try to fix windows?

it is about 4.4% better on the bench-cpu-long cpu usage test

.github/workflows/gofmt.yml

@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Install goimports

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.25'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.25'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.25'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Import certificates

.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml

@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: add hashicorp source

.github/workflows/smoke.yml

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: build

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: golangci-lint
       uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
       with:
-        version: v2.1
+        version: v2.5
 
     - name: Test
       run: make test
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.22'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v4
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build nebula
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: golangci-lint
       uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v8
       with:
-        version: v2.1
+        version: v2.5
 
     - name: Test
       run: make test

calculated_remote.go

@@ -84,16 +84,11 @@ func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[[]*calcu
 
 	calculatedRemotes := new(bart.Table[[]*calculatedRemote])
 
-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[any]any)
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
-		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
-		}
-
+	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
 		cidr, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s", k, rawCIDR)
@@ -129,7 +124,7 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) ([]*calculat
 }
 
 func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[any]any)
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid type: %T", raw)
 	}

cert/cert.go

@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ type Certificate interface {
 	// PublicKey is the raw bytes to be used in asymmetric cryptographic operations.
 	PublicKey() []byte
 
+	// MarshalPublicKeyPEM is the value of PublicKey marshalled to PEM
+	MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte
+
 	// Curve identifies which curve was used for the PublicKey and Signature.
 	Curve() Curve
 
@@ -135,8 +138,7 @@ func Recombine(v Version, rawCertBytes, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (Certific
 	case Version2:
 		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(rawCertBytes, publicKey, curve)
 	default:
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 make a static var
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown certificate version %d", v)
+		return nil, ErrUnknownVersion
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {

cert/cert_v1.go

@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ func (c *certificateV1) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return c.details.publicKey
 }
 
+func (c *certificateV1) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
+	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
+}
+
 func (c *certificateV1) Signature() []byte {
 	return c.signature
 }
@@ -110,8 +114,10 @@ func (c *certificateV1) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
 		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
+		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
 		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
 		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
 	default:

cert/cert_v1_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package cert
 
 import (
+	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
 	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
 	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
@@ -60,6 +62,58 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
 }
 
+func TestCertificateV1_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name:           "testing",
+			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
+			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore:      before,
+			notAfter:       after,
+			publicKey:      pubKey,
+			isCA:           false,
+			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
+		},
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Version1, nc.Version())
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = true
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	nc.details.curve = Curve_P256
+	nc.details.publicKey = pubP256Key
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = false
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+}
+
 func TestCertificateV1_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	nc := certificateV1{
 		details: detailsV1{

cert/cert_v2.go

@@ -114,6 +114,10 @@ func (c *certificateV2) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return c.publicKey
 }
 
+func (c *certificateV2) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
+	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
+}
+
 func (c *certificateV2) Signature() []byte {
 	return c.signature
 }
@@ -149,8 +153,10 @@ func (c *certificateV2) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
 		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
+		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
 		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
 		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
 	default:

cert/cert_v2_test.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
 	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
 	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
@@ -75,6 +76,58 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
 }
 
+func TestCertificateV2_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV2{
+		details: detailsV2{
+			name:           "testing",
+			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
+			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore:      before,
+			notAfter:       after,
+			isCA:           false,
+			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
+		},
+		publicKey: pubKey,
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Version2, nc.Version())
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = true
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	nc.curve = Curve_P256
+	nc.publicKey = pubP256Key
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = false
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+}
+
 func TestCertificateV2_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	nc := certificateV2{
 		details: detailsV2{

cert/errors.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ var (
 	ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch   = errors.New("public key and private key are not a pair")
 	ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted        = errors.New("private key must be decrypted")
 	ErrCaNotFound                 = errors.New("could not find ca for the certificate")
+	ErrUnknownVersion             = errors.New("certificate version unrecognized")
 
 	ErrInvalidPEMBlock                   = errors.New("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner       = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")

cert/pem.go

@@ -7,19 +7,26 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )
 
-const (
-	CertificateBanner                = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE"
-	CertificateV2Banner              = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE V2"
-	X25519PrivateKeyBanner           = "NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY"
-	X25519PublicKeyBanner            = "NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY"
-	EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
-	Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY"
-	Ed25519PublicKeyBanner           = "NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY"
+const ( //cert banners
+	CertificateBanner   = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE"
+	CertificateV2Banner = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE V2"
+)
 
-	P256PrivateKeyBanner               = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
-	P256PublicKeyBanner                = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
+const ( //key-agreement-key banners
+	X25519PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY"
+	X25519PublicKeyBanner  = "NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY"
+	P256PrivateKeyBanner   = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
+	P256PublicKeyBanner    = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
+)
+
+/* including "ECDSA" in the P256 banners is a clue that these keys should be used only for signing */
+const ( //signing key banners
 	EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
 	ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
+	ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner           = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
+	EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner   = "NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
+	Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner            = "NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY"
+	Ed25519PublicKeyBanner             = "NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY"
 )
 
 // UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM will try to unmarshal the first pem block in a byte array, returning any non consumed
@@ -51,6 +58,16 @@ func UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(b []byte) (Certificate, []byte, error) {
 
 }
 
+func marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c Certificate) []byte {
+	if c.IsCA() {
+		return MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
+	} else {
+		return MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
+	}
+}
+
+// MarshalPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for ECDH.
+// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
 func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
 	switch curve {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
@@ -62,6 +79,19 @@ func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
 	}
 }
 
+// MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for signing.
+// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
+func MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: Ed25519PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	case Curve_P256:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: P256PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
 	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
 	if k == nil {
@@ -73,7 +103,7 @@ func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
 	case X25519PublicKeyBanner, Ed25519PublicKeyBanner:
 		expectedLen = 32
 		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-	case P256PublicKeyBanner:
+	case P256PublicKeyBanner, ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner:
 		// Uncompressed
 		expectedLen = 65
 		curve = Curve_P256

cert/pem_test.go

@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
@@ -230,6 +231,7 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshalX25519PublicKey(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
@@ -240,6 +242,12 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 -----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	oldPubP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
 `)
 	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
@@ -256,15 +264,22 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 -END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----`)
 
-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
 
 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
+
 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 65)

cert/sign.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
 	"net/netip"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -55,15 +54,10 @@ func (t *TBSCertificate) Sign(signer Certificate, curve Curve, key []byte) (Cert
 		}
 		return t.SignWith(signer, curve, sp)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		pk := &ecdsa.PrivateKey{
-			PublicKey: ecdsa.PublicKey{
-				Curve: elliptic.P256(),
-			},
-			// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L95
-			D: new(big.Int).SetBytes(key),
+		pk, err := ecdsa.ParseRawPrivateKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L119
-		pk.X, pk.Y = pk.Curve.ScalarBaseMult(key)
 		sp := func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 			// We need to hash first for ECDSA
 			// - https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/ecdsa#SignASN1

connection_manager.go

@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Tim
 			decision = tryRehandshake
 
 		} else {
-			if cm.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo, primary) {
+			if cm.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo) {
 				decision = swapPrimary
 			} else {
 				// migrate the relays to the primary, if in use.
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ func (cm *connectionManager) isInactive(hostinfo *HostInfo, now time.Time) (time
 	return inactiveDuration, true
 }
 
-func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
+func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current *HostInfo) bool {
 	// The primary tunnel is the most recent handshake to complete locally and should work entirely fine.
 	// If we are here then we have multiple tunnels for a host pair and neither side believes the same tunnel is primary.
 	// Let's sort this out.

connection_manager_test.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 		addrMap:   map[netip.Addr]*RemoteList{},
 		queryChan: make(chan netip.Addr, 10),
 	}
-	lighthouses := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
+	lighthouses := []netip.Addr{}
 	staticList := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
 
 	lh.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
@@ -446,6 +446,10 @@ func (d *dummyCert) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return d.publicKey
 }
 
+func (d *dummyCert) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
+	return cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(d.curve, d.publicKey)
+}
+
 func (d *dummyCert) Signature() []byte {
 	return d.signature
 }

firewall_test.go

@@ -68,6 +68,9 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	ti, err := netip.ParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
+	ti6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("fd12::34/128")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoTCP, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	// An empty rule is any
 	assert.True(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Any.Any)
@@ -92,12 +95,24 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	_, ok := fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)
 
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
+	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti6)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti, "", ""))
 	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)
 
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti6, "", ""))
+	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
+	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti6)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-name", ""))
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].CANames, "ca-name")
@@ -117,6 +132,13 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
 
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
+	anyIp6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("::/0")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
+
 	// Test error conditions
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, math.MaxUint8, 0, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
@@ -199,6 +221,82 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }
 
+func TestFirewall_DropV6(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	l.SetOutput(ob)
+
+	p := firewall.Packet{
+		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		LocalPort:  10,
+		RemotePort: 90,
+		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
+		Fragment:   false,
+	}
+
+	c := dummyCert{
+		name:     "host1",
+		networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120")},
+		groups:   []string{"default-group"},
+		issuer:   "signer-shasum",
+	}
+	h := HostInfo{
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			peerCert: &cert.CachedCertificate{
+				Certificate:    &c,
+				InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"default-group": {}},
+			},
+		},
+		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34")},
+	}
+	h.buildNetworks(c.networks, c.unsafeNetworks)
+
+	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
+
+	// Drop outbound
+	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	// Allow inbound
+	resetConntrack(fw)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	// Allow outbound because conntrack
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+
+	// test remote mismatch
+	oldRemote := p.RemoteAddr
+	p.RemoteAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::56")
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
+	p.RemoteAddr = oldRemote
+
+	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+
+	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+
+	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
+	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+
+	// test caName doesn't drop on match
+	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+}
+
 func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 	f := &Firewall{}
 	ft := FirewallTable{
@@ -208,6 +306,10 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 	pfix := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/32")
 	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
 	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix, "", "")
+
+	pfix6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd11::11/128")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix6, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix6, "", "")
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 
 	b.Run("fail on proto", func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -239,6 +341,15 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: ip.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass proto, port, fail on local CIDRv6", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{},
+		}
+		ip := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: ip.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass proto, port, any local CIDR, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -252,6 +363,18 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 10}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass proto, port, any local CIDRv6, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{
+				name:     "nope",
+				networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")},
+			},
+			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"nope": {}},
+		}
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 10}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass proto, port, specific local CIDR, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -265,6 +388,18 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass proto, port, specific local CIDRv6, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{
+				name:     "nope",
+				networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")},
+			},
+			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"nope": {}},
+		}
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix6.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass on group on any local cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -289,6 +424,17 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.True(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass on group on specific local cidr6", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{
+				name: "nope",
+			},
+			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"good-group": {}},
+		}
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.True(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix6.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass on name", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -447,6 +593,42 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 }
 
+func TestFirewall_Drop3V6(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	l.SetOutput(ob)
+
+	p := firewall.Packet{
+		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		LocalPort:  1,
+		RemotePort: 1,
+		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
+		Fragment:   false,
+	}
+
+	network := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120")
+	c := cert.CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate: &dummyCert{
+			name:     "host-owner",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{network},
+		},
+	}
+	h := HostInfo{
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			peerCert: &c,
+		},
+		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
+	}
+	h.buildNetworks(c.Certificate.Networks(), c.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+
+	// Test a remote address match
+	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
+	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120"), netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+}
+
 func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
@@ -510,6 +692,50 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 }
 
+func TestFirewall_DropIPSpoofing(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	l.SetOutput(ob)
+
+	c := cert.CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate: &dummyCert{
+			name:     "host-owner",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.1/24")},
+		},
+	}
+
+	c1 := cert.CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate: &dummyCert{
+			name:           "host",
+			networks:       []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.2/24")},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("198.51.100.0/24")},
+		},
+	}
+	h1 := HostInfo{
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			peerCert: &c1,
+		},
+		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{c1.Certificate.Networks()[0].Addr()},
+	}
+	h1.buildNetworks(c1.Certificate.Networks(), c1.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+
+	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
+
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
+
+	// Packet spoofed by `c1`. Note that the remote addr is not a valid one.
+	p := firewall.Packet{
+		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.1"),
+		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.3"),
+		LocalPort:  1,
+		RemotePort: 1,
+		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
+		Fragment:   false,
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
+}
+
 func BenchmarkLookup(b *testing.B) {
 	ml := func(m map[string]struct{}, a [][]string) {
 		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
@@ -727,6 +953,21 @@ func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr}, mf.lastCall)
 
+	// Test adding rule with cidr ipv6
+	cidr6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00::/8")
+	conf = config.NewC(l)
+	mf = &mockFirewall{}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
+	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr6, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)
+
+	// Test adding rule with local_cidr ipv6
+	conf = config.NewC(l)
+	mf = &mockFirewall{}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
+	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr6}, mf.lastCall)
+
 	// Test adding rule with ca_sha
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}

go.mod

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/slackhq/nebula
 
-go 1.23.0
-
-toolchain go1.24.1
+go 1.25
 
 require (
 	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2
@@ -10,32 +8,32 @@ require (
 	github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0
 	github.com/cyberdelia/go-metrics-graphite v0.0.0-20161219230853-39f87cc3b432
 	github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0
-	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4
+	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.25.0
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19
-	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65
+	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.4
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.68
 	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b
 	github.com/nbrownus/go-metrics-prometheus v0.0.0-20210712211119-974a6260965f
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.43.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090
-	golang.org/x/net v0.39.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.45.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.17.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.36.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2
-	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.8
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
-	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240423190808-9d7a357edefe
+	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c
 )
 
 require (
@@ -45,11 +43,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 // indirect
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0 h1:KjPQoQCEFdZDiP03phOvGi11+SVVhBG2wOWAorLsstg=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0/go.mod h1:xbMo+0i6+IGbYdJhF31t2eR1BIU0CYc12+BNAKwUTag=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4 h1:Ik47r1fy3jRVU+1eYzKSW3ho2UgBVTVnUS8O993584U=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4/go.mod h1:cEed+ge8dalcbpi8wtS9x9m2hn/fNJH5suhdGQOHnYk=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.25.0 h1:eqiokVPqM3F94vJ0bTHXHtH91S8zkKL+bKh+BsGOsJM=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.25.0/go.mod h1:GREWQfTLRWz/c5FTOsIw+KkscuFkIV5t8Rp7Nd1Td5c=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
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@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.10/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/
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@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
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@@ -106,24 +106,24 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
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@@ -143,29 +143,33 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXf
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@@ -176,8 +180,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLL
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@@ -185,8 +189,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
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@@ -197,38 +201,37 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200323222414-85ca7c5b95cd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
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-golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0 h1:fdNQudmxPjkdUTPnLn5mdQv7Zwvbvpaxqs831goi9kQ=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.37.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
-golang.org/x/term v0.31.0 h1:erwDkOK1Msy6offm1mOgvspSkslFnIGsFnxOKoufg3o=
-golang.org/x/term v0.31.0/go.mod h1:R4BeIy7D95HzImkxGkTW1UQTtP54tio2RyHz7PwK0aw=
+golang.org/x/term v0.36.0 h1:zMPR+aF8gfksFprF/Nc/rd1wRS1EI6nDBGyWAvDzx2Q=
+golang.org/x/term v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Qu394IJq6V6dCBRgwqshf3mPF85AqzYEzofzRdZkWss=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 h1:o7cqy6amK/52YcAKIPlM3a+Fpj35zvRj2TP+e1xFSfk=
-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 h1:ntUhktv3OPE6TgYxXWv9vKvUSJyIFJlyohwbkEwPrKQ=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200130002326-2f3ba24bd6e7/go.mod h1:TB2adYChydJhpapKDTa4BR/hXlZSLoq2Wpct/0txZ28=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 h1:BgcpHewrV5AUp2G9MebG4XPFI1E2W41zU1SaqVA9vJY=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0/go.mod h1:c347cR/OJfw5TI+GfX7RUPNMdDRRbjvYTS0jPyvsVtY=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0 h1:4qz2S3zmRxbGIhDIAgjxvFutSvH5EfnsYrRBj0UI0bc=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0/go.mod h1:CIJMaWEY88juyUfo7UbgPqbC8rU2OqfAV1h2Qp0oMYI=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 h1:B82qJJgjvYKsXS9jeunTOisW56dUokqW/FOteYJJ/yg=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2/go.mod h1:deeaetjYA+DHMHg+sMSMI58GrEteJUUzzw7en6TJQcI=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b h1:J1CaxgLerRR5lgx3wnr6L04cJFbWoceSK9JWBdglINo=
-golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b/go.mod h1:tqur9LnfstdR9ep2LaJT4lFUl0EjlHtge+gAjmsHUG4=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb h1:whnFRlWMcXI9d+ZbWg+4sHnLp52d5yiIPUxMBSt4X9A=
+golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20250521234502-f333402bd9cb/go.mod h1:rpwXGsirqLqN2L0JDJQlwOboGHmptD5ZD6T2VmcqhTw=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3 h1:On6j2Rpn3OEMXqBq00QEDC7bWSZrPIHKIus8eIuExIE=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3/go.mod h1:9TEe8TJmtwyQebdFwAkEWOPr3prrtqm+REGFifP60hI=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
@@ -239,8 +242,8 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.20.1-0.20200309200217-e05f789c0967/go.mod h1:A+miE
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.21.0/go.mod h1:47Nbq4nVaFHyn7ilMalzfO3qCViNmqZ2kzikPIcrTAo=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.8 h1:xHScyCOEuuwZEc6UtSOvPbAT4zRh0xcNRYekJwfqyMc=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.8/go.mod h1:fuxRtAxBytpl4zzqUh6/eyUujkJdNiuEkXntxiD/uRU=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@@ -254,5 +257,5 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240423190808-9d7a357edefe h1:fre4i6mv4iBuz5lCMOzHD1rH1ljqHWSICFmZRbbgp3g=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240423190808-9d7a357edefe/go.mod h1:sxc3Uvk/vHcd3tj7/DHVBoR5wvWT/MmRq2pj7HRJnwU=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c h1:m/r7OM+Y2Ty1sgBQ7Qb27VgIMBW8ZZhT4gLnUyDIhzI=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20250503011706-39ed1f5ac29c/go.mod h1:3r5CMtNQMKIvBlrmM9xWUNamjKBYPOWyXOjmg5Kts3g=

handshake_ix.go

@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 
 	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo)
 
-	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
+	hostinfo.remotes.RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs)
 
 	return
 }
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 		f.cachedPacketMetrics.sent.Inc(int64(len(hh.packetStore)))
 	}
 
-	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
+	hostinfo.remotes.RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs)
 	f.metricHandshakes.Update(duration)
 
 	return false

hostmap.go

@@ -17,12 +17,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 )
 
-// const ProbeLen = 100
 const defaultPromoteEvery = 1000       // Count of packets sent before we try moving a tunnel to a preferred underlay ip address
 const defaultReQueryEvery = 5000       // Count of packets sent before re-querying a hostinfo to the lighthouse
 const defaultReQueryWait = time.Minute // Minimum amount of seconds to wait before re-querying a hostinfo the lighthouse. Evaluated every ReQueryEvery
 const MaxRemotes = 10
-const maxRecvError = 4
 
 // MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp is the max number of hostinfos we will track for a given vpn ip
 // 5 allows for an initial handshake and each host pair re-handshaking twice
@@ -225,8 +223,7 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 	// vpnAddrs is a list of vpn addresses assigned to this host that are within our own vpn networks
 	// The host may have other vpn addresses that are outside our
 	// vpn networks but were removed because they are not usable
-	vpnAddrs  []netip.Addr
-	recvError atomic.Uint32
+	vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
 
 	// networks are both all vpn and unsafe networks assigned to this host
 	networks   *bart.Lite
@@ -733,13 +730,6 @@ func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, newRemote netip.AddrPort) b
 	return false
 }
 
-func (i *HostInfo) RecvErrorExceeded() bool {
-	if i.recvError.Add(1) >= maxRecvError {
-		return true
-	}
-	return true
-}
-
 func (i *HostInfo) buildNetworks(networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix) {
 	if len(networks) == 1 && len(unsafeNetworks) == 0 {
 		// Simple case, no CIDRTree needed
@@ -748,7 +738,8 @@ func (i *HostInfo) buildNetworks(networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix) {
 
 	i.networks = new(bart.Lite)
 	for _, network := range networks {
-		i.networks.Insert(network)
+		nprefix := netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen())
+		i.networks.Insert(nprefix)
 	}
 
 	for _, network := range unsafeNetworks {

inside.go

@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 		// routes packets from the Nebula addr to the Nebula addr through the Nebula
 		// TUN device.
 		if immediatelyForwardToSelf {
-			_, err := f.readers[q].Write(packet)
-			if err != nil {
+			if err := f.writeTun(q, packet); err != nil {
 				f.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to forward to tun")
 			}
 		}
@@ -91,8 +90,7 @@ func (f *Interface) rejectInside(packet []byte, out []byte, q int) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	_, err := f.readers[q].Write(out)
-	if err != nil {
+	if err := f.writeTun(q, out); err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to write to tun")
 	}
 }

interface.go

@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ type InterfaceConfig struct {
 	reQueryWait     time.Duration
 
 	ConntrackCacheTimeout time.Duration
+	batchSize             int
 	l                     *logrus.Logger
 }
 
@@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ type Interface struct {
 	version     string
 
 	conntrackCacheTimeout time.Duration
+	batchSize             int
 
 	writers []udp.Conn
 	readers []io.ReadWriteCloser
@@ -110,6 +112,16 @@ type EncWriter interface {
 	GetCertState() *CertState
 }
 
+// BatchReader is an interface for readers that support vectorized packet reading
+type BatchReader interface {
+	BatchRead(buffers [][]byte, sizes []int) (int, error)
+}
+
+// BatchWriter is an interface for writers that support vectorized packet writing
+type BatchWriter interface {
+	BatchWrite([][]byte) (int, error)
+}
+
 type sendRecvErrorConfig uint8
 
 const (
@@ -186,6 +198,7 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 		relayManager:          c.relayManager,
 		connectionManager:     c.connectionManager,
 		conntrackCacheTimeout: c.ConntrackCacheTimeout,
+		batchSize:             c.batchSize,
 
 		metricHandshakes: metrics.GetOrRegisterHistogram("handshakes", nil, metrics.NewExpDecaySample(1028, 0.015)),
 		messageMetrics:   c.MessageMetrics,
@@ -269,7 +282,7 @@ func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 	plaintext := make([]byte, udp.MTU)
 	h := &header.H{}
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+	nb := make([]byte, 12)
 
 	li.ListenOut(func(fromUdpAddr netip.AddrPort, payload []byte) {
 		f.readOutsidePackets(fromUdpAddr, nil, plaintext[:0], payload, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get(f.l))
@@ -279,6 +292,16 @@ func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader io.ReadWriteCloser, i int) {
 	runtime.LockOSThread()
 
+	// Check if reader supports batch operations
+	if batchReader, ok := reader.(BatchReader); ok {
+		err := f.listenInBatch(batchReader, i)
+		if err != nil {
+			f.l.WithError(err).Error("Fatal error in batch packet reader, exiting goroutine")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Fall back to single-packet mode
 	packet := make([]byte, mtu)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
@@ -293,15 +316,85 @@ func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader io.ReadWriteCloser, i int) {
 				return
 			}
 
-			f.l.WithError(err).Error("Error while reading outbound packet")
-			// This only seems to happen when something fatal happens to the fd, so exit.
-			os.Exit(2)
+			f.l.WithError(err).Error("Fatal error while reading outbound packet, exiting goroutine")
+			return
 		}
 
 		f.consumeInsidePacket(packet[:n], fwPacket, nb, out, i, conntrackCache.Get(f.l))
 	}
 }
 
+// listenInBatch handles vectorized packet reading for improved performance
+func (f *Interface) listenInBatch(reader BatchReader, i int) error {
+	// Allocate per-packet state and buffers for batch reading
+	batchSize := f.batchSize
+	if batchSize <= 0 {
+		batchSize = 64 // Fallback to default if not configured
+	}
+	fwPackets := make([]*firewall.Packet, batchSize)
+	outBuffers := make([][]byte, batchSize)
+	nbBuffers := make([][]byte, batchSize)
+	packets := make([][]byte, batchSize)
+	sizes := make([]int, batchSize)
+
+	for j := 0; j < batchSize; j++ {
+		fwPackets[j] = &firewall.Packet{}
+		outBuffers[j] = make([]byte, mtu)
+		nbBuffers[j] = make([]byte, 12)
+		packets[j] = make([]byte, mtu)
+	}
+
+	conntrackCache := firewall.NewConntrackCacheTicker(f.conntrackCacheTimeout)
+
+	for {
+		n, err := reader.BatchRead(packets, sizes)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) && f.closed.Load() {
+				return nil
+			}
+
+			return fmt.Errorf("error while batch reading outbound packets: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// Process each packet in the batch
+		cache := conntrackCache.Get(f.l)
+		for idx := 0; idx < n; idx++ {
+			if sizes[idx] > 0 {
+				// Use modulo to reuse fw packet state if batch is larger than our pre-allocated state
+				stateIdx := idx % len(fwPackets)
+				f.consumeInsidePacket(packets[idx][:sizes[idx]], fwPackets[stateIdx], nbBuffers[stateIdx], outBuffers[stateIdx], i, cache)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// writeTunBatch attempts to write multiple packets to the TUN device using batch operations if supported
+func (f *Interface) writeTunBatch(q int, packets [][]byte) error {
+	if len(packets) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if the reader/writer supports batch operations
+	if batchWriter, ok := f.readers[q].(BatchWriter); ok {
+		_, err := batchWriter.BatchWrite(packets)
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Fall back to writing packets individually
+	for _, packet := range packets {
+		if _, err := f.readers[q].Write(packet); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// writeTun writes a single packet to the TUN device
+func (f *Interface) writeTun(q int, packet []byte) error {
+	_, err := f.readers[q].Write(packet)
+	return err
+}
+
 func (f *Interface) RegisterConfigChangeCallbacks(c *config.C) {
 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadFirewall)
 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadSendRecvError)

lighthouse.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var ErrHostNotKnown = errors.New("host not known")
+var ErrBadDetailsVpnAddr = errors.New("invalid packet, malformed detailsVpnAddr")
 
 type LightHouse struct {
 	//TODO: We need a timer wheel to kick out vpnAddrs that haven't reported in a long time
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	// staticList exists to avoid having a bool in each addrMap entry
 	// since static should be rare
 	staticList  atomic.Pointer[map[netip.Addr]struct{}]
-	lighthouses atomic.Pointer[map[netip.Addr]struct{}]
+	lighthouses atomic.Pointer[[]netip.Addr]
 
 	interval     atomic.Int64
 	updateCancel context.CancelFunc
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C,
 		queryChan:          make(chan netip.Addr, c.GetUint32("handshakes.query_buffer", 64)),
 		l:                  l,
 	}
-	lighthouses := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
+	lighthouses := make([]netip.Addr, 0)
 	h.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
 	staticList := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
 	h.staticList.Store(&staticList)
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) GetStaticHostList() map[netip.Addr]struct{} {
 	return *lh.staticList.Load()
 }
 
-func (lh *LightHouse) GetLighthouses() map[netip.Addr]struct{} {
+func (lh *LightHouse) GetLighthouses() []netip.Addr {
 	return *lh.lighthouses.Load()
 }
 
@@ -306,13 +307,12 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	}
 
 	if initial || c.HasChanged("lighthouse.hosts") {
-		lhMap := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
-		err := lh.parseLighthouses(c, lhMap)
+		lhList, err := lh.parseLighthouses(c)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		lh.lighthouses.Store(&lhMap)
+		lh.lighthouses.Store(&lhList)
 		if !initial {
 			//NOTE: we are not tearing down existing lighthouse connections because they might be used for non lighthouse traffic
 			lh.l.Info("lighthouse.hosts has changed")
@@ -346,36 +346,37 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (lh *LightHouse) parseLighthouses(c *config.C, lhMap map[netip.Addr]struct{}) error {
+func (lh *LightHouse) parseLighthouses(c *config.C) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
 	lhs := c.GetStringSlice("lighthouse.hosts", []string{})
 	if lh.amLighthouse && len(lhs) != 0 {
 		lh.l.Warn("lighthouse.am_lighthouse enabled on node but upstream lighthouses exist in config")
 	}
+	out := make([]netip.Addr, len(lhs))
 
 	for i, host := range lhs {
 		addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(host)
 		if err != nil {
-			return util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse lighthouse host entry", m{"host": host, "entry": i + 1}, err)
+			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse lighthouse host entry", m{"host": host, "entry": i + 1}, err)
 		}
 
 		if !lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(addr) {
-			return util.NewContextualError("lighthouse host is not in our networks, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": addr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks}, nil)
+			return nil, util.NewContextualError("lighthouse host is not in our networks, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": addr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks}, nil)
 		}
-		lhMap[addr] = struct{}{}
+		out[i] = addr
 	}
 
-	if !lh.amLighthouse && len(lhMap) == 0 {
+	if !lh.amLighthouse && len(out) == 0 {
 		lh.l.Warn("No lighthouse.hosts configured, this host will only be able to initiate tunnels with static_host_map entries")
 	}
 
 	staticList := lh.GetStaticHostList()
-	for lhAddr, _ := range lhMap {
-		if _, ok := staticList[lhAddr]; !ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("lighthouse %s does not have a static_host_map entry", lhAddr)
+	for i := range out {
+		if _, ok := staticList[out[i]]; !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("lighthouse %s does not have a static_host_map entry", out[i])
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return out, nil
 }
 
 func getStaticMapCadence(c *config.C) (time.Duration, error) {
@@ -486,7 +487,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) QueryCache(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) *RemoteList {
 	lh.Lock()
 	defer lh.Unlock()
 	// Add an entry if we don't already have one
-	return lh.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnAddrs)
+	return lh.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnAddrs) //todo CERT-V2 this contains addrmap lookups we could potentially skip
 }
 
 // queryAndPrepMessage is a lock helper on RemoteList, assisting the caller to build a lighthouse message containing
@@ -519,11 +520,15 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) queryAndPrepMessage(vpnAddr netip.Addr, f func(*cache) (in
 }
 
 func (lh *LightHouse) DeleteVpnAddrs(allVpnAddrs []netip.Addr) {
-	// First we check the static mapping
-	// and do nothing if it is there
-	if _, ok := lh.GetStaticHostList()[allVpnAddrs[0]]; ok {
-		return
+	// First we check the static host map. If any of the VpnAddrs to be deleted are present, do nothing.
+	staticList := lh.GetStaticHostList()
+	for _, addr := range allVpnAddrs {
+		if _, ok := staticList[addr]; ok {
+			return
+		}
 	}
+
+	// None of the VpnAddrs were present. Now we can do the deletes.
 	lh.Lock()
 	rm, ok := lh.addrMap[allVpnAddrs[0]]
 	if ok {
@@ -565,7 +570,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) addStaticRemotes(i int, d time.Duration, network string, t
 	am.unlockedSetHostnamesResults(hr)
 
 	for _, addrPort := range hr.GetAddrs() {
-		if !lh.shouldAdd(vpnAddr, addrPort.Addr()) {
+		if !lh.shouldAdd([]netip.Addr{vpnAddr}, addrPort.Addr()) {
 			continue
 		}
 		switch {
@@ -627,23 +632,30 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) addCalculatedRemotes(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 	return len(calculatedV4) > 0 || len(calculatedV6) > 0
 }
 
-// unlockedGetRemoteList
-// assumes you have the lh lock
+// unlockedGetRemoteList assumes you have the lh lock
 func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedGetRemoteList(allAddrs []netip.Addr) *RemoteList {
-	am, ok := lh.addrMap[allAddrs[0]]
-	if !ok {
-		am = NewRemoteList(allAddrs, func(a netip.Addr) bool { return lh.shouldAdd(allAddrs[0], a) })
-		for _, addr := range allAddrs {
-			lh.addrMap[addr] = am
+	// before we go and make a new remotelist, we need to make sure we don't have one for any of this set of vpnaddrs yet
+	for i, addr := range allAddrs {
+		am, ok := lh.addrMap[addr]
+		if ok {
+			if i != 0 {
+				lh.addrMap[allAddrs[0]] = am
+			}
+			return am
 		}
 	}
+
+	am := NewRemoteList(allAddrs, lh.shouldAdd)
+	for _, addr := range allAddrs {
+		lh.addrMap[addr] = am
+	}
 	return am
 }
 
-func (lh *LightHouse) shouldAdd(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to netip.Addr) bool {
-	allow := lh.GetRemoteAllowList().Allow(vpnAddr, to)
+func (lh *LightHouse) shouldAdd(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, to netip.Addr) bool {
+	allow := lh.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(vpnAddrs, to)
 	if lh.l.Level >= logrus.TraceLevel {
-		lh.l.WithField("vpnAddr", vpnAddr).WithField("udpAddr", to).WithField("allow", allow).
+		lh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", to).WithField("allow", allow).
 			Trace("remoteAllowList.Allow")
 	}
 	if !allow {
@@ -698,19 +710,22 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV6(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V6AddrPort) bo
 }
 
 func (lh *LightHouse) IsLighthouseAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
-	if _, ok := lh.GetLighthouses()[vpnAddr]; ok {
-		return true
+	l := lh.GetLighthouses()
+	for i := range l {
+		if l[i] == vpnAddr {
+			return true
+		}
 	}
 	return false
 }
 
-// TODO: CERT-V2 IsLighthouseAddr should be sufficient, we just need to update the vpnAddrs for lighthouses after a handshake
-// so that we know all the lighthouse vpnAddrs, not just the ones we were configured to talk to initially
-func (lh *LightHouse) IsAnyLighthouseAddr(vpnAddr []netip.Addr) bool {
+func (lh *LightHouse) IsAnyLighthouseAddr(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) bool {
 	l := lh.GetLighthouses()
-	for _, a := range vpnAddr {
-		if _, ok := l[a]; ok {
-			return true
+	for i := range vpnAddrs {
+		for j := range l {
+			if l[j] == vpnAddrs[i] {
+				return true
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	return false
@@ -752,7 +767,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) innerQueryServer(addr netip.Addr, nb, out []byte) {
 	queried := 0
 	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()
 
-	for lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
+	for _, lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
 		hi := lh.ifce.GetHostInfo(lhVpnAddr)
 		if hi != nil {
 			v = hi.ConnectionState.myCert.Version()
@@ -870,7 +885,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 	updated := 0
 	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()
 
-	for lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
+	for _, lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
 		var v cert.Version
 		hi := lh.ifce.GetHostInfo(lhVpnAddr)
 		if hi != nil {
@@ -928,7 +943,6 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 						V4AddrPorts:   v4,
 						V6AddrPorts:   v6,
 						RelayVpnAddrs: relays,
-						VpnAddr:       netAddrToProtoAddr(lh.myVpnNetworks[0].Addr()),
 					},
 				}
 
@@ -1048,19 +1062,19 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQuery(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []neti
 		return
 	}
 
-	useVersion := cert.Version1
-	var queryVpnAddr netip.Addr
-	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-		b := [4]byte{}
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-		queryVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-		useVersion = 1
-	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-		queryVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
-		useVersion = 2
-	} else {
+	queryVpnAddr, useVersion, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
+	if err != nil {
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithField("from", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("details", n.Details).Debugln("Dropping malformed HostQuery")
+			lhh.l.WithField("from", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("details", n.Details).
+				Debugln("Dropping malformed HostQuery")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	if useVersion == cert.Version1 && queryVpnAddr.Is6() {
+		// this case really shouldn't be possible to represent, but reject it anyway.
+		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("queryVpnAddr", queryVpnAddr).
+				Debugln("invalid vpn addr for v1 handleHostQuery")
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -1069,9 +1083,6 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQuery(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []neti
 		n = lhh.resetMeta()
 		n.Type = NebulaMeta_HostQueryReply
 		if useVersion == cert.Version1 {
-			if !queryVpnAddr.Is4() {
-				return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid vpn addr for v1 handleHostQuery")
-			}
 			b := queryVpnAddr.As4()
 			n.Details.OldVpnAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
 		} else {
@@ -1116,8 +1127,9 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) sendHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAd
 			if ok {
 				whereToPunch = newDest
 			} else {
-				//TODO: CERT-V2 this means the destination will have no addresses in common with the punch-ee
-				//choosing to do nothing for now, but maybe we return an error?
+				if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+					lhh.l.WithField("to", crt.Networks()).Debugln("unable to punch to host, no addresses in common")
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1176,19 +1188,17 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) coalesceAnswers(v cert.Version, c *cache, n *Nebul
 				if !r.Is4() {
 					continue
 				}
-
 				b = r.As4()
 				n.Details.OldRelayVpnAddrs = append(n.Details.OldRelayVpnAddrs, binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:]))
 			}
-
 		} else if v == cert.Version2 {
 			for _, r := range c.relay.relay {
 				n.Details.RelayVpnAddrs = append(n.Details.RelayVpnAddrs, netAddrToProtoAddr(r))
 			}
-
 		} else {
-			//TODO: CERT-V2 don't panic
-			panic("unsupported version")
+			if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+				lhh.l.WithField("version", v).Debug("unsupported protocol version")
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1198,18 +1208,16 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQueryReply(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs [
 		return
 	}
 
-	lhh.lh.Lock()
-
-	var certVpnAddr netip.Addr
-	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-		b := [4]byte{}
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-		certVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-		certVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
+	certVpnAddr, _, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
+	if err != nil {
+		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			lhh.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).Error("dropping malformed HostQueryReply")
+		}
+		return
 	}
 	relays := n.Details.GetRelays()
 
+	lhh.lh.Lock()
 	am := lhh.lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{certVpnAddr})
 	am.Lock()
 	lhh.lh.Unlock()
@@ -1234,27 +1242,24 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 		return
 	}
 
+	// not using GetVpnAddrAndVersion because we don't want to error on a blank detailsVpnAddr
 	var detailsVpnAddr netip.Addr
-	useVersion := cert.Version1
-	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+	var useVersion cert.Version
+	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 { //v1 always sets this field
 		b := [4]byte{}
 		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
 		detailsVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
 		useVersion = cert.Version1
-	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
+	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil { //this field is "optional" in v2, but if it's set, we should enforce it
 		detailsVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
 		useVersion = cert.Version2
 	} else {
-		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithField("details", n.Details).Debugf("dropping invalid HostUpdateNotification")
-		}
-		return
+		detailsVpnAddr = netip.Addr{}
+		useVersion = cert.Version2
 	}
 
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 hosts with only v2 certs cannot provide their ipv6 addr when contacting the lighthouse via v4?
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 why do we care about the vpnAddr in the packet? We know where it came from, right?
-	//Simple check that the host sent this not someone else
-	if !slices.Contains(fromVpnAddrs, detailsVpnAddr) {
+	//Simple check that the host sent this not someone else, if detailsVpnAddr is filled
+	if detailsVpnAddr.IsValid() && !slices.Contains(fromVpnAddrs, detailsVpnAddr) {
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("answer", detailsVpnAddr).Debugln("Host sent invalid update")
 		}
@@ -1268,24 +1273,24 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 	am.Lock()
 	lhh.lh.Unlock()
 
-	am.unlockedSetV4(fromVpnAddrs[0], detailsVpnAddr, n.Details.V4AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV4)
-	am.unlockedSetV6(fromVpnAddrs[0], detailsVpnAddr, n.Details.V6AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV6)
+	am.unlockedSetV4(fromVpnAddrs[0], fromVpnAddrs[0], n.Details.V4AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV4)
+	am.unlockedSetV6(fromVpnAddrs[0], fromVpnAddrs[0], n.Details.V6AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV6)
 	am.unlockedSetRelay(fromVpnAddrs[0], relays)
 	am.Unlock()
 
 	n = lhh.resetMeta()
 	n.Type = NebulaMeta_HostUpdateNotificationAck
-
-	if useVersion == cert.Version1 {
+	switch useVersion {
+	case cert.Version1:
 		if !fromVpnAddrs[0].Is4() {
 			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).Error("Can not send HostUpdateNotificationAck for a ipv6 vpn ip in a v1 message")
 			return
 		}
 		vpnAddrB := fromVpnAddrs[0].As4()
 		n.Details.OldVpnAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(vpnAddrB[:])
-	} else if useVersion == cert.Version2 {
-		n.Details.VpnAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(fromVpnAddrs[0])
-	} else {
+	case cert.Version2:
+		// do nothing, we want to send a blank message
+	default:
 		lhh.l.WithField("useVersion", useVersion).Error("invalid protocol version")
 		return
 	}
@@ -1303,13 +1308,20 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []netip.Addr, w EncWriter) {
 	//It's possible the lighthouse is communicating with us using a non primary vpn addr,
 	//which means we need to compare all fromVpnAddrs against all configured lighthouse vpn addrs.
-	//maybe one day we'll have a better idea, if it matters.
 	if !lhh.lh.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(fromVpnAddrs) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	detailsVpnAddr, _, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
+	if err != nil {
+		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			lhh.l.WithField("details", n.Details).WithError(err).Debugln("dropping invalid HostPunchNotification")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
 	empty := []byte{0}
-	punch := func(vpnPeer netip.AddrPort) {
+	punch := func(vpnPeer netip.AddrPort, logVpnAddr netip.Addr) {
 		if !vpnPeer.IsValid() {
 			return
 		}
@@ -1321,48 +1333,31 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpn
 		}()
 
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			var logVpnAddr netip.Addr
-			if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-				b := [4]byte{}
-				binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-				logVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-			} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-				logVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
-			}
 			lhh.l.Debugf("Punching on %v for %v", vpnPeer, logVpnAddr)
 		}
 	}
 
 	for _, a := range n.Details.V4AddrPorts {
-		punch(protoV4AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a))
+		punch(protoV4AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a), detailsVpnAddr)
 	}
 
 	for _, a := range n.Details.V6AddrPorts {
-		punch(protoV6AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a))
+		punch(protoV6AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a), detailsVpnAddr)
 	}
 
 	// This sends a nebula test packet to the host trying to contact us. In the case
 	// of a double nat or other difficult scenario, this may help establish
 	// a tunnel.
 	if lhh.lh.punchy.GetRespond() {
-		var queryVpnAddr netip.Addr
-		if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-			b := [4]byte{}
-			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-			queryVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-		} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-			queryVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
-		}
-
 		go func() {
 			time.Sleep(lhh.lh.punchy.GetRespondDelay())
 			if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-				lhh.l.Debugf("Sending a nebula test packet to vpn addr %s", queryVpnAddr)
+				lhh.l.Debugf("Sending a nebula test packet to vpn addr %s", detailsVpnAddr)
 			}
 			//NOTE: we have to allocate a new output buffer here since we are spawning a new goroutine
 			// for each punchBack packet. We should move this into a timerwheel or a single goroutine
 			// managed by a channel.
-			w.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, queryVpnAddr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			w.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, detailsVpnAddr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 		}()
 	}
 }
@@ -1441,3 +1436,17 @@ func findNetworkUnion(prefixes []netip.Prefix, addrs []netip.Addr) (netip.Addr,
 	}
 	return netip.Addr{}, false
 }
+
+func (d *NebulaMetaDetails) GetVpnAddrAndVersion() (netip.Addr, cert.Version, error) {
+	if d.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+		b := [4]byte{}
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], d.OldVpnAddr)
+		detailsVpnAddr := netip.AddrFrom4(b)
+		return detailsVpnAddr, cert.Version1, nil
+	} else if d.VpnAddr != nil {
+		detailsVpnAddr := protoAddrToNetAddr(d.VpnAddr)
+		return detailsVpnAddr, cert.Version2, nil
+	} else {
+		return netip.Addr{}, cert.Version1, ErrBadDetailsVpnAddr
+	}
+}

lighthouse_test.go

@@ -493,3 +493,123 @@ func Test_findNetworkUnion(t *testing.T) {
 	out, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{fc00}, []netip.Addr{a1, afe81})
 	assert.False(t, ok)
 }
+
+func TestLighthouse_Dont_Delete_Static_Hosts(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+
+	myUdpAddr2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("1.2.3.4:4242")
+
+	testSameHostNotStatic := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.41")
+	testStaticHost := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.42")
+	//myVpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.2")
+
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"hosts":    []any{lh1},
+		"interval": "1s",
+	}
+
+	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{
+		lh1:           []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
+		"10.128.0.42": []any{"1.2.3.4:4242"},
+	}
+
+	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	cs := &CertState{
+		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
+		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
+	}
+	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
+
+	//test that we actually have the static entry:
+	out := lh.Query(testStaticHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testStaticHost)
+	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //why tho
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+
+	//bolt on a lower numbered primary IP
+	am := lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{testStaticHost})
+	am.vpnAddrs = []netip.Addr{testSameHostNotStatic, testStaticHost}
+	lh.addrMap[testSameHostNotStatic] = am
+	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //???
+
+	//test that we actually have the static entry:
+	out = lh.Query(testStaticHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[1], testStaticHost)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+
+	//test that we actually have the static entry for BOTH:
+	out2 := lh.Query(testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.Same(t, out2, out)
+
+	//now do the delete
+	lh.DeleteVpnAddrs([]netip.Addr{testSameHostNotStatic, testStaticHost})
+	//verify
+	out = lh.Query(testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	if out == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil query for the static host")
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[1], testStaticHost)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+}
+
+func TestLighthouse_DeletesWork(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+
+	myUdpAddr2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("1.2.3.4:4242")
+	testHost := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.42")
+
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"hosts":    []any{lh1},
+		"interval": "1s",
+	}
+
+	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{
+		lh1: []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
+	}
+
+	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	cs := &CertState{
+		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
+		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
+	}
+	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
+
+	//insert the host
+	am := lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{testHost})
+	am.vpnAddrs = []netip.Addr{testHost}
+	am.addrs = []netip.AddrPort{myUdpAddr2}
+	lh.addrMap[testHost] = am
+	am.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //???
+
+	//test that we actually have the entry:
+	out := lh.Query(testHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testHost)
+	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //why tho
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+
+	//now do the delete
+	lh.DeleteVpnAddrs([]netip.Addr{testHost})
+	//verify
+	out = lh.Query(testHost)
+	assert.Nil(t, out)
+}

main.go

@@ -242,6 +242,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		relayManager:          NewRelayManager(ctx, l, hostMap, c),
 		punchy:                punchy,
 		ConntrackCacheTimeout: conntrackCacheTimeout,
+		batchSize:             c.GetInt("tun.batch_size", 64),
 		l:                     l,
 	}
 

outside.go

@@ -254,16 +254,18 @@ func (f *Interface) handleHostRoaming(hostinfo *HostInfo, udpAddr netip.AddrPort
 
 }
 
+// handleEncrypted returns true if a packet should be processed, false otherwise
 func (f *Interface) handleEncrypted(ci *ConnectionState, addr netip.AddrPort, h *header.H) bool {
-	// If connectionstate exists and the replay protector allows, process packet
-	// Else, send recv errors for 300 seconds after a restart to allow fast reconnection.
-	if ci == nil || !ci.window.Check(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
+	// If connectionstate does not exist, send a recv error, if possible, to encourage a fast reconnect
+	if ci == nil {
 		if addr.IsValid() {
 			f.maybeSendRecvError(addr, h.RemoteIndex)
-			return false
-		} else {
-			return false
 		}
+		return false
+	}
+	// If the window check fails, refuse to process the packet, but don't send a recv error
+	if !ci.window.Check(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
+		return false
 	}
 
 	return true
@@ -331,12 +333,13 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
 			}
 
 			fp.Protocol = uint8(proto)
+			ports := data[offset : offset+4]
 			if incoming {
-				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset : offset+2])
-				fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset+2 : offset+4])
+				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(ports[0:2])
+				fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(ports[2:4])
 			} else {
-				fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset : offset+2])
-				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(data[offset+2 : offset+4])
+				fp.LocalPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(ports[0:2])
+				fp.RemotePort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(ports[2:4])
 			}
 
 			fp.Fragment = false
@@ -537,10 +540,6 @@ func (f *Interface) handleRecvError(addr netip.AddrPort, h *header.H) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if !hostinfo.RecvErrorExceeded() {
-		return
-	}
-
 	if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() && hostinfo.remote != addr {
 		f.l.Infoln("Someone spoofing recv_errors? ", addr, hostinfo.remote)
 		return

overlay/route.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package overlay
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"math"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
@@ -305,29 +304,3 @@ func parseUnsafeRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {
 
 	return routes, nil
 }
-
-func ipWithin(o *net.IPNet, i *net.IPNet) bool {
-	// Make sure o contains the lowest form of i
-	if !o.Contains(i.IP.Mask(i.Mask)) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	// Find the max ip in i
-	ip4 := i.IP.To4()
-	if ip4 == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	last := make(net.IP, len(ip4))
-	copy(last, ip4)
-	for x := range ip4 {
-		last[x] |= ^i.Mask[x]
-	}
-
-	// Make sure o contains the max
-	if !o.Contains(last) {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	return true
-}

overlay/route_test.go

@@ -225,6 +225,7 @@ func Test_parseUnsafeRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	// no mtu
 	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
+	require.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 1)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, routes[0].MTU)
 
@@ -318,7 +319,7 @@ func Test_makeRouteTree(t *testing.T) {
 
 	ip, err = netip.ParseAddr("1.1.0.1")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	r, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
+	_, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
 	assert.False(t, ok)
 }
 

overlay/tun_darwin.go

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-//go:build !ios && !e2e_testing
-// +build !ios,!e2e_testing
+//go:build darwin && !ios && !e2e_testing
+// +build darwin,!ios,!e2e_testing
 
 package overlay
 
@@ -7,50 +7,28 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
-	"sync/atomic"
-	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
 
-	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+	wgtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
 )
 
 type tun struct {
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
-	Device      string
-	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	DefaultMTU  int
-	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
-	linkAddr    *netroute.LinkAddr
-	l           *logrus.Logger
-
-	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
-	out []byte
+	linkAddr *netroute.LinkAddr
 }
 
+// ioctl structures for Darwin network configuration
 type ifReq struct {
 	Name  [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
 	Flags uint16
 	pad   [8]byte
 }
 
-const (
-	_SIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 2155899162
-	_UTUN_OPT_IFNAME = 2
-	_IN6_IFF_NODAD   = 0x0020
-	_IN6_IFF_SECURED = 0x0400
-	utunControlName  = "com.apple.net.utun_control"
-)
-
 type ifreqMTU struct {
 	Name [16]byte
 	MTU  int32
@@ -80,60 +58,61 @@ type ifreqAlias6 struct {
 	Lifetime   addrLifetime
 }
 
-func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
+const (
+	_SIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 2155899162
+	_IN6_IFF_NODAD   = 0x0020
+)
+
+func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*wgTun, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported on Darwin")
+}
+
+func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*wgTun, error) {
 	name := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
-	ifIndex := -1
+	deviceName := "utun"
+
+	// Parse device name to handle utun[0-9]+ format
 	if name != "" && name != "utun" {
+		ifIndex := -1
 		_, err := fmt.Sscanf(name, "utun%d", &ifIndex)
 		if err != nil || ifIndex < 0 {
 			// NOTE: we don't make this error so we don't break existing
 			// configs that set a name before it was used.
 			l.Warn("interface name must be utun[0-9]+ on Darwin, ignoring")
-			ifIndex = -1
+		} else {
+			deviceName = name
 		}
 	}
 
-	fd, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_SYSTEM, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.AF_SYS_CONTROL)
+	mtu := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
+
+	// Create WireGuard TUN device
+	tunDevice, err := wgtun.CreateTUN(deviceName, mtu)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("system socket: %v", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create TUN device: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	var ctlInfo = &unix.CtlInfo{}
-	copy(ctlInfo.Name[:], utunControlName)
-
-	err = unix.IoctlCtlInfo(fd, ctlInfo)
+	// Get the actual device name
+	actualName, err := tunDevice.Name()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("CTLIOCGINFO: %v", err)
+		tunDevice.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get TUN device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	err = unix.Connect(fd, &unix.SockaddrCtl{
-		ID:   ctlInfo.Id,
-		Unit: uint32(ifIndex) + 1,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SYS_CONNECT: %v", err)
+	t := &wgTun{
+		tunDevice:   tunDevice,
+		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
+		MaxMTU:      mtu,
+		DefaultMTU:  mtu,
+		l:           l,
 	}
 
-	name, err = unix.GetsockoptString(fd, unix.AF_SYS_CONTROL, _UTUN_OPT_IFNAME)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve tun name: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SetNonblock: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), ""),
-		Device:          name,
-		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
-		DefaultMTU:      c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
-		l:               l,
-	}
+	// Create Darwin-specific route manager
+	t.routeManager = &tun{}
 
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
 	if err != nil {
+		tunDevice.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -144,216 +123,251 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 		}
 	})
 
+	l.WithField("name", actualName).Info("Created WireGuard TUN device")
+
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
-	for i, c := range t.Device {
-		o[i] = byte(c)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in Darwin")
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		return t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	devName := t.deviceBytes()
-
-	s, err := unix.Socket(
-		unix.AF_INET,
-		unix.SOCK_DGRAM,
-		unix.IPPROTO_IP,
-	)
+func (rm *tun) Activate(t *wgTun) error {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer unix.Close(s)
-
-	fd := uintptr(s)
-
-	// Set the MTU on the device
-	ifm := ifreqMTU{Name: devName, MTU: int32(t.DefaultMTU)}
-	if err = ioctl(fd, unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifm))); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun mtu: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Get the device flags
-	ifrf := ifReq{Name: devName}
-	if err = ioctl(fd, unix.SIOCGIFFLAGS, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrf))); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get tun flags: %s", err)
+	// Set the MTU
+	rm.SetMTU(t, t.MaxMTU)
+
+	// Add IP addresses
+	for _, network := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		if err := rm.addIP(t, name, network); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 
-	linkAddr, err := getLinkAddr(t.Device)
+	// Bring up the interface using ioctl
+	if err := rm.bringUpInterface(name); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to bring up interface: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the link address for routing
+	linkAddr, err := getLinkAddr(name)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get link address: %w", err)
 	}
 	if linkAddr == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to discover link_addr for tun interface")
 	}
-	t.linkAddr = linkAddr
+	rm.linkAddr = linkAddr
 
-	for _, network := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		if network.Addr().Is4() {
-			err = t.activate4(network)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
+	// Set the routes
+	if err := rm.AddRoutes(t, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) bringUpInterface(name string) error {
+	// Open a socket for ioctl
+	fd, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create socket: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(fd)
+
+	// Get current flags
+	var ifrf ifReq
+	copy(ifrf.Name[:], name)
+
+	if err := ioctl(uintptr(fd), unix.SIOCGIFFLAGS, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrf))); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get interface flags: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set IFF_UP and IFF_RUNNING flags
+	ifrf.Flags = ifrf.Flags | unix.IFF_UP | unix.IFF_RUNNING
+
+	if err := ioctl(uintptr(fd), unix.SIOCSIFFLAGS, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrf))); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set interface flags: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) SetMTU(t *wgTun, mtu int) {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get device name for MTU set")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Open a socket for ioctl
+	fd, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to create socket for MTU set")
+		return
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(fd)
+
+	// Prepare the ioctl request
+	var ifr ifreqMTU
+	copy(ifr.Name[:], name)
+	ifr.MTU = int32(mtu)
+
+	// Set the MTU using ioctl
+	if err := ioctl(uintptr(fd), unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr))); err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set tun mtu via ioctl")
+	}
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) SetDefaultRoute(t *wgTun, cidr netip.Prefix) error {
+	// On Darwin, routes are set via ifconfig and route commands
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) AddRoutes(t *wgTun, logErrors bool) error {
+	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
+	for _, r := range routes {
+		if !r.Install {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err := rm.addRoute(r.Cidr)
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
+				t.l.WithField("route", r.Cidr).
+					Warnf("unable to add unsafe_route, identical route already exists")
+			} else {
+				retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+				if logErrors {
+					retErr.Log(t.l)
+				} else {
+					return retErr
+				}
 			}
 		} else {
-			err = t.activate6(network)
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}
 
-	// Run the interface
-	ifrf.Flags = ifrf.Flags | unix.IFF_UP | unix.IFF_RUNNING
-	if err = ioctl(fd, unix.SIOCSIFFLAGS, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrf))); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run tun device: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) activate4(network netip.Prefix) error {
-	s, err := unix.Socket(
-		unix.AF_INET,
-		unix.SOCK_DGRAM,
-		unix.IPPROTO_IP,
-	)
+func (rm *tun) RemoveRoutes(t *wgTun, routes []Route) {
+	for _, r := range routes {
+		if !r.Install {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err := rm.delRoute(r.Cidr)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) NewMultiQueueReader(t *wgTun) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	// Darwin doesn't support multi-queue TUN devices in the same way as Linux
+	// Return a reader that wraps the same device
+	return &wgTunReader{
+		parent:    t,
+		tunDevice: t.tunDevice,
+		offset:    0,
+		l:         t.l,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) addIP(t *wgTun, name string, network netip.Prefix) error {
+	addr := network.Addr()
+
+	if addr.Is4() {
+		return rm.addIPv4(name, network)
+	} else {
+		return rm.addIPv6(name, network)
+	}
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) addIPv4(name string, network netip.Prefix) error {
+	// Open an IPv4 socket for ioctl
+	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create IPv4 socket: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer unix.Close(s)
 
-	ifr := ifreqAlias4{
-		Name: t.deviceBytes(),
-		Addr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   network.Addr().As4(),
-		},
-		DstAddr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   network.Addr().As4(),
-		},
-		MaskAddr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET,
-			Addr:   prefixToMask(network).As4(),
-		},
+	var ifr ifreqAlias4
+	copy(ifr.Name[:], name)
+
+	// Set the address
+	ifr.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+		Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+		Family: unix.AF_INET,
+		Addr:   network.Addr().As4(),
+	}
+
+	// Set the destination address (same as address for point-to-point)
+	ifr.DstAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+		Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+		Family: unix.AF_INET,
+		Addr:   network.Addr().As4(),
+	}
+
+	// Set the netmask
+	ifr.MaskAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+		Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+		Family: unix.AF_INET,
+		Addr:   prefixToMask(network).As4(),
 	}
 
 	if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr))); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun v4 address: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	err = addRoute(network, t.linkAddr)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set IPv4 address via ioctl: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) activate6(network netip.Prefix) error {
-	s, err := unix.Socket(
-		unix.AF_INET6,
-		unix.SOCK_DGRAM,
-		unix.IPPROTO_IP,
-	)
+func (rm *tun) addIPv6(name string, network netip.Prefix) error {
+	// Open an IPv6 socket for ioctl
+	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET6, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create IPv6 socket: %w", err)
 	}
 	defer unix.Close(s)
 
-	ifr := ifreqAlias6{
-		Name: t.deviceBytes(),
-		Addr: unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-			Addr:   network.Addr().As16(),
-		},
-		PrefixMask: unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
-			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
-			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
-			Addr:   prefixToMask(network).As16(),
-		},
-		Lifetime: addrLifetime{
-			// never expires
-			Vltime: 0xffffffff,
-			Pltime: 0xffffffff,
-		},
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 should we disable DAD (duplicate address detection) and mark this as a secured address?
-		Flags: _IN6_IFF_NODAD,
+	var ifr ifreqAlias6
+	copy(ifr.Name[:], name)
+
+	// Set the address
+	ifr.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+		Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+		Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+		Addr:   network.Addr().As16(),
 	}
 
+	// Set the prefix mask
+	ifr.PrefixMask = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+		Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+		Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+		Addr:   prefixToMask(network).As16(),
+	}
+
+	// Set lifetime (never expires)
+	ifr.Lifetime = addrLifetime{
+		Vltime: 0xffffffff,
+		Pltime: 0xffffffff,
+	}
+
+	// Set flags (no DAD - Duplicate Address Detection)
+	ifr.Flags = _IN6_IFF_NODAD
+
 	if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), _SIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr))); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address: %s", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set IPv6 address via ioctl: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
-	change, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	if !initial && !change {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(t.l, routes, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Teach nebula how to handle the routes before establishing them in the system table
-	oldRoutes := t.Routes.Swap(&routes)
-	t.routeTree.Store(routeTree)
-
-	if !initial {
-		// Remove first, if the system removes a wanted route hopefully it will be re-added next
-		err := t.removeRoutes(findRemovedRoutes(routes, *oldRoutes))
-		if err != nil {
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to remove routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-
-		// Ensure any routes we actually want are installed
-		err = t.addRoutes(true)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Catch any stray logs
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to add routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	r, ok := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
-	if ok {
-		return r
-	}
-	return routing.Gateways{}
-}
-
-// Get the LinkAddr for the interface of the given name
-// Is there an easier way to fetch this when we create the interface?
-// Maybe SIOCGIFINDEX? but this doesn't appear to exist in the darwin headers.
 func getLinkAddr(name string) (*netroute.LinkAddr, error) {
 	rib, err := netroute.FetchRIB(unix.AF_UNSPEC, unix.NET_RT_IFLIST, 0)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -379,53 +393,7 @@ func getLinkAddr(name string) (*netroute.LinkAddr, error) {
 	return nil, nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
-	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
-
-	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
-			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
-			continue
-		}
-
-		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.linkAddr)
-		if err != nil {
-			if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
-				t.l.WithField("route", r.Cidr).
-					Warnf("unable to add unsafe_route, identical route already exists")
-			} else {
-				retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
-				if logErrors {
-					retErr.Log(t.l)
-				} else {
-					return retErr
-				}
-			}
-		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
-	for _, r := range routes {
-		if !r.Install {
-			continue
-		}
-
-		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.linkAddr)
-		if err != nil {
-			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
-		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
-func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
+func (rm *tun) addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix) error {
 	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
@@ -443,13 +411,13 @@ func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
 		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
 			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
 			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: rm.linkAddr,
 		}
 	} else {
 		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
 			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
 			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: rm.linkAddr,
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -466,7 +434,7 @@ func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
+func (rm *tun) delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix) error {
 	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
@@ -483,13 +451,13 @@ func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
 		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
 			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
 			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: rm.linkAddr,
 		}
 	} else {
 		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
 			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
 			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
-			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: rm.linkAddr,
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -497,6 +465,7 @@ func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
 	}
+
 	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
@@ -505,62 +474,34 @@ func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
-
-	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Read(buf)
-
-	copy(to, buf[4:])
-	return n - 4, err
-}
-
-// Write is only valid for single threaded use
-func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := t.out
-	if cap(buf) < len(from)+4 {
-		buf = make([]byte, len(from)+4)
-		t.out = buf
+func ioctl(a1, a2, a3 uintptr) error {
+	_, _, errno := unix.Syscall(unix.SYS_IOCTL, a1, a2, a3)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return errno
 	}
-	buf = buf[:len(from)+4]
-
-	if len(from) == 0 {
-		return 0, syscall.EIO
-	}
-
-	// Determine the IP Family for the NULL L2 Header
-	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
-	if ipVer == 4 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET
-	} else if ipVer == 6 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
-	} else {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
-	}
-
-	copy(buf[4:], from)
-
-	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Write(buf)
-	return n - 4, err
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return t.vpnNetworks
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Name() string {
-	return t.Device
-}
-
-func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for darwin")
+	return nil
 }
 
 func prefixToMask(prefix netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
-	pLen := 128
+	bits := prefix.Bits()
 	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		pLen = 32
+		// Create IPv4 netmask from prefix length
+		mask := ^uint32(0) << (32 - bits)
+		return netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{
+			byte(mask >> 24),
+			byte(mask >> 16),
+			byte(mask >> 8),
+			byte(mask),
+		})
+	} else {
+		// Create IPv6 netmask from prefix length
+		var mask [16]byte
+		for i := 0; i < bits/8; i++ {
+			mask[i] = 0xff
+		}
+		if bits%8 != 0 {
+			mask[bits/8] = ^byte(0) << (8 - bits%8)
+		}
+		return netip.AddrFrom16(mask)
 	}
-
-	addr, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(net.CIDRMask(prefix.Bits(), pLen))
-	return addr
 }

overlay/tun_freebsd.go

@@ -1,163 +1,77 @@
-//go:build !e2e_testing
-// +build !e2e_testing
+//go:build freebsd && !e2e_testing
+// +build freebsd,!e2e_testing
 
 package overlay
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/fs"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strconv"
-	"sync/atomic"
+	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
 
-	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+	wgtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
 )
 
-const (
-	// FIODGNAME is defined in sys/sys/filio.h on FreeBSD
-	// For 32-bit systems, use FIODGNAME_32 (not defined in this file: 0x80086678)
-	FIODGNAME = 0x80106678
-)
-
-type fiodgnameArg struct {
-	length int32
-	pad    [4]byte
-	buf    unsafe.Pointer
-}
+type tun struct{}
 
+// ifreqRename is used for renaming network interfaces on FreeBSD
 type ifreqRename struct {
-	Name [16]byte
+	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
 	Data uintptr
 }
 
-type ifreqDestroy struct {
-	Name [16]byte
-	pad  [16]byte
+func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*wgTun, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported on FreeBSD")
 }
 
-type tun struct {
-	Device      string
-	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	MTU         int
-	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
-	l           *logrus.Logger
+func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*wgTun, error) {
+	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "tun")
+	mtu := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
 
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
-
-		// Destroy the interface
-		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
-		return err
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in FreeBSD")
-}
-
-func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
-	// Try to open existing tun device
-	var file *os.File
-	var err error
-	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
-	if deviceName != "" {
-		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
-	}
-	if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) || deviceName == "" {
-		// If the device doesn't already exist, request a new one and rename it
-		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
-	}
+	// Create WireGuard TUN device
+	tunDevice, err := wgtun.CreateTUN(deviceName, mtu)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create TUN device: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	rawConn, err := file.SyscallConn()
+	// Get the actual device name
+	actualName, err := tunDevice.Name()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SyscallConn: %v", err)
-	}
-
-	var name [16]byte
-	var ctrlErr error
-	rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		// Read the name of the interface
-		arg := fiodgnameArg{length: 16, buf: unsafe.Pointer(&name)}
-		ctrlErr = ioctl(fd, FIODGNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
-	})
-	if ctrlErr != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	ifName := string(bytes.TrimRight(name[:], "\x00"))
-	if deviceName == "" {
-		deviceName = ifName
+		tunDevice.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get TUN device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// If the name doesn't match the desired interface name, rename it now
-	if ifName != deviceName {
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(
-			syscall.AF_INET,
-			syscall.SOCK_DGRAM,
-			syscall.IPPROTO_IP,
-		)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+	if actualName != deviceName && deviceName != "" && deviceName != "tun" {
+		if err := renameInterface(actualName, deviceName); err != nil {
+			tunDevice.Close()
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to rename interface from %s to %s: %w", actualName, deviceName, err)
 		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		fd := uintptr(s)
-
-		var fromName [16]byte
-		var toName [16]byte
-		copy(fromName[:], ifName)
-		copy(toName[:], deviceName)
-
-		ifrr := ifreqRename{
-			Name: fromName,
-			Data: uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&toName)),
-		}
-
-		// Set the device name
-		ioctl(fd, syscall.SIOCSIFNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrr)))
+		actualName = deviceName
 	}
 
-	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: file,
-		Device:          deviceName,
-		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
-		MTU:             c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
-		l:               l,
+	t := &wgTun{
+		tunDevice:   tunDevice,
+		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
+		MaxMTU:      mtu,
+		DefaultMTU:  mtu,
+		l:           l,
 	}
 
+	// Create FreeBSD-specific route manager
+	t.routeManager = &tun{}
+
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
 	if err != nil {
+		tunDevice.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -168,141 +82,194 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 		}
 	})
 
+	l.WithField("name", actualName).Info("Created WireGuard TUN device")
+
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	var err error
-	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
-	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+func (rm *tun) Activate(t *wgTun) error {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
-	}
+	// Set the MTU
+	rm.SetMTU(t, t.MaxMTU)
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
-		if err != nil {
+	// Add IP addresses
+	for _, network := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		if err := rm.addIP(t, name, network); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
-}
 
-func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
-	change, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
-	if err != nil {
+	// Bring up the interface
+	if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, "up"); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to bring up interface: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set the routes
+	if err := rm.AddRoutes(t, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if !initial && !change {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(t.l, routes, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Teach nebula how to handle the routes before establishing them in the system table
-	oldRoutes := t.Routes.Swap(&routes)
-	t.routeTree.Store(routeTree)
-
-	if !initial {
-		// Remove first, if the system removes a wanted route hopefully it will be re-added next
-		err := t.removeRoutes(findRemovedRoutes(routes, *oldRoutes))
-		if err != nil {
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to remove routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-
-		// Ensure any routes we actually want are installed
-		err = t.addRoutes(true)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Catch any stray logs
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to add routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
-	return r
+func (rm *tun) SetMTU(t *wgTun, mtu int) {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get device name for MTU set")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(mtu)); err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set tun mtu")
+	}
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return t.vpnNetworks
+func (rm *tun) SetDefaultRoute(t *wgTun, cidr netip.Prefix) error {
+	// On FreeBSD, routes are set via ifconfig and route commands
+	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Name() string {
-	return t.Device
-}
+func (rm *tun) AddRoutes(t *wgTun, logErrors bool) error {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get device name: %w", err)
+	}
 
-func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for freebsd")
-}
-
-func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
-	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
-			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
-			continue
-		}
-
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
-			if logErrors {
-				retErr.Log(t.l)
-			} else {
-				return retErr
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !r.Install {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		// Add route using route command
+		args := []string{"add"}
+
+		if r.Cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+			args = append(args, "-inet6")
+		} else {
+			args = append(args, "-inet")
+		}
+
+		args = append(args, r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", name)
+
+		if r.Metric > 0 {
+			// FreeBSD doesn't support route metrics directly like Linux
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Warn("Route metrics are not fully supported on FreeBSD")
+		}
+
+		err := runCommandBSD("route", args...)
+		if err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+			if logErrors {
+				retErr.Log(t.l)
+			} else {
+				return retErr
+			}
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) RemoveRoutes(t *wgTun, routes []Route) {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get device name for route removal")
+		return
+	}
+
+	for _, r := range routes {
+		if !r.Install {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		args := []string{"delete"}
+
+		if r.Cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+			args = append(args, "-inet6")
+		} else {
+			args = append(args, "-inet")
+		}
+
+		args = append(args, r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", name)
+
+		err := runCommandBSD("route", args...)
+		if err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
 		}
 	}
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) NewMultiQueueReader(t *wgTun) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	// FreeBSD doesn't support multi-queue TUN devices in the same way as Linux
+	// Return a reader that wraps the same device
+	return &wgTunReader{
+		parent:    t,
+		tunDevice: t.tunDevice,
+		offset:    0,
+		l:         t.l,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) addIP(t *wgTun, name string, network netip.Prefix) error {
+	addr := network.Addr()
+
+	if addr.Is4() {
+		// For IPv4: ifconfig tun0 10.0.0.1/24
+		if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, network.String()); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add IPv4 address: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// For IPv6: ifconfig tun0 inet6 add 2001:db8::1/64
+		if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, "inet6", "add", network.String()); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add IPv6 address: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
-	for i, c := range t.Device {
-		o[i] = byte(c)
+func runCommandBSD(name string, args ...string) error {
+	cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
+	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s %s failed: %w\nOutput: %s", name, strings.Join(args, " "), err, string(output))
 	}
-	return
+	return nil
+}
+
+func renameInterface(fromName, toName string) error {
+	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create socket: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+	fd := uintptr(s)
+
+	var fromNameBytes [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	var toNameBytes [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	copy(fromNameBytes[:], fromName)
+	copy(toNameBytes[:], toName)
+
+	ifrr := ifreqRename{
+		Name: fromNameBytes,
+		Data: uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&toNameBytes)),
+	}
+
+	// Set the device name using SIOCSIFNAME ioctl
+	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_IOCTL, fd, syscall.SIOCSIFNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrr)))
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("SIOCSIFNAME ioctl failed: %w", errno)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

overlay/tun_linux.go

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-//go:build !android && !e2e_testing
-// +build !android,!e2e_testing
+//go:build linux && !android && !e2e_testing
+// +build linux,!android,!e2e_testing
 
 package overlay
 
@@ -9,133 +9,105 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 	"unsafe"
 
-	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 	"github.com/vishvananda/netlink"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+	wgtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
 )
 
 type tun struct {
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
-	fd          int
-	Device      string
-	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	MaxMTU      int
-	DefaultMTU  int
-	TXQueueLen  int
-	deviceIndex int
-	ioctlFd     uintptr
-
-	Routes                    atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree                 atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
-	routeChan                 chan struct{}
+	deviceIndex               int
+	ioctlFd                   uintptr
+	txQueueLen                int
 	useSystemRoutes           bool
 	useSystemRoutesBufferSize int
-
-	l *logrus.Logger
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return t.vpnNetworks
-}
+func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueue bool) (*wgTun, error) {
+	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
+	mtu := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
 
-type ifReq struct {
-	Name  [16]byte
-	Flags uint16
-	pad   [8]byte
-}
-
-type ifreqMTU struct {
-	Name [16]byte
-	MTU  int32
-	pad  [8]byte
-}
-
-type ifreqQLEN struct {
-	Name  [16]byte
-	Value int32
-	pad   [8]byte
-}
-
-func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
-	file := os.NewFile(uintptr(deviceFd), "/dev/net/tun")
-
-	t, err := newTunGeneric(c, l, file, vpnNetworks)
+	// Create WireGuard TUN device
+	tunDevice, err := wgtun.CreateTUN(deviceName, mtu)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create TUN device: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	t.Device = "tun0"
-
-	return t, nil
-}
-
-func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueue bool) (*tun, error) {
-	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/net/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	// Get the actual device name
+	actualName, err := tunDevice.Name()
 	if err != nil {
-		// If /dev/net/tun doesn't exist, try to create it (will happen in docker)
-		if os.IsNotExist(err) {
-			err = os.MkdirAll("/dev/net", 0755)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("/dev/net/tun doesn't exist, failed to mkdir -p /dev/net: %w", err)
-			}
-			err = unix.Mknod("/dev/net/tun", unix.S_IFCHR|0600, int(unix.Mkdev(10, 200)))
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create /dev/net/tun: %w", err)
-			}
-
-			fd, err = unix.Open("/dev/net/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("created /dev/net/tun, but still failed: %w", err)
-			}
-		} else {
-			return nil, err
-		}
+		tunDevice.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get TUN device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	var req ifReq
-	req.Flags = uint16(unix.IFF_TUN | unix.IFF_NO_PI)
-	if multiqueue {
-		req.Flags |= unix.IFF_MULTI_QUEUE
-	}
-	copy(req.Name[:], c.GetString("tun.dev", ""))
-	if err = ioctl(uintptr(fd), uintptr(unix.TUNSETIFF), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	name := strings.Trim(string(req.Name[:]), "\x00")
-
-	file := os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "/dev/net/tun")
-	t, err := newTunGeneric(c, l, file, vpnNetworks)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	t := &wgTun{
+		tunDevice:   tunDevice,
+		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
+		MaxMTU:      mtu,
+		DefaultMTU:  mtu,
+		l:           l,
 	}
 
-	t.Device = name
-
-	return t, nil
-}
-
-func newTunGeneric(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, file *os.File, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
-	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser:           file,
-		fd:                        int(file.Fd()),
-		vpnNetworks:               vpnNetworks,
-		TXQueueLen:                c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
+	// Create Linux-specific route manager
+	routeManager := &tun{
+		txQueueLen:                c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
 		useSystemRoutes:           c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
 		useSystemRoutesBufferSize: c.GetInt("tun.use_system_route_table_buffer_size", 0),
-		l:                         l,
+	}
+	t.routeManager = routeManager
+
+	err = t.reload(c, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		tunDevice.Close()
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	err := t.reload(c, true)
+	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
+		err := t.reload(c, false)
+		if err != nil {
+			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("failed to reload tun device", err, t.l)
+		}
+	})
+
+	l.WithField("name", actualName).Info("Created WireGuard TUN device")
+
+	return t, nil
+}
+
+func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix) (*wgTun, error) {
+	// Create TUN device from file descriptor
+	file := os.NewFile(uintptr(deviceFd), "/dev/net/tun")
+	mtu := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
+	tunDevice, err := wgtun.CreateTUNFromFile(file, mtu)
 	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create TUN device from fd: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	t := &wgTun{
+		tunDevice:   tunDevice,
+		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
+		MaxMTU:      mtu,
+		DefaultMTU:  mtu,
+		l:           l,
+	}
+
+	// Create Linux-specific route manager
+	routeManager := &tun{
+		txQueueLen:                c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
+		useSystemRoutes:           c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
+		useSystemRoutesBufferSize: c.GetInt("tun.use_system_route_table_buffer_size", 0),
+	}
+	t.routeManager = routeManager
+
+	err = t.reload(c, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		tunDevice.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -149,269 +121,105 @@ func newTunGeneric(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, file *os.File, vpnNetworks []n
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
-	routeChange, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
+func (rm *tun) Activate(t *wgTun) error {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if !initial && !routeChange && !c.HasChanged("tun.mtu") {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(t.l, routes, true)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	oldDefaultMTU := t.DefaultMTU
-	oldMaxMTU := t.MaxMTU
-	newDefaultMTU := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
-	newMaxMTU := newDefaultMTU
-	for i, r := range routes {
-		if r.MTU == 0 {
-			routes[i].MTU = newDefaultMTU
-		}
-
-		if r.MTU > t.MaxMTU {
-			newMaxMTU = r.MTU
-		}
-	}
-
-	t.MaxMTU = newMaxMTU
-	t.DefaultMTU = newDefaultMTU
-
-	// Teach nebula how to handle the routes before establishing them in the system table
-	oldRoutes := t.Routes.Swap(&routes)
-	t.routeTree.Store(routeTree)
-
-	if !initial {
-		if oldMaxMTU != newMaxMTU {
-			t.setMTU()
-			t.l.Infof("Set max MTU to %v was %v", t.MaxMTU, oldMaxMTU)
-		}
-
-		if oldDefaultMTU != newDefaultMTU {
-			for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-				err := t.setDefaultRoute(t.vpnNetworks[i])
-				if err != nil {
-					t.l.Warn(err)
-				} else {
-					t.l.Infof("Set default MTU to %v was %v", t.DefaultMTU, oldDefaultMTU)
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// Remove first, if the system removes a wanted route hopefully it will be re-added next
-		t.removeRoutes(findRemovedRoutes(routes, *oldRoutes))
-
-		// Ensure any routes we actually want are installed
-		err = t.addRoutes(true)
-		if err != nil {
-			// This should never be called since addRoutes should log its own errors in a reload condition
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to refresh routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
-	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/net/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	var req ifReq
-	req.Flags = uint16(unix.IFF_TUN | unix.IFF_NO_PI | unix.IFF_MULTI_QUEUE)
-	copy(req.Name[:], t.Device)
-	if err = ioctl(uintptr(fd), uintptr(unix.TUNSETIFF), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	file := os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "/dev/net/tun")
-
-	return file, nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
-	return r
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
-	var nn int
-	maximum := len(b)
-
-	for {
-		n, err := unix.Write(t.fd, b[nn:maximum])
-		if n > 0 {
-			nn += n
-		}
-		if nn == len(b) {
-			return nn, err
-		}
-
-		if err != nil {
-			return nn, err
-		}
-
-		if n == 0 {
-			return nn, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-		}
-	}
-}
-
-func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
-	for i, c := range t.Device {
-		o[i] = byte(c)
-	}
-	return
-}
-
-func hasNetlinkAddr(al []*netlink.Addr, x netlink.Addr) bool {
-	for i := range al {
-		if al[i].Equal(x) {
-			return true
-		}
-	}
-	return false
-}
-
-// addIPs uses netlink to add all addresses that don't exist, then it removes ones that should not be there
-func (t *tun) addIPs(link netlink.Link) error {
-	newAddrs := make([]*netlink.Addr, len(t.vpnNetworks))
-	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		newAddrs[i] = &netlink.Addr{
-			IPNet: &net.IPNet{
-				IP:   t.vpnNetworks[i].Addr().AsSlice(),
-				Mask: net.CIDRMask(t.vpnNetworks[i].Bits(), t.vpnNetworks[i].Addr().BitLen()),
-			},
-			Label: t.vpnNetworks[i].Addr().Zone(),
-		}
-	}
-
-	//add all new addresses
-	for i := range newAddrs {
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 do we want to stack errors and try as many ops as possible?
-		//AddrReplace still adds new IPs, but if their properties change it will change them as well
-		if err := netlink.AddrReplace(link, newAddrs[i]); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	//iterate over remainder, remove whoever shouldn't be there
-	al, err := netlink.AddrList(link, netlink.FAMILY_ALL)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get tun address list: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	for i := range al {
-		if hasNetlinkAddr(newAddrs, al[i]) {
-			continue
-		}
-		err = netlink.AddrDel(link, &al[i])
-		if err != nil {
-			t.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to remove address from tun address list")
-		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("removed", al[i].String()).Info("removed address not listed in cert(s)")
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	devName := t.deviceBytes()
-
-	if t.useSystemRoutes {
+	if t.routeManager.useSystemRoutes {
 		t.watchRoutes()
 	}
 
+	// Get the netlink device
+	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get tun device link: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	rm.deviceIndex = link.Attrs().Index
+
+	// Open socket for ioctl operations
 	s, err := unix.Socket(
-		unix.AF_INET, //because everything we use t.ioctlFd for is address family independent, this is fine
+		unix.AF_INET,
 		unix.SOCK_DGRAM,
 		unix.IPPROTO_IP,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	t.ioctlFd = uintptr(s)
+	rm.ioctlFd = uintptr(s)
 
-	// Set the device name
-	ifrf := ifReq{Name: devName}
-	if err = ioctl(t.ioctlFd, unix.SIOCGIFFLAGS, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrf))); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun device name: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(t.Device)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get tun device link: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	t.deviceIndex = link.Attrs().Index
-
-	// Setup our default MTU
-	t.setMTU()
+	rm.SetMTU(t, t.MaxMTU)
 
 	// Set the transmit queue length
-	ifrq := ifreqQLEN{Name: devName, Value: int32(t.TXQueueLen)}
-	if err = ioctl(t.ioctlFd, unix.SIOCSIFTXQLEN, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrq))); err != nil {
+	devName := deviceBytes(name)
+	ifrq := ifreqQLEN{Name: devName, Value: int32(rm.txQueueLen)}
+	if err = ioctl(t.routeManager.ioctlFd, unix.SIOCSIFTXQLEN, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrq))); err != nil {
 		// If we can't set the queue length nebula will still work but it may lead to packet loss
 		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set tun tx queue length")
 	}
 
-	if err = t.addIPs(link); err != nil {
+	// Disable IPv6 link-local address generation
+	const modeNone = 1
+	if err = netlink.LinkSetIP6AddrGenMode(link, modeNone); err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to disable link local address generation")
+	}
+
+	// Add IP addresses
+	if err = t.routeManager.addIPs(t, link); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	// Bring up the interface
-	ifrf.Flags = ifrf.Flags | unix.IFF_UP
-	if err = ioctl(t.ioctlFd, unix.SIOCSIFFLAGS, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrf))); err != nil {
+	if err = netlink.LinkSetUp(link); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to bring the tun device up: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	//set route MTU
+	// Set route MTU
 	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		if err = t.setDefaultRoute(t.vpnNetworks[i]); err != nil {
+		if err = t.routeManager.SetDefaultRoute(t, t.vpnNetworks[i]); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set default route MTU: %w", err)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Set the routes
-	if err = t.addRoutes(false); err != nil {
+	if err = t.routeManager.AddRoutes(t, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Run the interface
-	ifrf.Flags = ifrf.Flags | unix.IFF_UP | unix.IFF_RUNNING
-	if err = ioctl(t.ioctlFd, unix.SIOCSIFFLAGS, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrf))); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run tun device: %s", err)
-	}
-
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) setMTU() {
-	// Set the MTU on the device
-	ifm := ifreqMTU{Name: t.deviceBytes(), MTU: int32(t.MaxMTU)}
-	if err := ioctl(t.ioctlFd, unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifm))); err != nil {
-		// This is currently a non fatal condition because the route table must have the MTU set appropriately as well
+func (rm *tun) SetMTU(t *wgTun, mtu int) {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get device name for MTU set")
+		return
+	}
+
+	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get link for MTU set")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := netlink.LinkSetMTU(link, mtu); err != nil {
 		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set tun mtu")
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *tun) setDefaultRoute(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
+func (rm *tun) SetDefaultRoute(t *wgTun, cidr netip.Prefix) error {
 	dr := &net.IPNet{
 		IP:   cidr.Masked().Addr().AsSlice(),
 		Mask: net.CIDRMask(cidr.Bits(), cidr.Addr().BitLen()),
 	}
 
 	nr := netlink.Route{
-		LinkIndex: t.deviceIndex,
+		LinkIndex: t.routeManager.deviceIndex,
 		Dst:       dr,
 		MTU:       t.DefaultMTU,
-		AdvMSS:    t.advMSS(Route{}),
+		AdvMSS:    advMSS(Route{}, t.DefaultMTU, t.MaxMTU),
 		Scope:     unix.RT_SCOPE_LINK,
 		Src:       net.IP(cidr.Addr().AsSlice()),
 		Protocol:  unix.RTPROT_KERNEL,
@@ -421,7 +229,7 @@ func (t *tun) setDefaultRoute(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
 	err := netlink.RouteReplace(&nr)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.l.WithError(err).WithField("cidr", cidr).Warn("Failed to set default route MTU, retrying")
-		//retry twice more -- on some systems there appears to be a race condition where if we set routes too soon, netlink says `invalid argument`
+		// Retry twice more
 		for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
 			time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
 			err = netlink.RouteReplace(&nr)
@@ -439,8 +247,7 @@ func (t *tun) setDefaultRoute(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
-	// Path routes
+func (rm *tun) AddRoutes(t *wgTun, logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !r.Install {
@@ -453,10 +260,10 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 		}
 
 		nr := netlink.Route{
-			LinkIndex: t.deviceIndex,
+			LinkIndex: t.routeManager.deviceIndex,
 			Dst:       dr,
 			MTU:       r.MTU,
-			AdvMSS:    t.advMSS(r),
+			AdvMSS:    advMSS(r, t.DefaultMTU, t.MaxMTU),
 			Scope:     unix.RT_SCOPE_LINK,
 		}
 
@@ -480,7 +287,7 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) {
+func (rm *tun) RemoveRoutes(t *wgTun, routes []Route) {
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !r.Install {
 			continue
@@ -492,10 +299,10 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) {
 		}
 
 		nr := netlink.Route{
-			LinkIndex: t.deviceIndex,
+			LinkIndex: t.routeManager.deviceIndex,
 			Dst:       dr,
 			MTU:       r.MTU,
-			AdvMSS:    t.advMSS(r),
+			AdvMSS:    advMSS(r, t.DefaultMTU, t.MaxMTU),
 			Scope:     unix.RT_SCOPE_LINK,
 		}
 
@@ -512,30 +319,105 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Name() string {
-	return t.Device
+func (rm *tun) NewMultiQueueReader(t *wgTun) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	// For Linux with WireGuard TUN, we can reuse the same device
+	// The vectorized I/O will handle batching
+	return &wgTunReader{
+		parent:    t,
+		tunDevice: t.tunDevice,
+		offset:    0,
+		l:         t.l,
+	}, nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) advMSS(r Route) int {
+func deviceBytes(name string) [16]byte {
+	var o [16]byte
+	for i, c := range name {
+		if i >= 16 {
+			break
+		}
+		o[i] = byte(c)
+	}
+	return o
+}
+
+func advMSS(r Route, defaultMTU, maxMTU int) int {
 	mtu := r.MTU
 	if r.MTU == 0 {
-		mtu = t.DefaultMTU
+		mtu = defaultMTU
 	}
 
 	// We only need to set advmss if the route MTU does not match the device MTU
-	if mtu != t.MaxMTU {
+	if mtu != maxMTU {
 		return mtu - 40
 	}
 	return 0
 }
 
-func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
+type ifreqQLEN struct {
+	Name  [16]byte
+	Value int32
+	pad   [8]byte
+}
+
+func hasNetlinkAddr(al []*netlink.Addr, x netlink.Addr) bool {
+	for i := range al {
+		if al[i].Equal(x) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) addIPs(t *wgTun, link netlink.Link) error {
+	newAddrs := make([]*netlink.Addr, len(t.vpnNetworks))
+	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		newAddrs[i] = &netlink.Addr{
+			IPNet: &net.IPNet{
+				IP:   t.vpnNetworks[i].Addr().AsSlice(),
+				Mask: net.CIDRMask(t.vpnNetworks[i].Bits(), t.vpnNetworks[i].Addr().BitLen()),
+			},
+			Label: t.vpnNetworks[i].Addr().Zone(),
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add all new addresses
+	for i := range newAddrs {
+		if err := netlink.AddrReplace(link, newAddrs[i]); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over remainder, remove whoever shouldn't be there
+	al, err := netlink.AddrList(link, netlink.FAMILY_ALL)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get tun address list: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	for i := range al {
+		if hasNetlinkAddr(newAddrs, al[i]) {
+			continue
+		}
+		err = netlink.AddrDel(link, &al[i])
+		if err != nil {
+			t.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to remove address from tun address list")
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("removed", al[i].String()).Info("removed address not listed in cert(s)")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// watchRoutes monitors system route changes
+func (t *wgTun) watchRoutes() {
+
 	rch := make(chan netlink.RouteUpdate)
 	doneChan := make(chan struct{})
 
 	netlinkOptions := netlink.RouteSubscribeOptions{
-		ReceiveBufferSize:      t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize,
-		ReceiveBufferForceSize: t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize != 0,
+		ReceiveBufferSize:      t.routeManager.useSystemRoutesBufferSize,
+		ReceiveBufferForceSize: t.routeManager.useSystemRoutesBufferSize != 0,
 		ErrorCallback:          func(e error) { t.l.WithError(e).Errorf("netlink error") },
 	}
 
@@ -553,91 +435,28 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 				if ok {
 					t.updateRoutes(r)
 				} else {
-					// may be should do something here as
-					// netlink stops sending updates
 					return
 				}
 			case <-doneChan:
-				// netlink.RouteSubscriber will close the rch for us
 				return
 			}
 		}
 	}()
 }
 
-func (t *tun) isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr netip.Addr) bool {
-	withinNetworks := false
-	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		if t.vpnNetworks[i].Contains(gwAddr) {
-			withinNetworks = true
-			break
-		}
-	}
-
-	return withinNetworks
-}
-
-func (t *tun) getGatewaysFromRoute(r *netlink.Route) routing.Gateways {
-
-	var gateways routing.Gateways
-
-	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(t.Device)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.l.WithField("Devicename", t.Device).Error("Ignoring route update: failed to get link by name")
-		return gateways
-	}
-
-	// If this route is relevant to our interface and there is a gateway then add it
-	if r.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(r.Gw) > 0 {
-		gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Gw)
-		if !ok {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid gateway address")
-		} else {
-			gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
-
-			if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
-				// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
-				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
-			} else {
-				gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, 1))
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, p := range r.MultiPath {
-		// If this route is relevant to our interface and there is a gateway then add it
-		if p.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(p.Gw) > 0 {
-			gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(p.Gw)
-			if !ok {
-				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring multipath route update, invalid gateway address")
-			} else {
-				gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
-
-				if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
-					// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
-					t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
-				} else {
-					// p.Hops+1 = weight of the route
-					gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, p.Hops+1))
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	routing.CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
-	return gateways
-}
-
-func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
-
-	gateways := t.getGatewaysFromRoute(&r.Route)
+func (t *wgTun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
+	gateways := t.getGatewaysFromRoute(&r.Route, t.routeManager.deviceIndex)
 
 	if len(gateways) == 0 {
-		// No gateways relevant to our network, no routing changes required.
 		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, no gateways")
 		return
 	}
 
+	if r.Dst == nil {
+		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, no destination address")
+		return
+	}
+
 	dstAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Dst.IP)
 	if !ok {
 		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid destination address")
@@ -652,7 +471,6 @@ func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
 	if r.Type == unix.RTM_NEWROUTE {
 		t.l.WithField("destination", dst).WithField("via", gateways).Info("Adding route")
 		newTree.Insert(dst, gateways)
-
 	} else {
 		t.l.WithField("destination", dst).WithField("via", gateways).Info("Removing route")
 		newTree.Delete(dst)
@@ -660,18 +478,71 @@ func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
 	t.routeTree.Store(newTree)
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.routeChan != nil {
-		close(t.routeChan)
+func (t *wgTun) getGatewaysFromRoute(r *netlink.Route, deviceIndex int) routing.Gateways {
+	var gateways routing.Gateways
+
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.Error("Ignoring route update: failed to get device name")
+		return gateways
 	}
 
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		_ = t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
+	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithField("DeviceName", name).Error("Ignoring route update: failed to get link by name")
+		return gateways
 	}
 
-	if t.ioctlFd > 0 {
-		_ = os.NewFile(t.ioctlFd, "ioctlFd").Close()
+	// If this route is relevant to our interface and there is a gateway then add it
+	if r.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(r.Gw) > 0 {
+		gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Gw)
+		if !ok {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid gateway address")
+		} else {
+			gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
+
+			if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
+				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
+			} else {
+				gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, 1))
+			}
+		}
 	}
 
+	for _, p := range r.MultiPath {
+		if p.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(p.Gw) > 0 {
+			gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(p.Gw)
+			if !ok {
+				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring multipath route update, invalid gateway address")
+			} else {
+				gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
+
+				if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
+					t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
+				} else {
+					gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, p.Hops+1))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	routing.CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
+	return gateways
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr netip.Addr) bool {
+	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		if t.vpnNetworks[i].Contains(gwAddr) {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func ioctl(a1, a2, a3 uintptr) error {
+	_, _, errno := unix.Syscall(unix.SYS_IOCTL, a1, a2, a3)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return errno
+	}
 	return nil
 }

overlay/tun_linux_test.go

@@ -6,26 +6,27 @@ package overlay
 import "testing"
 
 var runAdvMSSTests = []struct {
-	name     string
-	tun      *tun
-	r        Route
-	expected int
+	name       string
+	defaultMTU int
+	maxMTU     int
+	r          Route
+	expected   int
 }{
 	// Standard case, default MTU is the device max MTU
-	{"default", &tun{DefaultMTU: 1440, MaxMTU: 1440}, Route{}, 0},
-	{"default-min", &tun{DefaultMTU: 1440, MaxMTU: 1440}, Route{MTU: 1440}, 0},
-	{"default-low", &tun{DefaultMTU: 1440, MaxMTU: 1440}, Route{MTU: 1200}, 1160},
+	{"default", 1440, 1440, Route{}, 0},
+	{"default-min", 1440, 1440, Route{MTU: 1440}, 0},
+	{"default-low", 1440, 1440, Route{MTU: 1200}, 1160},
 
 	// Case where we have a route MTU set higher than the default
-	{"route", &tun{DefaultMTU: 1440, MaxMTU: 8941}, Route{}, 1400},
-	{"route-min", &tun{DefaultMTU: 1440, MaxMTU: 8941}, Route{MTU: 1440}, 1400},
-	{"route-high", &tun{DefaultMTU: 1440, MaxMTU: 8941}, Route{MTU: 8941}, 0},
+	{"route", 1440, 8941, Route{}, 1400},
+	{"route-min", 1440, 8941, Route{MTU: 1440}, 1400},
+	{"route-high", 1440, 8941, Route{MTU: 8941}, 0},
 }
 
 func TestTunAdvMSS(t *testing.T) {
 	for _, tt := range runAdvMSSTests {
 		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			o := tt.tun.advMSS(tt.r)
+			o := advMSS(tt.r, tt.defaultMTU, tt.maxMTU)
 			if o != tt.expected {
 				t.Errorf("got %d, want %d", o, tt.expected)
 			}

overlay/tun_netbsd.go

@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@
 package overlay
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"os/exec"
 	"regexp"
-	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
@@ -20,11 +19,42 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
-type ifreqDestroy struct {
-	Name [16]byte
-	pad  [16]byte
+const (
+	SIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 0x8080696b
+	TUNSIFHEAD      = 0x80047442
+	TUNSIFMODE      = 0x80047458
+)
+
+type ifreqAlias4 struct {
+	Name     [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr     unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	DstAddr  unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	MaskAddr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+}
+
+type ifreqAlias6 struct {
+	Name       [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr       unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	DstAddr    unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	PrefixMask unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	Flags      uint32
+	Lifetime   addrLifetime
+}
+
+type ifreq struct {
+	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	data int
+}
+
+type addrLifetime struct {
+	Expire    uint64
+	Preferred uint64
+	Vltime    uint32
+	Pltime    uint32
 }
 
 type tun struct {
@@ -34,40 +64,18 @@ type tun struct {
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger
-
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
+	f           *os.File
+	fd          int
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
-
-		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
-
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
+var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
 
 func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in NetBSD")
 }
 
-var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
-
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
 	// Try to open tun device
-	var file *os.File
 	var err error
 	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
 	if deviceName == "" {
@@ -77,17 +85,23 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
 	}
 
-	file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to set the tun device as nonblocking")
+	}
+
 	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: file,
-		Device:          deviceName,
-		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
-		MTU:             c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
-		l:               l,
+		f:           os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), ""),
+		fd:          fd,
+		Device:      deviceName,
+		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
+		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
+		l:           l,
 	}
 
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
@@ -105,40 +119,225 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 	return t, nil
 }
 
+func (t *tun) Close() error {
+	if t.f != nil {
+		if err := t.f.Close(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error closing tun file: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// t.f.Close should have handled it for us but let's be extra sure
+		_ = unix.Close(t.fd)
+
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		ifr := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
+		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr)))
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
+	rc, err := t.f.SyscallConn()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to get syscall conn for tun: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var errno syscall.Errno
+	var n uintptr
+	err = rc.Read(func(fd uintptr) bool {
+		// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
+		head := [4]byte{}
+		iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
+			{&head[0], 4},
+			{&to[0], uint64(len(to))},
+		}
+
+		n, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_READV, fd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
+		if errno.Temporary() {
+			// We got an EAGAIN, EINTR, or EWOULDBLOCK, go again
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == syscall.EBADF || err.Error() == "use of closed file" {
+			// Go doesn't export poll.ErrFileClosing but happily reports it to us so here we are
+			// https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go#L121
+			return 0, os.ErrClosed
+		}
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to make read call for tun: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to make inner read call for tun: %w", errno)
+	}
+
+	// fix bytes read number to exclude header
+	bytesRead := int(n)
+	if bytesRead < 0 {
+		return bytesRead, nil
+	} else if bytesRead < 4 {
+		return 0, nil
+	} else {
+		return bytesRead - 4, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Write is only valid for single threaded use
+func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
+	if len(from) <= 1 {
+		return 0, syscall.EIO
+	}
+
+	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
+	var head [4]byte
+	// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
+	if ipVer == 4 {
+		head[3] = syscall.AF_INET
+	} else if ipVer == 6 {
+		head[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
+	} else {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
+	}
+
+	rc, err := t.f.SyscallConn()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	var errno syscall.Errno
+	var n uintptr
+	err = rc.Write(func(fd uintptr) bool {
+		iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
+			{&head[0], 4},
+			{&from[0], uint64(len(from))},
+		}
+
+		n, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_WRITEV, fd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
+		// According to NetBSD documentation for TUN, writes will only return errors in which
+		// this packet will never be delivered so just go on living life.
+		return true
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return 0, errno
+	}
+
+	return int(n) - 4, err
+}
+
 func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	var err error
+	if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
+		var req ifreqAlias4
+		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
+		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
+		}
+		req.DstAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
+		}
+		req.MaskAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As4(),
+		}
 
-	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
-	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr(), err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+		var req ifreqAlias6
+		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
+		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As16(),
+		}
+		req.PrefixMask = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As16(),
+		}
+		req.Lifetime = addrLifetime{
+			Vltime: 0xffffffff,
+			Pltime: 0xffffffff,
+		}
+
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET6, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), SIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
+		}
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
+	return fmt.Errorf("unknown address type %v", cidr)
 }
 
 func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	mode := int32(unix.IFF_BROADCAST)
+	err := ioctl(uintptr(t.fd), TUNSIFMODE, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&mode)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun device mode: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	v := 1
+	err = ioctl(uintptr(t.fd), TUNSIFHEAD, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&v)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun device head: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = t.doIoctlByName(unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uint32(t.MTU))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun mtu: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
+		err = t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+
+	return t.addRoutes(false)
+}
+
+func (t *tun) doIoctlByName(ctl uintptr, value uint32) error {
+	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+	ir := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes(), data: int(value)}
+	err = ioctl(uintptr(s), ctl, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ir)))
+	return err
 }
 
 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
@@ -197,21 +396,23 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 
 func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
+
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -224,10 +425,8 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
@@ -242,3 +441,147 @@ func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
 	}
 	return
 }
+
+func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := &netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_ADD,
+		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP | unix.RTF_GATEWAY,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
+		}
+	} else {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
+			// Try to do a change
+			route.Type = unix.RTM_CHANGE
+			data, err = route.Marshal()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
+			}
+			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+			return err
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
+		}
+	} else {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func ioctl(a1, a2, a3 uintptr) error {
+	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_IOCTL, a1, a2, a3)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return errno
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func prefixToMask(prefix netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
+	bits := prefix.Bits()
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		mask := ^uint32(0) << (32 - bits)
+		return netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{
+			byte(mask >> 24),
+			byte(mask >> 16),
+			byte(mask >> 8),
+			byte(mask),
+		})
+	}
+	var mask [16]byte
+	for i := 0; i < bits/8; i++ {
+		mask[i] = 0xff
+	}
+	if bits%8 != 0 {
+		mask[bits/8] = ^byte(0) << (8 - bits%8)
+	}
+	return netip.AddrFrom16(mask)
+}
+
+func selectGateway(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) (netip.Prefix, error) {
+	for _, gw := range gateways {
+		if prefix.Addr().Is4() == gw.Addr().Is4() {
+			return gw, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return netip.Prefix{}, fmt.Errorf("no suitable gateway found for prefix %v", prefix)
+}

overlay/tun_notwin.go

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-//go:build !windows
-// +build !windows
-
-package overlay
-
-import "syscall"
-
-func ioctl(a1, a2, a3 uintptr) error {
-	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_IOCTL, a1, a2, a3)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		return errno
-	}
-	return nil
-}

overlay/tun_openbsd.go

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-//go:build !e2e_testing
-// +build !e2e_testing
+//go:build openbsd && !e2e_testing
+// +build openbsd,!e2e_testing
 
 package overlay
 
@@ -7,73 +7,53 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
-	"sync/atomic"
-	"syscall"
+	"strings"
 
-	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	wgtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
 )
 
-type tun struct {
-	Device      string
-	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	MTU         int
-	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
-	l           *logrus.Logger
+type tun struct{}
 
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
-
-	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
-	out []byte
+func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*wgTun, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported on OpenBSD")
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		return t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
-	}
+func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*wgTun, error) {
+	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "tun")
+	mtu := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
 
-	return nil
-}
-
-func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in OpenBSD")
-}
-
-var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
-
-func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
-	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
-	if deviceName == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
-	}
-
-	if !deviceNameRE.MatchString(deviceName) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
-	}
-
-	file, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	// Create WireGuard TUN device
+	tunDevice, err := wgtun.CreateTUN(deviceName, mtu)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create TUN device: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: file,
-		Device:          deviceName,
-		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
-		MTU:             c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
-		l:               l,
+	// Get the actual device name
+	actualName, err := tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		tunDevice.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get TUN device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	t := &wgTun{
+		tunDevice:   tunDevice,
+		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
+		MaxMTU:      mtu,
+		DefaultMTU:  mtu,
+		l:           l,
+	}
+
+	// Create OpenBSD-specific route manager
+	t.routeManager = &tun{}
+
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
 	if err != nil {
+		tunDevice.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
@@ -84,172 +64,166 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 		}
 	})
 
+	l.WithField("name", actualName).Info("Created WireGuard TUN device")
+
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
-	change, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
+func (rm *tun) Activate(t *wgTun) error {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if !initial && !change {
-		return nil
-	}
+	// Set the MTU
+	rm.SetMTU(t, t.MaxMTU)
 
-	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(t.l, routes, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Teach nebula how to handle the routes before establishing them in the system table
-	oldRoutes := t.Routes.Swap(&routes)
-	t.routeTree.Store(routeTree)
-
-	if !initial {
-		// Remove first, if the system removes a wanted route hopefully it will be re-added next
-		err := t.removeRoutes(findRemovedRoutes(routes, *oldRoutes))
-		if err != nil {
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to remove routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-
-		// Ensure any routes we actually want are installed
-		err = t.addRoutes(true)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Catch any stray logs
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to add routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	var err error
-	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
-	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
-		if err != nil {
+	// Add IP addresses
+	for _, network := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		if err := rm.addIP(t, name, network); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
+
+	// Bring up the interface
+	if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, "up"); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to bring up interface: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set the routes
+	if err := rm.AddRoutes(t, false); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
-	return r
+func (rm *tun) SetMTU(t *wgTun, mtu int) {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get device name for MTU set")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(mtu)); err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set tun mtu")
+	}
 }
 
-func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
+func (rm *tun) SetDefaultRoute(t *wgTun, cidr netip.Prefix) error {
+	// On OpenBSD, routes are set via ifconfig and route commands
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) AddRoutes(t *wgTun, logErrors bool) error {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get device name: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
 	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
-			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
+		if !r.Install {
 			continue
 		}
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+
+		// Add route using route command
+		args := []string{"add"}
+
+		if r.Cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+			args = append(args, "-inet6")
+		} else {
+			args = append(args, "-inet")
+		}
+
+		args = append(args, r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", name)
+
+		if r.Metric > 0 {
+			// OpenBSD doesn't support route metrics directly like Linux
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Warn("Route metrics are not fully supported on OpenBSD")
+		}
+
+		err := runCommandBSD("route", args...)
+		if err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
+func (rm *tun) RemoveRoutes(t *wgTun, routes []Route) {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get device name for route removal")
+		return
+	}
+
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !r.Install {
 			continue
 		}
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+
+		args := []string{"delete"}
+
+		if r.Cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+			args = append(args, "-inet6")
+		} else {
+			args = append(args, "-inet")
+		}
+
+		args = append(args, r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", name)
+
+		err := runCommandBSD("route", args...)
+		if err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
 		}
 	}
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) NewMultiQueueReader(t *wgTun) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	// OpenBSD doesn't support multi-queue TUN devices in the same way as Linux
+	// Return a reader that wraps the same device
+	return &wgTunReader{
+		parent:    t,
+		tunDevice: t.tunDevice,
+		offset:    0,
+		l:         t.l,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) addIP(t *wgTun, name string, network netip.Prefix) error {
+	addr := network.Addr()
+
+	if addr.Is4() {
+		// For IPv4: ifconfig tun0 10.0.0.1/24
+		if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, network.String()); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add IPv4 address: %w", err)
+		}
+	} else {
+		// For IPv6: ifconfig tun0 inet6 add 2001:db8::1/64
+		if err := runCommandBSD("ifconfig", name, "inet6", "add", network.String()); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to add IPv6 address: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return t.vpnNetworks
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Name() string {
-	return t.Device
-}
-
-func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for freebsd")
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
-
-	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Read(buf)
-
-	copy(to, buf[4:])
-	return n - 4, err
-}
-
-// Write is only valid for single threaded use
-func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := t.out
-	if cap(buf) < len(from)+4 {
-		buf = make([]byte, len(from)+4)
-		t.out = buf
+func runCommandBSD(name string, args ...string) error {
+	cmd := exec.Command(name, args...)
+	output, err := cmd.CombinedOutput()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%s %s failed: %w\nOutput: %s", name, strings.Join(args, " "), err, string(output))
 	}
-	buf = buf[:len(from)+4]
-
-	if len(from) == 0 {
-		return 0, syscall.EIO
-	}
-
-	// Determine the IP Family for the NULL L2 Header
-	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
-	if ipVer == 4 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET
-	} else if ipVer == 6 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
-	} else {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
-	}
-
-	copy(buf[4:], from)
-
-	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Write(buf)
-	return n - 4, err
+	return nil
 }

overlay/tun_wg.go

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+//go:build !android && !netbsd && !e2e_testing
+// +build !android,!netbsd,!e2e_testing
+
+package overlay
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net/netip"
+	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	wgtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
+)
+
+// wgTun wraps a WireGuard TUN device and implements the overlay.Device interface
+type wgTun struct {
+	tunDevice   wgtun.Device
+	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	MaxMTU      int
+	DefaultMTU  int
+
+	Routes    atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
+	routeTree atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeChan chan struct{}
+
+	// Platform-specific route management
+	routeManager *tun
+
+	l *logrus.Logger
+}
+
+// BatchReader interface for readers that support vectorized I/O
+type BatchReader interface {
+	BatchRead(buffers [][]byte, sizes []int) (int, error)
+}
+
+// BatchWriter interface for writers that support vectorized I/O
+type BatchWriter interface {
+	BatchWrite(packets [][]byte) (int, error)
+}
+
+// wgTunReader wraps a single TUN queue for multi-queue support
+type wgTunReader struct {
+	parent    *wgTun
+	tunDevice wgtun.Device
+	offset    int
+	l         *logrus.Logger
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
+	return t.vpnNetworks
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) Name() string {
+	name, err := t.tunDevice.Name()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to get TUN device name")
+		return "unknown"
+	}
+	return name
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
+	return r
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) Activate() error {
+	if t.routeManager == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("route manager not initialized")
+	}
+	return t.routeManager.Activate(t)
+}
+
+// Read implements single-packet read for backward compatibility
+func (t *wgTun) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	bufs := [][]byte{b}
+	sizes := []int{0}
+	n, err := t.tunDevice.Read(bufs, sizes, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		return 0, io.ErrNoProgress
+	}
+	return sizes[0], nil
+}
+
+// Write implements single-packet write for backward compatibility
+func (t *wgTun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	bufs := [][]byte{b}
+	offset := 0
+
+	// WireGuard TUN expects the packet data to start at offset 0
+	n, err := t.tunDevice.Write(bufs, offset)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		return 0, io.ErrShortWrite
+	}
+	return len(b), nil
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) Close() error {
+	if t.routeChan != nil {
+		close(t.routeChan)
+	}
+
+	if t.tunDevice != nil {
+		return t.tunDevice.Close()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	// For WireGuard TUN, we need to create separate TUN device instances for multi-queue
+	// The platform-specific implementation will handle this
+	if t.routeManager == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("route manager not initialized for multi-queue reader")
+	}
+
+	return t.routeManager.NewMultiQueueReader(t)
+}
+
+func (t *wgTun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
+	routeChange, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if !initial && !routeChange && !c.HasChanged("tun.mtu") {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(t.l, routes, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	oldDefaultMTU := t.DefaultMTU
+	oldMaxMTU := t.MaxMTU
+	newDefaultMTU := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
+	newMaxMTU := newDefaultMTU
+	for i, r := range routes {
+		if r.MTU == 0 {
+			routes[i].MTU = newDefaultMTU
+		}
+
+		if r.MTU > t.MaxMTU {
+			newMaxMTU = r.MTU
+		}
+	}
+
+	t.MaxMTU = newMaxMTU
+	t.DefaultMTU = newDefaultMTU
+
+	// Teach nebula how to handle the routes before establishing them in the system table
+	oldRoutes := t.Routes.Swap(&routes)
+	t.routeTree.Store(routeTree)
+
+	if !initial && t.routeManager != nil {
+		if oldMaxMTU != newMaxMTU {
+			t.routeManager.SetMTU(t, t.MaxMTU)
+			t.l.Infof("Set max MTU to %v was %v", t.MaxMTU, oldMaxMTU)
+		}
+
+		if oldDefaultMTU != newDefaultMTU {
+			for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
+				err := t.routeManager.SetDefaultRoute(t, t.vpnNetworks[i])
+				if err != nil {
+					t.l.Warn(err)
+				} else {
+					t.l.Infof("Set default MTU to %v was %v", t.DefaultMTU, oldDefaultMTU)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Remove first, if the system removes a wanted route hopefully it will be re-added next
+		t.routeManager.RemoveRoutes(t, findRemovedRoutes(routes, *oldRoutes))
+
+		// Ensure any routes we actually want are installed
+		err = t.routeManager.AddRoutes(t, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			// This should never be called since AddRoutes should log its own errors in a reload condition
+			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to refresh routes", err, t.l)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BatchRead reads multiple packets from the TUN device using vectorized I/O
+// The caller provides buffers and sizes slices, and this function returns the number of packets read.
+func (r *wgTunReader) BatchRead(buffers [][]byte, sizes []int) (int, error) {
+	return r.tunDevice.Read(buffers, sizes, r.offset)
+}
+
+// Read implements io.Reader for wgTunReader (single packet for compatibility)
+func (r *wgTunReader) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	bufs := [][]byte{b}
+	sizes := []int{0}
+	n, err := r.tunDevice.Read(bufs, sizes, r.offset)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		return 0, io.ErrNoProgress
+	}
+	return sizes[0], nil
+}
+
+// Write implements io.Writer for wgTunReader
+func (r *wgTunReader) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	bufs := [][]byte{b}
+	n, err := r.tunDevice.Write(bufs, r.offset)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		return 0, io.ErrShortWrite
+	}
+	return len(b), nil
+}
+
+// BatchWrite writes multiple packets to the TUN device using vectorized I/O
+func (r *wgTunReader) BatchWrite(packets [][]byte) (int, error) {
+	return r.tunDevice.Write(packets, r.offset)
+}
+
+func (r *wgTunReader) Close() error {
+	if r.tunDevice != nil {
+		return r.tunDevice.Close()
+	}
+	return nil
+}

overlay/tun_windows.go

@@ -1,84 +1,77 @@
-//go:build !e2e_testing
-// +build !e2e_testing
+//go:build windows && !e2e_testing
+// +build windows,!e2e_testing
 
 package overlay
 
 import (
 	"crypto"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
-	"runtime"
-	"sync/atomic"
-	"syscall"
-	"unsafe"
 
-	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wintun"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+	wgtun "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows/tunnel/winipcfg"
 )
 
 const tunGUIDLabel = "Fixed Nebula Windows GUID v1"
 
-type winTun struct {
-	Device      string
-	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	MTU         int
-	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
-	l           *logrus.Logger
-
-	tun *wintun.NativeTun
+type tun struct {
+	luid winipcfg.LUID
 }
 
-func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (Device, error) {
+func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*wgTun, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in Windows")
 }
 
-func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*winTun, error) {
-	err := checkWinTunExists()
+func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*wgTun, error) {
+	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "Nebula")
+	mtu := c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU)
+
+	// Create WireGuard TUN device
+	tunDevice, err := wgtun.CreateTUN(deviceName, mtu)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("can not load the wintun driver: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create TUN device: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
-	guid, err := generateGUIDByDeviceName(deviceName)
+	// Get the actual device name
+	actualName, err := tunDevice.Name()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate GUID failed: %w", err)
+		tunDevice.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get TUN device name: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	t := &winTun{
-		Device:      deviceName,
+	t := &wgTun{
+		tunDevice:   tunDevice,
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
-		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
+		MaxMTU:      mtu,
+		DefaultMTU:  mtu,
 		l:           l,
 	}
 
+	// Create Windows-specific route manager
+	rm := &tun{}
+
+	// Get LUID from the TUN device
+	// The WireGuard TUN device on Windows should provide a LUID() method
+	if nativeTun, ok := tunDevice.(interface{ LUID() uint64 }); ok {
+		rm.luid = winipcfg.LUID(nativeTun.LUID())
+	} else {
+		tunDevice.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get LUID from TUN device")
+	}
+	t.routeManager = rm
+
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
 	if err != nil {
+		tunDevice.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	var tunDevice wintun.Device
-	tunDevice, err = wintun.CreateTUNWithRequestedGUID(deviceName, guid, t.MTU)
-	if err != nil {
-		// Windows 10 has an issue with unclean shutdowns not fully cleaning up the wintun device.
-		// Trying a second time resolves the issue.
-		l.WithError(err).Debug("Failed to create wintun device, retrying")
-		tunDevice, err = wintun.CreateTUNWithRequestedGUID(deviceName, guid, t.MTU)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("create TUN device failed: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-	t.tun = tunDevice.(*wintun.NativeTun)
-
 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
 		err := t.reload(c, false)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -86,206 +79,140 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 		}
 	})
 
+	l.WithField("name", actualName).Info("Created WireGuard TUN device")
+
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func (t *winTun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
-	change, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
+func (rm *tun) Activate(t *wgTun) error {
+	// Set MTU
+	err := rm.setMTU(t, t.MaxMTU)
 	if err != nil {
-		return err
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set MTU: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if !initial && !change {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(t.l, routes, false)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	// Teach nebula how to handle the routes before establishing them in the system table
-	oldRoutes := t.Routes.Swap(&routes)
-	t.routeTree.Store(routeTree)
-
-	if !initial {
-		// Remove first, if the system removes a wanted route hopefully it will be re-added next
-		err := t.removeRoutes(findRemovedRoutes(routes, *oldRoutes))
-		if err != nil {
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to remove routes", err, t.l)
-		}
-
-		// Ensure any routes we actually want are installed
-		err = t.addRoutes(true)
-		if err != nil {
-			// Catch any stray logs
-			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to add routes", err, t.l)
+	// Add IP addresses
+	for _, network := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		if err := rm.addIP(t, network); err != nil {
+			return err
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *winTun) Activate() error {
-	luid := winipcfg.LUID(t.tun.LUID())
-
-	err := luid.SetIPAddresses(t.vpnNetworks)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set address: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	err = t.addRoutes(false)
-	if err != nil {
+	// Add routes
+	if err := rm.AddRoutes(t, false); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *winTun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
-	luid := winipcfg.LUID(t.tun.LUID())
+func (rm *tun) SetMTU(t *wgTun, mtu int) {
+	if err := rm.setMTU(t, mtu); err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set MTU")
+	}
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) setMTU(t *wgTun, mtu int) error {
+	// Set MTU using winipcfg
+	// Note: MTU setting on Windows TUN devices may be handled by the driver
+	// For now, we'll skip explicit MTU setting as the WireGuard TUN handles it
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) SetDefaultRoute(t *wgTun, cidr netip.Prefix) error {
+	// On Windows, routes are managed differently
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) AddRoutes(t *wgTun, logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
-	foundDefault4 := false
-
 	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
-			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
+		if !r.Install {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// Add our unsafe route
-		// Windows does not support multipath routes natively, so we install only a single route.
-		// This is not a problem as traffic will always be sent to Nebula which handles the multipath routing internally.
-		// In effect this provides multipath routing support to windows supporting loadbalancing and redundancy.
-		err := luid.AddRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via[0].Addr(), uint32(r.Metric))
+		if r.MTU > 0 {
+			// Windows route MTU is not directly supported
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Route MTU is not supported on Windows")
+		}
+
+		// Use winipcfg to add the route
+		// The rm.luid should have the AddRoute method from winipcfg
+		if len(r.Via) == 0 {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Warn("Route has no via address, skipping")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err := rm.luid.AddRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via[0].Addr(), uint32(r.Metric))
 		if err != nil {
 			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
-				continue
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
-
-		if !foundDefault4 {
-			if r.Cidr.Bits() == 0 && r.Cidr.Addr().BitLen() == 32 {
-				foundDefault4 = true
-			}
-		}
 	}
 
-	ipif, err := luid.IPInterface(windows.AF_INET)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get ip interface: %w", err)
-	}
-
-	ipif.NLMTU = uint32(t.MTU)
-	if foundDefault4 {
-		ipif.UseAutomaticMetric = false
-		ipif.Metric = 0
-	}
-
-	if err := ipif.Set(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set ip interface: %w", err)
-	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *winTun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
-	luid := winipcfg.LUID(t.tun.LUID())
-
+func (rm *tun) RemoveRoutes(t *wgTun, routes []Route) {
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !r.Install {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		// See comment on luid.AddRoute
-		err := luid.DeleteRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via[0].Addr())
+		if len(r.Via) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err := rm.luid.DeleteRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via[0].Addr())
 		if err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
 		}
 	}
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) NewMultiQueueReader(t *wgTun) (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	// Windows doesn't support multi-queue TUN devices
+	// Return a reader that wraps the same device
+	return &wgTunReader{
+		parent:    t,
+		tunDevice: t.tunDevice,
+		offset:    0,
+		l:         t.l,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (rm *tun) addIP(t *wgTun, network netip.Prefix) error {
+	// Add IP address using winipcfg
+	// SetIPAddresses expects a slice of prefixes
+	err := rm.luid.SetIPAddresses([]netip.Prefix{network})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to add IP address %s: %w", network, err)
+	}
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *winTun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
-	return r
-}
+// generateGUIDByDeviceName generates a GUID based on the device name
+func generateGUIDByDeviceName(deviceName string) (*windows.GUID, error) {
+	// Hash the device name to create a deterministic GUID
+	h := crypto.SHA256.New()
+	h.Write([]byte(tunGUIDLabel))
+	h.Write([]byte(deviceName))
+	sum := h.Sum(nil)
 
-func (t *winTun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
-	return t.vpnNetworks
-}
-
-func (t *winTun) Name() string {
-	return t.Device
-}
-
-func (t *winTun) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
-	return t.tun.Read(b, 0)
-}
-
-func (t *winTun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
-	return t.tun.Write(b, 0)
-}
-
-func (t *winTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for windows")
-}
-
-func (t *winTun) Close() error {
-	// It seems that the Windows networking stack doesn't like it when we destroy interfaces that have active routes,
-	// so to be certain, just remove everything before destroying.
-	luid := winipcfg.LUID(t.tun.LUID())
-	_ = luid.FlushRoutes(windows.AF_INET)
-	_ = luid.FlushIPAddresses(windows.AF_INET)
-
-	_ = luid.FlushRoutes(windows.AF_INET6)
-	_ = luid.FlushIPAddresses(windows.AF_INET6)
-
-	_ = luid.FlushDNS(windows.AF_INET)
-	_ = luid.FlushDNS(windows.AF_INET6)
-
-	return t.tun.Close()
-}
-
-func generateGUIDByDeviceName(name string) (*windows.GUID, error) {
-	// GUID is 128 bit
-	hash := crypto.MD5.New()
-
-	_, err := hash.Write([]byte(tunGUIDLabel))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
+	guid := &windows.GUID{
+		Data1: binary.LittleEndian.Uint32(sum[0:4]),
+		Data2: binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(sum[4:6]),
+		Data3: binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(sum[6:8]),
 	}
+	copy(guid.Data4[:], sum[8:16])
 
-	_, err = hash.Write([]byte(name))
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	sum := hash.Sum(nil)
-
-	return (*windows.GUID)(unsafe.Pointer(&sum[0])), nil
-}
-
-func checkWinTunExists() error {
-	myPath, err := os.Executable()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	arch := runtime.GOARCH
-	switch arch {
-	case "386":
-		//NOTE: wintun bundles 386 as x86
-		arch = "x86"
-	}
-
-	_, err = syscall.LoadDLL(filepath.Join(filepath.Dir(myPath), "dist", "windows", "wintun", "bin", arch, "wintun.dll"))
-	return err
+	return guid, nil
 }

pkclient/pkclient_cgo.go

@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ func (c *PKClient) DeriveNoise(peerPubKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_DECRYPT, true),
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_WRAP, true),
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_UNWRAP, true),
+		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_VALUE_LEN, NoiseKeySize),
 	}
 
 	// Set up the parameters which include the peer's public key

pki.go

@@ -173,7 +173,6 @@ func (p *PKI) reloadCerts(c *config.C, initial bool) *util.ContextualError {
 
 	p.cs.Store(newState)
 
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 newState needs a stringer that does json
 	if initial {
 		p.l.WithField("cert", newState).Debug("Client nebula certificate(s)")
 	} else {
@@ -359,7 +358,9 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 			return nil, util.NewContextualError("v1 and v2 curve are not the same, ignoring", nil, nil)
 		}
 
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 make sure v2 has v1s address
+		if v1.Networks()[0] != v2.Networks()[0] {
+			return nil, util.NewContextualError("v1 and v2 networks are not the same", nil, nil)
+		}
 
 		cs.initiatingVersion = dv
 	}

remote_list.go

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 	// The full list of vpn addresses assigned to this host
 	vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
 
-	// A deduplicated set of addresses. Any accessor should lock beforehand.
+	// A deduplicated set of underlay addresses. Any accessor should lock beforehand.
 	addrs []netip.AddrPort
 
 	// A set of relay addresses. VpnIp addresses that the remote identified as relays.
@@ -201,8 +201,10 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 	// For learned addresses, this is the vpnIp that sent the packet
 	cache map[netip.Addr]*cache
 
-	hr        *hostnamesResults
-	shouldAdd func(netip.Addr) bool
+	hr *hostnamesResults
+
+	// shouldAdd is a nillable function that decides if x should be added to addrs.
+	shouldAdd func(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, x netip.Addr) bool
 
 	// This is a list of remotes that we have tried to handshake with and have returned from the wrong vpn ip.
 	// They should not be tried again during a handshake
@@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 }
 
 // NewRemoteList creates a new empty RemoteList
-func NewRemoteList(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, shouldAdd func(netip.Addr) bool) *RemoteList {
+func NewRemoteList(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, shouldAdd func([]netip.Addr, netip.Addr) bool) *RemoteList {
 	r := &RemoteList{
 		vpnAddrs:  make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnAddrs)),
 		addrs:     make([]netip.AddrPort, 0),
@@ -368,6 +370,15 @@ func (r *RemoteList) CopyBlockedRemotes() []netip.AddrPort {
 	return c
 }
 
+// RefreshFromHandshake locks and updates the RemoteList to account for data learned upon a completed handshake
+func (r *RemoteList) RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) {
+	r.Lock()
+	r.badRemotes = nil
+	r.vpnAddrs = make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnAddrs))
+	copy(r.vpnAddrs, vpnAddrs)
+	r.Unlock()
+}
+
 // ResetBlockedRemotes locks and clears the blocked remotes list
 func (r *RemoteList) ResetBlockedRemotes() {
 	r.Lock()
@@ -577,7 +588,7 @@ func (r *RemoteList) unlockedCollect() {
 
 	dnsAddrs := r.hr.GetAddrs()
 	for _, addr := range dnsAddrs {
-		if r.shouldAdd == nil || r.shouldAdd(addr.Addr()) {
+		if r.shouldAdd == nil || r.shouldAdd(r.vpnAddrs, addr.Addr()) {
 			if !r.unlockedIsBad(addr) {
 				addrs = append(addrs, addr)
 			}