtl == receiver && r.selCases != nil {
-		return r.selCases, r.selCtls
-	}
 	sc := make([]reflect.SelectCase, len(r.controls)+1)
 	cm := make([]*nebula.Control, len(r.controls)+1)
-	sc[0] = reflect.SelectCase{Dir: reflect.SelectRecv, Chan: reflect.ValueOf(receiver.GetTunTxChan())}
-	cm[0] = receiver
-	i := 1
+
+	i := 0
+	sc[i] = reflect.SelectCase{
+		Dir:  reflect.SelectRecv,
+		Chan: reflect.ValueOf(receiver.GetTunTxChan()),
+		Send: reflect.Value{},
+	}
+	cm[i] = receiver
+
+	i++
 	for _, c := range r.controls {
-		sc[i] = reflect.SelectCase{Dir: reflect.SelectRecv, Chan: reflect.ValueOf(c.GetUDPTxChan())}
+		sc[i] = reflect.SelectCase{
+			Dir:  reflect.SelectRecv,
+			Chan: reflect.ValueOf(c.GetUDPTxChan()),
+			Send: reflect.Value{},
+		}
+
 		cm[i] = c
 		i++
 	}
-	r.selRecvCtl = receiver
-	r.selCases = sc
-	r.selCtls = cm
-	return sc, cm
+
+	for {
+		x, rx, _ := reflect.Select(sc)
+		r.Lock()
+
+		if x == 0 {
+			// we are the tun tx, we can exit
+			p := rx.Interface().([]byte)
+			np := udp.Packet{Data: make([]byte, len(p))}
+			copy(np.Data, p)
+
+			r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], cm[x], &np, true)
+			r.Unlock()
+			return p
+
+		} else {
+			// we are a udp tx, route and continue
+			p := rx.Interface().(*udp.Packet)
+			c := r.getControl(cm[x].GetUDPAddr(), p.To, p)
+			if c == nil {
+				r.Unlock()
+				panic("No control for udp tx")
+			}
+			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], c, p, false)
+			c.InjectUDPPacket(p)
+			fp.WasReceived()
+		}
+		r.Unlock()
+	}
 }

 // RouteExitFunc will call the whatDo func with each udp packet from sender.
@@ -649,7 +512,6 @@ func (r *R) RouteExitFunc(sender *nebula.Control, whatDo ExitFunc) {
 		switch e {
 		case ExitNow:
 			r.Unlock()
-			p.Release()
 			return

 		case RouteAndExit:
@@ -657,7 +519,6 @@ func (r *R) RouteExitFunc(sender *nebula.Control, whatDo ExitFunc) {
 			receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
 			fp.WasReceived()
 			r.Unlock()
-			p.Release()
 			return

 		case KeepRouting:
@@ -670,7 +531,6 @@ func (r *R) RouteExitFunc(sender *nebula.Control, whatDo ExitFunc) {
 		}

 		r.Unlock()
-		p.Release()
 	}
 }

@@ -771,7 +631,6 @@ func (r *R) RouteForAllExitFunc(whatDo ExitFunc) {
 		switch e {
 		case ExitNow:
 			r.Unlock()
-			p.Release()
 			return

 		case RouteAndExit:
@@ -779,7 +638,6 @@ func (r *R) RouteForAllExitFunc(whatDo ExitFunc) {
 			receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
 			fp.WasReceived()
 			r.Unlock()
-			p.Release()
 			return

 		case KeepRouting:
@@ -791,7 +649,6 @@ func (r *R) RouteForAllExitFunc(whatDo ExitFunc) {
 			panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown exitFunc return: %v", e))
 		}
 		r.Unlock()
-		p.Release()
 	}
 }

@@ -835,20 +692,19 @@ func (r *R) FlushAll() {
 		}
 		receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
 		r.Unlock()
-		p.Release()
 	}
 }

 // getControl performs or seeds NAT translation and returns the control for toAddr, p from fields may change
 // This is an internal router function, the caller must hold the lock
 func (r *R) getControl(fromAddr, toAddr netip.AddrPort, p *udp.Packet) *nebula.Control {
-	if newAddr, ok := r.outNat[outNatKey{from: fromAddr, to: toAddr}]; ok {
+	if newAddr, ok := r.outNat[fromAddr.String()+":"+toAddr.String()]; ok {
 		p.From = newAddr
 	}

 	c, ok := r.inNat[toAddr]
 	if ok {
-		r.outNat[outNatKey{from: c.GetUDPAddr(), to: fromAddr}] = toAddr
+		r.outNat[c.GetUDPAddr().String()+":"+fromAddr.String()] = toAddr
 		return c
 	}

@@ -856,42 +712,30 @@ func (r *R) getControl(fromAddr, toAddr netip.AddrPort, p *udp.Packet) *nebula.C
 }

 func (r *R) formatUdpPacket(p *packet) string {
-	var packet gopacket.Packet
-	var srcAddr netip.Addr
-
-	packet = gopacket.NewPacket(p.packet.Data, layers.LayerTypeIPv6, gopacket.Lazy)
-	if packet.ErrorLayer() == nil {
-		v6 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv6).(*layers.IPv6)
-		if v6 == nil {
-			panic("not an ipv6 packet")
-		}
-		srcAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(v6.SrcIP)
-	} else {
-		packet = gopacket.NewPacket(p.packet.Data, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
-		v6 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
-		if v6 == nil {
-			panic("not an ipv6 packet")
-		}
-		srcAddr, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(v6.SrcIP)
+	packet := gopacket.NewPacket(p.packet.Data, layers.LayerTypeIPv4, gopacket.Lazy)
+	v4 := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeIPv4).(*layers.IPv4)
+	if v4 == nil {
+		panic("not an ipv4 packet")
 	}

 	from := "unknown"
+	srcAddr, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(v4.SrcIP)
 	if c, ok := r.vpnControls[srcAddr]; ok {
 		from = c.GetUDPAddr().String()
 	}

-	udpLayer := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeUDP).(*layers.UDP)
-	if udpLayer == nil {
+	udp := packet.Layer(layers.LayerTypeUDP).(*layers.UDP)
+	if udp == nil {
 		panic("not a udp packet")
 	}

 	data := packet.ApplicationLayer()
 	return fmt.Sprintf(
 		"    %s-->>%s: src port: %v<br/>dest port: %v<br/>data: \"%v\"\n",
-		normalizeName(from),
-		normalizeName(p.to.GetUDPAddr().String()),
-		udpLayer.SrcPort,
-		udpLayer.DstPort,
+		strings.Replace(from, ":", "-", 1),
+		strings.Replace(p.to.GetUDPAddr().String(), ":", "-", 1),
+		udp.SrcPort,
+		udp.DstPort,
 		string(data.Payload()),
 	)
 }
@@ -1,125 +0,0 @@
-//go:build e2e_testing
-// +build e2e_testing
-
-package e2e
-
-import (
-	"crypto/ed25519"
-	"crypto/rand"
-	"encoding/pem"
-	"net"
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
-)
-
-func TestSSHDLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
-	// TestSSHDLifecycle exercises the in-process sshd through several config reloads and a Control.Stop.
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(
-		cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519,
-		time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute),
-		nil, nil, []string{},
-	)
-
-	hostKeyPEM := generateSSHHostKey(t)
-	clientSigner, clientAuthKey := generateSSHClientKey(t)
-	sshdAddr := allocLoopbackPort(t)
-
-	overrides := m{
-		"sshd": m{
-			"enabled":  true,
-			"listen":   sshdAddr,
-			"host_key": hostKeyPEM,
-			"authorized_users": []m{{
-				"user": "tester",
-				"keys": []string{clientAuthKey},
-			}},
-		},
-	}
-	control, _, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "sshd-test", "10.222.0.1/24", overrides)
-	control.Start()
-	t.Cleanup(func() { control.Stop() })
-
-	// sshd binds in a goroutine after Start returns; wait for it.
-	require.Eventually(t, func() bool { return canDial(sshdAddr) }, 2*time.Second, 25*time.Millisecond,
-		"sshd never started listening")
-
-	for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
-		out := sshExecReload(t, sshdAddr, clientSigner)
-		assert.Contains(t, out, "Reloading config", "reload cycle %d", i)
-		require.Eventually(t, func() bool { return canDial(sshdAddr) }, 2*time.Second, 25*time.Millisecond,
-			"sshd not listening after reload cycle %d", i)
-	}
-
-	control.Stop()
-	require.Eventually(t, func() bool { return !canDial(sshdAddr) }, 2*time.Second, 25*time.Millisecond,
-		"sshd still listening after Control.Stop")
-}
-
-func canDial(addr string) bool {
-	c, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", addr, 100*time.Millisecond)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false
-	}
-	_ = c.Close()
-	return true
-}
-
-// allocLoopbackPort grabs an unused TCP port on 127.0.0.1, closes it, and returns the address. There
-// is a small race between releasing the port and the sshd reclaiming it; in practice the OS keeps the
-// port available long enough for the test to bind it.
-func allocLoopbackPort(t *testing.T) string {
-	t.Helper()
-	l, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	addr := l.Addr().String()
-	require.NoError(t, l.Close())
-	return addr
-}
-
-func generateSSHHostKey(t *testing.T) string {
-	t.Helper()
-	_, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	block, err := ssh.MarshalPrivateKey(priv, "nebula-e2e-host")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	return string(pem.EncodeToMemory(block))
-}
-
-func generateSSHClientKey(t *testing.T) (ssh.Signer, string) {
-	t.Helper()
-	_, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	signer, err := ssh.NewSignerFromKey(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	auth := strings.TrimSpace(string(ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(signer.PublicKey())))
-	return signer, auth
-}
-
-func sshExecReload(t *testing.T, addr string, signer ssh.Signer) string {
-	t.Helper()
-	cfg := &ssh.ClientConfig{
-		User:            "tester",
-		Auth:            []ssh.AuthMethod{ssh.PublicKeys(signer)},
-		HostKeyCallback: ssh.InsecureIgnoreHostKey(),
-		Timeout:         2 * time.Second,
-	}
-	client, err := ssh.Dial("tcp", addr, cfg)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer client.Close()
-
-	sess, err := client.NewSession()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	defer sess.Close()
-
-	// reload tears the channel down before sending exit-status, so Output returns an error on the
-	// channel close. The output buffer still has whatever the reload callback wrote before that.
-	out, _ := sess.Output("reload")
-	return string(out)
-}
@@ -4,31 +4,22 @@
 package e2e

 import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )

 func TestDropInactiveTunnels(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
 	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
 	// under ideal conditions
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "5s"}})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "10m"}})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "5s"}})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "10m"}})

 	// Share our underlay information
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet.Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet.Addr(), myUdpAddr)

 	// Start the servers
 	myControl.Start()
@@ -37,7 +28,7 @@ func TestDropInactiveTunnels(t *testing.T) {
 	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)

 	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet.Addr(), theirVpnIpNet.Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)

 	r.Log("Go inactive and wait for the tunnels to get dropped")
 	waitStart := time.Now()
@@ -62,417 +53,3 @@ func TestDropInactiveTunnels(t *testing.T) {
 	myControl.Stop()
 	theirControl.Stop()
 }
-
-func TestCertUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
-	// under ideal conditions
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	caB, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-
-	ca2B, err := ca2.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	caStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s", caB, ca2B)
-
-	myCert, _, myPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")}, nil, []string{})
-	_, myCert2Pem := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(myCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
-
-	theirCert, _, theirPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.2/24")}, nil, []string{})
-	theirCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(theirCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
-
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, myC := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{myCert}, myPrivKey, m{})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{theirCert, theirCert2}, theirPrivKey, m{})
-
-	// Share our underlay information
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-	r.Log("yay")
-	//todo ???
-	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
-	r.FlushAll()
-
-	mc := m{
-		"pki": m{
-			"ca":   caStr,
-			"cert": string(myCert2Pem),
-			"key":  string(myPrivKey),
-		},
-		//"tun": m{"disabled": true},
-		"firewall": myC.Settings["firewall"],
-		//"handshakes": m{
-		//	"try_interval": "1s",
-		//},
-		"listen":  myC.Settings["listen"],
-		"logging": myC.Settings["logging"],
-		"timers":  myC.Settings["timers"],
-	}
-
-	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	r.Logf("reload new v2-only config")
-	err = myC.ReloadConfigString(string(cb))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	r.Log("yay, spin until their sees it")
-	waitStart := time.Now()
-	for {
-		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-		c := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-		if c == nil {
-			r.Log("nil")
-		} else {
-			version := c.Cert.Version()
-			r.Logf("version %d", version)
-			if version == cert.Version2 {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		since := time.Since(waitStart)
-		if since > time.Second*10 {
-			t.Fatal("Cert should be new by now")
-		}
-		time.Sleep(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestCertDowngrade(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
-	// under ideal conditions
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	caB, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-
-	ca2B, err := ca2.MarshalPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	caStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s", caB, ca2B)
-
-	myCert, _, myPrivKey, myCertPem := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")}, nil, []string{})
-	myCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(myCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
-
-	theirCert, _, theirPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.2/24")}, nil, []string{})
-	theirCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(theirCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
-
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, myC := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{myCert2}, myPrivKey, m{})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{theirCert, theirCert2}, theirPrivKey, m{})
-
-	// Share our underlay information
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
-	//assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
-	//r.Log("yay")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-	r.Log("yay")
-	//todo ???
-	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
-	r.FlushAll()
-
-	mc := m{
-		"pki": m{
-			"ca":   caStr,
-			"cert": string(myCertPem),
-			"key":  string(myPrivKey),
-		},
-		"firewall": myC.Settings["firewall"],
-		"listen":   myC.Settings["listen"],
-		"logging":  myC.Settings["logging"],
-		"timers":   myC.Settings["timers"],
-	}
-
-	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	r.Logf("reload new v1-only config")
-	err = myC.ReloadConfigString(string(cb))
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	r.Log("yay, spin until their sees it")
-	waitStart := time.Now()
-	for {
-		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-		c := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-		c2 := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-		if c == nil || c2 == nil {
-			r.Log("nil")
-		} else {
-			version := c.Cert.Version()
-			theirVersion := c2.Cert.Version()
-			r.Logf("version %d,%d", version, theirVersion)
-			if version == cert.Version1 {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		since := time.Since(waitStart)
-		if since > time.Second*5 {
-			r.Log("it is unusual that the cert is not new yet, but not a failure yet")
-		}
-		if since > time.Second*10 {
-			r.Log("wtf")
-			t.Fatal("Cert should be new by now")
-		}
-		time.Sleep(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestCertMismatchCorrection(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
-	// under ideal conditions
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-
-	myCert, _, myPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")}, nil, []string{})
-	myCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(myCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
-
-	theirCert, _, theirPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.2/24")}, nil, []string{})
-	theirCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(theirCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
-
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{myCert2}, myPrivKey, m{})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{theirCert, theirCert2}, theirPrivKey, m{})
-
-	// Share our underlay information
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
-	//assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
-	//r.Log("yay")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-	r.Log("yay")
-	//todo ???
-	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
-	r.FlushAll()
-
-	waitStart := time.Now()
-	for {
-		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-		c := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-		c2 := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-		if c == nil || c2 == nil {
-			r.Log("nil")
-		} else {
-			version := c.Cert.Version()
-			theirVersion := c2.Cert.Version()
-			r.Logf("version %d,%d", version, theirVersion)
-			if version == theirVersion {
-				break
-			}
-		}
-		since := time.Since(waitStart)
-		if since > time.Second*5 {
-			r.Log("wtf")
-		}
-		if since > time.Second*10 {
-			r.Log("wtf")
-			t.Fatal("Cert should be new by now")
-		}
-		time.Sleep(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestCrossStackRelaysWork(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me     ", "10.128.0.1/24,fc00::1/64", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "relay  ", "10.128.0.128/24,fc00::128/64", m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
-	theirUdp := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.2:4242")
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServerWithUdp(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them   ", "fc00::2/64", theirUdp, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
-
-	//myVpnV4 := myVpnIpNet[0]
-	myVpnV6 := myVpnIpNet[1]
-	relayVpnV4 := relayVpnIpNet[0]
-	relayVpnV6 := relayVpnIpNet[1]
-	theirVpnV6 := theirVpnIpNet[0]
-
-	// Teach my how to get to the relay and that their can be reached via the relay
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnV4.Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnV6.Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
-	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnV6.Addr(), []netip.Addr{relayVpnV6.Addr()})
-	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnV6.Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-
-	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
-	defer r.RenderFlow()
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	relayControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	t.Log("Trigger a handshake from me to them via the relay")
-	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me")))
-
-	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
-	r.Log("Assert the tunnel works")
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from me"), p, myVpnV6.Addr(), theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, 80)
-
-	t.Log("reply?")
-	theirControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from them")))
-	p = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(myControl)
-	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from them"), p, theirVpnV6.Addr(), myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, 80)
-
-	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
-	//t.Log("finish up")
-	//myControl.Stop()
-	//theirControl.Stop()
-	//relayControl.Stop()
-}
-
-func TestCloseTunnelAuthenticated(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Parallel()
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
-	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "5s"}})
-	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "10m"}})
-
-	// Share our underlay information
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-
-	// Start the servers
-	myControl.Start()
-	theirControl.Start()
-
-	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
-
-	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-
-	r.Log("Close the tunnel")
-	myControl.CloseTunnel(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	r.FlushAll()
-
-	waitStart := time.Now()
-	for {
-		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		if myIndexes == 0 && theirIndexes == 0 {
-			break
-		}
-
-		since := time.Since(waitStart)
-		r.Logf("my tunnels: %v; their tunnels: %v; duration: %v", myIndexes, theirIndexes, since)
-		if since > time.Second*6 {
-			t.Fatal("Tunnel should have been declared inactive after 2 seconds and before 6 seconds")
-		}
-
-		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
-		//r.FlushAll()
-	}
-
-	r.Logf("Happy path success, tunnels were dropped within %v", time.Since(waitStart))
-
-	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
-	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
-	r.Log("Assert another tunnel between me and them works")
-	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-	hi := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	if hi == nil {
-		t.Fatal("There is no hostinfo for this tunnel")
-	}
-	myHi := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
-	if myHi == nil {
-		t.Fatal("There is no hostinfo for my tunnel")
-	}
-	r.Log("It does")
-
-	buf := make([]byte, 1024)
-	hdr := header.H{
-		Version:        1,
-		Type:           header.CloseTunnel,
-		Subtype:        0,
-		Reserved:       0,
-		RemoteIndex:    hi.RemoteIndex,
-		MessageCounter: 5,
-	}
-	out, err := hdr.Encode(buf)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.Fatal(err)
-	}
-
-	pkt := &udp.Packet{
-		To:   hi.CurrentRemote,
-		From: myHi.CurrentRemote,
-		Data: out,
-	}
-	r.InjectUDPPacket(myControl, theirControl, pkt)
-	r.Log("Injected bogus close tunnel. Let's see!")
-	waitStart = time.Now()
-	for {
-		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		if myIndexes == 0 {
-			t.Fatal("myIndexes should not be 0")
-		}
-		if theirIndexes == 0 {
-			t.Fatal("theirIndexes should not be 0, they should have rejected this bogus packet")
-		}
-
-		since := time.Since(waitStart)
-		r.Logf("my tunnels: %v; their tunnels: %v; duration: %v", myIndexes, theirIndexes, since)
-		if since > time.Second*4 {
-			t.Log("The tunnel would have been gone by now")
-			break
-		}
-
-		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
-		r.FlushAll()
-	}
-
-	myControl.Stop()
-	theirControl.Stop()
-}
@@ -1,124 +0,0 @@
-package nebula
-
-import (
-	"log/slog"
-	"testing"
-)
-
-func TestInnerECN(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := []struct {
-		name string
-		pkt  []byte
-		want byte
-	}{
-		{"empty", nil, 0},
-		{"v4_NotECT", v4WithToS(0x00), 0x00},
-		{"v4_ECT0", v4WithToS(0x02), 0x02},
-		{"v4_ECT1", v4WithToS(0x01), 0x01},
-		{"v4_CE", v4WithToS(0x03), 0x03},
-		{"v4_DSCP_then_NotECT", v4WithToS(0x88 | 0x00), 0x00},
-		{"v4_DSCP_then_CE", v4WithToS(0x88 | 0x03), 0x03},
-		{"v6_NotECT", v6WithTC(0x00), 0x00},
-		{"v6_ECT0", v6WithTC(0x02), 0x02},
-		{"v6_CE", v6WithTC(0x03), 0x03},
-		{"v6_DSCP_then_CE", v6WithTC(0x88 | 0x03), 0x03},
-		{"unknown_version", []byte{0xa5, 0xff}, 0},
-	}
-	for _, c := range cases {
-		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			got := innerECN(c.pkt)
-			if got != c.want {
-				t.Errorf("innerECN=0x%02x want 0x%02x", got, c.want)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
-
-// v4WithToS returns a 2-byte slice tall enough for innerECN: byte 0 carries
-// version=4 in the high nibble, byte 1 is the full ToS so we exercise both
-// the DSCP and ECN portions through the byte 1 mask.
-func v4WithToS(tos byte) []byte {
-	return []byte{0x45, tos}
-}
-
-// v6WithTC builds a 2-byte slice that places a known traffic class value
-// across bytes 0 (high nibble of TC) and 1 (low nibble of TC). innerECN
-// extracts ECN as (b[1]>>4)&0x03, which corresponds to TC[1:0].
-func v6WithTC(tc byte) []byte {
-	return []byte{0x60 | (tc>>4)&0x0f, (tc & 0x0f) << 4}
-}
-
-func TestApplyOuterECN(t *testing.T) {
-	silent := slog.New(slog.DiscardHandler)
-	hi := &HostInfo{}
-
-	// Build a v4 packet helper with a given inner ECN field.
-	v4 := func(innerECN byte) []byte {
-		// 20-byte minimal IPv4 header with ToS = innerECN (DSCP zeroed).
-		return []byte{
-			0x45, innerECN, 0, 28,
-			0, 0, 0x40, 0,
-			64, 6, 0, 0,
-			10, 0, 0, 1,
-			10, 0, 0, 2,
-		}
-	}
-	// Build a v6 packet helper with a given inner ECN field. ECN occupies
-	// TC[1:0] which sit at byte 1 mask 0x30.
-	v6 := func(innerECN byte) []byte {
-		// 40-byte minimal IPv6 header with TC[1:0] = innerECN.
-		pkt := make([]byte, 40)
-		pkt[0] = 0x60                   // version=6, TC[7:4]=0
-		pkt[1] = (innerECN & 0x03) << 4 // TC[3:0]: low 2 bits = ECN, top 2 = DSCP-low (0)
-		return pkt
-	}
-
-	type cell struct {
-		outer    byte
-		inner    byte
-		wantECN  byte
-		wantSame bool // expect inner unchanged (true => verify the byte didn't move)
-	}
-
-	// RFC 6040 normal-mode combine table. Only outer==CE causes mutation.
-	table := []cell{
-		{ecnNotECT, ecnNotECT, ecnNotECT, true},
-		{ecnNotECT, ecnECT0, ecnECT0, true},
-		{ecnNotECT, ecnECT1, ecnECT1, true},
-		{ecnNotECT, ecnCE, ecnCE, true},
-
-		{ecnECT0, ecnNotECT, ecnNotECT, true},
-		{ecnECT0, ecnECT0, ecnECT0, true},
-		{ecnECT0, ecnECT1, ecnECT1, true},
-		{ecnECT0, ecnCE, ecnCE, true},
-
-		{ecnECT1, ecnNotECT, ecnNotECT, true},
-		{ecnECT1, ecnECT0, ecnECT0, true},
-		{ecnECT1, ecnECT1, ecnECT1, true},
-		{ecnECT1, ecnCE, ecnCE, true},
-
-		{ecnCE, ecnNotECT, ecnNotECT, true}, // legacy: log, leave alone
-		{ecnCE, ecnECT0, ecnCE, false},      // CE folded in
-		{ecnCE, ecnECT1, ecnCE, false},
-		{ecnCE, ecnCE, ecnCE, true},
-	}
-
-	for _, c := range table {
-		t.Run("v4", func(t *testing.T) {
-			pkt := v4(c.inner)
-			applyOuterECN(pkt, c.outer, hi, silent)
-			got := pkt[1] & 0x03
-			if got != c.wantECN {
-				t.Errorf("v4 outer=0x%02x inner=0x%02x: got 0x%02x want 0x%02x", c.outer, c.inner, got, c.wantECN)
-			}
-		})
-		t.Run("v6", func(t *testing.T) {
-			pkt := v6(c.inner)
-			applyOuterECN(pkt, c.outer, hi, silent)
-			got := (pkt[1] >> 4) & 0x03
-			if got != c.wantECN {
-				t.Errorf("v6 outer=0x%02x inner=0x%02x: got 0x%02x want 0x%02x", c.outer, c.inner, got, c.wantECN)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}
@@ -13,12 +13,6 @@ pki:
  # disconnect_invalid is a toggle to force a client to be disconnected if the certificate is expired or invalid.
  #disconnect_invalid: true

-  # initiating_version controls which certificate version is used when initiating handshakes.
-  # This setting only applies if both a v1 and a v2 certificate are configured, in which case it will default to `1`.
-  # Once all hosts in the mesh are configured with both a v1 and v2 certificate then this should be changed to `2`.
-  # After all hosts in the mesh are using a v2 certificate then v1 certificates are no longer needed.
-  # initiating_version: 1
-
 # The static host map defines a set of hosts with fixed IP addresses on the internet (or any network).
 # A host can have multiple fixed IP addresses defined here, and nebula will try each when establishing a tunnel.
 # The syntax is:
@@ -126,8 +120,8 @@ lighthouse:
 # Port Nebula will be listening on. The default here is 4242. For a lighthouse node, the port should be defined,
 # however using port 0 will dynamically assign a port and is recommended for roaming nodes.
 listen:
-  # To listen on only ipv4, use "0.0.0.0"
-  host: "::"
+  # To listen on both any ipv4 and ipv6 use "::"
+  host: 0.0.0.0
  port: 4242
  # Sets the max number of packets to pull from the kernel for each syscall (under systems that support recvmmsg)
  # default is 64, does not support reload
@@ -138,29 +132,12 @@ listen:
  # max, net.core.rmem_max and net.core.wmem_max
  #read_buffer: 10485760
  #write_buffer: 10485760
-
-  # On Windows only
-  # When true, Nebula installs a WFP (Windows Filtering Platform) PERMIT filter scoped to UDP at the listener port.
-  # WFP sits below Windows Defender Firewall, so this lets peer handshakes reach Nebula's outside socket regardless
-  # of WDF's inbound rules.
-  # Default true; set to false to leave WDF in charge of inbound decisions on the listener port. Not reloadable.
-  #windows_bypass_wdf: true
-
  # By default, Nebula replies to packets it has no tunnel for with a "recv_error" packet. This packet helps speed up reconnection
  # in the case that Nebula on either side did not shut down cleanly. This response can be abused as a way to discover if Nebula is running
  # on a host though. This option lets you configure if you want to send "recv_error" packets always, never, or only to private network remotes.
  # valid values: always, never, private
  # This setting is reloadable.
  #send_recv_error: always
-  # Similar to send_recv_error, this option lets you configure if you want to accept "recv_error" packets from remote hosts.
-  # valid values: always, never, private
-  # This setting is reloadable.
-  #accept_recv_error: always
-  # The so_sock option is a Linux-specific feature that allows all outgoing Nebula packets to be tagged with a specific identifier.
-  # This tagging enables IP rule-based filtering. For example, it supports 0.0.0.0/0 unsafe_routes,
-  # allowing for more precise routing decisions based on the packet tags. Default is 0 meaning no mark is set.
-  # This setting is reloadable.
-  #so_mark: 0

 # Routines is the number of thread pairs to run that consume from the tun and UDP queues.
 # Currently, this defaults to 1 which means we have 1 tun queue reader and 1
@@ -171,21 +148,17 @@ listen:

 punchy:
  # Continues to punch inbound/outbound at a regular interval to avoid expiration of firewall nat mappings
-  # This setting is reloadable.
  punch: true

  # respond means that a node you are trying to reach will connect back out to you if your hole punching fails
  # this is extremely useful if one node is behind a difficult nat, such as a symmetric NAT
  # Default is false
-  # This setting is reloadable.
  #respond: true

  # delays a punch response for misbehaving NATs, default is 1 second.
-  # This setting is reloadable.
  #delay: 1s

  # set the delay before attempting punchy.respond. Default is 5 seconds. respond must be true to take effect.
-  # This setting is reloadable.
  #respond_delay: 5s

 # Cipher allows you to choose between the available ciphers for your network. Options are chachapoly or aes
@@ -216,12 +189,6 @@ punchy:
  # Trusted SSH CA public keys. These are the public keys of the CAs that are allowed to sign SSH keys for access.
  #trusted_cas:
    #- "ssh public key string"
-  # sandbox_dir restricts file paths for profiling commands (start-cpu-profile, save-heap-profile,
-  # save-mutex-profile) to the specified directory. Relative paths will be resolved within this directory,
-  # and absolute paths outside of it will be rejected. Default is $TMP/nebula-debug.
-  # The directory is NOT automatically created.
-  # Overriding this to "" is the same as "/" and will allow overwriting any path on the host.
-  #sandbox_dir: /var/tmp/nebula-debug

 # EXPERIMENTAL: relay support for networks that can't establish direct connections.
 relay:
@@ -261,28 +228,7 @@ tun:

  # Unsafe routes allows you to route traffic over nebula to non-nebula nodes
  # Unsafe routes should be avoided unless you have hosts/services that cannot run nebula
-  # Supports weighted ECMP if you define a list of gateways, this can be used for load balancing or redundancy to hosts outside of nebula
-  # NOTES:
-  # * You will only see a single gateway in the routing table if you are not on linux
-  # * If a gateway is not reachable through the overlay another gateway will be selected to send the traffic through, ignoring weights
-  #
-  # unsafe_routes:
-  # # Multiple gateways without defining a weight defaults to a weight of 1, this will balance traffic equally between the three gateways
-  # - route: 192.168.87.0/24
-  #   via:
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.1
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.2
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.3
-  # # Multiple gateways with a weight, this will balance traffic accordingly
-  # - route: 192.168.87.0/24
-  #   via:
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.1
-  #       weight: 10
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.2
-  #       weight: 5
-  #
-  # NOTE: The nebula certificate of the "via" node(s) *MUST* have the "route" defined as a subnet in its certificate
-  # `via`: single node or list of gateways to use for this route
+  # NOTE: The nebula certificate of the "via" node *MUST* have the "route" defined as a subnet in its certificate
  # `mtu`: will default to tun mtu if this option is not specified
  # `metric`: will default to 0 if this option is not specified
  # `install`: will default to true, controls whether this route is installed in the systems routing table.
@@ -294,49 +240,31 @@ tun:
    #  metric: 100
    #  install: true

-  # On Windows only, sets the network category of the nebula interface. Without this, Windows often
-  # leaves the network as "Unidentified" and treats it as Public, which makes the host firewall more
-  # restrictive than you usually want for an overlay between trusted peers. Valid values:
-  #   private             - treat the nebula network as a private/trusted network (default)
-  #   public              - treat it as a public/untrusted network
-  #   domain              - treat it as a domain-authenticated network
-  #   unset               - leave whatever Windows decided alone
-  # Not reloadable.
-  #network_category: private
-
-  # On Windows only
-  # When true, Nebula installs a WFP (Windows Filtering Platform) PERMIT filter scoped to the nebula adapter LUID.
-  # WFP sits below Windows Defender Firewall, so this lets inbound traffic through regardless of WDF rules.
-  # Filters are auto-removed when the adapter goes away.
-  # See listen.windows_bypass_wdf for the matching control over inbound to nebula's outside UDP listener.
-  # Default true; set to false to leave WDF in charge of inbound decisions on the nebula interface. Not reloadable.
-  #windows_bypass_wdf: true
-
  # On linux only, set to true to manage unsafe routes directly on the system route table with gateway routes instead of
  # in nebula configuration files. Default false, not reloadable.
  #use_system_route_table: false
-  # Buffer size for reading routes updates. 0 means default system buffer size. (/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default).
-  # If using massive routes updates, for example BGP, you may need to increase this value to avoid packet loss.
-  # SO_RCVBUFFORCE is used to avoid having to raise the system wide max
-  #use_system_route_table_buffer_size: 0

+# TODO
 # Configure logging level
 logging:
-  # trace, debug, info, warn, or error. Default is info and is reloadable.
-  # fatal and panic are accepted for backwards compatibility and map to error.
-  #NOTE: Debug and trace modes can log remotely controlled/untrusted data which can quickly fill a disk in some
-  # scenarios. Debug and trace logging are also CPU intensive and will decrease performance overall.
-  # Only enable debug or trace logging while actively investigating an issue.
+  # panic, fatal, error, warning, info, or debug. Default is info and is reloadable.
+  #NOTE: Debug mode can log remotely controlled/untrusted data which can quickly fill a disk in some
+  # scenarios. Debug logging is also CPU intensive and will decrease performance overall.
+  # Only enable debug logging while actively investigating an issue.
  level: info
-  # json or text formats currently available. Default is text.
+  # json or text formats currently available. Default is text
  format: text
-  # Disable timestamp logging. Useful when output is redirected to a logging system that already adds timestamps. Default is false.
+  # Disable timestamp logging. useful when output is redirected to logging system that already adds timestamps. Default is false
  #disable_timestamp: true
-  # Timestamps use RFC3339Nano ("2006-01-02T15:04:05.999999999Z07:00") and are not configurable.
+  # timestamp format is specified in Go time format, see:
+  #     https://golang.org/pkg/time/#pkg-constants
+  # default when `format: json`: "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00" (RFC3339)
+  # default when `format: text`:
+  #     when TTY attached: seconds since beginning of execution
+  #     otherwise: "2006-01-02T15:04:05Z07:00" (RFC3339)
+  # As an example, to log as RFC3339 with millisecond precision, set to:
+  #timestamp_format: "2006-01-02T15:04:05.000Z07:00"

-# The stats section is reloadable. A HUP may change the backend, toggle stats
-# on or off, switch the listen/host address, or pick up new DNS for the
-# configured graphite host.
 #stats:
  #type: graphite
  #prefix: nebula
@@ -354,12 +282,10 @@ logging:
  # enables counter metrics for meta packets
  #   e.g.: `messages.tx.handshake`
  # NOTE: `message.{tx,rx}.recv_error` is always emitted
-  # Not reloadable.
  #message_metrics: false

  # enables detailed counter metrics for lighthouse packets
  #   e.g.: `lighthouse.rx.HostQuery`
-  # Not reloadable.
  #lighthouse_metrics: false

 # Handshake Manager Settings
@@ -401,11 +327,11 @@ firewall:
  outbound_action: drop
  inbound_action: drop

-  # THIS FLAG IS DEPRECATED AND WILL BE REMOVED IN A FUTURE RELEASE. (Defaults to false.)
-  # This setting only affects nebula hosts exposing unsafe_routes. When set to false, each inbound rule must contain a
-  # `local_cidr` if the intention is to allow traffic to flow to an unsafe route. When set to true, every firewall rule
-  # will apply to all configured unsafe_routes regardless of the actual destination of the packet, unless `local_cidr`
-  # is explicitly defined. This is usually not the desired behavior and should be avoided!
+  # Controls the default value for local_cidr. Default is true, will be deprecated after v1.9 and defaulted to false.
+  # This setting only affects nebula hosts with subnets encoded in their certificate. A nebula host acting as an
+  # unsafe router with `default_local_cidr_any: true` will expose their unsafe routes to every inbound rule regardless
+  # of the actual destination for the packet. Setting this to false requires each inbound rule to contain a `local_cidr`
+  # if the intention is to allow traffic to flow to an unsafe route.
  #default_local_cidr_any: false

  conntrack:
@@ -417,16 +343,15 @@ firewall:
  # Rules are comprised of a protocol, port, and one or more of host, group, or CIDR
  # Logical evaluation is roughly: port AND proto AND (ca_sha OR ca_name) AND (host OR group OR groups OR cidr) AND (local cidr)
  # - port: Takes `0` or `any` as any, a single number `80`, a range `200-901`, or `fragment` to match second and further fragments of fragmented packets (since there is no port available).
+  #   code: same as port but makes more sense when talking about ICMP, TODO: this is not currently implemented in a way that works, use `any`
  #   proto: `any`, `tcp`, `udp`, or `icmp`
-  #          a port specification is ignored if proto is `icmp`
  #   host: `any` or a literal hostname, ie `test-host`
  #   group: `any` or a literal group name, ie `default-group`
  #   groups: Same as group but accepts a list of values. Multiple values are AND'd together and a certificate would have to contain all groups to pass
-  #   cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. `any` means any ip family and address.
-  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. `any` means any ip family and address.
-  #     This can be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
-  #     By default, this is set to only the VPN (overlay) networks assigned via the certificate networks field unless `default_local_cidr_any` is set to true.
-  #     If there are unsafe_routes present in this config file, `local_cidr` should be set appropriately for the intended us case.
+  #   cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any.
+  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any. This could be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
+  #      Default is `any` unless the certificate contains subnets and then the default is the ip issued in the certificate
+  #      if `default_local_cidr_any` is false, otherwise its `any`.
  #   ca_name: An issuing CA name
  #   ca_sha: An issuing CA shasum

--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Nate Brown	7c3f533950	Better words (#1497 )	2025-10-10 10:31:46 -05:00
Nate Brown	824cd3f0d6	Update CHANGELOG for Nebula v1.9.7	2025-10-07 21:10:16 -05:00
Nate Brown	9f692175e1	HostInfo.remoteCidr should only be populated with the entire vpn ip address issued in the certificate (#1494 )	2025-10-07 17:35:58 -05:00
Nate Brown	22af56f156	Fix `recv_error` receipt limit allowance for v1.9.x (#1459 ) * Fix recv_error receipt limit allowance * backport #1463 recv_error behavior changes --------- Co-authored-by: JackDoan <me@jackdoan.com>	2025-09-04 15:52:32 -05:00
brad-defined	1d73e463cd	Quietly log error on UDP_NETRESET ioctl on Windows. (#1453 ) * Quietly log error on UDP_NETRESET ioctl on Windows. * dampen unexpected error warnings	2025-08-19 17:33:31 -04:00
brad-defined	105e0ec66c	v1.9.6 (#1434 ) Update CHANGELOG for Nebula v1.9.6	2025-07-18 08:39:33 -04:00
Nate Brown	4870bb680d	Darwin udp fix (#1426 )	2025-07-01 16:41:29 -05:00
brad-defined	a1498ca8f8	Store relay states in a slice for consistent ordering (#1422 )	2025-06-24 12:04:00 -04:00
Nate Brown	9877648da9	Drop inactive tunnels (#1413 )	2025-06-23 11:32:50 -05:00
brad-defined	8e0a7bcbb7	Disable UDP receive error returns due to ICMP messages on Windows. (#1412 )	2025-05-22 08:55:45 -04:00
brad-defined	8c29b15c6d	fix relay migration panic (#1403 )	2025-05-13 14:58:58 -04:00
brad-defined	04d7a8ccba	Retry UDP receive on Windows in some receive error cases (#1404 )	2025-05-13 14:58:37 -04:00
Nate Brown	b55b9019a7	v1.9.5 (#1285 ) Update CHANGELOG for Nebula v1.9.5	2024-12-06 09:50:24 -05:00
Nate Brown	2e85d138cd	[v1.9.x] do not panic when loading a V2 CA certificate (#1282 ) Co-authored-by: Jack Doan <jackdoan@rivian.com>	2024-12-03 09:49:54 -06:00
brad-defined	9bfdfbafc1	Backport reestablish relays from cert-v2 to release-1.9 (#1277 )	2024-11-20 21:49:53 -06:00