less garbage

* firewall can distinguish if the host connecting has an overlapping network, is a VPN peer without an overlapping network, or is a unsafe network

* Cross stack subnet stuff (#1512)

* experiment with not filtering out non-common addresses in hostinfo.networks

* allow handshakes without overlaps

* unsafe network test

* change HostInfo.buildNetworks argument to reference the cert

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,21 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: true
 contact_links:
+  - name: 💨 Performance Issues
+    url: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/discussions/new/choose
+    about: 'We ask that you create a discussion instead of an issue for performance-related questions. This allows us to have a more open conversation about the issue and helps us to better understand the problem.'
+
+  - name: 📄 Documentation Issues
+    url: https://github.com/definednet/nebula-docs
+    about: "If you've found an issue with the website documentation, please file it in the nebula-docs repository."
+
+  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula Issues
+    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
+    about: "If you're using the mobile Nebula app and have found an issue, please file it in the mobile_nebula repository."
+
   - name: 📘 Documentation
     url: https://nebula.defined.net/docs/
-    about: Review documentation.
+    about: 'The documentation is the best place to start if you are new to Nebula.'
 
   - name: 💁 Support/Chat
-    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU
-    about: 'This issue tracker is not for support questions. Join us on Slack for assistance!'
-
-  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
-    about: 'This issue tracker is not for mobile support. Try the Mobile Nebula repo instead!'
+    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA
+    about: 'For faster support, join us on Slack for assistance!'

.github/pull_request_template.md

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!--
+Thank you for taking the time to submit a pull request!
+
+Please be sure to provide a clear description of what you're trying to achieve with the change.
+
+- If you're submitting a new feature, please explain how to use it and document any new config options in the example config.
+- If you're submitting a bugfix, please link the related issue or describe the circumstances surrounding the issue.
+- If you're changing a default, explain why you believe the new default is appropriate for most users.
+
+P.S. If you're only updating the README or other docs, please file a pull request here instead: https://github.com/DefinedNet/nebula-docs
+-->

.github/workflows/gofmt.yml

@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Install goimports

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ jobs:
     name: Build Linux/BSD All
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.25'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
           mv build/*.tar.gz release
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: linux-latest
           path: release
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ jobs:
     name: Build Windows
     runs-on: windows-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.25'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
           mv dist\windows\wintun build\dist\windows\
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: windows-latest
           path: build
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ jobs:
       HAS_SIGNING_CREDS: ${{ secrets.AC_USERNAME != '' }}
     runs-on: macos-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.25'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Import certificates
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ jobs:
           fi
 
       - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
         with:
           name: darwin-latest
           path: ./release/*
@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ jobs:
       # be overwritten
       - name: Checkout code
         if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Download artifacts
         if: ${{ env.HAS_DOCKER_CREDS == 'true' }}
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
         with:
           name: linux-latest
           path: artifacts
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ jobs:
     needs: [build-linux, build-darwin, build-windows]
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v6
         with:
           path: artifacts
 

.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml

@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: add hashicorp source

.github/workflows/smoke.yml

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: build

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ jobs:
       run: make vet
 
     - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
+      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
       with:
-        version: v2.0
+        version: v2.5
 
     - name: Test
       run: make test
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: Build test mobile
       run: make build-test-mobile
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
       with:
         name: e2e packet flow linux-latest
         path: e2e/mermaid/linux-latest
@@ -56,11 +56,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.22'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ jobs:
         os: [windows-latest, macos-latest]
     steps:
 
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
       with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.25'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build nebula
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ jobs:
       run: make vet
 
     - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
+      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
       with:
-        version: v2.0
+        version: v2.5
 
     - name: Test
       run: make test
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: End 2 end
       run: make e2evv
 
-    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+    - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v5
       with:
         name: e2e packet flow ${{ matrix.os }}
         path: e2e/mermaid/${{ matrix.os }}

README.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ It lets you seamlessly connect computers anywhere in the world. Nebula is portab
 It can be used to connect a small number of computers, but is also able to connect tens of thousands of computers.
 
 Nebula incorporates a number of existing concepts like encryption, security groups, certificates,
-and tunneling, and each of those individual pieces existed before Nebula in various forms.
+and tunneling.
 What makes Nebula different to existing offerings is that it brings all of these ideas together,
 resulting in a sum that is greater than its individual parts.
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Further documentation can be found [here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).
 
 You can read more about Nebula [here](https://medium.com/p/884110a5579).
 
-You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-2xqe6e7vn-k_KGi8s13nsr7cvHVvHvuQ).
+You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-39pk4xopc-CUKlGcb5Z39dQ0cK1v7ehA).
 
 ## Supported Platforms
 
@@ -28,33 +28,33 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for
 #### Distribution Packages
 
 - [Arch Linux](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/nebula/)
-    ```
-    $ sudo pacman -S nebula
+    ```sh
+    sudo pacman -S nebula
     ```
 
 - [Fedora Linux](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/nebula)
-    ```
-    $ sudo dnf install nebula
+    ```sh
+    sudo dnf install nebula
     ```
 
 - [Debian Linux](https://packages.debian.org/source/stable/nebula)
-    ```
-    $ sudo apt install nebula
+    ```sh
+    sudo apt install nebula
     ```
 
 - [Alpine Linux](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=nebula)
-    ```
-    $ sudo apk add nebula
+    ```sh
+    sudo apk add nebula
     ```
 
 - [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/n/nebula.rb)
-    ```
-    $ brew install nebula
+    ```sh
+    brew install nebula
     ```
 
 - [Docker](https://hub.docker.com/r/nebulaoss/nebula)
-    ```
-    $ docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
+    ```sh
+    docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
     ```
 
 #### Mobile
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for
 
 ## Technical Overview
 
-Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
+Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software-defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
 Nebula uses certificates to assert a node's IP address, name, and membership within user-defined groups.
 Nebula's user-defined groups allow for provider agnostic traffic filtering between nodes.
-Discovery nodes allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
+Discovery nodes (aka lighthouses) allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
 Users can move data between nodes in any number of cloud service providers, datacenters, and endpoints, without needing to maintain a particular addressing scheme.
 
 Nebula uses Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (`ECDH`) key exchange and `AES-256-GCM` in its default configuration.
@@ -82,28 +82,34 @@ To set up a Nebula network, you'll need:
 
 #### 2. (Optional, but you really should..) At least one discovery node with a routable IP address, which we call a lighthouse.
 
-Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $5/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
+Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $6/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
 
 Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.
 
-
 #### 3. A Nebula certificate authority, which will be the root of trust for a particular Nebula network.
 
-  ```
+```sh
 ./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
 ```
+
 This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.
 
+**Be aware!** By default, certificate authorities have a 1-year lifetime before expiration. See [this guide](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/guides/rotating-certificate-authority/) for details on rotating a CA.
+
 #### 4. Nebula host keys and certificates generated from that certificate authority
+
 This assumes you have four nodes, named lighthouse1, laptop, server1, host3. You can name the nodes any way you'd like, including FQDN. You'll also need to choose IP addresses and the associated subnet. In this example, we are creating a nebula network that will use 192.168.100.x/24 as its network range. This example also demonstrates nebula groups, which can later be used to define traffic rules in a nebula network.
-```
+```sh
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "lighthouse1" -ip "192.168.100.1/24"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "laptop" -ip "192.168.100.2/24" -groups "laptop,home,ssh"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "server1" -ip "192.168.100.9/24" -groups "servers"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "host3" -ip "192.168.100.10/24"
 ```
 
+By default, host certificates will expire 1 second before the CA expires. Use the `-duration` flag to specify a shorter lifetime.
+
 #### 5. Configuration files for each host
+
 Download a copy of the nebula [example configuration](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/blob/master/examples/config.yml).
 
 * On the lighthouse node, you'll need to ensure `am_lighthouse: true` is set.
@@ -118,10 +124,13 @@ For each host, copy the nebula binary to the host, along with `config.yml` from
 **DO NOT COPY `ca.key` TO INDIVIDUAL NODES.**
 
 #### 7. Run nebula on each host
-```
+
+```sh
 ./nebula -config /path/to/config.yml
 ```
 
+For more detailed instructions, [find the full documentation here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).
+
 ## Building Nebula from source
 
 Make sure you have [go](https://go.dev/doc/install) installed and clone this repo. Change to the nebula directory.
@@ -140,8 +149,10 @@ The default curve used for cryptographic handshakes and signatures is Curve25519
 
 In addition, Nebula can be built using the [BoringCrypto GOEXPERIMENT](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.20/src/crypto/internal/boring/README.md) by running either of the following make targets:
 
+```sh
 make bin-boringcrypto
 make release-boringcrypto
+```
 
 This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your compliance requirements.
 
@@ -149,5 +160,3 @@ This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your
 
 Nebula was created at Slack Technologies, Inc by Nate Brown and Ryan Huber, with contributions from Oliver Fross, Alan Lam, Wade Simmons, and Lining Wang.
 
-
-

bits.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func (b *Bits) Check(l logrus.FieldLogger, i uint64) bool {
 	}
 
 	// Not within the window
-	l.Debugf("rejected a packet (top) %d %d\n", b.current, i)
+	l.Debugf("rejected a packet (top) %d %d delta %d\n", b.current, i, b.current-i)
 	return false
 }
 

calculated_remote.go

@@ -84,16 +84,11 @@ func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[[]*calcu
 
 	calculatedRemotes := new(bart.Table[[]*calculatedRemote])
 
-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[any]any)
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
-		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
-		if !ok {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
-		}
-
+	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
 		cidr, err := netip.ParsePrefix(rawCIDR)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid CIDR: %s", k, rawCIDR)
@@ -129,7 +124,7 @@ func newCalculatedRemotesListFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) ([]*calculat
 }
 
 func newCalculatedRemotesEntryFromConfig(cidr netip.Prefix, raw any) (*calculatedRemote, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[any]any)
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid type: %T", raw)
 	}

cert/cert.go

@@ -58,6 +58,9 @@ type Certificate interface {
 	// PublicKey is the raw bytes to be used in asymmetric cryptographic operations.
 	PublicKey() []byte
 
+	// MarshalPublicKeyPEM is the value of PublicKey marshalled to PEM
+	MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte
+
 	// Curve identifies which curve was used for the PublicKey and Signature.
 	Curve() Curve
 
@@ -135,8 +138,7 @@ func Recombine(v Version, rawCertBytes, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (Certific
 	case Version2:
 		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(rawCertBytes, publicKey, curve)
 	default:
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 make a static var
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown certificate version %d", v)
+		return nil, ErrUnknownVersion
 	}
 
 	if err != nil {

cert/cert_v1.go

@@ -83,6 +83,10 @@ func (c *certificateV1) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return c.details.publicKey
 }
 
+func (c *certificateV1) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
+	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
+}
+
 func (c *certificateV1) Signature() []byte {
 	return c.signature
 }
@@ -110,8 +114,10 @@ func (c *certificateV1) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
 		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
+		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
 		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
 		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
 	default:

cert/cert_v1_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package cert
 
 import (
+	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
@@ -13,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
 	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
 	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
@@ -60,6 +62,58 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
 }
 
+func TestCertificateV1_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV1{
+		details: detailsV1{
+			name:           "testing",
+			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
+			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore:      before,
+			notAfter:       after,
+			publicKey:      pubKey,
+			isCA:           false,
+			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
+		},
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Version1, nc.Version())
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = true
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	nc.details.curve = Curve_P256
+	nc.details.publicKey = pubP256Key
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = false
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+}
+
 func TestCertificateV1_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	nc := certificateV1{
 		details: detailsV1{

cert/cert_v2.go

@@ -114,6 +114,10 @@ func (c *certificateV2) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return c.publicKey
 }
 
+func (c *certificateV2) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
+	return marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c)
+}
+
 func (c *certificateV2) Signature() []byte {
 	return c.signature
 }
@@ -149,8 +153,10 @@ func (c *certificateV2) CheckSignature(key []byte) bool {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
 		return ed25519.Verify(key, b, c.signature)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		x, y := elliptic.Unmarshal(elliptic.P256(), key)
-		pubKey := &ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: elliptic.P256(), X: x, Y: y}
+		pubKey, err := ecdsa.ParseUncompressedPublicKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
 		hashed := sha256.Sum256(b)
 		return ecdsa.VerifyASN1(pubKey, hashed[:], c.signature)
 	default:

cert/cert_v2_test.go

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
 	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
 	pubKey := []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
@@ -75,6 +76,58 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Groups(), nc2.Groups())
 }
 
+func TestCertificateV2_PublicKeyPem(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	before := time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	pubKey := ed25519.PublicKey("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab")
+
+	nc := certificateV2{
+		details: detailsV2{
+			name:           "testing",
+			networks:       []netip.Prefix{},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{},
+			groups:         []string{"test-group1", "test-group2", "test-group3"},
+			notBefore:      before,
+			notAfter:       after,
+			isCA:           false,
+			issuer:         "1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab",
+		},
+		publicKey: pubKey,
+		signature: []byte("1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab"),
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, Version2, nc.Version())
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem := "-----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = true
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	pubPem = "-----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\nMTIzNDU2Nzg5MGFiY2VkZmdoaWoxMjM0NTY3ODkwYWI=\n-----END NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----\n"
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), pubPem)
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	pubP256KeyPem := []byte(`-----BEGIN NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	pubP256Key, _, _, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(pubP256KeyPem)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	nc.curve = Curve_P256
+	nc.publicKey = pubP256Key
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.True(t, nc.IsCA())
+
+	nc.details.isCA = false
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, string(nc.MarshalPublicKeyPEM()), string(pubP256KeyPem))
+	assert.False(t, nc.IsCA())
+}
+
 func TestCertificateV2_Expired(t *testing.T) {
 	nc := certificateV2{
 		details: detailsV2{

cert/crypto_test.go

@@ -26,21 +26,21 @@ func TestNewArgon2Parameters(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
-	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE THIS KEY")
+	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE")
 	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCognnjujd67Vsv99p22wfAjQaDT
-oCMW1mdjkU3gACKNW4MSXOWR9Sts4C81yk1RUku2gvGKs3TB9LYoklLsIizSYOLl
-+Vs//O1T0I1Xbml2XBAROsb/VSoDln/6LMqR4B6fn6B3GOsLBBqRI8daDl9lRMPB
-qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA
+CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiCPoDfGQiosxNPTbPn5EsMlc2MI
+c0Bt4oz6gTrFQhX3aBJcimhHKeAuhyTGvllD0Z19fe+DFPcLH3h5VrdjVfIAajg0
+KrbV3n9UHif/Au5skWmquNJzoW1E4MTdRbvpti6o+WdQ49DxjBFhx0YH8LBqrbPU
+0BGkUHmIO7daP24=
 -----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
 `)
 	shortKey := []byte(`# A key which, once decrypted, is too short
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCoga5h8owMEBWRSMMJKzuUvWce7
-k0qlBkQmCxiuLh80MuASW70YcKt8jeEIS2axo2V6zAKA9TSMcCsJW1kDDXEtL/xe
-GLF5T7sDl5COp4LU3pGxpV+KoeQ/S3gQCAAcnaOtnJQX+aSDnbO3jCHyP7U9CHbs
-rQr3bdH3Oy/WiYU=
+CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiAVJwdfl3r+eqi/vF6S7OMdpjfo
+hAzmTCRnr58Su4AqmBJbCv3zleYCEKYJP6UI3S8ekLMGISsgO4hm5leukCCyqT0Z
+cQ76yrberpzkJKoPLGisX8f+xdy4aXSZl7oEYWQte1+vqbtl/eY9PGZhxUQdcyq7
+hqzIyrRqfUgVuA==
 -----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
 `)
 	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner (not encrypted)

cert/errors.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ var (
 	ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch   = errors.New("public key and private key are not a pair")
 	ErrPrivateKeyEncrypted        = errors.New("private key must be decrypted")
 	ErrCaNotFound                 = errors.New("could not find ca for the certificate")
+	ErrUnknownVersion             = errors.New("certificate version unrecognized")
 
 	ErrInvalidPEMBlock                   = errors.New("input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	ErrInvalidPEMCertificateBanner       = errors.New("bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")

cert/pem.go

@@ -7,19 +7,26 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )
 
-const (
+const ( //cert banners
 	CertificateBanner   = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE"
 	CertificateV2Banner = "NEBULA CERTIFICATE V2"
+)
+
+const ( //key-agreement-key banners
 	X25519PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA X25519 PRIVATE KEY"
 	X25519PublicKeyBanner  = "NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY"
+	P256PrivateKeyBanner   = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
+	P256PublicKeyBanner    = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
+)
+
+/* including "ECDSA" in the P256 banners is a clue that these keys should be used only for signing */
+const ( //signing key banners
+	EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
+	ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
+	ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner           = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
 	EncryptedEd25519PrivateKeyBanner   = "NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
 	Ed25519PrivateKeyBanner            = "NEBULA ED25519 PRIVATE KEY"
 	Ed25519PublicKeyBanner             = "NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY"
-
-	P256PrivateKeyBanner               = "NEBULA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
-	P256PublicKeyBanner                = "NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY"
-	EncryptedECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY"
-	ECDSAP256PrivateKeyBanner          = "NEBULA ECDSA P256 PRIVATE KEY"
 )
 
 // UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM will try to unmarshal the first pem block in a byte array, returning any non consumed
@@ -51,6 +58,16 @@ func UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(b []byte) (Certificate, []byte, error) {
 
 }
 
+func marshalCertPublicKeyToPEM(c Certificate) []byte {
+	if c.IsCA() {
+		return MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
+	} else {
+		return MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(c.Curve(), c.PublicKey())
+	}
+}
+
+// MarshalPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for ECDH.
+// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
 func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
 	switch curve {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
@@ -62,6 +79,19 @@ func MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
 	}
 }
 
+// MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM returns a PEM representation of a public key used for signing.
+// if your public key came from a certificate, prefer Certificate.PublicKeyPEM() if possible, to avoid mistakes!
+func MarshalSigningPublicKeyToPEM(curve Curve, b []byte) []byte {
+	switch curve {
+	case Curve_CURVE25519:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: Ed25519PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	case Curve_P256:
+		return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{Type: P256PublicKeyBanner, Bytes: b})
+	default:
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
 func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
 	k, r := pem.Decode(b)
 	if k == nil {
@@ -73,7 +103,7 @@ func UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(b []byte) ([]byte, []byte, Curve, error) {
 	case X25519PublicKeyBanner, Ed25519PublicKeyBanner:
 		expectedLen = 32
 		curve = Curve_CURVE25519
-	case P256PublicKeyBanner:
+	case P256PublicKeyBanner, ECDSAP256PublicKeyBanner:
 		// Uncompressed
 		expectedLen = 65
 		curve = Curve_P256

cert/pem_test.go

@@ -177,6 +177,7 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
@@ -230,6 +231,7 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 }
 
 func TestUnmarshalX25519PublicKey(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
 	pubKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
@@ -240,6 +242,12 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 -----END NEBULA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+`)
+	oldPubP256Key := []byte(`# A good key
+-----BEGIN NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+-----END NEBULA ECDSA P256 PUBLIC KEY-----
 `)
 	shortKey := []byte(`# A short key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----
@@ -256,15 +264,22 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 -END NEBULA X25519 PUBLIC KEY-----`)
 
-	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
+	keyBundle := appendByteSlices(pubKey, pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem)
 
 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 
+	// Success test case
+	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
+	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(oldPubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
+	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
+
 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 65)

cert/sign.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"fmt"
-	"math/big"
 	"net/netip"
 	"time"
 )
@@ -55,15 +54,10 @@ func (t *TBSCertificate) Sign(signer Certificate, curve Curve, key []byte) (Cert
 		}
 		return t.SignWith(signer, curve, sp)
 	case Curve_P256:
-		pk := &ecdsa.PrivateKey{
-			PublicKey: ecdsa.PublicKey{
-				Curve: elliptic.P256(),
-			},
-			// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L95
-			D: new(big.Int).SetBytes(key),
+		pk, err := ecdsa.ParseRawPrivateKey(elliptic.P256(), key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
 		}
-		// ref: https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.19/src/crypto/x509/sec1.go#L119
-		pk.X, pk.Y = pk.Curve.ScalarBaseMult(key)
 		sp := func(certBytes []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 			// We need to hash first for ECDSA
 			// - https://pkg.go.dev/crypto/ecdsa#SignASN1

cert_test/cert.go

@@ -114,6 +114,33 @@ func NewTestCert(v cert.Version, curve cert.Curve, ca cert.Certificate, key []by
 	return c, pub, cert.MarshalPrivateKeyToPEM(curve, priv), pem
 }
 
+func NewTestCertDifferentVersion(c cert.Certificate, v cert.Version, ca cert.Certificate, key []byte) (cert.Certificate, []byte) {
+	nc := &cert.TBSCertificate{
+		Version:        v,
+		Curve:          c.Curve(),
+		Name:           c.Name(),
+		Networks:       c.Networks(),
+		UnsafeNetworks: c.UnsafeNetworks(),
+		Groups:         c.Groups(),
+		NotBefore:      time.Unix(c.NotBefore().Unix(), 0),
+		NotAfter:       time.Unix(c.NotAfter().Unix(), 0),
+		PublicKey:      c.PublicKey(),
+		IsCA:           false,
+	}
+
+	c, err := nc.Sign(ca, ca.Curve(), key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return c, pem
+}
+
 func X25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
 	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
 	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {

cmd/nebula/main.go

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@ package main
 import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"net/http"
+	_ "net/http/pprof"
 	"os"
 
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -58,6 +61,10 @@ func main() {
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}
 
+	go func() {
+		log.Println(http.ListenAndServe("0.0.0.0:6060", nil))
+	}()
+
 	if !*configTest {
 		ctrl.Start()
 		notifyReady(l)

config/config.go

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import (
 
 	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
 )
 
 type C struct {

config/config_test.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
 )
 
 func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {

connection_manager.go

@@ -4,13 +4,16 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 )
 
@@ -27,12 +30,6 @@ const (
 )
 
 type connectionManager struct {
-	in     map[uint32]struct{}
-	inLock *sync.RWMutex
-
-	out     map[uint32]struct{}
-	outLock *sync.RWMutex
-
 	// relayUsed holds which relay localIndexs are in use
 	relayUsed     map[uint32]struct{}
 	relayUsedLock *sync.RWMutex
@@ -40,117 +37,117 @@ type connectionManager struct {
 	hostMap      *HostMap
 	trafficTimer *LockingTimerWheel[uint32]
 	intf         *Interface
-	pendingDeletion         map[uint32]struct{}
 	punchy       *Punchy
+
+	// Configuration settings
 	checkInterval           time.Duration
 	pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration
+	inactivityTimeout       atomic.Int64
+	dropInactive            atomic.Bool
+
 	metricsTxPunchy metrics.Counter
 
 	l *logrus.Logger
 }
 
-func newConnectionManager(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, intf *Interface, checkInterval, pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration, punchy *Punchy) *connectionManager {
-	var max time.Duration
-	if checkInterval < pendingDeletionInterval {
-		max = pendingDeletionInterval
-	} else {
-		max = checkInterval
-	}
-
-	nc := &connectionManager{
-		hostMap:                 intf.hostMap,
-		in:                      make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		inLock:                  &sync.RWMutex{},
-		out:                     make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		outLock:                 &sync.RWMutex{},
+func newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, hm *HostMap, p *Punchy) *connectionManager {
+	cm := &connectionManager{
+		hostMap:         hm,
+		l:               l,
+		punchy:          p,
 		relayUsed:       make(map[uint32]struct{}),
 		relayUsedLock:   &sync.RWMutex{},
-		trafficTimer:            NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32](time.Millisecond*500, max),
-		intf:                    intf,
-		pendingDeletion:         make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		checkInterval:           checkInterval,
-		pendingDeletionInterval: pendingDeletionInterval,
-		punchy:                  punchy,
 		metricsTxPunchy: metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("messages.tx.punchy", nil),
-		l:                       l,
 	}
 
-	nc.Start(ctx)
-	return nc
+	cm.reload(c, true)
+	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
+		cm.reload(c, false)
+	})
+
+	return cm
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) In(localIndex uint32) {
-	n.inLock.RLock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) {
+	if initial {
+		cm.checkInterval = time.Duration(c.GetInt("timers.connection_alive_interval", 5)) * time.Second
+		cm.pendingDeletionInterval = time.Duration(c.GetInt("timers.pending_deletion_interval", 10)) * time.Second
+
+		// We want at least a minimum resolution of 500ms per tick so that we can hit these intervals
+		// pretty close to their configured duration.
+		// The inactivity duration is checked each time a hostinfo ticks through so we don't need the wheel to contain it.
+		minDuration := min(time.Millisecond*500, cm.checkInterval, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
+		maxDuration := max(cm.checkInterval, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
+		cm.trafficTimer = NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32](minDuration, maxDuration)
+	}
+
+	if initial || c.HasChanged("tunnels.inactivity_timeout") {
+		old := cm.getInactivityTimeout()
+		cm.inactivityTimeout.Store((int64)(c.GetDuration("tunnels.inactivity_timeout", 10*time.Minute)))
+		if !initial {
+			cm.l.WithField("oldDuration", old).
+				WithField("newDuration", cm.getInactivityTimeout()).
+				Info("Inactivity timeout has changed")
+		}
+	}
+
+	if initial || c.HasChanged("tunnels.drop_inactive") {
+		old := cm.dropInactive.Load()
+		cm.dropInactive.Store(c.GetBool("tunnels.drop_inactive", false))
+		if !initial {
+			cm.l.WithField("oldBool", old).
+				WithField("newBool", cm.dropInactive.Load()).
+				Info("Drop inactive setting has changed")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) getInactivityTimeout() time.Duration {
+	return (time.Duration)(cm.inactivityTimeout.Load())
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) In(h *HostInfo) {
+	h.in.Store(true)
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) Out(h *HostInfo) {
+	h.out.Store(true)
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) RelayUsed(localIndex uint32) {
+	cm.relayUsedLock.RLock()
 	// If this already exists, return
-	if _, ok := n.in[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.inLock.RUnlock()
+	if _, ok := cm.relayUsed[localIndex]; ok {
+		cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 		return
 	}
-	n.inLock.RUnlock()
-	n.inLock.Lock()
-	n.in[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.inLock.Unlock()
-}
-
-func (n *connectionManager) Out(localIndex uint32) {
-	n.outLock.RLock()
-	// If this already exists, return
-	if _, ok := n.out[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.outLock.RUnlock()
-		return
-	}
-	n.outLock.RUnlock()
-	n.outLock.Lock()
-	n.out[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.outLock.Unlock()
-}
-
-func (n *connectionManager) RelayUsed(localIndex uint32) {
-	n.relayUsedLock.RLock()
-	// If this already exists, return
-	if _, ok := n.relayUsed[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
-		return
-	}
-	n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
-	n.relayUsedLock.Lock()
-	n.relayUsed[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
+	cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+	cm.relayUsedLock.Lock()
+	cm.relayUsed[localIndex] = struct{}{}
+	cm.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
 }
 
 // getAndResetTrafficCheck returns if there was any inbound or outbound traffic within the last tick and
 // resets the state for this local index
-func (n *connectionManager) getAndResetTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32) (bool, bool) {
-	n.inLock.Lock()
-	n.outLock.Lock()
-	_, in := n.in[localIndex]
-	_, out := n.out[localIndex]
-	delete(n.in, localIndex)
-	delete(n.out, localIndex)
-	n.inLock.Unlock()
-	n.outLock.Unlock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) getAndResetTrafficCheck(h *HostInfo, now time.Time) (bool, bool) {
+	in := h.in.Swap(false)
+	out := h.out.Swap(false)
+	if in || out {
+		h.lastUsed = now
+	}
 	return in, out
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) AddTrafficWatch(localIndex uint32) {
-	// Use a write lock directly because it should be incredibly rare that we are ever already tracking this index
-	n.outLock.Lock()
-	if _, ok := n.out[localIndex]; ok {
-		n.outLock.Unlock()
-		return
+// AddTrafficWatch must be called for every new HostInfo.
+// We will continue to monitor the HostInfo until the tunnel is dropped.
+func (cm *connectionManager) AddTrafficWatch(h *HostInfo) {
+	if h.out.Swap(true) == false {
+		cm.trafficTimer.Add(h.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
 	}
-	n.out[localIndex] = struct{}{}
-	n.trafficTimer.Add(localIndex, n.checkInterval)
-	n.outLock.Unlock()
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) Start(ctx context.Context) {
-	go n.Run(ctx)
-}
-
-func (n *connectionManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
-	//TODO: this tick should be based on the min wheel tick? Check firewall
-	clockSource := time.NewTicker(500 * time.Millisecond)
+func (cm *connectionManager) Start(ctx context.Context) {
+	clockSource := time.NewTicker(cm.trafficTimer.t.tickDuration)
 	defer clockSource.Stop()
 
 	p := []byte("")
@@ -163,61 +160,61 @@ func (n *connectionManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
 			return
 
 		case now := <-clockSource.C:
-			n.trafficTimer.Advance(now)
+			cm.trafficTimer.Advance(now)
 			for {
-				localIndex, has := n.trafficTimer.Purge()
+				localIndex, has := cm.trafficTimer.Purge()
 				if !has {
 					break
 				}
 
-				n.doTrafficCheck(localIndex, p, nb, out, now)
+				cm.doTrafficCheck(localIndex, p, nb, out, now)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) {
-	decision, hostinfo, primary := n.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, now)
+func (cm *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) {
+	decision, hostinfo, primary := cm.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, now)
 
 	switch decision {
 	case deleteTunnel:
-		if n.hostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo) {
+		if cm.hostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo) {
 			// Only clearing the lighthouse cache if this is the last hostinfo for this vpn ip in the hostmap
-			n.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnAddrs(hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
+			cm.intf.lightHouse.DeleteVpnAddrs(hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
 		}
 
 	case closeTunnel:
-		n.intf.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
-		n.intf.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
+		cm.intf.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
+		cm.intf.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
 
 	case swapPrimary:
-		n.swapPrimary(hostinfo, primary)
+		cm.swapPrimary(hostinfo, primary)
 
 	case migrateRelays:
-		n.migrateRelayUsed(hostinfo, primary)
+		cm.migrateRelayUsed(hostinfo, primary)
 
 	case tryRehandshake:
-		n.tryRehandshake(hostinfo)
+		cm.tryRehandshake(hostinfo)
 
 	case sendTestPacket:
-		n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
+		cm.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
 	}
 
-	n.resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo)
+	cm.resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo)
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+func (cm *connectionManager) resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	if hostinfo != nil {
-		n.relayUsedLock.Lock()
-		defer n.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
+		cm.relayUsedLock.Lock()
+		defer cm.relayUsedLock.Unlock()
 		// No need to migrate any relays, delete usage info now.
 		for _, idx := range hostinfo.relayState.CopyRelayForIdxs() {
-			delete(n.relayUsed, idx)
+			delete(cm.relayUsed, idx)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo) {
+func (cm *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	relayFor := oldhostinfo.relayState.CopyAllRelayFor()
 
 	for _, r := range relayFor {
@@ -227,46 +224,51 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 		var relayFrom netip.Addr
 		var relayTo netip.Addr
 		switch {
-		case ok && existing.State == Established:
+		case ok:
+			switch existing.State {
+			case Established, PeerRequested, Disestablished:
 				// This relay already exists in newhostinfo, then do nothing.
 				continue
-		case ok && existing.State == Requested:
+			case Requested:
 				// The relay exists in a Requested state; re-send the request
 				index = existing.LocalIndex
 				switch r.Type {
 				case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
+					relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
 					relayTo = existing.PeerAddr
 				case ForwardingType:
 					relayFrom = existing.PeerAddr
 					relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
 				default:
 					// should never happen
+					panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
+				}
 			}
 		case !ok:
-			n.relayUsedLock.RLock()
-			if _, relayUsed := n.relayUsed[r.LocalIndex]; !relayUsed {
+			cm.relayUsedLock.RLock()
+			if _, relayUsed := cm.relayUsed[r.LocalIndex]; !relayUsed {
 				// The relay hasn't been used; don't migrate it.
-				n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+				cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 				continue
 			}
-			n.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
+			cm.relayUsedLock.RUnlock()
 			// The relay doesn't exist at all; create some relay state and send the request.
 			var err error
-			index, err = AddRelay(n.l, newhostinfo, n.hostMap, r.PeerAddr, nil, r.Type, Requested)
+			index, err = AddRelay(cm.l, newhostinfo, cm.hostMap, r.PeerAddr, nil, r.Type, Requested)
 			if err != nil {
-				n.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo")
+				cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to migrate relay to new hostinfo")
 				continue
 			}
 			switch r.Type {
 			case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
+				relayFrom = cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]
 				relayTo = r.PeerAddr
 			case ForwardingType:
 				relayFrom = r.PeerAddr
 				relayTo = newhostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]
 			default:
 				// should never happen
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("Migrating unknown relay type: %v", r.Type))
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -279,12 +281,12 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 		switch newhostinfo.GetCert().Certificate.Version() {
 		case cert.Version1:
 			if !relayFrom.Is4() {
-				n.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
 				continue
 			}
 
 			if !relayTo.Is4() {
-				n.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
+				cm.l.Error("can not migrate v1 relay with a v6 remote network because the relay is not running a current nebula version")
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -296,16 +298,16 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 			req.RelayFromAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayFrom)
 			req.RelayToAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(relayTo)
 		default:
-			newhostinfo.logger(n.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while attempting to migrate relay")
+			newhostinfo.logger(cm.l).Error("Unknown certificate version found while attempting to migrate relay")
 			continue
 		}
 
 		msg, err := req.Marshal()
 		if err != nil {
-			n.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay")
+			cm.l.WithError(err).Error("failed to marshal Control message to migrate relay")
 		} else {
-			n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, newhostinfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
-			n.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+			cm.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, newhostinfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			cm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
 				"relayFrom":           req.RelayFromAddr,
 				"relayTo":             req.RelayToAddr,
 				"initiatorRelayIndex": req.InitiatorRelayIndex,
@@ -316,46 +318,44 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 	}
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
-	n.hostMap.RLock()
-	defer n.hostMap.RUnlock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
+	// Read lock the main hostmap to order decisions based on tunnels being the primary tunnel
+	cm.hostMap.RLock()
+	defer cm.hostMap.RUnlock()
 
-	hostinfo := n.hostMap.Indexes[localIndex]
+	hostinfo := cm.hostMap.Indexes[localIndex]
 	if hostinfo == nil {
-		n.l.WithField("localIndex", localIndex).Debugf("Not found in hostmap")
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, localIndex)
+		cm.l.WithField("localIndex", localIndex).Debugln("Not found in hostmap")
 		return doNothing, nil, nil
 	}
 
-	if n.isInvalidCertificate(now, hostinfo) {
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	if cm.isInvalidCertificate(now, hostinfo) {
 		return closeTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}
 
-	primary := n.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
+	primary := cm.hostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
 	mainHostInfo := true
 	if primary != nil && primary != hostinfo {
 		mainHostInfo = false
 	}
 
 	// Check for traffic on this hostinfo
-	inTraffic, outTraffic := n.getAndResetTrafficCheck(localIndex)
+	inTraffic, outTraffic := cm.getAndResetTrafficCheck(hostinfo, now)
 
 	// A hostinfo is determined alive if there is incoming traffic
 	if inTraffic {
 		decision := doNothing
-		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(n.l).
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
 				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "alive", "method": "passive"}).
 				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+		hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Store(false)
 
 		if mainHostInfo {
 			decision = tryRehandshake
-
 		} else {
-			if n.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo, primary) {
+			if cm.shouldSwapPrimary(hostinfo) {
 				decision = swapPrimary
 			} else {
 				// migrate the relays to the primary, if in use.
@@ -363,46 +363,55 @@ func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time
 			}
 		}
 
-		n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.checkInterval)
+		cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
 
 		if !outTraffic {
 			// Send a punch packet to keep the NAT state alive
-			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 		}
 
 		return decision, hostinfo, primary
 	}
 
-	if _, ok := n.pendingDeletion[hostinfo.localIndexId]; ok {
+	if hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load() {
 		// We have already sent a test packet and nothing was returned, this hostinfo is dead
-		hostinfo.logger(n.l).
+		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
 			WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "dead", "method": "active"}).
 			Info("Tunnel status")
 
-		delete(n.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 		return deleteTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}
 
 	decision := doNothing
 	if hostinfo != nil && hostinfo.ConnectionState != nil && mainHostInfo {
 		if !outTraffic {
-			// If we aren't sending or receiving traffic then its an unused tunnel and we don't to test the tunnel.
-			// Just maintain NAT state if configured to do so.
-			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
-			n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.checkInterval)
-			return doNothing, nil, nil
+			inactiveFor, isInactive := cm.isInactive(hostinfo, now)
+			if isInactive {
+				// Tunnel is inactive, tear it down
+				hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
+					WithField("inactiveDuration", inactiveFor).
+					WithField("primary", mainHostInfo).
+					Info("Dropping tunnel due to inactivity")
 
+				return closeTunnel, hostinfo, primary
 			}
 
-		if n.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+			// If we aren't sending or receiving traffic then its an unused tunnel and we don't to test the tunnel.
+			// Just maintain NAT state if configured to do so.
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.checkInterval)
+			return doNothing, nil, nil
+		}
+
+		if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
 			// This is similar to the old punchy behavior with a slight optimization.
 			// We aren't receiving traffic but we are sending it, punch on all known
 			// ips in case we need to re-prime NAT state
-			n.sendPunch(hostinfo)
+			cm.sendPunch(hostinfo)
 		}
 
-		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(n.l).
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).
 				WithField("tunnelCheck", m{"state": "testing", "method": "active"}).
 				Debug("Tunnel status")
 		}
@@ -411,17 +420,33 @@ func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time
 		decision = sendTestPacket
 
 	} else {
-		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			hostinfo.logger(n.l).Debugf("Hostinfo sadness")
+		if cm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(cm.l).Debugf("Hostinfo sadness")
 		}
 	}
 
-	n.pendingDeletion[hostinfo.localIndexId] = struct{}{}
-	n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.pendingDeletionInterval)
+	hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Store(true)
+	cm.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, cm.pendingDeletionInterval)
 	return decision, hostinfo, nil
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
+func (cm *connectionManager) isInactive(hostinfo *HostInfo, now time.Time) (time.Duration, bool) {
+	if cm.dropInactive.Load() == false {
+		// We aren't configured to drop inactive tunnels
+		return 0, false
+	}
+
+	inactiveDuration := now.Sub(hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	if inactiveDuration < cm.getInactivityTimeout() {
+		// It's not considered inactive
+		return inactiveDuration, false
+	}
+
+	// The tunnel is inactive
+	return inactiveDuration, true
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current *HostInfo) bool {
 	// The primary tunnel is the most recent handshake to complete locally and should work entirely fine.
 	// If we are here then we have multiple tunnels for a host pair and neither side believes the same tunnel is primary.
 	// Let's sort this out.
@@ -429,83 +454,127 @@ func (n *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
 	// Only one side should swap because if both swap then we may never resolve to a single tunnel.
 	// vpn addr is static across all tunnels for this host pair so lets
 	// use that to determine if we should consider swapping.
-	if current.vpnAddrs[0].Compare(n.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]) < 0 {
+	if current.vpnAddrs[0].Compare(cm.intf.myVpnAddrs[0]) < 0 {
 		// Their primary vpn addr is less than mine. Do not swap.
 		return false
 	}
 
-	crt := n.intf.pki.getCertState().getCertificate(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Version())
+	crt := cm.intf.pki.getCertState().getCertificate(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Version())
+	if crt == nil {
+		//my cert was reloaded away. We should definitely swap from this tunnel
+		return true
+	}
 	// If this tunnel is using the latest certificate then we should swap it to primary for a bit and see if things
 	// settle down.
 	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature(), crt.Signature())
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
-	n.hostMap.Lock()
+func (cm *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
+	cm.hostMap.Lock()
 	// Make sure the primary is still the same after the write lock. This avoids a race with a rehandshake.
-	if n.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnAddrs[0]] == primary {
-		n.hostMap.unlockedMakePrimary(current)
+	if cm.hostMap.Hosts[current.vpnAddrs[0]] == primary {
+		cm.hostMap.unlockedMakePrimary(current)
 	}
-	n.hostMap.Unlock()
+	cm.hostMap.Unlock()
 }
 
-// isInvalidCertificate will check if we should destroy a tunnel if pki.disconnect_invalid is true and
-// the certificate is no longer valid. Block listed certificates will skip the pki.disconnect_invalid
-// check and return true.
-func (n *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
+// isInvalidCertificate decides if we should destroy a tunnel.
+// returns true if pki.disconnect_invalid is true and the certificate is no longer valid.
+// Blocklisted certificates will skip the pki.disconnect_invalid check and return true.
+func (cm *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
 	remoteCert := hostinfo.GetCert()
 	if remoteCert == nil {
-		return false
+		return false //don't tear down tunnels for handshakes in progress
 	}
 
-	caPool := n.intf.pki.GetCAPool()
+	caPool := cm.intf.pki.GetCAPool()
 	err := caPool.VerifyCachedCertificate(now, remoteCert)
 	if err == nil {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	if !n.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
+		return false //cert is still valid! yay!
+	} else if err == cert.ErrBlockListed { //avoiding errors.Is for speed
 		// Block listed certificates should always be disconnected
-		return false
-	}
-
-	hostinfo.logger(n.l).WithError(err).
+		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).WithError(err).
+			WithField("fingerprint", remoteCert.Fingerprint).
+			Info("Remote certificate is blocked, tearing down the tunnel")
+		return true
+	} else if cm.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() {
+		hostinfo.logger(cm.l).WithError(err).
 			WithField("fingerprint", remoteCert.Fingerprint).
 			Info("Remote certificate is no longer valid, tearing down the tunnel")
-
 		return true
+	} else {
+		//if we reach here, the cert is no longer valid, but we're configured to keep tunnels from now-invalid certs open
+		return false
+	}
 }
 
-func (n *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	if !n.punchy.GetPunch() {
+func (cm *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	if !cm.punchy.GetPunch() {
 		// Punching is disabled
 		return
 	}
 
-	if n.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
-		hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(n.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges(), func(addr netip.AddrPort, preferred bool) {
-			n.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
-			n.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, addr)
-		})
-
-	} else if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() {
-		n.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
-		n.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, hostinfo.remote)
-	}
-}
-
-func (n *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	cs := n.intf.pki.getCertState()
-	curCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert
-	myCrt := cs.getCertificate(curCrt.Version())
-	if curCrt.Version() >= cs.initiatingVersion && bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) == true {
-		// The current tunnel is using the latest certificate and version, no need to rehandshake.
+	if cm.intf.lightHouse.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(hostinfo.vpnAddrs) {
+		// Do not punch to lighthouses, we assume our lighthouse update interval is good enough.
+		// In the event the update interval is not sufficient to maintain NAT state then a publicly available lighthouse
+		// would lose the ability to notify us and punchy.respond would become unreliable.
 		return
 	}
 
-	n.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
+	if cm.punchy.GetTargetEverything() {
+		hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(cm.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges(), func(addr netip.AddrPort, preferred bool) {
+			cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+			cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, addr)
+		})
+
+	} else if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() {
+		cm.metricsTxPunchy.Inc(1)
+		cm.intf.outside.WriteTo([]byte{1}, hostinfo.remote)
+	}
+}
+
+func (cm *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	cs := cm.intf.pki.getCertState()
+	curCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert
+	curCrtVersion := curCrt.Version()
+	myCrt := cs.getCertificate(curCrtVersion)
+	if myCrt == nil {
+		cm.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
+			WithField("version", curCrtVersion).
+			WithField("reason", "local certificate removed").
+			Info("Re-handshaking with remote")
+		cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
+		return
+	}
+	peerCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.peerCert
+	if peerCrt != nil && curCrtVersion < peerCrt.Certificate.Version() {
+		// if our certificate version is less than theirs, and we have a matching version available, rehandshake?
+		if cs.getCertificate(peerCrt.Certificate.Version()) != nil {
+			cm.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
+				WithField("version", curCrtVersion).
+				WithField("peerVersion", peerCrt.Certificate.Version()).
+				WithField("reason", "local certificate version lower than peer, attempting to correct").
+				Info("Re-handshaking with remote")
+			cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
+				hh.initiatingVersionOverride = peerCrt.Certificate.Version()
+			})
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) {
+		cm.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
 			WithField("reason", "local certificate is not current").
 			Info("Re-handshaking with remote")
 
-	n.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
+		cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
+		return
+	}
+	if curCrtVersion < cs.initiatingVersion {
+		cm.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
+			WithField("reason", "current cert version < pki.initiatingVersion").
+			Info("Re-handshaking with remote")
+
+		cm.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], nil)
+		return
+	}
 }

connection_manager_test.go

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package nebula
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"crypto/ed25519"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"net/netip"
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 		addrMap:   map[netip.Addr]*RemoteList{},
 		queryChan: make(chan netip.Addr, 10),
 	}
-	lighthouses := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
+	lighthouses := []netip.Addr{}
 	staticList := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
 
 	lh.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
@@ -64,10 +63,10 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
 
 	// Create manager
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
-	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	nc.intf = ifce
 	p := []byte("")
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)
@@ -85,32 +84,33 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
 
 	// We saw traffic out to vpnIp
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 
 	// Do a traffic check tick, should not be pending deletion but should not have any in/out packets recorded
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 
 	// Do another traffic check tick, this host should be pending deletion now
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 
 	// Do a final traffic check tick, the host should now be removed
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs)
 	assert.NotContains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 }
 
@@ -146,10 +146,10 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
 
 	// Create manager
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
-	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	nc.intf = ifce
 	p := []byte("")
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 	out := make([]byte, mtu)
@@ -167,33 +167,129 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
 
 	// We saw traffic out to vpnIp
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 
 	// Do a traffic check tick, should not be pending deletion but should not have any in/out packets recorded
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 
 	// Do another traffic check tick, this host should be pending deletion now
-	nc.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.Contains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 
 	// We saw traffic, should no longer be pending deletion
-	nc.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
 	nc.doTrafficCheck(hostinfo.localIndexId, p, nb, out, time.Now())
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.pendingDeletion, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.out, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotContains(t, nc.in, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+}
+
+func Test_NewConnectionManager_DisconnectInactive(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	localrange := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.1.1.1/24")
+	vpnAddrs := []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("172.1.1.2")}
+	preferredRanges := []netip.Prefix{localrange}
+
+	// Very incomplete mock objects
+	hostMap := newHostMap(l)
+	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)
+
+	cs := &CertState{
+		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
+		privateKey:        []byte{},
+		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
+	}
+
+	lh := newTestLighthouse()
+	ifce := &Interface{
+		hostMap:          hostMap,
+		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
+		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
+		firewall:         &Firewall{},
+		lightHouse:       lh,
+		pki:              &PKI{},
+		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, hostMap, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
+		l:                l,
+	}
+	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
+
+	// Create manager
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	conf.Settings["tunnels"] = map[string]any{
+		"drop_inactive": true,
+	}
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	assert.True(t, nc.dropInactive.Load())
+	nc.intf = ifce
+
+	// Add an ip we have established a connection w/ to hostmap
+	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
+		vpnAddrs:      vpnAddrs,
+		localIndexId:  1099,
+		remoteIndexId: 9901,
+	}
+	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
+		myCert: &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
+	}
+	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)
+
+	// Do a traffic check tick, in and out should be cleared but should not be pending deletion
+	nc.Out(hostinfo)
+	nc.In(hostinfo)
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.True(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+
+	now := time.Now()
+	decision, _, _ := nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now)
+	assert.Equal(t, tryRehandshake, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+
+	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Second*5))
+	assert.Equal(t, doNothing, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+
+	// Do another traffic check tick, should still not be pending deletion
+	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Second*10))
+	assert.Equal(t, doNothing, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+
+	// Finally advance beyond the inactivity timeout
+	decision, _, _ = nc.makeTrafficDecision(hostinfo.localIndexId, now.Add(time.Minute*10))
+	assert.Equal(t, closeTunnel, decision)
+	assert.Equal(t, now, hostinfo.lastUsed)
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.pendingDeletion.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.out.Load())
+	assert.False(t, hostinfo.in.Load())
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
 	assert.Contains(t, nc.hostMap.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
 }
@@ -264,10 +360,10 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	ifce.disconnectInvalid.Store(true)
 
 	// Create manager
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
-	defer cancel()
-	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
-	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
+	conf := config.NewC(l)
+	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, conf)
+	nc := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, conf, hostMap, punchy)
+	nc.intf = ifce
 	ifce.connectionManager = nc
 
 	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
@@ -350,6 +446,10 @@ func (d *dummyCert) PublicKey() []byte {
 	return d.publicKey
 }
 
+func (d *dummyCert) MarshalPublicKeyPEM() []byte {
+	return cert.MarshalPublicKeyToPEM(d.curve, d.publicKey)
+}
+
 func (d *dummyCert) Signature() []byte {
 	return d.signature
 }

connection_state.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/noiseutil"
 )
 
-const ReplayWindow = 1024
+const ReplayWindow = 4096
 
 type ConnectionState struct {
 	eKey           *NebulaCipherState

control.go

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ type Control struct {
 	statsStart             func()
 	dnsStart               func()
 	lighthouseStart        func()
+	connectionManagerStart func(context.Context)
 }
 
 type ControlHostInfo struct {
@@ -63,6 +64,9 @@ func (c *Control) Start() {
 	if c.dnsStart != nil {
 		go c.dnsStart()
 	}
+	if c.connectionManagerStart != nil {
+		go c.connectionManagerStart(c.ctx)
+	}
 	if c.lighthouseStart != nil {
 		c.lighthouseStart()
 	}
@@ -131,8 +135,7 @@ func (c *Control) ListHostmapIndexes(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {
 
 // GetCertByVpnIp returns the authenticated certificate of the given vpn IP, or nil if not found
 func (c *Control) GetCertByVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr) cert.Certificate {
-	_, found := c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(vpnIp)
-	if found {
+	if c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(vpnIp) {
 		// Only returning the default certificate since its impossible
 		// for any other host but ourselves to have more than 1
 		return c.f.pki.getCertState().GetDefaultCertificate().Copy()

control_test.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		localIndexId:  201,
 		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp},
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
+			relays:         nil,
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		localIndexId:  201,
 		vpnAddrs:      []netip.Addr{vpnIp2},
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
+			relays:         nil,
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},

control_tester.go

@@ -174,6 +174,10 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostmap() *HostMap {
 	return c.f.hostMap
 }
 
+func (c *Control) GetF() *Interface {
+	return c.f
+}
+
 func (c *Control) GetCertState() *CertState {
 	return c.f.pki.getCertState()
 }

dns_server.go

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ type dnsRecords struct {
 	dnsMap4         map[string]netip.Addr
 	dnsMap6         map[string]netip.Addr
 	hostMap         *HostMap
-	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Lite
 }
 
 func newDnsRecords(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, hostMap *HostMap) *dnsRecords {
@@ -112,8 +112,8 @@ func (d *dnsRecords) isSelfNebulaOrLocalhost(addr string) bool {
 		return true
 	}
 
-	_, found := d.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(b)
-	return found //if we found it in this table, it's good
+	//if we found it in this table, it's good
+	return d.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(b)
 }
 
 func (d *dnsRecords) parseQuery(m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {

e2e/handshakes_test.go

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
 )
 
 func BenchmarkHotPath(b *testing.B) {
@@ -97,6 +97,41 @@ func TestGoodHandshake(t *testing.T) {
 	theirControl.Stop()
 }
 
+func TestGoodHandshakeNoOverlap(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", nil)
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them", "2001::69/24", nil) //look ma, cross-stack!
+
+	// Put their info in our lighthouse
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	empty := []byte{}
+	t.Log("do something to cause a handshake")
+	myControl.GetF().SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.MessageNone, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), empty, empty, empty)
+
+	t.Log("Have them consume my stage 0 packet. They have a tunnel now")
+	theirControl.InjectUDPPacket(myControl.GetFromUDP(true))
+
+	t.Log("Get their stage 1 packet")
+	stage1Packet := theirControl.GetFromUDP(true)
+
+	t.Log("Have me consume their stage 1 packet. I have a tunnel now")
+	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(stage1Packet)
+
+	t.Log("Wait until we see a test packet come through to make sure we give the tunnel time to complete")
+	myControl.WaitForType(header.Test, 0, theirControl)
+
+	t.Log("Make sure our host infos are correct")
+	assertHostInfoPair(t, myUdpAddr, theirUdpAddr, myVpnIpNet, theirVpnIpNet, myControl, theirControl)
+
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}
+
 func TestWrongResponderHandshake(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
 
@@ -464,6 +499,35 @@ func TestRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
 }
 
+func TestRelaysDontCareAboutIps(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me     ", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "relay  ", "2001::9999/24", m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them   ", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+
+	// Teach my how to get to the relay and that their can be reached via the relay
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
+	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), []netip.Addr{relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr()})
+	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+
+	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	relayControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	t.Log("Trigger a handshake from me to them via the relay")
+	myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me"))
+
+	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel works")
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from me"), p, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
+	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+}
+
 func TestReestablishRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me     ", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
@@ -506,7 +570,7 @@ func TestReestablishRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	curIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
 	for curIndexes >= start {
 		curIndexes = len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		r.Logf("Wait for the dead index to go away:start=%v indexes, currnet=%v indexes", start, curIndexes)
+		r.Logf("Wait for the dead index to go away:start=%v indexes, current=%v indexes", start, curIndexes)
 		myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me should fail"))
 
 		r.RouteForAllExitFunc(func(p *udp.Packet, c *nebula.Control) router.ExitType {
@@ -1052,6 +1116,9 @@ func TestRehandshakingLoser(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Log("Stand up a tunnel between me and them")
 	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
 
+	myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+	theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+
 	r.RenderHostmaps("Starting hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
 
 	r.Log("Renew their certificate and spin until mine sees it")
@@ -1224,3 +1291,109 @@ func TestV2NonPrimaryWithLighthouse(t *testing.T) {
 	myControl.Stop()
 	theirControl.Stop()
 }
+
+func TestV2NonPrimaryWithOffNetLighthouse(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	lhControl, lhVpnIpNet, lhUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "lh  ", "2001::1/64", m{"lighthouse": m{"am_lighthouse": true}})
+
+	o := m{
+		"static_host_map": m{
+			lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String(): []string{lhUdpAddr.String()},
+		},
+		"lighthouse": m{
+			"hosts": []string{lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String()},
+			"local_allow_list": m{
+				// Try and block our lighthouse updates from using the actual addresses assigned to this computer
+				// If we start discovering addresses the test router doesn't know about then test traffic cant flow
+				"10.0.0.0/24": true,
+				"::/0":        false,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me  ", "10.128.0.2/24, ff::2/64", o)
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.3/24, ff::3/64", o)
+
+	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
+	r := router.NewR(t, lhControl, myControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	// Start the servers
+	lhControl.Start()
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	t.Log("Stand up an ipv6 tunnel between me and them")
+	assert.True(t, myVpnIpNet[1].Addr().Is6())
+	assert.True(t, theirVpnIpNet[1].Addr().Is6())
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[1].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[1].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+
+	lhControl.Stop()
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}
+
+func TestGoodHandshakeUnsafeDest(t *testing.T) {
+	unsafePrefix := "192.168.6.0/24"
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServerWithUdpAndUnsafeNetworks(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "spooky", "10.128.0.2/24", netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.64.0.2:4242"), unsafePrefix, nil)
+	route := m{"route": unsafePrefix, "via": theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String()}
+	myCfg := m{
+		"tun": m{
+			"unsafe_routes": []m{route},
+		},
+	}
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, myConfig := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", myCfg)
+	t.Logf("my config %v", myConfig)
+	// Put their info in our lighthouse
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+
+	spookyDest := netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.6.4")
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	t.Log("Send a udp packet through to begin standing up the tunnel, this should come out the other side")
+	myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(spookyDest, 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me"))
+
+	t.Log("Have them consume my stage 0 packet. They have a tunnel now")
+	theirControl.InjectUDPPacket(myControl.GetFromUDP(true))
+
+	t.Log("Get their stage 1 packet so that we can play with it")
+	stage1Packet := theirControl.GetFromUDP(true)
+
+	t.Log("I consume a garbage packet with a proper nebula header for our tunnel")
+	// this should log a statement and get ignored, allowing the real handshake packet to complete the tunnel
+	badPacket := stage1Packet.Copy()
+	badPacket.Data = badPacket.Data[:len(badPacket.Data)-header.Len]
+	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(badPacket)
+
+	t.Log("Have me consume their real stage 1 packet. I have a tunnel now")
+	myControl.InjectUDPPacket(stage1Packet)
+
+	t.Log("Wait until we see my cached packet come through")
+	myControl.WaitForType(1, 0, theirControl)
+
+	t.Log("Make sure our host infos are correct")
+	assertHostInfoPair(t, myUdpAddr, theirUdpAddr, myVpnIpNet, theirVpnIpNet, myControl, theirControl)
+
+	t.Log("Get that cached packet and make sure it looks right")
+	myCachedPacket := theirControl.GetFromTun(true)
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from me"), myCachedPacket, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), spookyDest, 80, 80)
+
+	//reply
+	theirControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, spookyDest, 80, []byte("Hi from the spookyman"))
+	//wait for reply
+	theirControl.WaitForType(1, 0, myControl)
+	theirCachedPacket := myControl.GetFromTun(true)
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from the spookyman"), theirCachedPacket, spookyDest, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
+
+	t.Log("Do a bidirectional tunnel test")
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+
+	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}

e2e/helpers_test.go

@@ -22,15 +22,14 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
 )
 
 type m = map[string]any
 
 // newSimpleServer creates a nebula instance with many assumptions
 func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
-	l := NewTestLogger()
-
 	var vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	for _, sn := range strings.Split(sVpnNetworks, ",") {
 		vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
@@ -56,7 +55,54 @@ func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name
 		budpIp[3] = 239
 		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(budpIp), 4242)
 	}
-	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := cert_test.NewTestCert(v, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnNetworks, nil, []string{})
+	return newSimpleServerWithUdp(v, caCrt, caKey, name, sVpnNetworks, udpAddr, overrides)
+}
+
+func newSimpleServerWithUdp(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, udpAddr netip.AddrPort, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
+	return newSimpleServerWithUdpAndUnsafeNetworks(v, caCrt, caKey, name, sVpnNetworks, udpAddr, "", overrides)
+}
+
+func newSimpleServerWithUdpAndUnsafeNetworks(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, udpAddr netip.AddrPort, sUnsafeNetworks string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
+	l := NewTestLogger()
+
+	var vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	for _, sn := range strings.Split(sVpnNetworks, ",") {
+		vpnIpNet, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		vpnNetworks = append(vpnNetworks, vpnIpNet)
+	}
+
+	if len(vpnNetworks) == 0 {
+		panic("no vpn networks")
+	}
+
+	firewallInbound := []m{{
+		"proto": "any",
+		"port":  "any",
+		"host":  "any",
+	}}
+
+	var unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix
+	if sUnsafeNetworks != "" {
+		firewallInbound = []m{{
+			"proto":      "any",
+			"port":       "any",
+			"host":       "any",
+			"local_cidr": "0.0.0.0/0",
+		}}
+
+		for _, sn := range strings.Split(sUnsafeNetworks, ",") {
+			x, err := netip.ParsePrefix(strings.TrimSpace(sn))
+			if err != nil {
+				panic(err)
+			}
+			unsafeNetworks = append(unsafeNetworks, x)
+		}
+	}
+
+	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := cert_test.NewTestCert(v, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnNetworks, unsafeNetworks, []string{})
 
 	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalPEM()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -76,11 +122,7 @@ func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name
 				"port":  "any",
 				"host":  "any",
 			}},
-			"inbound": []m{{
-				"proto": "any",
-				"port":  "any",
-				"host":  "any",
-			}},
+			"inbound": firewallInbound,
 		},
 		//"handshakes": m{
 		//	"try_interval": "1s",
@@ -129,6 +171,109 @@ func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name
 	return control, vpnNetworks, udpAddr, c
 }
 
+// newServer creates a nebula instance with fewer assumptions
+func newServer(caCrt []cert.Certificate, certs []cert.Certificate, key []byte, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
+	l := NewTestLogger()
+
+	vpnNetworks := certs[len(certs)-1].Networks()
+
+	var udpAddr netip.AddrPort
+	if vpnNetworks[0].Addr().Is4() {
+		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As4()
+		budpIp[1] -= 128
+		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(budpIp), 4242)
+	} else {
+		budpIp := vpnNetworks[0].Addr().As16()
+		// beef for funsies
+		budpIp[2] = 190
+		budpIp[3] = 239
+		udpAddr = netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(budpIp), 4242)
+	}
+
+	caStr := ""
+	for _, ca := range caCrt {
+		x, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		caStr += string(x)
+	}
+	certStr := ""
+	for _, c := range certs {
+		x, err := c.MarshalPEM()
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		certStr += string(x)
+	}
+
+	mc := m{
+		"pki": m{
+			"ca":   caStr,
+			"cert": certStr,
+			"key":  string(key),
+		},
+		//"tun": m{"disabled": true},
+		"firewall": m{
+			"outbound": []m{{
+				"proto": "any",
+				"port":  "any",
+				"host":  "any",
+			}},
+			"inbound": []m{{
+				"proto": "any",
+				"port":  "any",
+				"host":  "any",
+			}},
+		},
+		//"handshakes": m{
+		//	"try_interval": "1s",
+		//},
+		"listen": m{
+			"host": udpAddr.Addr().String(),
+			"port": udpAddr.Port(),
+		},
+		"logging": m{
+			"timestamp_format": fmt.Sprintf("%v 15:04:05.000000", certs[0].Name()),
+			"level":            l.Level.String(),
+		},
+		"timers": m{
+			"pending_deletion_interval": 2,
+			"connection_alive_interval": 2,
+		},
+	}
+
+	if overrides != nil {
+		final := m{}
+		err := mergo.Merge(&final, overrides, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		err = mergo.Merge(&final, mc, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		mc = final
+	}
+
+	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	cStr := string(cb)
+	c.LoadString(cStr)
+
+	control, err := nebula.Main(c, false, "e2e-test", l, nil)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return control, vpnNetworks, udpAddr, c
+}
+
 type doneCb func()
 
 func deadline(t *testing.T, seconds time.Duration) doneCb {
@@ -163,10 +308,10 @@ func assertHostInfoPair(t *testing.T, addrA, addrB netip.AddrPort, vpnNetsA, vpn
 	// Get both host infos
 	//TODO: CERT-V2 we may want to loop over each vpnAddr and assert all the things
 	hBinA := controlA.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnNetsB[0].Addr(), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, hBinA, "Host B was not found by vpnAddr in controlA")
+	require.NotNil(t, hBinA, "Host B was not found by vpnAddr in controlA")
 
 	hAinB := controlB.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(vpnNetsA[0].Addr(), false)
-	assert.NotNil(t, hAinB, "Host A was not found by vpnAddr in controlB")
+	require.NotNil(t, hAinB, "Host A was not found by vpnAddr in controlB")
 
 	// Check that both vpn and real addr are correct
 	assert.EqualValues(t, getAddrs(vpnNetsB), hBinA.VpnAddrs, "Host B VpnIp is wrong in control A")

e2e/router/router.go

@@ -700,6 +700,7 @@ func (r *R) FlushAll() {
 			r.Unlock()
 			panic("Can't FlushAll for host: " + p.To.String())
 		}
+		receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
 		r.Unlock()
 	}
 }

e2e/tunnels_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+//go:build e2e_testing
+// +build e2e_testing
+
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+)
+
+func TestDropInactiveTunnels(t *testing.T) {
+	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
+	// under ideal conditions
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "5s"}})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"tunnels": m{"drop_inactive": true, "inactivity_timeout": "10m"}})
+
+	// Share our underlay information
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
+
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+
+	r.Log("Go inactive and wait for the tunnels to get dropped")
+	waitStart := time.Now()
+	for {
+		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		if myIndexes == 0 && theirIndexes == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		since := time.Since(waitStart)
+		r.Logf("my tunnels: %v; their tunnels: %v; duration: %v", myIndexes, theirIndexes, since)
+		if since > time.Second*30 {
+			t.Fatal("Tunnel should have been declared inactive after 5 seconds and before 30 seconds")
+		}
+
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+		r.FlushAll()
+	}
+
+	r.Logf("Inactive tunnels were dropped within %v", time.Since(waitStart))
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}
+
+func TestCertUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
+	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
+	// under ideal conditions
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	caB, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+
+	ca2B, err := ca2.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	caStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s", caB, ca2B)
+
+	myCert, _, myPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")}, nil, []string{})
+	_, myCert2Pem := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(myCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
+
+	theirCert, _, theirPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.2/24")}, nil, []string{})
+	theirCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(theirCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
+
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, myC := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{myCert}, myPrivKey, m{})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{theirCert, theirCert2}, theirPrivKey, m{})
+
+	// Share our underlay information
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+	r.Log("yay")
+	//todo ???
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+	r.FlushAll()
+
+	mc := m{
+		"pki": m{
+			"ca":   caStr,
+			"cert": string(myCert2Pem),
+			"key":  string(myPrivKey),
+		},
+		//"tun": m{"disabled": true},
+		"firewall": myC.Settings["firewall"],
+		//"handshakes": m{
+		//	"try_interval": "1s",
+		//},
+		"listen":  myC.Settings["listen"],
+		"logging": myC.Settings["logging"],
+		"timers":  myC.Settings["timers"],
+	}
+
+	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	r.Logf("reload new v2-only config")
+	err = myC.ReloadConfigString(string(cb))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	r.Log("yay, spin until their sees it")
+	waitStart := time.Now()
+	for {
+		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+		c := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+		if c == nil {
+			r.Log("nil")
+		} else {
+			version := c.Cert.Version()
+			r.Logf("version %d", version)
+			if version == cert.Version2 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		since := time.Since(waitStart)
+		if since > time.Second*10 {
+			t.Fatal("Cert should be new by now")
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
+
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}
+
+func TestCertDowngrade(t *testing.T) {
+	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
+	// under ideal conditions
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	caB, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+
+	ca2B, err := ca2.MarshalPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	caStr := fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%s", caB, ca2B)
+
+	myCert, _, myPrivKey, myCertPem := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")}, nil, []string{})
+	myCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(myCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
+
+	theirCert, _, theirPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.2/24")}, nil, []string{})
+	theirCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(theirCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
+
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, myC := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{myCert2}, myPrivKey, m{})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{theirCert, theirCert2}, theirPrivKey, m{})
+
+	// Share our underlay information
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
+	//assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
+	//r.Log("yay")
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+	r.Log("yay")
+	//todo ???
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+	r.FlushAll()
+
+	mc := m{
+		"pki": m{
+			"ca":   caStr,
+			"cert": string(myCertPem),
+			"key":  string(myPrivKey),
+		},
+		"firewall": myC.Settings["firewall"],
+		"listen":   myC.Settings["listen"],
+		"logging":  myC.Settings["logging"],
+		"timers":   myC.Settings["timers"],
+	}
+
+	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	r.Logf("reload new v1-only config")
+	err = myC.ReloadConfigString(string(cb))
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	r.Log("yay, spin until their sees it")
+	waitStart := time.Now()
+	for {
+		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+		c := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+		c2 := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+		if c == nil || c2 == nil {
+			r.Log("nil")
+		} else {
+			version := c.Cert.Version()
+			theirVersion := c2.Cert.Version()
+			r.Logf("version %d,%d", version, theirVersion)
+			if version == cert.Version1 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		since := time.Since(waitStart)
+		if since > time.Second*5 {
+			r.Log("it is unusual that the cert is not new yet, but not a failure yet")
+		}
+		if since > time.Second*10 {
+			r.Log("wtf")
+			t.Fatal("Cert should be new by now")
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
+
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}
+
+func TestCertMismatchCorrection(t *testing.T) {
+	// The goal of this test is to ensure the shortest inactivity timeout will close the tunnel on both sides
+	// under ideal conditions
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+
+	myCert, _, myPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")}, nil, []string{})
+	myCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(myCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
+
+	theirCert, _, theirPrivKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.2/24")}, nil, []string{})
+	theirCert2, _ := cert_test.NewTestCertDifferentVersion(theirCert, cert.Version2, ca2, caKey2)
+
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{myCert2}, myPrivKey, m{})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newServer([]cert.Certificate{ca, ca2}, []cert.Certificate{theirCert, theirCert2}, theirPrivKey, m{})
+
+	// Share our underlay information
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel between me and them works")
+	//assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
+	//r.Log("yay")
+	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+	r.Log("yay")
+	//todo ???
+	time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+	r.FlushAll()
+
+	waitStart := time.Now()
+	for {
+		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
+		c := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+		c2 := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+		if c == nil || c2 == nil {
+			r.Log("nil")
+		} else {
+			version := c.Cert.Version()
+			theirVersion := c2.Cert.Version()
+			r.Logf("version %d,%d", version, theirVersion)
+			if version == theirVersion {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		since := time.Since(waitStart)
+		if since > time.Second*5 {
+			r.Log("wtf")
+		}
+		if since > time.Second*10 {
+			r.Log("wtf")
+			t.Fatal("Cert should be new by now")
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)
+
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}
+
+func TestCrossStackRelaysWork(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me     ", "10.128.0.1/24,fc00::1/64", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "relay  ", "10.128.0.128/24,fc00::128/64", m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
+	theirUdp := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.2:4242")
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServerWithUdp(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them   ", "fc00::2/64", theirUdp, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+
+	//myVpnV4 := myVpnIpNet[0]
+	myVpnV6 := myVpnIpNet[1]
+	relayVpnV4 := relayVpnIpNet[0]
+	relayVpnV6 := relayVpnIpNet[1]
+	theirVpnV6 := theirVpnIpNet[0]
+
+	// Teach my how to get to the relay and that their can be reached via the relay
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnV4.Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnV6.Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
+	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnV6.Addr(), []netip.Addr{relayVpnV6.Addr()})
+	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnV6.Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+
+	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	relayControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	t.Log("Trigger a handshake from me to them via the relay")
+	myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me"))
+
+	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel works")
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from me"), p, myVpnV6.Addr(), theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, 80)
+
+	t.Log("reply?")
+	theirControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, theirVpnV6.Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from them"))
+	p = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(myControl)
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from them"), p, theirVpnV6.Addr(), myVpnV6.Addr(), 80, 80)
+
+	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+	//t.Log("finish up")
+	//myControl.Stop()
+	//theirControl.Stop()
+	//relayControl.Stop()
+}

examples/config.yml

@@ -275,6 +275,10 @@ tun:
   # On linux only, set to true to manage unsafe routes directly on the system route table with gateway routes instead of
   # in nebula configuration files. Default false, not reloadable.
   #use_system_route_table: false
+  # Buffer size for reading routes updates. 0 means default system buffer size. (/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default).
+  # If using massive routes updates, for example BGP, you may need to increase this value to avoid packet loss.
+  # SO_RCVBUFFORCE is used to avoid having to raise the system wide max
+  #use_system_route_table_buffer_size: 0
 
 # Configure logging level
 logging:
@@ -334,6 +338,18 @@ logging:
   # after receiving the response for lighthouse queries
   #trigger_buffer: 64
 
+# Tunnel manager settings
+#tunnels:
+  # drop_inactive controls whether inactive tunnels are maintained or dropped after the inactive_timeout period has
+  # elapsed.
+  # In general, it is a good idea to enable this setting. It will be enabled by default in a future release.
+  # This setting is reloadable
+  #drop_inactive: false
+
+  # inactivity_timeout controls how long a tunnel MUST NOT see any inbound or outbound traffic before being considered
+  # inactive and eligible to be dropped.
+  # This setting is reloadable
+  #inactivity_timeout: 10m
 
 # Nebula security group configuration
 firewall:

examples/go_service/main.go

@@ -5,8 +5,12 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"net"
+	"os"
 
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/service"
 )
 
@@ -59,7 +63,16 @@ pki:
 	if err := cfg.LoadString(configStr); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	svc, err := service.New(&cfg)
+
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	logger.Out = os.Stdout
+
+	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(&cfg, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	svc, err := service.New(ctrl)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

firewall.go

@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ type Firewall struct {
 
 	// routableNetworks describes the vpn addresses as well as any unsafe networks issued to us in the certificate.
 	// The vpn addresses are a full bit match while the unsafe networks only match the prefix
-	routableNetworks *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	routableNetworks *bart.Lite
 
 	// assignedNetworks is a list of vpn networks assigned to us in the certificate.
 	assignedNetworks  []netip.Prefix
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ type firewallPort map[int32]*FirewallCA
 
 type firewallLocalCIDR struct {
 	Any       bool
-	LocalCIDR *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	LocalCIDR *bart.Lite
 }
 
 // NewFirewall creates a new Firewall object. A TimerWheel is created for you from the provided timeouts.
@@ -148,17 +148,17 @@ func NewFirewall(l *logrus.Logger, tcpTimeout, UDPTimeout, defaultTimeout time.D
 		tmax = defaultTimeout
 	}
 
-	routableNetworks := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	routableNetworks := new(bart.Lite)
 	var assignedNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	for _, network := range c.Networks() {
 		nprefix := netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen())
-		routableNetworks.Insert(nprefix, struct{}{})
+		routableNetworks.Insert(nprefix)
 		assignedNetworks = append(assignedNetworks, network)
 	}
 
 	hasUnsafeNetworks := false
 	for _, n := range c.UnsafeNetworks() {
-		routableNetworks.Insert(n, struct{}{})
+		routableNetworks.Insert(n)
 		hasUnsafeNetworks = true
 	}
 
@@ -417,36 +417,49 @@ func AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, inbound bool, c *config.C, fw
 	return nil
 }
 
-var ErrInvalidRemoteIP = errors.New("remote IP is not in remote certificate subnets")
-var ErrInvalidLocalIP = errors.New("local IP is not in list of handled local IPs")
+var ErrUnknownNetworkType = errors.New("unknown network type")
+var ErrPeerRejected = errors.New("remote address is not within a network that we handle")
+var ErrInvalidRemoteIP = errors.New("remote address is not in remote certificate networks")
+var ErrInvalidLocalIP = errors.New("local address is not in list of handled local addresses")
 var ErrNoMatchingRule = errors.New("no matching rule in firewall table")
 
 // Drop returns an error if the packet should be dropped, explaining why. It
 // returns nil if the packet should not be dropped.
-func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) error {
+func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, now time.Time) error {
 	// Check if we spoke to this tuple, if we did then allow this packet
-	if f.inConns(fp, h, caPool, localCache) {
+	if f.inConns(fp, h, caPool, localCache, now) {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Make sure remote address matches nebula certificate
-	if h.networks != nil {
-		_, ok := h.networks.Lookup(fp.RemoteAddr)
-		if !ok {
-			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteAddr.Inc(1)
-			return ErrInvalidRemoteIP
-		}
-	} else {
+	// Make sure remote address matches nebula certificate, and determine how to treat it
+	if h.networks == nil {
 		// Simple case: Certificate has one address and no unsafe networks
 		if h.vpnAddrs[0] != fp.RemoteAddr {
 			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteAddr.Inc(1)
 			return ErrInvalidRemoteIP
 		}
+	} else {
+		nwType, ok := h.networks.Lookup(fp.RemoteAddr)
+		if !ok {
+			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteAddr.Inc(1)
+			return ErrInvalidRemoteIP
+		}
+		switch nwType {
+		case NetworkTypeVPN:
+			break // nothing special
+		case NetworkTypeVPNPeer:
+			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteAddr.Inc(1)
+			return ErrPeerRejected // reject for now, one day this may have different FW rules
+		case NetworkTypeUnsafe:
+			break // nothing special, one day this may have different FW rules
+		default:
+			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteAddr.Inc(1)
+			return ErrUnknownNetworkType //should never happen
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Make sure we are supposed to be handling this local ip address
-	_, ok := f.routableNetworks.Lookup(fp.LocalAddr)
-	if !ok {
+	if !f.routableNetworks.Contains(fp.LocalAddr) {
 		f.metrics(incoming).droppedLocalAddr.Inc(1)
 		return ErrInvalidLocalIP
 	}
@@ -463,7 +476,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *
 	}
 
 	// We always want to conntrack since it is a faster operation
-	f.addConn(fp, incoming)
+	f.addConn(fp, incoming, now)
 
 	return nil
 }
@@ -492,7 +505,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) EmitStats() {
 	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("firewall.rules.hash", nil).Update(int64(f.GetRuleHashFNV()))
 }
 
-func (f *Firewall) inConns(fp firewall.Packet, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) bool {
+func (f *Firewall) inConns(fp firewall.Packet, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, now time.Time) bool {
 	if localCache != nil {
 		if _, ok := localCache[fp]; ok {
 			return true
@@ -504,7 +517,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(fp firewall.Packet, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool,
 	// Purge every time we test
 	ep, has := conntrack.TimerWheel.Purge()
 	if has {
-		f.evict(ep)
+		f.evict(ep, now)
 	}
 
 	c, ok := conntrack.Conns[fp]
@@ -551,11 +564,11 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(fp firewall.Packet, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool,
 
 	switch fp.Protocol {
 	case firewall.ProtoTCP:
-		c.Expires = time.Now().Add(f.TCPTimeout)
+		c.Expires = now.Add(f.TCPTimeout)
 	case firewall.ProtoUDP:
-		c.Expires = time.Now().Add(f.UDPTimeout)
+		c.Expires = now.Add(f.UDPTimeout)
 	default:
-		c.Expires = time.Now().Add(f.DefaultTimeout)
+		c.Expires = now.Add(f.DefaultTimeout)
 	}
 
 	conntrack.Unlock()
@@ -567,7 +580,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) inConns(fp firewall.Packet, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.CAPool,
 	return true
 }
 
-func (f *Firewall) addConn(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool) {
+func (f *Firewall) addConn(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, now time.Time) {
 	var timeout time.Duration
 	c := &conn{}
 
@@ -583,7 +596,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) addConn(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool) {
 	conntrack := f.Conntrack
 	conntrack.Lock()
 	if _, ok := conntrack.Conns[fp]; !ok {
-		conntrack.TimerWheel.Advance(time.Now())
+		conntrack.TimerWheel.Advance(now)
 		conntrack.TimerWheel.Add(fp, timeout)
 	}
 
@@ -591,14 +604,14 @@ func (f *Firewall) addConn(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool) {
 	// firewall reload
 	c.incoming = incoming
 	c.rulesVersion = f.rulesVersion
-	c.Expires = time.Now().Add(timeout)
+	c.Expires = now.Add(timeout)
 	conntrack.Conns[fp] = c
 	conntrack.Unlock()
 }
 
 // Evict checks if a conntrack entry has expired, if so it is removed, if not it is re-added to the wheel
 // Caller must own the connMutex lock!
-func (f *Firewall) evict(p firewall.Packet) {
+func (f *Firewall) evict(p firewall.Packet, now time.Time) {
 	// Are we still tracking this conn?
 	conntrack := f.Conntrack
 	t, ok := conntrack.Conns[p]
@@ -606,11 +619,11 @@ func (f *Firewall) evict(p firewall.Packet) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	newT := t.Expires.Sub(time.Now())
+	newT := t.Expires.Sub(now)
 
 	// Timeout is in the future, re-add the timer
 	if newT > 0 {
-		conntrack.TimerWheel.Advance(time.Now())
+		conntrack.TimerWheel.Advance(now)
 		conntrack.TimerWheel.Add(p, newT)
 		return
 	}
@@ -752,7 +765,7 @@ func (fc *FirewallCA) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate, caPool
 func (fr *FirewallRule) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, ip, localCIDR netip.Prefix) error {
 	flc := func() *firewallLocalCIDR {
 		return &firewallLocalCIDR{
-			LocalCIDR: new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
+			LocalCIDR: new(bart.Lite),
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -879,7 +892,7 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
 		}
 
 		for _, network := range f.assignedNetworks {
-			flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(network, struct{}{})
+			flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(network)
 		}
 		return nil
 
@@ -888,7 +901,7 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(localIp, struct{}{})
+	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(localIp)
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -901,8 +914,7 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate
 		return true
 	}
 
-	_, ok := flc.LocalCIDR.Lookup(p.LocalAddr)
-	return ok
+	return flc.LocalCIDR.Contains(p.LocalAddr)
 }
 
 type rule struct {

firewall_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
@@ -68,6 +70,9 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	ti, err := netip.ParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
+	ti6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("fd12::34/128")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoTCP, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	// An empty rule is any
 	assert.True(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Any.Any)
@@ -92,12 +97,24 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	_, ok := fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)
 
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
+	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti6)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti, "", ""))
 	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)
 
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti6, "", ""))
+	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
+	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti6)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-name", ""))
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].CANames, "ca-name")
@@ -117,6 +134,13 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
 
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
+	anyIp6, err := netip.ParsePrefix("::/0")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp6, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)
+
 	// Test error conditions
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, math.MaxUint8, 0, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
@@ -127,7 +151,8 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	l.SetOutput(ob)
-
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.1.1.1/8"))
 	p := firewall.Packet{
 		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"),
 		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"),
@@ -152,7 +177,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4")},
 	}
-	h.buildNetworks(c.networks, c.unsafeNetworks)
+	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, &c)
 
 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
@@ -199,6 +224,85 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }
 
+func TestFirewall_DropV6(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	l.SetOutput(ob)
+
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00::/7"))
+
+	p := firewall.Packet{
+		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		LocalPort:  10,
+		RemotePort: 90,
+		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
+		Fragment:   false,
+	}
+
+	c := dummyCert{
+		name:     "host1",
+		networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120")},
+		groups:   []string{"default-group"},
+		issuer:   "signer-shasum",
+	}
+	h := HostInfo{
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			peerCert: &cert.CachedCertificate{
+				Certificate:    &c,
+				InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"default-group": {}},
+			},
+		},
+		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34")},
+	}
+	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, &c)
+
+	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
+
+	// Drop outbound
+	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	// Allow inbound
+	resetConntrack(fw)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	// Allow outbound because conntrack
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+
+	// test remote mismatch
+	oldRemote := p.RemoteAddr
+	p.RemoteAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::56")
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
+	p.RemoteAddr = oldRemote
+
+	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+
+	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+
+	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
+	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+
+	// test caName doesn't drop on match
+	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
+	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+}
+
 func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 	f := &Firewall{}
 	ft := FirewallTable{
@@ -208,6 +312,10 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 	pfix := netip.MustParsePrefix("172.1.1.1/32")
 	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
 	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix, "", "")
+
+	pfix6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd11::11/128")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 10, 10, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", pfix6, netip.Prefix{}, "", "")
+	_ = ft.TCP.addRule(f, 100, 100, []string{"good-group"}, "good-host", netip.Prefix{}, pfix6, "", "")
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
 
 	b.Run("fail on proto", func(b *testing.B) {
@@ -239,6 +347,15 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: ip.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass proto, port, fail on local CIDRv6", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{},
+		}
+		ip := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: ip.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass proto, port, any local CIDR, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -252,6 +369,18 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 10}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass proto, port, any local CIDRv6, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{
+				name:     "nope",
+				networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")},
+			},
+			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"nope": {}},
+		}
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 10}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass proto, port, specific local CIDR, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -265,6 +394,18 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass proto, port, specific local CIDRv6, fail all group, name, and cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{
+				name:     "nope",
+				networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("fd99::99/128")},
+			},
+			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"nope": {}},
+		}
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.False(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix6.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass on group on any local cidr", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -289,6 +430,17 @@ func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
 			assert.True(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
 		}
 	})
+	b.Run("pass on group on specific local cidr6", func(b *testing.B) {
+		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
+			Certificate: &dummyCert{
+				name: "nope",
+			},
+			InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"good-group": {}},
+		}
+		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
+			assert.True(b, ft.match(firewall.Packet{Protocol: firewall.ProtoTCP, LocalPort: 100, LocalAddr: pfix6.Addr()}, true, c, cp))
+		}
+	})
 
 	b.Run("pass on name", func(b *testing.B) {
 		c := &cert.CachedCertificate{
@@ -307,6 +459,8 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop2(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	l.SetOutput(ob)
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.1.1.1/8"))
 
 	p := firewall.Packet{
 		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"),
@@ -332,7 +486,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop2(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
 	}
-	h.buildNetworks(c.Certificate.Networks(), c.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c.Certificate)
 
 	c1 := cert.CachedCertificate{
 		Certificate: &dummyCert{
@@ -347,7 +501,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop2(t *testing.T) {
 			peerCert: &c1,
 		},
 	}
-	h1.buildNetworks(c1.Certificate.Networks(), c1.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	h1.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c1.Certificate)
 
 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group", "test-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
@@ -364,6 +518,8 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	l.SetOutput(ob)
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.1.1.1/8"))
 
 	p := firewall.Packet{
 		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"),
@@ -395,7 +551,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
 	}
-	h1.buildNetworks(c1.Certificate.Networks(), c1.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	h1.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c1.Certificate)
 
 	c2 := cert.CachedCertificate{
 		Certificate: &dummyCert{
@@ -410,7 +566,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
 	}
-	h2.buildNetworks(c2.Certificate.Networks(), c2.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	h2.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c2.Certificate)
 
 	c3 := cert.CachedCertificate{
 		Certificate: &dummyCert{
@@ -425,7 +581,7 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
 	}
-	h3.buildNetworks(c3.Certificate.Networks(), c3.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	h3.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c3.Certificate)
 
 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "host1", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
@@ -447,10 +603,50 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 }
 
+func TestFirewall_Drop3V6(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	l.SetOutput(ob)
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00::/7"))
+
+	p := firewall.Packet{
+		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("fd12::34"),
+		LocalPort:  1,
+		RemotePort: 1,
+		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
+		Fragment:   false,
+	}
+
+	network := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120")
+	c := cert.CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate: &dummyCert{
+			name:     "host-owner",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{network},
+		},
+	}
+	h := HostInfo{
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			peerCert: &c,
+		},
+		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
+	}
+	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c.Certificate)
+
+	// Test a remote address match
+	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
+	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.MustParsePrefix("fd12::34/120"), netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+}
+
 func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	l.SetOutput(ob)
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("1.1.1.1/8"))
 
 	p := firewall.Packet{
 		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.4"),
@@ -477,7 +673,7 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{network.Addr()},
 	}
-	h.buildNetworks(c.Certificate.Networks(), c.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	h.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c.Certificate)
 
 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
 	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
@@ -510,6 +706,52 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 }
 
+func TestFirewall_DropIPSpoofing(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	l.SetOutput(ob)
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.1/24"))
+
+	c := cert.CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate: &dummyCert{
+			name:     "host-owner",
+			networks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.1/24")},
+		},
+	}
+
+	c1 := cert.CachedCertificate{
+		Certificate: &dummyCert{
+			name:           "host",
+			networks:       []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.0.2.2/24")},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("198.51.100.0/24")},
+		},
+	}
+	h1 := HostInfo{
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			peerCert: &c1,
+		},
+		vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{c1.Certificate.Networks()[0].Addr()},
+	}
+	h1.buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable, c1.Certificate)
+
+	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
+
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
+
+	// Packet spoofed by `c1`. Note that the remote addr is not a valid one.
+	p := firewall.Packet{
+		LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.1"),
+		RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("192.0.2.3"),
+		LocalPort:  1,
+		RemotePort: 1,
+		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
+		Fragment:   false,
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrInvalidRemoteIP)
+}
+
 func BenchmarkLookup(b *testing.B) {
 	ml := func(m map[string]struct{}, a [][]string) {
 		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
@@ -727,6 +969,21 @@ func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr}, mf.lastCall)
 
+	// Test adding rule with cidr ipv6
+	cidr6 := netip.MustParsePrefix("fd00::/8")
+	conf = config.NewC(l)
+	mf = &mockFirewall{}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
+	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr6, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)
+
+	// Test adding rule with local_cidr ipv6
+	conf = config.NewC(l)
+	mf = &mockFirewall{}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": cidr6.String()}}}
+	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr6}, mf.lastCall)
+
 	// Test adding rule with ca_sha
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
@@ -806,6 +1063,171 @@ func TestFirewall_convertRule(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "group1", r.Group)
 }
 
+type testcase struct {
+	h   *HostInfo
+	p   firewall.Packet
+	c   cert.Certificate
+	err error
+}
+
+func (c *testcase) Test(t *testing.T, fw *Firewall) {
+	t.Helper()
+	cp := cert.NewCAPool()
+	resetConntrack(fw)
+	err := fw.Drop(c.p, true, c.h, cp, nil)
+	if c.err == nil {
+		require.NoError(t, err, "failed to not drop remote address %s", c.p.RemoteAddr)
+	} else {
+		require.ErrorIs(t, c.err, err, "failed to drop remote address %s", c.p.RemoteAddr)
+	}
+}
+
+func buildTestCase(setup testsetup, err error, theirPrefixes ...netip.Prefix) testcase {
+	c1 := dummyCert{
+		name:     "host1",
+		networks: theirPrefixes,
+		groups:   []string{"default-group"},
+		issuer:   "signer-shasum",
+	}
+	h := HostInfo{
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			peerCert: &cert.CachedCertificate{
+				Certificate:    &c1,
+				InvertedGroups: map[string]struct{}{"default-group": {}},
+			},
+		},
+		vpnAddrs: make([]netip.Addr, len(theirPrefixes)),
+	}
+	for i := range theirPrefixes {
+		h.vpnAddrs[i] = theirPrefixes[i].Addr()
+	}
+	h.buildNetworks(setup.myVpnNetworksTable, &c1)
+	p := firewall.Packet{
+		LocalAddr:  setup.c.Networks()[0].Addr(), //todo?
+		RemoteAddr: theirPrefixes[0].Addr(),
+		LocalPort:  10,
+		RemotePort: 90,
+		Protocol:   firewall.ProtoUDP,
+		Fragment:   false,
+	}
+	return testcase{
+		h:   &h,
+		p:   p,
+		c:   &c1,
+		err: err,
+	}
+}
+
+type testsetup struct {
+	c                  dummyCert
+	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Lite
+	fw                 *Firewall
+}
+
+func newSetup(t *testing.T, l *logrus.Logger, myPrefixes ...netip.Prefix) testsetup {
+	c := dummyCert{
+		name:     "me",
+		networks: myPrefixes,
+		groups:   []string{"default-group"},
+		issuer:   "signer-shasum",
+	}
+
+	return newSetupFromCert(t, l, c)
+}
+
+func newSetupFromCert(t *testing.T, l *logrus.Logger, c dummyCert) testsetup {
+	myVpnNetworksTable := new(bart.Lite)
+	for _, prefix := range c.Networks() {
+		myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(prefix)
+	}
+	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
+	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+
+	return testsetup{
+		c:                  c,
+		fw:                 fw,
+		myVpnNetworksTable: myVpnNetworksTable,
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFirewall_Drop_EnforceIPMatch(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	ob := &bytes.Buffer{}
+	l.SetOutput(ob)
+
+	myPrefix := netip.MustParsePrefix("1.1.1.1/8")
+	// for now, it's okay that these are all "incoming", the logic this test tries to check doesn't care about in/out
+	t.Run("allow inbound all matching", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		setup := newSetup(t, l, myPrefix)
+		tc := buildTestCase(setup, nil, netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/24"))
+		tc.Test(t, setup.fw)
+	})
+	t.Run("allow inbound local matching", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		setup := newSetup(t, l, myPrefix)
+		tc := buildTestCase(setup, ErrInvalidLocalIP, netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/24"))
+		tc.p.LocalAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("1.2.3.8")
+		tc.Test(t, setup.fw)
+	})
+	t.Run("block inbound remote mismatched", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		setup := newSetup(t, l, myPrefix)
+		tc := buildTestCase(setup, ErrInvalidRemoteIP, netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/24"))
+		tc.p.RemoteAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9")
+		tc.Test(t, setup.fw)
+	})
+	t.Run("Block a vpn peer packet", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		setup := newSetup(t, l, myPrefix)
+		tc := buildTestCase(setup, ErrPeerRejected, netip.MustParsePrefix("2.2.2.2/24"))
+		tc.Test(t, setup.fw)
+	})
+	twoPrefixes := []netip.Prefix{
+		netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/24"), netip.MustParsePrefix("2.2.2.2/24"),
+	}
+	t.Run("allow inbound one matching", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		setup := newSetup(t, l, myPrefix)
+		tc := buildTestCase(setup, nil, twoPrefixes...)
+		tc.Test(t, setup.fw)
+	})
+	t.Run("block inbound multimismatch", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		setup := newSetup(t, l, myPrefix)
+		tc := buildTestCase(setup, ErrInvalidRemoteIP, twoPrefixes...)
+		tc.p.RemoteAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("9.9.9.9")
+		tc.Test(t, setup.fw)
+	})
+	t.Run("allow inbound 2nd one matching", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		setup2 := newSetup(t, l, netip.MustParsePrefix("2.2.2.1/24"))
+		tc := buildTestCase(setup2, nil, twoPrefixes...)
+		tc.p.RemoteAddr = twoPrefixes[1].Addr()
+		tc.Test(t, setup2.fw)
+	})
+	t.Run("allow inbound unsafe route", func(t *testing.T) {
+		t.Parallel()
+		unsafePrefix := netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.0.0/24")
+		c := dummyCert{
+			name:           "me",
+			networks:       []netip.Prefix{myPrefix},
+			unsafeNetworks: []netip.Prefix{unsafePrefix},
+			groups:         []string{"default-group"},
+			issuer:         "signer-shasum",
+		}
+		unsafeSetup := newSetupFromCert(t, l, c)
+		tc := buildTestCase(unsafeSetup, nil, twoPrefixes...)
+		tc.p.LocalAddr = netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.0.3")
+		tc.err = ErrNoMatchingRule
+		tc.Test(t, unsafeSetup.fw) //should hit firewall and bounce off
+		require.NoError(t, unsafeSetup.fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, unsafePrefix, "", ""))
+		tc.err = nil
+		tc.Test(t, unsafeSetup.fw) //should pass
+	})
+}
+
 type addRuleCall struct {
 	incoming  bool
 	proto     uint8

go.mod

@@ -1,39 +1,38 @@
 module github.com/slackhq/nebula
 
-go 1.23.6
-
-toolchain go1.24.1
+go 1.25
 
 require (
-	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2
 	github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be
 	github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0
 	github.com/cyberdelia/go-metrics-graphite v0.0.0-20161219230853-39f87cc3b432
 	github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0
-	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.1
+	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.25.0
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19
-	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65
+	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.4
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.68
 	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b
 	github.com/nbrownus/go-metrics-prometheus v0.0.0-20210712211119-974a6260965f
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.21.1
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090
-	golang.org/x/net v0.38.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.46.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.37.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240423190808-9d7a357edefe
 )
@@ -43,14 +42,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
-	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1 // indirect
+	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 h1:Ra4+bf83h2ztPIQYNP99R6m+Y7KfnARDfID+a+vLl4s=
-dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1/go.mod h1:uNxQE+84aUszobStD9th8a29P2fMDhsBdgRYvZOxGmk=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2 h1:85+piFYR1tMbRrLcDwR18y4UKJ3aH1Tbzi24VRW1TK8=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2/go.mod h1:E/hbnu0NxMFBjpMIE34DRGLWqDy0g5FuKDhCb31ngxA=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0 h1:KjPQoQCEFdZDiP03phOvGi11+SVVhBG2wOWAorLsstg=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0/go.mod h1:xbMo+0i6+IGbYdJhF31t2eR1BIU0CYc12+BNAKwUTag=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.1 h1:igNss0zDsSY8e+ophKgD9KJVPKBOo7uSVjyKCL7nIzo=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.1/go.mod h1:JJzMAhNF5Rjo4SF4jWBrANuJfqY+FvsFhW7t1UZJ+XY=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.25.0 h1:eqiokVPqM3F94vJ0bTHXHtH91S8zkKL+bKh+BsGOsJM=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.25.0/go.mod h1:GREWQfTLRWz/c5FTOsIw+KkscuFkIV5t8Rp7Nd1Td5c=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:zbhenjAZHb184qTLMA9ZjW7ThYL0H2mk7Q6pNt4vbaY=
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMyw
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19 h1:ves8RnFZPGiFnTS0uPQStjwru6uO6h+nlr9j6fL7kF8=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19/go.mod h1:iJ8V8n6KS+z2U1A8pUwu8bW5SyEMkXJB8Yo/Vo+TKTo=
@@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.10/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.11/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/uOdHXbAo4=
 github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter v1.2.0/go.mod h1:SYymIcj16QtmaHHD7aYtjjsJG7VTCxuUUipMqKk8s4w=
 github.com/julienschmidt/httprouter v1.3.0/go.mod h1:JR6WtHb+2LUe8TCKY3cZOxFyyO8IZAc4RVcycCCAKdM=
-github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2 h1:ZvePhAHfvo0A7Mftk/tEzqEZ7Q4lgnR8sGz4xu1YX60=
-github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2/go.mod h1:CIMRFEJVL+0DS1a3Nx06NaMn4Dz63Ng6O7dl0qH0zVM=
+github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.4 h1:XNlGtZOYNx2u91urOdg/Kfmc+gfmuIo1Dd3rEi2OgBk=
+github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.4/go.mod h1:E4V9ufUuY82F7Ztlu1eN9VXWIQxg8NoLQlmFe0MtrXc=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11 h1:In6xLpyWOi1+C7tXUUWv2ot1QvBjxevKAaI6IXrJmUc=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.11/go.mod h1:pMDklpSncoRMuLFrf1W9Ss9KT+0rH90U12bZKk7uwG0=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 h1:c/Cqfb0r+Yi+JtIEq73FWXVkRonBlf0CRNYc8Zttxdo=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0/go.mod h1:2Pp+KzxcywXVXMr50+X0Q/Lsb43OQHYWRCY2AiWywWQ=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.3/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0SNc=
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9/0rRGxNHcop5bhtWyNeEfOS8JIWk580+fNqagV/RAw=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.1/go.mod h1:D8He9yQNgCq6Z5Ld7szi9bcBfOoFv/3dc6xSMkL2PC0=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65 h1:0+tIPHzUW0GCge7IiK3guGP57VAw7hoPDfApjkMD1Fc=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65/go.mod h1:Dzw9769uoKVaLuODMDZz9M6ynFU6Em65csPuoi8G0ck=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.68 h1:jsSRkNozw7G/mnmXULynzMNIsgY2dHC8LO6U6Ij2JEA=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.68/go.mod h1:fujopn7TB3Pu3JM69XaawiU0wqjpL9/8xGop5UrTPps=
 github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b h1:J/AzCvg5z0Hn1rqZUJjpbzALUmkKX0Zwbc/i4fw7Sfk=
 github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b/go.mod h1:XsNlhZGX73bx86s2hdc/FuaLm2CPZJemRLMA+WTFxgs=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
@@ -106,24 +106,24 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.21.1 h1:DOvXXTqVzvkIewV/CDPFdejpMCGeMcbGCQ8YOmu+Ibk=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.21.1/go.mod h1:U9NM32ykUErtVBxdvD3zfi+EuFkkaBvMb09mIfe0Zgg=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2 h1:Je96obch5RDVy3FDMndoUsjAhG5Edi49h0RJWRi/o0o=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2/go.mod h1:Tb1a6LWHB3/SPIzCoaDXI4I8UHKeFTEQ1YCr+0Gyqmg=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 h1:ZKSh/rekM+n3CeS952MLRAdFwIKqeY8b62p8ais2e9E=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1/go.mod h1:OrxVMOVHjw3lKMa8+x6HeMGkHMQyHDk9E3jmP2AmGiY=
+github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 h1:oBsgwpGs7iVziMvrGhE53c/GrLUsZdHnqNwqPLxwZyk=
+github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2/go.mod h1:y3m2F6Gdpfy6Ut/GBsUqTWZqCUvMVzSfMLjcu6wAwpE=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.4.1/go.mod h1:TNfzLD0ON7rHzMJeJkieUDPYmFC7Snx/y86RQel1bk4=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Tlit/dnDKsSWFlCLTWaA1cyBgKHSMdTB80sz/V91rCo=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.26.0/go.mod h1:M7rCNAaPfAosfx8veZJCuw84e35h3Cfd9VFqTh1DIvc=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 h1:xasJaQlnWAeyHdUBeGjXmutelfJHWMRr+Fg4QszZ2Io=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0/go.mod h1:vyBcEuLSvWos9B1+CyL7JZ2up+uFzXhkqml0W5zIY1I=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1 h1:h5E0h5/Y8niHc5DlaLlWLArTQI7tMrsfQjHV+d9ZoGs=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1/go.mod h1:gcaUsgf3KfRSwHY4dIMXLPV0K/Wg1oZ8+SbZk/HH/dA=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181005140218-185b4288413d/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.2/go.mod h1:TjEm7ze935MbeOT/UhFTIMYKhuLP4wbCsTZCD3I8kEA=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.1.3/go.mod h1:lV6e/gmhEcM9IjHGsFOCxxuZ+z1YqCvr4OA4YeYWdaU=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.6.0/go.mod h1:cz+aTbrPOrUb4q7XlbU9ygM+/jj0fzG6c1xBZuNvfVA=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 h1:YagwOFzUgYfKKHX6Dr+sHT7km/hxC76UB0learggepc=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1/go.mod h1:fB45yRUv8NstnjriLhBQLuOUt+WW4BsoGhij/e3PBqk=
+github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1 h1:hZ15bTNuirocR6u0JZ6BAHHmwS1p8B4P6MRqxtzMyRg=
+github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1/go.mod h1:teAbpZRB1iIAJYREa1LsoWUXykVXA1KlTmWl8x/U+Is=
 github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475 h1:N/ElC8H3+5XpJzTSTfLsJV/mx9Q9g7kxmchpfZyxgzM=
 github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475/go.mod h1:bCqnVzQkZxMG4s8nGwiZ5l3QUCyqpo9Y+/ZMZ9VjZe4=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 h1:TMyTOH3F/DB16zRVcYyreMH6GnZZrwQVAoYjRBZyWFQ=
@@ -143,29 +143,35 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXf
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0 h1:X7l42GfcV4S6E4vHTsw48qbrV+9PVojNfIhZcwQdrZk=
-github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0/go.mod h1:i6NetklAujEcC6fK0JPjT8qSwWyO0HLn4UKG+hGqeJs=
-github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 h1:Oeaw1EM2JMxD51g9uhtC0D7erkIjgmj8+JZc26m1YX8=
-github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4/go.mod h1:SpkAiCQRtJ6TvvxPnOSyH3BMl6unz3xZlaprSwhNNJM=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1 h1:7s2iGBzp5EwR7/aIZr8ao5+dra3wiQyKjjFuvgVKu7U=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.11.1/go.mod h1:wZwfW3scLgRK+23gO65QZefKpKQRnfz6sD981Nm4B6U=
+github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1 h1:3AEMt62VKqz90r0tmNhog0r/PpWKmrEShJU0wJW6bV0=
+github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1/go.mod h1:ARtKouGSTGchR8aMwmkzC0qiNPrrWO5JS/XMVl45+b4=
+github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 h1:DfiHV+j8bA32MFM7bfEunvT8IAqQ/NzSJHtcmW5zdEY=
+github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5/go.mod h1:SpkAiCQRtJ6TvvxPnOSyH3BMl6unz3xZlaprSwhNNJM=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
+go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 h1:DzmwEr2rDGHl7lsFgAHxmNz/1NlQ7xLIrlN2h5d1eGI=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2/go.mod h1:081UH+NErpNdqlCXm3TtEran0rJZGxAYx9hb/ELlsPU=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 h1:tfq32ie2Jv2UxXFdLJdh3jXuOzWiL1fo0bu/FbuKpbc=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4/go.mod h1:DhzuOOF2ATzADvBadXxruRBLzYTpT36CKvDb3+aBEFg=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0 h1:kJNSjF/Xp7kU0iB2Z+9viTPMW4EqqsrywMXLJOOsXSE=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0/go.mod h1:vg+k43peMZ0pUMhYmVAWysMK35e6ioLh3wB8ZCAfbVc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0 h1:A97SsFvM3AIwEEmTBiaxPPTYpDC47w720rdiiUvgoAU=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.44.0/go.mod h1:013i+Nw79BMiQiMsOPcVCB5ZIJbYkerPrGnOa00tvmc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090 h1:Di6/M8l0O2lCLc6VVRWhgCiApHV8MnQurBnFSHsQtNY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090/go.mod h1:FXUEEKJgO7OQYeo8N01OfiKP8RXMtf6e8aTskBGqWdc=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 h1:Zb7khfcRGKk+kqfxFaP5tZqCnDZMjC5VtUBs87Hr6QM=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0/go.mod h1:6SkKJ3Xj0I0BrPOZoBy3bdMptDDU9oJrpohJ3eWZ1fY=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0 h1:ZfthKaKaT4NrhGVZHO1/WDTwGES4De8KtWO0SIbNJMU=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.24.0/go.mod h1:IXM97Txy2VM4PJ3gI61r1YEk/gAj6zAHN3AdZt6S9Ww=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20181114220301-adae6a3d119a/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190108225652-1e06a53dbb7e/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -176,8 +182,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLL
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200625001655-4c5254603344/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 h1:vRMAPTMaeGqVhG5QyLJHqNDwecKTomGeqbnfZyKlBI8=
-golang.org/x/net v0.38.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
+golang.org/x/net v0.46.0 h1:giFlY12I07fugqwPuWJi68oOnpfqFnJIJzaIIm2JVV4=
+golang.org/x/net v0.46.0/go.mod h1:Q9BGdFy1y4nkUwiLvT5qtyhAnEHgnQ/zd8PfU6nc210=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -185,8 +191,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201207232520-09787c993a3a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0 h1:AauUjRAJ9OSnvULf/ARrrVywoJDy0YS2AwQ98I37610=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 h1:kr88TuHDroi+UVf+0hZnirlk8o8T+4MrK6mr60WkH/I=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181116152217-5ac8a444bdc5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -197,30 +203,29 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200323222414-85ca7c5b95cd/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200615200032-f1bc736245b1/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200625212154-ddb9806d33ae/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20200930185726-fdedc70b468f/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201015000850-e3ed0017c211/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210124154548-22da62e12c0c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210603081109-ebe580a85c40/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0 h1:s77OFDvIQeibCmezSnk/q6iAfkdiQaJi4VzroCFrN20=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 h1:3yZWxaJjBmCWXqhN1qh02AkOnCQ1poK6oF+a7xWL6Gc=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
-golang.org/x/term v0.31.0 h1:erwDkOK1Msy6offm1mOgvspSkslFnIGsFnxOKoufg3o=
-golang.org/x/term v0.31.0/go.mod h1:R4BeIy7D95HzImkxGkTW1UQTtP54tio2RyHz7PwK0aw=
+golang.org/x/term v0.37.0 h1:8EGAD0qCmHYZg6J17DvsMy9/wJ7/D/4pV/wfnld5lTU=
+golang.org/x/term v0.37.0/go.mod h1:5pB4lxRNYYVZuTLmy8oR2BH8dflOR+IbTYFD8fi3254=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 h1:o7cqy6amK/52YcAKIPlM3a+Fpj35zvRj2TP+e1xFSfk=
-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0 h1:ntUhktv3OPE6TgYxXWv9vKvUSJyIFJlyohwbkEwPrKQ=
+golang.org/x/time v0.7.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200130002326-2f3ba24bd6e7/go.mod h1:TB2adYChydJhpapKDTa4BR/hXlZSLoq2Wpct/0txZ28=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 h1:BgcpHewrV5AUp2G9MebG4XPFI1E2W41zU1SaqVA9vJY=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0/go.mod h1:c347cR/OJfw5TI+GfX7RUPNMdDRRbjvYTS0jPyvsVtY=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0 h1:4qz2S3zmRxbGIhDIAgjxvFutSvH5EfnsYrRBj0UI0bc=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.33.0/go.mod h1:CIJMaWEY88juyUfo7UbgPqbC8rU2OqfAV1h2Qp0oMYI=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -239,8 +244,8 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.20.1-0.20200309200217-e05f789c0967/go.mod h1:A+miE
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.21.0/go.mod h1:47Nbq4nVaFHyn7ilMalzfO3qCViNmqZ2kzikPIcrTAo=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10 h1:AYd7cD/uASjIL6Q9LiTjz8JLcrh/88q5UObnmY3aOOE=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10/go.mod h1:HTf+CrKn2C3g5S8VImy6tdcUvCska2kB7j23XfzDpco=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=

handshake_ix.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"net/netip"
-	"slices"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/flynn/noise"
@@ -23,15 +22,19 @@ func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, hh *HandshakeHostInfo) bool {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	// If we're connecting to a v6 address we must use a v2 cert
 	cs := f.pki.getCertState()
 	v := cs.initiatingVersion
+	if hh.initiatingVersionOverride != cert.VersionPre1 {
+		v = hh.initiatingVersionOverride
+	} else if v < cert.Version2 {
+		// If we're connecting to a v6 address we should encourage use of a V2 cert
 		for _, a := range hh.hostinfo.vpnAddrs {
 			if a.Is6() {
 				v = cert.Version2
 				break
 			}
 		}
+	}
 
 	crt := cs.getCertificate(v)
 	if crt == nil {
@@ -48,6 +51,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, hh *HandshakeHostInfo) bool {
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			WithField("certVersion", v).
 			Error("Unable to handshake with host because no certificate handshake bytes is available")
+		return false
 	}
 
 	ci, err := NewConnectionState(f.l, cs, crt, true, noise.HandshakeIX)
@@ -103,6 +107,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			WithField("certVersion", cs.initiatingVersion).
 			Error("Unable to handshake with host because no certificate is available")
+		return
 	}
 
 	ci, err := NewConnectionState(f.l, cs, crt, false, noise.HandshakeIX)
@@ -143,8 +148,8 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 
 	remoteCert, err := f.pki.GetCAPool().VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), rc)
 	if err != nil {
-		fp, err := rc.Fingerprint()
-		if err != nil {
+		fp, fperr := rc.Fingerprint()
+		if fperr != nil {
 			fp = "<error generating certificate fingerprint>"
 		}
 
@@ -163,16 +168,19 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 
 	if remoteCert.Certificate.Version() != ci.myCert.Version() {
 		// We started off using the wrong certificate version, lets see if we can match the version that was sent to us
-		rc := cs.getCertificate(remoteCert.Certificate.Version())
-		if rc == nil {
-			f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-				WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).WithField("cert", remoteCert).
-				Info("Unable to handshake with host due to missing certificate version")
-			return
+		myCertOtherVersion := cs.getCertificate(remoteCert.Certificate.Version())
+		if myCertOtherVersion == nil {
+			if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+				f.l.WithError(err).WithFields(m{
+					"udpAddr":   addr,
+					"handshake": m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"},
+					"cert":      remoteCert,
+				}).Debug("Might be unable to handshake with host due to missing certificate version")
 			}
-
+		} else {
 			// Record the certificate we are actually using
-		ci.myCert = rc
+			ci.myCert = myCertOtherVersion
+		}
 	}
 
 	if len(remoteCert.Certificate.Networks()) == 0 {
@@ -183,18 +191,17 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		return
 	}
 
-	var vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
-	var filteredNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	certName := remoteCert.Certificate.Name()
 	certVersion := remoteCert.Certificate.Version()
 	fingerprint := remoteCert.Fingerprint
 	issuer := remoteCert.Certificate.Issuer()
+	vpnNetworks := remoteCert.Certificate.Networks()
 
-	for _, network := range remoteCert.Certificate.Networks() {
-		vpnAddr := network.Addr()
-		_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
-		if found {
-			f.l.WithField("vpnAddr", vpnAddr).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+	anyVpnAddrsInCommon := false
+	vpnAddrs := make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnNetworks))
+	for i, network := range vpnNetworks {
+		if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(network.Addr()) {
+			f.l.WithField("vpnNetworks", vpnNetworks).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
 				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -202,24 +209,10 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 				WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Refusing to handshake with myself")
 			return
 		}
-
-		// vpnAddrs outside our vpn networks are of no use to us, filter them out
-		if _, ok := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr); !ok {
-			continue
+		vpnAddrs[i] = network.Addr()
+		if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(network.Addr()) {
+			anyVpnAddrsInCommon = true
 		}
-
-		filteredNetworks = append(filteredNetworks, network)
-		vpnAddrs = append(vpnAddrs, vpnAddr)
-	}
-
-	if len(vpnAddrs) == 0 {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
-			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
-			WithField("issuer", issuer).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("No usable vpn addresses from host, refusing handshake")
-		return
 	}
 
 	if addr.IsValid() {
@@ -250,32 +243,36 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		HandshakePacket:   make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
 		lastHandshakeTime: hs.Details.Time,
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
+			relays:         nil,
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
 	}
 
-	f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-		WithField("certName", certName).
-		WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
-		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
-		WithField("issuer", issuer).
-		WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
-		WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-		Info("Handshake message received")
+	msgRxL := f.l.WithFields(m{
+		"vpnAddrs":       vpnAddrs,
+		"udpAddr":        addr,
+		"certName":       certName,
+		"certVersion":    certVersion,
+		"fingerprint":    fingerprint,
+		"issuer":         issuer,
+		"initiatorIndex": hs.Details.InitiatorIndex,
+		"responderIndex": hs.Details.ResponderIndex,
+		"remoteIndex":    h.RemoteIndex,
+		"handshake":      m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"},
+	})
+
+	if anyVpnAddrsInCommon {
+		msgRxL.Info("Handshake message received")
+	} else {
+		//todo warn if not lighthouse or relay?
+		msgRxL.Info("Handshake message received, but no vpnNetworks in common.")
+	}
 
 	hs.Details.ResponderIndex = myIndex
 	hs.Details.Cert = cs.getHandshakeBytes(ci.myCert.Version())
 	if hs.Details.Cert == nil {
-		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
-			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
-			WithField("issuer", issuer).
-			WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
-			WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			WithField("certVersion", ci.myCert.Version()).
+		msgRxL.WithField("myCertVersion", ci.myCert.Version()).
 			Error("Unable to handshake with host because no certificate handshake bytes is available")
 		return
 	}
@@ -333,7 +330,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 
 	hostinfo.remotes = f.lightHouse.QueryCache(vpnAddrs)
 	hostinfo.SetRemote(addr)
-	hostinfo.buildNetworks(filteredNetworks, remoteCert.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	hostinfo.buildNetworks(f.myVpnNetworksTable, remoteCert.Certificate)
 
 	existing, err := f.handshakeManager.CheckAndComplete(hostinfo, 0, f)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -458,9 +455,9 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 			Info("Handshake message sent")
 	}
 
-	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo)
 
-	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
+	hostinfo.remotes.RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs)
 
 	return
 }
@@ -574,31 +571,22 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 		hostinfo.relayState.InsertRelayTo(via.relayHI.vpnAddrs[0])
 	}
 
-	var vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
-	var filteredNetworks []netip.Prefix
-	for _, network := range vpnNetworks {
-		// vpnAddrs outside our vpn networks are of no use to us, filter them out
-		vpnAddr := network.Addr()
-		if _, ok := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr); !ok {
-			continue
+	correctHostResponded := false
+	anyVpnAddrsInCommon := false
+	vpnAddrs := make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnNetworks))
+	for i, network := range vpnNetworks {
+		vpnAddrs[i] = network.Addr()
+		if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(network.Addr()) {
+			anyVpnAddrsInCommon = true
 		}
-
-		filteredNetworks = append(filteredNetworks, network)
-		vpnAddrs = append(vpnAddrs, vpnAddr)
+		if hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0] == network.Addr() {
+			// todo is it more correct to see if any of hostinfo.vpnAddrs are in the cert? it should have len==1, but one day it might not?
+			correctHostResponded = true
 		}
-
-	if len(vpnAddrs) == 0 {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
-			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
-			WithField("issuer", issuer).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("No usable vpn addresses from host, refusing handshake")
-		return true
 	}
 
 	// Ensure the right host responded
-	if !slices.Contains(vpnAddrs, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]) {
+	if !correctHostResponded {
 		f.l.WithField("intendedVpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("haveVpnNetworks", vpnNetworks).
 			WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
@@ -610,6 +598,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 		f.handshakeManager.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
 
 		// Create a new hostinfo/handshake for the intended vpn ip
+		//TODO is hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0] always the address to use?
 		f.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], func(newHH *HandshakeHostInfo) {
 			// Block the current used address
 			newHH.hostinfo.remotes = hostinfo.remotes
@@ -636,7 +625,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 	ci.window.Update(f.l, 2)
 
 	duration := time.Since(hh.startTime).Nanoseconds()
-	f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+	msgRxL := f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 		WithField("certName", certName).
 		WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -644,16 +633,21 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 		WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
 		WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 		WithField("durationNs", duration).
-		WithField("sentCachedPackets", len(hh.packetStore)).
-		Info("Handshake message received")
+		WithField("sentCachedPackets", len(hh.packetStore))
+	if anyVpnAddrsInCommon {
+		msgRxL.Info("Handshake message received")
+	} else {
+		//todo warn if not lighthouse or relay?
+		msgRxL.Info("Handshake message received, but no vpnNetworks in common.")
+	}
 
 	// Build up the radix for the firewall if we have subnets in the cert
 	hostinfo.vpnAddrs = vpnAddrs
-	hostinfo.buildNetworks(filteredNetworks, remoteCert.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())
+	hostinfo.buildNetworks(f.myVpnNetworksTable, remoteCert.Certificate)
 
 	// Complete our handshake and update metrics, this will replace any existing tunnels for the vpnAddrs here
 	f.handshakeManager.Complete(hostinfo, f)
-	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo)
 
 	if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 		hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debugf("Sending %d stored packets", len(hh.packetStore))
@@ -668,7 +662,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 		f.cachedPacketMetrics.sent.Inc(int64(len(hh.packetStore)))
 	}
 
-	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
+	hostinfo.remotes.RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs)
 	f.metricHandshakes.Update(duration)
 
 	return false

handshake_manager.go

@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ type HandshakeHostInfo struct {
 
 	startTime                 time.Time        // Time that we first started trying with this handshake
 	ready                     bool             // Is the handshake ready
+	initiatingVersionOverride cert.Version     // Should we use a non-default cert version for this handshake?
 	counter                   int64            // How many attempts have we made so far
 	lastRemotes               []netip.AddrPort // Remotes that we sent to during the previous attempt
 	packetStore               []*cachedPacket  // A set of packets to be transmitted once the handshake completes
@@ -268,14 +269,13 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered
 		hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("relays", hostinfo.remotes.relays).Info("Attempt to relay through hosts")
 		// Send a RelayRequest to all known Relay IP's
 		for _, relay := range hostinfo.remotes.relays {
-			// Don't relay to myself
+			// Don't relay through the host I'm trying to connect to
 			if relay == vpnIp {
 				continue
 			}
 
-			// Don't relay through the host I'm trying to connect to
-			_, found := hm.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(relay)
-			if found {
+			// Don't relay to myself
+			if hm.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(relay) {
 				continue
 			}
 
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) StartHandshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCb func(*Han
 		vpnAddrs:        []netip.Addr{vpnAddr},
 		HandshakePacket: make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
+			relays:         nil,
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},

hostmap.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -16,12 +17,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 )
 
-// const ProbeLen = 100
 const defaultPromoteEvery = 1000       // Count of packets sent before we try moving a tunnel to a preferred underlay ip address
 const defaultReQueryEvery = 5000       // Count of packets sent before re-querying a hostinfo to the lighthouse
 const defaultReQueryWait = time.Minute // Minimum amount of seconds to wait before re-querying a hostinfo the lighthouse. Evaluated every ReQueryEvery
 const MaxRemotes = 10
-const maxRecvError = 4
 
 // MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp is the max number of hostinfos we will track for a given vpn ip
 // 5 allows for an initial handshake and each host pair re-handshaking twice
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ type HostMap struct {
 type RelayState struct {
 	sync.RWMutex
 
-	relays map[netip.Addr]struct{} // Set of vpnAddr's of Hosts to use as relays to access this peer
+	relays []netip.Addr // Ordered set of VpnAddrs of Hosts to use as relays to access this peer
 	// For data race avoidance, the contents of a *Relay are treated immutably. To update a *Relay, copy the existing data,
 	// modify what needs to be updated, and store the new modified copy in the relayForByIp and relayForByIdx maps (with
 	// the RelayState Lock held)
@@ -79,7 +78,12 @@ type RelayState struct {
 func (rs *RelayState) DeleteRelay(ip netip.Addr) {
 	rs.Lock()
 	defer rs.Unlock()
-	delete(rs.relays, ip)
+	for idx, val := range rs.relays {
+		if val == ip {
+			rs.relays = append(rs.relays[:idx], rs.relays[idx+1:]...)
+			return
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 func (rs *RelayState) UpdateRelayForByIpState(vpnIp netip.Addr, state int) {
@@ -124,16 +128,16 @@ func (rs *RelayState) GetRelayForByAddr(addr netip.Addr) (*Relay, bool) {
 func (rs *RelayState) InsertRelayTo(ip netip.Addr) {
 	rs.Lock()
 	defer rs.Unlock()
-	rs.relays[ip] = struct{}{}
+	if !slices.Contains(rs.relays, ip) {
+		rs.relays = append(rs.relays, ip)
+	}
 }
 
 func (rs *RelayState) CopyRelayIps() []netip.Addr {
+	ret := make([]netip.Addr, len(rs.relays))
 	rs.RLock()
 	defer rs.RUnlock()
-	ret := make([]netip.Addr, 0, len(rs.relays))
-	for ip := range rs.relays {
-		ret = append(ret, ip)
-	}
+	copy(ret, rs.relays)
 	return ret
 }
 
@@ -208,6 +212,18 @@ func (rs *RelayState) InsertRelay(ip netip.Addr, idx uint32, r *Relay) {
 	rs.relayForByIdx[idx] = r
 }
 
+type NetworkType uint8
+
+const (
+	NetworkTypeUnknown NetworkType = iota
+	// NetworkTypeVPN is a network that overlaps one or more of the vpnNetworks in our certificate
+	NetworkTypeVPN
+	// NetworkTypeVPNPeer is a network that does not overlap one of our networks
+	NetworkTypeVPNPeer
+	// NetworkTypeUnsafe is a network from Certificate.UnsafeNetworks()
+	NetworkTypeUnsafe
+)
+
 type HostInfo struct {
 	remote          netip.AddrPort
 	remotes         *RemoteList
@@ -220,10 +236,9 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 	// The host may have other vpn addresses that are outside our
 	// vpn networks but were removed because they are not usable
 	vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
-	recvError atomic.Uint32
 
-	// networks are both all vpn and unsafe networks assigned to this host
-	networks   *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	// networks is a combination of specific vpn addresses (not prefixes!) and full unsafe networks assigned to this host.
+	networks   *bart.Table[NetworkType]
 	relayState RelayState
 
 	// HandshakePacket records the packets used to create this hostinfo
@@ -250,6 +265,14 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 	// Used to track other hostinfos for this vpn ip since only 1 can be primary
 	// Synchronised via hostmap lock and not the hostinfo lock.
 	next, prev *HostInfo
+
+	//TODO: in, out, and others might benefit from being an atomic.Int32. We could collapse connectionManager pendingDeletion, relayUsed, and in/out into this 1 thing
+	in, out, pendingDeletion atomic.Bool
+
+	// lastUsed tracks the last time ConnectionManager checked the tunnel and it was in use.
+	// This value will be behind against actual tunnel utilization in the hot path.
+	// This should only be used by the ConnectionManagers ticker routine.
+	lastUsed time.Time
 }
 
 type ViaSender struct {
@@ -719,26 +742,26 @@ func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, newRemote netip.AddrPort) b
 	return false
 }
 
-func (i *HostInfo) RecvErrorExceeded() bool {
-	if i.recvError.Add(1) >= maxRecvError {
-		return true
+// buildNetworks fills in the networks field of HostInfo. It accepts a cert.Certificate so you never ever mix the network types up.
+func (i *HostInfo) buildNetworks(myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Lite, c cert.Certificate) {
+	if len(c.Networks()) == 1 && len(c.UnsafeNetworks()) == 0 {
+		if myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(c.Networks()[0].Addr()) {
+			return // Simple case, no BART needed
 		}
-	return true
 	}
 
-func (i *HostInfo) buildNetworks(networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix) {
-	if len(networks) == 1 && len(unsafeNetworks) == 0 {
-		// Simple case, no CIDRTree needed
-		return
+	i.networks = new(bart.Table[NetworkType])
+	for _, network := range c.Networks() {
+		nprefix := netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen())
+		if myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(network.Addr()) {
+			i.networks.Insert(nprefix, NetworkTypeVPN)
+		} else {
+			i.networks.Insert(nprefix, NetworkTypeVPNPeer)
+		}
 	}
 
-	i.networks = new(bart.Table[struct{}])
-	for _, network := range networks {
-		i.networks.Insert(network, struct{}{})
-	}
-
-	for _, network := range unsafeNetworks {
-		i.networks.Insert(network, struct{}{})
+	for _, network := range c.UnsafeNetworks() {
+		i.networks.Insert(network, NetworkTypeUnsafe)
 	}
 }
 

hostmap_test.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -215,3 +216,31 @@ func TestHostMap_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	c.ReloadConfigString("preferred_ranges: [1.1.1.1/32]")
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1.1.1.1/32"}, toS(hm.GetPreferredRanges()))
 }
+
+func TestHostMap_RelayState(t *testing.T) {
+	h1 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 1}
+	a1 := netip.MustParseAddr("::1")
+	a2 := netip.MustParseAddr("2001::1")
+
+	h1.relayState.InsertRelayTo(a1)
+	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1}, h1.relayState.relays)
+	h1.relayState.InsertRelayTo(a2)
+	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1, a2}, h1.relayState.relays)
+	// Ensure that the first relay added is the first one returned in the copy
+	currentRelays := h1.relayState.CopyRelayIps()
+	require.Len(t, currentRelays, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, a1, currentRelays[0])
+
+	// Deleting the last one in the list works ok
+	h1.relayState.DeleteRelay(a2)
+	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1}, h1.relayState.relays)
+
+	// Deleting an element not in the list works ok
+	h1.relayState.DeleteRelay(a2)
+	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{a1}, h1.relayState.relays)
+
+	// Deleting the only element in the list works ok
+	h1.relayState.DeleteRelay(a1)
+	assert.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{}, h1.relayState.relays)
+
+}

inside.go

@@ -2,16 +2,18 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"net/netip"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/noiseutil"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )
 
-func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb, out []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
+func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, out *packet.Packet, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, now time.Time) {
 	err := newPacket(packet, false, fwPacket)
 	if err != nil {
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
@@ -22,14 +24,12 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 
 	// Ignore local broadcast packets
 	if f.dropLocalBroadcast {
-		_, found := f.myBroadcastAddrsTable.Lookup(fwPacket.RemoteAddr)
-		if found {
+		if f.myBroadcastAddrsTable.Contains(fwPacket.RemoteAddr) {
 			return
 		}
 	}
 
-	_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(fwPacket.RemoteAddr)
-	if found {
+	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(fwPacket.RemoteAddr) {
 		// Immediately forward packets from self to self.
 		// This should only happen on Darwin-based and FreeBSD hosts, which
 		// routes packets from the Nebula addr to the Nebula addr through the Nebula
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 	})
 
 	if hostinfo == nil {
-		f.rejectInside(packet, out, q)
+		f.rejectInside(packet, out.Payload, q) //todo vector?
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnAddr", fwPacket.RemoteAddr).
 				WithField("fwPacket", fwPacket).
@@ -68,12 +68,11 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 		return
 	}
 
-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fwPacket, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fwPacket, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache, now)
 	if dropReason == nil {
-		f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, 0, hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, netip.AddrPort{}, packet, nb, out, q)
-
+		f.sendNoMetricsDelayed(header.Message, 0, hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, netip.AddrPort{}, packet, nb, out, q)
 	} else {
-		f.rejectInside(packet, out, q)
+		f.rejectInside(packet, out.Payload, q) //todo vector?
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			hostinfo.logger(f.l).
 				WithField("fwPacket", fwPacket).
@@ -122,16 +121,16 @@ func (f *Interface) rejectOutside(packet []byte, ci *ConnectionState, hostinfo *
 	f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, 0, ci, hostinfo, netip.AddrPort{}, out, nb, packet, q)
 }
 
-// Handshake will attempt to initiate a tunnel with the provided vpn address if it is within our vpn networks. This is a no-op if the tunnel is already established or being established
+// Handshake will attempt to initiate a tunnel with the provided vpn address. This is a no-op if the tunnel is already established or being established
+// it does not check if it is within our vpn networks!
 func (f *Interface) Handshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr) {
-	f.getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr, nil)
+	f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(vpnAddr, nil)
 }
 
 // getOrHandshakeNoRouting returns nil if the vpnAddr is not routable.
 // If the 2nd return var is false then the hostinfo is not ready to be used in a tunnel
 func (f *Interface) getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCallback func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
-	_, found := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
-	if found {
+	if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
 		return f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(vpnAddr, cacheCallback)
 	}
 
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ func (f *Interface) getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCallback fu
 // getOrHandshakeConsiderRouting will try to find the HostInfo to handle this packet, starting a handshake if necessary.
 // If the 2nd return var is false then the hostinfo is not ready to be used in a tunnel.
 func (f *Interface) getOrHandshakeConsiderRouting(fwPacket *firewall.Packet, cacheCallback func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
-
 	destinationAddr := fwPacket.RemoteAddr
 
 	hostinfo, ready := f.getOrHandshakeNoRouting(destinationAddr, cacheCallback)
@@ -221,7 +219,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubTyp
 	}
 
 	// check if packet is in outbound fw rules
-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fp, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), nil)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fp, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), nil, time.Now())
 	if dropReason != nil {
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			f.l.WithField("fwPacket", fp).
@@ -234,9 +232,10 @@ func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubTyp
 	f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, st, hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, netip.AddrPort{}, p, nb, out, 0)
 }
 
-// SendMessageToVpnAddr handles real addr:port lookup and sends to the current best known address for vpnAddr
+// SendMessageToVpnAddr handles real addr:port lookup and sends to the current best known address for vpnAddr.
+// This function ignores myVpnNetworksTable, and will always attempt to treat the address as a vpnAddr
 func (f *Interface) SendMessageToVpnAddr(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, vpnAddr netip.Addr, p, nb, out []byte) {
-	hostInfo, ready := f.getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
+	hostInfo, ready := f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(vpnAddr, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
 		hh.cachePacket(f.l, t, st, p, f.SendMessageToHostInfo, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
 	})
 
@@ -291,7 +290,7 @@ func (f *Interface) SendVia(via *HostInfo,
 	c := via.ConnectionState.messageCounter.Add(1)
 
 	out = header.Encode(out, header.Version, header.Message, header.MessageRelay, relay.RemoteIndex, c)
-	f.connectionManager.Out(via.localIndexId)
+	f.connectionManager.Out(via)
 
 	// Authenticate the header and payload, but do not encrypt for this message type.
 	// The payload consists of the inner, unencrypted Nebula header, as well as the end-to-end encrypted payload.
@@ -359,7 +358,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendNoMetrics(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType
 
 	//l.WithField("trace", string(debug.Stack())).Error("out Header ", &Header{Version, t, st, 0, hostinfo.remoteIndexId, c}, p)
 	out = header.Encode(out, header.Version, t, st, hostinfo.remoteIndexId, c)
-	f.connectionManager.Out(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	f.connectionManager.Out(hostinfo)
 
 	// Query our LH if we haven't since the last time we've been rebound, this will cause the remote to punch against
 	// all our addrs and enable a faster roaming.
@@ -412,3 +411,81 @@ func (f *Interface) sendNoMetrics(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+func (f *Interface) sendNoMetricsDelayed(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, ci *ConnectionState, hostinfo *HostInfo, remote netip.AddrPort, p, nb []byte, out *packet.Packet, q int) {
+	if ci.eKey == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	useRelay := !remote.IsValid() && !hostinfo.remote.IsValid()
+	fullOut := out.Payload
+
+	if useRelay {
+		if len(out.Payload) < header.Len {
+			// out always has a capacity of mtu, but not always a length greater than the header.Len.
+			// Grow it to make sure the next operation works.
+			out.Payload = out.Payload[:header.Len]
+		}
+		// Save a header's worth of data at the front of the 'out' buffer.
+		out.Payload = out.Payload[header.Len:]
+	}
+
+	if noiseutil.EncryptLockNeeded {
+		// NOTE: for goboring AESGCMTLS we need to lock because of the nonce check
+		ci.writeLock.Lock()
+	}
+	c := ci.messageCounter.Add(1)
+
+	//l.WithField("trace", string(debug.Stack())).Error("out Header ", &Header{Version, t, st, 0, hostinfo.remoteIndexId, c}, p)
+	out.Payload = header.Encode(out.Payload, header.Version, t, st, hostinfo.remoteIndexId, c)
+	f.connectionManager.Out(hostinfo)
+
+	// Query our LH if we haven't since the last time we've been rebound, this will cause the remote to punch against
+	// all our addrs and enable a faster roaming.
+	if t != header.CloseTunnel && hostinfo.lastRebindCount != f.rebindCount {
+		//NOTE: there is an update hole if a tunnel isn't used and exactly 256 rebinds occur before the tunnel is
+		// finally used again. This tunnel would eventually be torn down and recreated if this action didn't help.
+		f.lightHouse.QueryServer(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0])
+		hostinfo.lastRebindCount = f.rebindCount
+		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).Debug("Lighthouse update triggered for punch due to rebind counter")
+		}
+	}
+
+	var err error
+	out.Payload, err = ci.eKey.EncryptDanger(out.Payload, out.Payload, p, c, nb)
+	if noiseutil.EncryptLockNeeded {
+		ci.writeLock.Unlock()
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).
+			WithField("udpAddr", remote).WithField("counter", c).
+			WithField("attemptedCounter", c).
+			Error("Failed to encrypt outgoing packet")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if remote.IsValid() {
+		err = f.writers[q].Prep(out, remote)
+		if err != nil {
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", remote).Error("Failed to write outgoing packet")
+		}
+	} else if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() {
+		err = f.writers[q].Prep(out, hostinfo.remote)
+		if err != nil {
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", remote).Error("Failed to write outgoing packet")
+		}
+	} else {
+		// Try to send via a relay
+		for _, relayIP := range hostinfo.relayState.CopyRelayIps() {
+			relayHostInfo, relay, err := f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor(hostinfo.vpnAddrs, relayIP)
+			if err != nil {
+				hostinfo.relayState.DeleteRelay(relayIP)
+				hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("relay", relayIP).WithError(err).Info("sendNoMetrics failed to find HostInfo")
+				continue
+			}
+			//todo vector!!
+			f.SendVia(relayHostInfo, relay, out.Payload, nb, fullOut[:header.Len+len(out.Payload)], true)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+}

interface.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
@@ -18,22 +17,24 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 )
 
 const mtu = 9001
+const batch = 1024 //todo config!
 
 type InterfaceConfig struct {
 	HostMap            *HostMap
 	Outside            udp.Conn
 	Inside             overlay.Device
 	pki                *PKI
+	Cipher             string
 	Firewall           *Firewall
 	ServeDns           bool
 	HandshakeManager   *HandshakeManager
 	lightHouse         *LightHouse
-	checkInterval           time.Duration
-	pendingDeletionInterval time.Duration
+	connectionManager  *connectionManager
 	DropLocalBroadcast bool
 	DropMulticast      bool
 	routines           int
@@ -61,11 +62,11 @@ type Interface struct {
 	serveDns              bool
 	createTime            time.Time
 	lightHouse            *LightHouse
-	myBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Lite
 	myVpnAddrs            []netip.Addr // A list of addresses assigned to us via our certificate
-	myVpnAddrsTable       *bart.Table[struct{}] // A table of addresses assigned to us via our certificate
+	myVpnAddrsTable       *bart.Lite
 	myVpnNetworks         []netip.Prefix // A list of networks assigned to us via our certificate
-	myVpnNetworksTable    *bart.Table[struct{}] // A table of networks assigned to us via our certificate
+	myVpnNetworksTable    *bart.Lite
 	dropLocalBroadcast    bool
 	dropMulticast         bool
 	routines              int
@@ -86,12 +87,18 @@ type Interface struct {
 	conntrackCacheTimeout time.Duration
 
 	writers []udp.Conn
-	readers []io.ReadWriteCloser
+	readers []overlay.TunDev
 
 	metricHandshakes    metrics.Histogram
 	messageMetrics      *MessageMetrics
 	cachedPacketMetrics *cachedPacketMetrics
 
+	listenInN  int
+	listenOutN int
+
+	listenInMetric  metrics.Histogram
+	listenOutMetric metrics.Histogram
+
 	l *logrus.Logger
 }
 
@@ -157,6 +164,9 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 	if c.Firewall == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("no firewall rules")
 	}
+	if c.connectionManager == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("no connection manager")
+	}
 
 	cs := c.pki.getCertState()
 	ifce := &Interface{
@@ -174,14 +184,14 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 		routines:              c.routines,
 		version:               c.version,
 		writers:               make([]udp.Conn, c.routines),
-		readers:               make([]io.ReadWriteCloser, c.routines),
+		readers:               make([]overlay.TunDev, c.routines),
 		myVpnNetworks:         cs.myVpnNetworks,
 		myVpnNetworksTable:    cs.myVpnNetworksTable,
 		myVpnAddrs:            cs.myVpnAddrs,
 		myVpnAddrsTable:       cs.myVpnAddrsTable,
 		myBroadcastAddrsTable: cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable,
 		relayManager:          c.relayManager,
-
+		connectionManager:     c.connectionManager,
 		conntrackCacheTimeout: c.ConntrackCacheTimeout,
 
 		metricHandshakes: metrics.GetOrRegisterHistogram("handshakes", nil, metrics.NewExpDecaySample(1028, 0.015)),
@@ -193,12 +203,14 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 
 		l: c.l,
 	}
+	ifce.listenInMetric = metrics.GetOrRegisterHistogram("vhost.listenIn.n", nil, metrics.NewExpDecaySample(1028, 0.015))
+	ifce.listenOutMetric = metrics.GetOrRegisterHistogram("vhost.listenOut.n", nil, metrics.NewExpDecaySample(1028, 0.015))
 
 	ifce.tryPromoteEvery.Store(c.tryPromoteEvery)
 	ifce.reQueryEvery.Store(c.reQueryEvery)
 	ifce.reQueryWait.Store(int64(c.reQueryWait))
 
-	ifce.connectionManager = newConnectionManager(ctx, c.l, ifce, c.checkInterval, c.pendingDeletionInterval, c.punchy)
+	ifce.connectionManager.intf = ifce
 
 	return ifce, nil
 }
@@ -222,7 +234,7 @@ func (f *Interface) activate() {
 	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("routines", nil).Update(int64(f.routines))
 
 	// Prepare n tun queues
-	var reader io.ReadWriteCloser = f.inside
+	var reader overlay.TunDev = f.inside
 	for i := 0; i < f.routines; i++ {
 		if i > 0 {
 			reader, err = f.inside.NewMultiQueueReader()
@@ -251,40 +263,71 @@ func (f *Interface) run() {
 	}
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
+func (f *Interface) listenOut(q int) {
 	runtime.LockOSThread()
 
 	var li udp.Conn
-	if i > 0 {
-		li = f.writers[i]
+	if q > 0 {
+		li = f.writers[q]
 	} else {
 		li = f.outside
 	}
 
 	ctCache := firewall.NewConntrackCacheTicker(f.conntrackCacheTimeout)
 	lhh := f.lightHouse.NewRequestHandler()
-	plaintext := make([]byte, udp.MTU)
+
+	outPackets := make([]*packet.OutPacket, batch)
+	for i := 0; i < batch; i++ {
+		outPackets[i] = packet.NewOut()
+	}
+
 	h := &header.H{}
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 
-	li.ListenOut(func(fromUdpAddr netip.AddrPort, payload []byte) {
-		f.readOutsidePackets(fromUdpAddr, nil, plaintext[:0], payload, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get(f.l))
+	toSend := make([][]byte, batch)
+
+	li.ListenOut(func(pkts []*packet.Packet) {
+		toSend = toSend[:0]
+		for i := range outPackets {
+			outPackets[i].Valid = false
+			outPackets[i].SegCounter = 0
+		}
+
+		f.readOutsidePacketsMany(pkts, outPackets, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, q, ctCache.Get(f.l), time.Now())
+		//we opportunistically tx, but try to also send stragglers
+		if _, err := f.readers[q].WriteMany(outPackets, q); err != nil {
+			f.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to send packets")
+		}
+		//todo I broke this
+		//n := len(toSend)
+		//if f.l.Level == logrus.DebugLevel {
+		//	f.listenOutMetric.Update(int64(n))
+		//}
+		//f.listenOutN = n
+
 	})
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader io.ReadWriteCloser, i int) {
+func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader overlay.TunDev, queueNum int) {
 	runtime.LockOSThread()
 
-	packet := make([]byte, mtu)
-	out := make([]byte, mtu)
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
 	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 
 	conntrackCache := firewall.NewConntrackCacheTicker(f.conntrackCacheTimeout)
 
+	packets := make([]*packet.VirtIOPacket, batch)
+	outPackets := make([]*packet.Packet, batch)
+	for i := 0; i < batch; i++ {
+		packets[i] = packet.NewVIO()
+		outPackets[i] = packet.New(false) //todo?
+	}
+
 	for {
-		n, err := reader.Read(packet)
+		n, err := reader.ReadMany(packets, queueNum)
+
+		//todo!!
 		if err != nil {
 			if errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) && f.closed.Load() {
 				return
@@ -295,7 +338,22 @@ func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader io.ReadWriteCloser, i int) {
 			os.Exit(2)
 		}
 
-		f.consumeInsidePacket(packet[:n], fwPacket, nb, out, i, conntrackCache.Get(f.l))
+		if f.l.Level == logrus.DebugLevel {
+			f.listenInMetric.Update(int64(n))
+		}
+		f.listenInN = n
+
+		now := time.Now()
+		for i, pkt := range packets[:n] {
+			outPackets[i].OutLen = -1
+			f.consumeInsidePacket(pkt.Payload, fwPacket, nb, outPackets[i], queueNum, conntrackCache.Get(f.l), now)
+			reader.RecycleRxSeg(pkt, i == (n-1), queueNum) //todo handle err?
+			pkt.Reset()
+		}
+		_, err = f.writers[queueNum].WriteBatch(outPackets[:n])
+		if err != nil {
+			f.l.WithError(err).Error("Error while writing outbound packets")
+		}
 	}
 }
 
@@ -433,6 +491,11 @@ func (f *Interface) emitStats(ctx context.Context, i time.Duration) {
 			} else {
 				certMaxVersion.Update(int64(certState.v1Cert.Version()))
 			}
+			if f.l.Level != logrus.DebugLevel {
+				f.listenInMetric.Update(int64(f.listenInN))
+				f.listenOutMetric.Update(int64(f.listenOutN))
+			}
+
 		}
 	}
 }

lighthouse.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 var ErrHostNotKnown = errors.New("host not known")
+var ErrBadDetailsVpnAddr = errors.New("invalid packet, malformed detailsVpnAddr")
 
 type LightHouse struct {
 	//TODO: We need a timer wheel to kick out vpnAddrs that haven't reported in a long time
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	amLighthouse bool
 
 	myVpnNetworks      []netip.Prefix
-	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Lite
 	punchConn          udp.Conn
 	punchy             *Punchy
 
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	// staticList exists to avoid having a bool in each addrMap entry
 	// since static should be rare
 	staticList  atomic.Pointer[map[netip.Addr]struct{}]
-	lighthouses atomic.Pointer[map[netip.Addr]struct{}]
+	lighthouses atomic.Pointer[[]netip.Addr]
 
 	interval     atomic.Int64
 	updateCancel context.CancelFunc
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C,
 		queryChan:          make(chan netip.Addr, c.GetUint32("handshakes.query_buffer", 64)),
 		l:                  l,
 	}
-	lighthouses := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
+	lighthouses := make([]netip.Addr, 0)
 	h.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
 	staticList := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
 	h.staticList.Store(&staticList)
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) GetStaticHostList() map[netip.Addr]struct{} {
 	return *lh.staticList.Load()
 }
 
-func (lh *LightHouse) GetLighthouses() map[netip.Addr]struct{} {
+func (lh *LightHouse) GetLighthouses() []netip.Addr {
 	return *lh.lighthouses.Load()
 }
 
@@ -201,8 +202,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 
 			//TODO: we could technically insert all returned addrs instead of just the first one if a dns lookup was used
 			addr := addrs[0].Unmap()
-			_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(addr)
-			if found {
+			if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(addr) {
 				lh.l.WithField("addr", rawAddr).WithField("entry", i+1).
 					Warn("Ignoring lighthouse.advertise_addrs report because it is within the nebula network range")
 				continue
@@ -307,13 +307,12 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	}
 
 	if initial || c.HasChanged("lighthouse.hosts") {
-		lhMap := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
-		err := lh.parseLighthouses(c, lhMap)
+		lhList, err := lh.parseLighthouses(c)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		lh.lighthouses.Store(&lhMap)
+		lh.lighthouses.Store(&lhList)
 		if !initial {
 			//NOTE: we are not tearing down existing lighthouse connections because they might be used for non lighthouse traffic
 			lh.l.Info("lighthouse.hosts has changed")
@@ -347,37 +346,38 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (lh *LightHouse) parseLighthouses(c *config.C, lhMap map[netip.Addr]struct{}) error {
+func (lh *LightHouse) parseLighthouses(c *config.C) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
 	lhs := c.GetStringSlice("lighthouse.hosts", []string{})
 	if lh.amLighthouse && len(lhs) != 0 {
 		lh.l.Warn("lighthouse.am_lighthouse enabled on node but upstream lighthouses exist in config")
 	}
+	out := make([]netip.Addr, len(lhs))
 
 	for i, host := range lhs {
 		addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(host)
 		if err != nil {
-			return util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse lighthouse host entry", m{"host": host, "entry": i + 1}, err)
+			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse lighthouse host entry", m{"host": host, "entry": i + 1}, err)
 		}
 
-		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(addr)
-		if !found {
-			return util.NewContextualError("lighthouse host is not in our networks, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": addr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks}, nil)
+		if !lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(addr) {
+			lh.l.WithFields(m{"vpnAddr": addr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks}).
+				Warn("lighthouse host is not within our networks, lighthouse functionality will work but layer 3 network traffic to the lighthouse will not")
 		}
-		lhMap[addr] = struct{}{}
+		out[i] = addr
 	}
 
-	if !lh.amLighthouse && len(lhMap) == 0 {
+	if !lh.amLighthouse && len(out) == 0 {
 		lh.l.Warn("No lighthouse.hosts configured, this host will only be able to initiate tunnels with static_host_map entries")
 	}
 
 	staticList := lh.GetStaticHostList()
-	for lhAddr, _ := range lhMap {
-		if _, ok := staticList[lhAddr]; !ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("lighthouse %s does not have a static_host_map entry", lhAddr)
+	for i := range out {
+		if _, ok := staticList[out[i]]; !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("lighthouse %s does not have a static_host_map entry", out[i])
 		}
 	}
 
-	return nil
+	return out, nil
 }
 
 func getStaticMapCadence(c *config.C) (time.Duration, error) {
@@ -431,9 +431,9 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) loadStaticMap(c *config.C, staticList map[netip.Addr]struc
 			return util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse static_host_map entry", m{"host": k, "entry": i + 1}, err)
 		}
 
-		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
-		if !found {
-			return util.NewContextualError("static_host_map key is not in our network, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": vpnAddr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks, "entry": i + 1}, nil)
+		if !lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+			lh.l.WithFields(m{"vpnAddr": vpnAddr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks, "entry": i + 1}).
+				Warn("static_host_map key is not within our networks, layer 3 network traffic to this host will not work")
 		}
 
 		vals, ok := v.([]any)
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) QueryCache(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) *RemoteList {
 	lh.Lock()
 	defer lh.Unlock()
 	// Add an entry if we don't already have one
-	return lh.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnAddrs)
+	return lh.unlockedGetRemoteList(vpnAddrs) //todo CERT-V2 this contains addrmap lookups we could potentially skip
 }
 
 // queryAndPrepMessage is a lock helper on RemoteList, assisting the caller to build a lighthouse message containing
@@ -522,11 +522,15 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) queryAndPrepMessage(vpnAddr netip.Addr, f func(*cache) (in
 }
 
 func (lh *LightHouse) DeleteVpnAddrs(allVpnAddrs []netip.Addr) {
-	// First we check the static mapping
-	// and do nothing if it is there
-	if _, ok := lh.GetStaticHostList()[allVpnAddrs[0]]; ok {
+	// First we check the static host map. If any of the VpnAddrs to be deleted are present, do nothing.
+	staticList := lh.GetStaticHostList()
+	for _, addr := range allVpnAddrs {
+		if _, ok := staticList[addr]; ok {
 			return
 		}
+	}
+
+	// None of the VpnAddrs were present. Now we can do the deletes.
 	lh.Lock()
 	rm, ok := lh.addrMap[allVpnAddrs[0]]
 	if ok {
@@ -568,7 +572,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) addStaticRemotes(i int, d time.Duration, network string, t
 	am.unlockedSetHostnamesResults(hr)
 
 	for _, addrPort := range hr.GetAddrs() {
-		if !lh.shouldAdd(vpnAddr, addrPort.Addr()) {
+		if !lh.shouldAdd([]netip.Addr{vpnAddr}, addrPort.Addr()) {
 			continue
 		}
 		switch {
@@ -630,31 +634,37 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) addCalculatedRemotes(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 	return len(calculatedV4) > 0 || len(calculatedV6) > 0
 }
 
-// unlockedGetRemoteList
-// assumes you have the lh lock
+// unlockedGetRemoteList assumes you have the lh lock
 func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedGetRemoteList(allAddrs []netip.Addr) *RemoteList {
-	am, ok := lh.addrMap[allAddrs[0]]
-	if !ok {
-		am = NewRemoteList(allAddrs, func(a netip.Addr) bool { return lh.shouldAdd(allAddrs[0], a) })
+	// before we go and make a new remotelist, we need to make sure we don't have one for any of this set of vpnaddrs yet
+	for i, addr := range allAddrs {
+		am, ok := lh.addrMap[addr]
+		if ok {
+			if i != 0 {
+				lh.addrMap[allAddrs[0]] = am
+			}
+			return am
+		}
+	}
+
+	am := NewRemoteList(allAddrs, lh.shouldAdd)
 	for _, addr := range allAddrs {
 		lh.addrMap[addr] = am
 	}
-	}
 	return am
 }
 
-func (lh *LightHouse) shouldAdd(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to netip.Addr) bool {
-	allow := lh.GetRemoteAllowList().Allow(vpnAddr, to)
+func (lh *LightHouse) shouldAdd(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, to netip.Addr) bool {
+	allow := lh.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowAll(vpnAddrs, to)
 	if lh.l.Level >= logrus.TraceLevel {
-		lh.l.WithField("vpnAddr", vpnAddr).WithField("udpAddr", to).WithField("allow", allow).
+		lh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", to).WithField("allow", allow).
 			Trace("remoteAllowList.Allow")
 	}
 	if !allow {
 		return false
 	}
 
-	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(to)
-	if found {
+	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(to) {
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -674,8 +684,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV4(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V4AddrPort) bo
 		return false
 	}
 
-	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(udpAddr.Addr())
-	if found {
+	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(udpAddr.Addr()) {
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -695,8 +704,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV6(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V6AddrPort) bo
 		return false
 	}
 
-	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(udpAddr.Addr())
-	if found {
+	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(udpAddr.Addr()) {
 		return false
 	}
 
@@ -704,21 +712,24 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV6(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V6AddrPort) bo
 }
 
 func (lh *LightHouse) IsLighthouseAddr(vpnAddr netip.Addr) bool {
-	if _, ok := lh.GetLighthouses()[vpnAddr]; ok {
+	l := lh.GetLighthouses()
+	for i := range l {
+		if l[i] == vpnAddr {
 			return true
 		}
+	}
 	return false
 }
 
-// TODO: CERT-V2 IsLighthouseAddr should be sufficient, we just need to update the vpnAddrs for lighthouses after a handshake
-// so that we know all the lighthouse vpnAddrs, not just the ones we were configured to talk to initially
-func (lh *LightHouse) IsAnyLighthouseAddr(vpnAddr []netip.Addr) bool {
+func (lh *LightHouse) IsAnyLighthouseAddr(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) bool {
 	l := lh.GetLighthouses()
-	for _, a := range vpnAddr {
-		if _, ok := l[a]; ok {
+	for i := range vpnAddrs {
+		for j := range l {
+			if l[j] == vpnAddrs[i] {
 				return true
 			}
 		}
+	}
 	return false
 }
 
@@ -758,7 +769,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) innerQueryServer(addr netip.Addr, nb, out []byte) {
 	queried := 0
 	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()
 
-	for lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
+	for _, lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
 		hi := lh.ifce.GetHostInfo(lhVpnAddr)
 		if hi != nil {
 			v = hi.ConnectionState.myCert.Version()
@@ -856,8 +867,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 
 	lal := lh.GetLocalAllowList()
 	for _, e := range localAddrs(lh.l, lal) {
-		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(e)
-		if found {
+		if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(e) {
 			continue
 		}
 
@@ -877,7 +887,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 	updated := 0
 	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()
 
-	for lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
+	for _, lhVpnAddr := range lighthouses {
 		var v cert.Version
 		hi := lh.ifce.GetHostInfo(lhVpnAddr)
 		if hi != nil {
@@ -935,7 +945,6 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 						V4AddrPorts:   v4,
 						V6AddrPorts:   v6,
 						RelayVpnAddrs: relays,
-						VpnAddr:       netAddrToProtoAddr(lh.myVpnNetworks[0].Addr()),
 					},
 				}
 
@@ -1055,19 +1064,19 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQuery(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []neti
 		return
 	}
 
-	useVersion := cert.Version1
-	var queryVpnAddr netip.Addr
-	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-		b := [4]byte{}
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-		queryVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-		useVersion = 1
-	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-		queryVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
-		useVersion = 2
-	} else {
+	queryVpnAddr, useVersion, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
+	if err != nil {
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithField("from", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("details", n.Details).Debugln("Dropping malformed HostQuery")
+			lhh.l.WithField("from", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("details", n.Details).
+				Debugln("Dropping malformed HostQuery")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	if useVersion == cert.Version1 && queryVpnAddr.Is6() {
+		// this case really shouldn't be possible to represent, but reject it anyway.
+		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("queryVpnAddr", queryVpnAddr).
+				Debugln("invalid vpn addr for v1 handleHostQuery")
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -1076,9 +1085,6 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQuery(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []neti
 		n = lhh.resetMeta()
 		n.Type = NebulaMeta_HostQueryReply
 		if useVersion == cert.Version1 {
-			if !queryVpnAddr.Is4() {
-				return 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid vpn addr for v1 handleHostQuery")
-			}
 			b := queryVpnAddr.As4()
 			n.Details.OldVpnAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:])
 		} else {
@@ -1123,8 +1129,9 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) sendHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAd
 			if ok {
 				whereToPunch = newDest
 			} else {
-				//TODO: CERT-V2 this means the destination will have no addresses in common with the punch-ee
-				//choosing to do nothing for now, but maybe we return an error?
+				if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+					lhh.l.WithField("to", crt.Networks()).Debugln("unable to punch to host, no addresses in common")
+				}
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1183,19 +1190,17 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) coalesceAnswers(v cert.Version, c *cache, n *Nebul
 				if !r.Is4() {
 					continue
 				}
-
 				b = r.As4()
 				n.Details.OldRelayVpnAddrs = append(n.Details.OldRelayVpnAddrs, binary.BigEndian.Uint32(b[:]))
 			}
-
 		} else if v == cert.Version2 {
 			for _, r := range c.relay.relay {
 				n.Details.RelayVpnAddrs = append(n.Details.RelayVpnAddrs, netAddrToProtoAddr(r))
 			}
-
 		} else {
-			//TODO: CERT-V2 don't panic
-			panic("unsupported version")
+			if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+				lhh.l.WithField("version", v).Debug("unsupported protocol version")
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -1205,18 +1210,16 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostQueryReply(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs [
 		return
 	}
 
-	lhh.lh.Lock()
-
-	var certVpnAddr netip.Addr
-	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-		b := [4]byte{}
-		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-		certVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-		certVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
+	certVpnAddr, _, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
+	if err != nil {
+		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			lhh.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).Error("dropping malformed HostQueryReply")
+		}
+		return
 	}
 	relays := n.Details.GetRelays()
 
+	lhh.lh.Lock()
 	am := lhh.lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{certVpnAddr})
 	am.Lock()
 	lhh.lh.Unlock()
@@ -1241,27 +1244,24 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 		return
 	}
 
+	// not using GetVpnAddrAndVersion because we don't want to error on a blank detailsVpnAddr
 	var detailsVpnAddr netip.Addr
-	useVersion := cert.Version1
-	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+	var useVersion cert.Version
+	if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 { //v1 always sets this field
 		b := [4]byte{}
 		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
 		detailsVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
 		useVersion = cert.Version1
-	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
+	} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil { //this field is "optional" in v2, but if it's set, we should enforce it
 		detailsVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
 		useVersion = cert.Version2
 	} else {
-		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			lhh.l.WithField("details", n.Details).Debugf("dropping invalid HostUpdateNotification")
-		}
-		return
+		detailsVpnAddr = netip.Addr{}
+		useVersion = cert.Version2
 	}
 
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 hosts with only v2 certs cannot provide their ipv6 addr when contacting the lighthouse via v4?
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 why do we care about the vpnAddr in the packet? We know where it came from, right?
-	//Simple check that the host sent this not someone else
-	if !slices.Contains(fromVpnAddrs, detailsVpnAddr) {
+	//Simple check that the host sent this not someone else, if detailsVpnAddr is filled
+	if detailsVpnAddr.IsValid() && !slices.Contains(fromVpnAddrs, detailsVpnAddr) {
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).WithField("answer", detailsVpnAddr).Debugln("Host sent invalid update")
 		}
@@ -1275,24 +1275,24 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 	am.Lock()
 	lhh.lh.Unlock()
 
-	am.unlockedSetV4(fromVpnAddrs[0], detailsVpnAddr, n.Details.V4AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV4)
-	am.unlockedSetV6(fromVpnAddrs[0], detailsVpnAddr, n.Details.V6AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV6)
+	am.unlockedSetV4(fromVpnAddrs[0], fromVpnAddrs[0], n.Details.V4AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV4)
+	am.unlockedSetV6(fromVpnAddrs[0], fromVpnAddrs[0], n.Details.V6AddrPorts, lhh.lh.unlockedShouldAddV6)
 	am.unlockedSetRelay(fromVpnAddrs[0], relays)
 	am.Unlock()
 
 	n = lhh.resetMeta()
 	n.Type = NebulaMeta_HostUpdateNotificationAck
-
-	if useVersion == cert.Version1 {
+	switch useVersion {
+	case cert.Version1:
 		if !fromVpnAddrs[0].Is4() {
 			lhh.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", fromVpnAddrs).Error("Can not send HostUpdateNotificationAck for a ipv6 vpn ip in a v1 message")
 			return
 		}
 		vpnAddrB := fromVpnAddrs[0].As4()
 		n.Details.OldVpnAddr = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(vpnAddrB[:])
-	} else if useVersion == cert.Version2 {
-		n.Details.VpnAddr = netAddrToProtoAddr(fromVpnAddrs[0])
-	} else {
+	case cert.Version2:
+		// do nothing, we want to send a blank message
+	default:
 		lhh.l.WithField("useVersion", useVersion).Error("invalid protocol version")
 		return
 	}
@@ -1310,13 +1310,20 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostUpdateNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVp
 func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAddrs []netip.Addr, w EncWriter) {
 	//It's possible the lighthouse is communicating with us using a non primary vpn addr,
 	//which means we need to compare all fromVpnAddrs against all configured lighthouse vpn addrs.
-	//maybe one day we'll have a better idea, if it matters.
 	if !lhh.lh.IsAnyLighthouseAddr(fromVpnAddrs) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	detailsVpnAddr, _, err := n.Details.GetVpnAddrAndVersion()
+	if err != nil {
+		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			lhh.l.WithField("details", n.Details).WithError(err).Debugln("dropping invalid HostPunchNotification")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
 	empty := []byte{0}
-	punch := func(vpnPeer netip.AddrPort) {
+	punch := func(vpnPeer netip.AddrPort, logVpnAddr netip.Addr) {
 		if !vpnPeer.IsValid() {
 			return
 		}
@@ -1328,48 +1335,38 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) handleHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpn
 		}()
 
 		if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			var logVpnAddr netip.Addr
-			if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-				b := [4]byte{}
-				binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-				logVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-			} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-				logVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
-			}
 			lhh.l.Debugf("Punching on %v for %v", vpnPeer, logVpnAddr)
 		}
 	}
 
+	remoteAllowList := lhh.lh.GetRemoteAllowList()
 	for _, a := range n.Details.V4AddrPorts {
-		punch(protoV4AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a))
+		b := protoV4AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a)
+		if remoteAllowList.Allow(detailsVpnAddr, b.Addr()) {
+			punch(b, detailsVpnAddr)
+		}
 	}
 
 	for _, a := range n.Details.V6AddrPorts {
-		punch(protoV6AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a))
+		b := protoV6AddrPortToNetAddrPort(a)
+		if remoteAllowList.Allow(detailsVpnAddr, b.Addr()) {
+			punch(b, detailsVpnAddr)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// This sends a nebula test packet to the host trying to contact us. In the case
 	// of a double nat or other difficult scenario, this may help establish
 	// a tunnel.
 	if lhh.lh.punchy.GetRespond() {
-		var queryVpnAddr netip.Addr
-		if n.Details.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
-			b := [4]byte{}
-			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], n.Details.OldVpnAddr)
-			queryVpnAddr = netip.AddrFrom4(b)
-		} else if n.Details.VpnAddr != nil {
-			queryVpnAddr = protoAddrToNetAddr(n.Details.VpnAddr)
-		}
-
 		go func() {
 			time.Sleep(lhh.lh.punchy.GetRespondDelay())
 			if lhh.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-				lhh.l.Debugf("Sending a nebula test packet to vpn addr %s", queryVpnAddr)
+				lhh.l.Debugf("Sending a nebula test packet to vpn addr %s", detailsVpnAddr)
 			}
 			//NOTE: we have to allocate a new output buffer here since we are spawning a new goroutine
 			// for each punchBack packet. We should move this into a timerwheel or a single goroutine
 			// managed by a channel.
-			w.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, queryVpnAddr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+			w.SendMessageToVpnAddr(header.Test, header.TestRequest, detailsVpnAddr, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 		}()
 	}
 }
@@ -1448,3 +1445,17 @@ func findNetworkUnion(prefixes []netip.Prefix, addrs []netip.Addr) (netip.Addr,
 	}
 	return netip.Addr{}, false
 }
+
+func (d *NebulaMetaDetails) GetVpnAddrAndVersion() (netip.Addr, cert.Version, error) {
+	if d.OldVpnAddr != 0 {
+		b := [4]byte{}
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(b[:], d.OldVpnAddr)
+		detailsVpnAddr := netip.AddrFrom4(b)
+		return detailsVpnAddr, cert.Version1, nil
+	} else if d.VpnAddr != nil {
+		detailsVpnAddr := protoAddrToNetAddr(d.VpnAddr)
+		return detailsVpnAddr, cert.Version2, nil
+	} else {
+		return netip.Addr{}, cert.Version1, ErrBadDetailsVpnAddr
+	}
+}

lighthouse_test.go

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
 )
 
 func TestOldIPv4Only(t *testing.T) {
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ func TestOldIPv4Only(t *testing.T) {
 func Test_lhStaticMapping(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/16")
-	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ func Test_lhStaticMapping(t *testing.T) {
 func TestReloadLighthouseInterval(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/16")
-	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ func TestReloadLighthouseInterval(t *testing.T) {
 func BenchmarkLighthouseHandleRequest(b *testing.B) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/0")
-	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -196,8 +196,8 @@ func TestLighthouse_Memory(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
 
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -281,8 +281,8 @@ func TestLighthouse_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
 
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -493,3 +493,123 @@ func Test_findNetworkUnion(t *testing.T) {
 	out, ok = findNetworkUnion([]netip.Prefix{fc00}, []netip.Addr{a1, afe81})
 	assert.False(t, ok)
 }
+
+func TestLighthouse_Dont_Delete_Static_Hosts(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+
+	myUdpAddr2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("1.2.3.4:4242")
+
+	testSameHostNotStatic := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.41")
+	testStaticHost := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.42")
+	//myVpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.2")
+
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"hosts":    []any{lh1},
+		"interval": "1s",
+	}
+
+	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{
+		lh1:           []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
+		"10.128.0.42": []any{"1.2.3.4:4242"},
+	}
+
+	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	cs := &CertState{
+		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
+		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
+	}
+	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
+
+	//test that we actually have the static entry:
+	out := lh.Query(testStaticHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testStaticHost)
+	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //why tho
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+
+	//bolt on a lower numbered primary IP
+	am := lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{testStaticHost})
+	am.vpnAddrs = []netip.Addr{testSameHostNotStatic, testStaticHost}
+	lh.addrMap[testSameHostNotStatic] = am
+	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //???
+
+	//test that we actually have the static entry:
+	out = lh.Query(testStaticHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[1], testStaticHost)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+
+	//test that we actually have the static entry for BOTH:
+	out2 := lh.Query(testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.Same(t, out2, out)
+
+	//now do the delete
+	lh.DeleteVpnAddrs([]netip.Addr{testSameHostNotStatic, testStaticHost})
+	//verify
+	out = lh.Query(testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	if out == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected non-nil query for the static host")
+	}
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testSameHostNotStatic)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[1], testStaticHost)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+}
+
+func TestLighthouse_DeletesWork(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+
+	myUdpAddr2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("1.2.3.4:4242")
+	testHost := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.42")
+
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
+		"hosts":    []any{lh1},
+		"interval": "1s",
+	}
+
+	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{
+		lh1: []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
+	}
+
+	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	cs := &CertState{
+		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
+		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
+	}
+	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
+
+	//insert the host
+	am := lh.unlockedGetRemoteList([]netip.Addr{testHost})
+	am.vpnAddrs = []netip.Addr{testHost}
+	am.addrs = []netip.AddrPort{myUdpAddr2}
+	lh.addrMap[testHost] = am
+	am.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //???
+
+	//test that we actually have the entry:
+	out := lh.Query(testHost)
+	assert.NotNil(t, out)
+	assert.Equal(t, out.vpnAddrs[0], testHost)
+	out.Rebuild([]netip.Prefix{}) //why tho
+	assert.Equal(t, out.addrs[0], myUdpAddr2)
+
+	//now do the delete
+	lh.DeleteVpnAddrs([]netip.Addr{testHost})
+	//verify
+	out = lh.Query(testHost)
+	assert.Nil(t, out)
+}

main.go

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/sshd"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
 )
 
 type m = map[string]any
@@ -75,7 +75,8 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 	if c.GetBool("sshd.enabled", false) {
 		sshStart, err = configSSH(l, ssh, c)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Error while configuring the sshd", err)
+			l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to configure sshd, ssh debugging will not be available")
+			sshStart = nil
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -185,6 +186,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 
 	hostMap := NewHostMapFromConfig(l, c)
 	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
+	connManager := newConnectionManagerFromConfig(l, c, hostMap, punchy)
 	lightHouse, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx, l, c, pki.getCertState(), udpConns[0], punchy)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to initialize lighthouse handler", err)
@@ -220,9 +222,6 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		}
 	}
 
-	checkInterval := c.GetInt("timers.connection_alive_interval", 5)
-	pendingDeletionInterval := c.GetInt("timers.pending_deletion_interval", 10)
-
 	ifConfig := &InterfaceConfig{
 		HostMap:               hostMap,
 		Inside:                tun,
@@ -231,9 +230,8 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		Firewall:              fw,
 		ServeDns:              serveDns,
 		HandshakeManager:      handshakeManager,
+		connectionManager:     connManager,
 		lightHouse:            lightHouse,
-		checkInterval:           time.Second * time.Duration(checkInterval),
-		pendingDeletionInterval: time.Second * time.Duration(pendingDeletionInterval),
 		tryPromoteEvery:       c.GetUint32("counters.try_promote", defaultPromoteEvery),
 		reQueryEvery:          c.GetUint32("counters.requery_every_packets", defaultReQueryEvery),
 		reQueryWait:           c.GetDuration("timers.requery_wait_duration", defaultReQueryWait),
@@ -244,7 +242,6 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		version:               buildVersion,
 		relayManager:          NewRelayManager(ctx, l, hostMap, c),
 		punchy:                punchy,
-
 		ConntrackCacheTimeout: conntrackCacheTimeout,
 		l:                     l,
 	}
@@ -296,5 +293,6 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		statsStart,
 		dnsStart,
 		lightHouse.StartUpdateWorker,
+		connManager.Start,
 	}, nil
 }

outside.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 	"golang.org/x/net/ipv6"
 
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ const (
 	minFwPacketLen = 4
 )
 
-func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
+func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, now time.Time) {
 	err := h.Parse(packet)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Hole punch packets are 0 or 1 byte big, so lets ignore printing those errors
@@ -31,8 +32,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []
 
 	//l.Error("in packet ", header, packet[HeaderLen:])
 	if ip.IsValid() {
-		_, found := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(ip.Addr())
-		if found {
+		if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(ip.Addr()) {
 			if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 				f.l.WithField("udpAddr", ip).Debug("Refusing to process double encrypted packet")
 			}
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []
 
 		switch h.Subtype {
 		case header.MessageNone:
-			if !f.decryptToTun(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, fwPacket, nb, q, localCache) {
+			if !f.decryptToTun(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, fwPacket, nb, q, localCache, now) {
 				return
 			}
 		case header.MessageRelay:
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []
 			// Pull the Roaming parts up here, and return in all call paths.
 			f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
 			// Track usage of both the HostInfo and the Relay for the received & authenticated packet
-			f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+			f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
 			f.connectionManager.RelayUsed(h.RemoteIndex)
 
 			relay, ok := hostinfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIdx(h.RemoteIndex)
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []
 			case TerminalType:
 				// If I am the target of this relay, process the unwrapped packet
 				// From this recursive point, all these variables are 'burned'. We shouldn't rely on them again.
-				f.readOutsidePackets(netip.AddrPort{}, &ViaSender{relayHI: hostinfo, remoteIdx: relay.RemoteIndex, relay: relay}, out[:0], signedPayload, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache)
+				f.readOutsidePackets(netip.AddrPort{}, &ViaSender{relayHI: hostinfo, remoteIdx: relay.RemoteIndex, relay: relay}, out[:0], signedPayload, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache, now)
 				return
 			case ForwardingType:
 				// Find the target HostInfo relay object
@@ -214,7 +214,218 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []
 
 	f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
 
-	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
+}
+
+func (f *Interface) readOutsidePacketsMany(packets []*packet.Packet, out []*packet.OutPacket, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, now time.Time) {
+	for i, pkt := range packets {
+		out[i].Scratch = out[i].Scratch[:0]
+		ip := pkt.AddrPort()
+
+		//l.Error("in packet ", header, packet[HeaderLen:])
+		if ip.IsValid() {
+			if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(ip.Addr()) {
+				if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+					f.l.WithField("udpAddr", ip).Debug("Refusing to process double encrypted packet")
+				}
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		//todo per-segment!
+		for segment := range pkt.Segments() {
+
+			err := h.Parse(segment)
+			if err != nil {
+				// Hole punch packets are 0 or 1 byte big, so lets ignore printing those errors
+				if len(segment) > 1 {
+					f.l.WithField("packet", pkt).Infof("Error while parsing inbound packet from %s: %s", ip, err)
+				}
+				return
+			}
+
+			var hostinfo *HostInfo
+			// verify if we've seen this index before, otherwise respond to the handshake initiation
+			if h.Type == header.Message && h.Subtype == header.MessageRelay {
+				hostinfo = f.hostMap.QueryRelayIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
+			} else {
+				hostinfo = f.hostMap.QueryIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
+			}
+
+			var ci *ConnectionState
+			if hostinfo != nil {
+				ci = hostinfo.ConnectionState
+			}
+
+			switch h.Type {
+			case header.Message:
+				// TODO handleEncrypted sends directly to addr on error. Handle this in the tunneling case.
+				if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
+					return
+				}
+
+				switch h.Subtype {
+				case header.MessageNone:
+					if !f.decryptToTunDelayWrite(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out[i], pkt, segment, fwPacket, nb, q, localCache, now) {
+						return
+					}
+				case header.MessageRelay:
+					// The entire body is sent as AD, not encrypted.
+					// The packet consists of a 16-byte parsed Nebula header, Associated Data-protected payload, and a trailing 16-byte AEAD signature value.
+					// The packet is guaranteed to be at least 16 bytes at this point, b/c it got past the h.Parse() call above. If it's
+					// otherwise malformed (meaning, there is no trailing 16 byte AEAD value), then this will result in at worst a 0-length slice
+					// which will gracefully fail in the DecryptDanger call.
+					signedPayload := segment[:len(segment)-hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead()]
+					signatureValue := segment[len(segment)-hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead():]
+					out[i].Scratch, err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.DecryptDanger(out[i].Scratch, signedPayload, signatureValue, h.MessageCounter, nb)
+					if err != nil {
+						return
+					}
+					// Successfully validated the thing. Get rid of the Relay header.
+					signedPayload = signedPayload[header.Len:]
+					// Pull the Roaming parts up here, and return in all call paths.
+					f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
+					// Track usage of both the HostInfo and the Relay for the received & authenticated packet
+					f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
+					f.connectionManager.RelayUsed(h.RemoteIndex)
+
+					relay, ok := hostinfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIdx(h.RemoteIndex)
+					if !ok {
+						// The only way this happens is if hostmap has an index to the correct HostInfo, but the HostInfo is missing
+						// its internal mapping. This should never happen.
+						hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithFields(logrus.Fields{"vpnAddrs": hostinfo.vpnAddrs, "remoteIndex": h.RemoteIndex}).Error("HostInfo missing remote relay index")
+						return
+					}
+
+					switch relay.Type {
+					case TerminalType:
+						// If I am the target of this relay, process the unwrapped packet
+						// From this recursive point, all these variables are 'burned'. We shouldn't rely on them again.
+						f.readOutsidePackets(netip.AddrPort{}, &ViaSender{relayHI: hostinfo, remoteIdx: relay.RemoteIndex, relay: relay}, out[i].Scratch[:0], signedPayload, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache, now)
+						return
+					case ForwardingType:
+						// Find the target HostInfo relay object
+						targetHI, targetRelay, err := f.hostMap.QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor(hostinfo.vpnAddrs, relay.PeerAddr)
+						if err != nil {
+							hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("relayTo", relay.PeerAddr).WithError(err).WithField("hostinfo.vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).Info("Failed to find target host info by ip")
+							return
+						}
+
+						// If that relay is Established, forward the payload through it
+						if targetRelay.State == Established {
+							switch targetRelay.Type {
+							case ForwardingType:
+								// Forward this packet through the relay tunnel
+								// Find the target HostInfo
+								f.SendVia(targetHI, targetRelay, signedPayload, nb, out[i].Scratch, false)
+								return
+							case TerminalType:
+								hostinfo.logger(f.l).Error("Unexpected Relay Type of Terminal")
+							}
+						} else {
+							hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithFields(logrus.Fields{"relayTo": relay.PeerAddr, "relayFrom": hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0], "targetRelayState": targetRelay.State}).Info("Unexpected target relay state")
+							return
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+			case header.LightHouse:
+				f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
+				if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
+					return
+				}
+
+				d, err := f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out[i].Scratch, segment, h, nb)
+				if err != nil {
+					hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
+						WithField("packet", segment).
+						Error("Failed to decrypt lighthouse packet")
+					return
+				}
+
+				lhf.HandleRequest(ip, hostinfo.vpnAddrs, d, f)
+
+				// Fallthrough to the bottom to record incoming traffic
+
+			case header.Test:
+				f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
+				if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
+					return
+				}
+
+				d, err := f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out[i].Scratch, segment, h, nb)
+				if err != nil {
+					hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
+						WithField("packet", segment).
+						Error("Failed to decrypt test packet")
+					return
+				}
+
+				if h.Subtype == header.TestRequest {
+					// This testRequest might be from TryPromoteBest, so we should roam
+					// to the new IP address before responding
+					f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
+					f.send(header.Test, header.TestReply, ci, hostinfo, d, nb, out[i].Scratch)
+				}
+
+				// Fallthrough to the bottom to record incoming traffic
+
+				// Non encrypted messages below here, they should not fall through to avoid tracking incoming traffic since they
+				// are unauthenticated
+
+			case header.Handshake:
+				f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
+				f.handshakeManager.HandleIncoming(ip, nil, segment, h)
+				return
+
+			case header.RecvError:
+				f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
+				f.handleRecvError(ip, h)
+				return
+
+			case header.CloseTunnel:
+				f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
+				if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
+					return
+				}
+
+				hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
+					Info("Close tunnel received, tearing down.")
+
+				f.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
+				return
+
+			case header.Control:
+				if !f.handleEncrypted(ci, ip, h) {
+					return
+				}
+
+				d, err := f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out[i].Scratch, segment, h, nb)
+				if err != nil {
+					hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", ip).
+						WithField("packet", segment).
+						Error("Failed to decrypt Control packet")
+					return
+				}
+
+				f.relayManager.HandleControlMsg(hostinfo, d, f)
+
+			default:
+				f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
+				hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debugf("Unexpected packet received from %s", ip)
+				return
+			}
+
+			f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, ip)
+
+			f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
+
+		}
+		_, err := f.readers[q].WriteOne(out[i], false, q)
+		if err != nil {
+			f.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to write packet")
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // closeTunnel closes a tunnel locally, it does not send a closeTunnel packet to the remote
@@ -255,16 +466,18 @@ func (f *Interface) handleHostRoaming(hostinfo *HostInfo, udpAddr netip.AddrPort
 
 }
 
+// handleEncrypted returns true if a packet should be processed, false otherwise
 func (f *Interface) handleEncrypted(ci *ConnectionState, addr netip.AddrPort, h *header.H) bool {
-	// If connectionstate exists and the replay protector allows, process packet
-	// Else, send recv errors for 300 seconds after a restart to allow fast reconnection.
-	if ci == nil || !ci.window.Check(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
+	// If connectionstate does not exist, send a recv error, if possible, to encourage a fast reconnect
+	if ci == nil {
 		if addr.IsValid() {
 			f.maybeSendRecvError(addr, h.RemoteIndex)
-			return false
-		} else {
+		}
 		return false
 	}
+	// If the window check fails, refuse to process the packet, but don't send a recv error
+	if !ci.window.Check(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
+		return false
 	}
 
 	return true
@@ -313,12 +526,11 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
 	offset := ipv6.HeaderLen // Start at the end of the ipv6 header
 	next := 0
 	for {
-		if dataLen < offset {
+		if protoAt >= dataLen {
 			break
 		}
-
 		proto := layers.IPProtocol(data[protoAt])
-		//fmt.Println(proto, protoAt)
+
 		switch proto {
 		case layers.IPProtocolICMPv6, layers.IPProtocolESP, layers.IPProtocolNoNextHeader:
 			fp.Protocol = uint8(proto)
@@ -366,7 +578,7 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
 
 		case layers.IPProtocolAH:
 			// Auth headers, used by IPSec, have a different meaning for header length
-			if dataLen < offset+1 {
+			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
 				break
 			}
 
@@ -374,7 +586,7 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
 
 		default:
 			// Normal ipv6 header length processing
-			if dataLen < offset+1 {
+			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
 				break
 			}
 
@@ -465,7 +677,55 @@ func (f *Interface) decrypt(hostinfo *HostInfo, mc uint64, out []byte, packet []
 	return out, nil
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) decryptToTun(hostinfo *HostInfo, messageCounter uint64, out []byte, packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) bool {
+func (f *Interface) decryptToTunDelayWrite(hostinfo *HostInfo, messageCounter uint64, out *packet.OutPacket, pkt *packet.Packet, inSegment []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, now time.Time) bool {
+	var err error
+
+	seg, err := f.readers[q].AllocSeg(out, q)
+	if err != nil {
+		f.l.WithError(err).Errorln("decryptToTunDelayWrite: failed to allocate segment")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	out.SegmentPayloads[seg] = out.SegmentPayloads[seg][:0]
+	out.SegmentPayloads[seg], err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.DecryptDanger(out.SegmentPayloads[seg], inSegment[:header.Len], inSegment[header.Len:], messageCounter, nb)
+	if err != nil {
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).Error("Failed to decrypt packet")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	err = newPacket(out.SegmentPayloads[seg], true, fwPacket)
+	if err != nil {
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithError(err).WithField("packet", out).
+			Warnf("Error while validating inbound packet")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if !hostinfo.ConnectionState.window.Update(f.l, messageCounter) {
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("fwPacket", fwPacket).
+			Debugln("dropping out of window packet")
+		return false
+	}
+
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fwPacket, true, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache, now)
+	if dropReason != nil {
+		// NOTE: We give `packet` as the `out` here since we already decrypted from it and we don't need it anymore
+		// This gives us a buffer to build the reject packet in
+		f.rejectOutside(out.SegmentPayloads[seg], hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, nb, inSegment, q)
+		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("fwPacket", fwPacket).
+				WithField("reason", dropReason).
+				Debugln("dropping inbound packet")
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+
+	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
+	pkt.OutLen += len(inSegment)
+	out.Segments[seg] = out.Segments[seg][:len(out.SegmentHeaders[seg])+len(out.SegmentPayloads[seg])]
+	return true
+}
+
+func (f *Interface) decryptToTun(hostinfo *HostInfo, messageCounter uint64, out []byte, packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache, now time.Time) bool {
 	var err error
 
 	out, err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.DecryptDanger(out, packet[:header.Len], packet[header.Len:], messageCounter, nb)
@@ -487,7 +747,7 @@ func (f *Interface) decryptToTun(hostinfo *HostInfo, messageCounter uint64, out
 		return false
 	}
 
-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fwPacket, true, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(*fwPacket, true, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache, now)
 	if dropReason != nil {
 		// NOTE: We give `packet` as the `out` here since we already decrypted from it and we don't need it anymore
 		// This gives us a buffer to build the reject packet in
@@ -500,7 +760,7 @@ func (f *Interface) decryptToTun(hostinfo *HostInfo, messageCounter uint64, out
 		return false
 	}
 
-	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	f.connectionManager.In(hostinfo)
 	_, err = f.readers[q].Write(out)
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to write to tun")
@@ -539,10 +799,6 @@ func (f *Interface) handleRecvError(addr netip.AddrPort, h *header.H) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if !hostinfo.RecvErrorExceeded() {
-		return
-	}
-
 	if hostinfo.remote.IsValid() && hostinfo.remote != addr {
 		f.l.Infoln("Someone spoofing recv_errors? ", addr, hostinfo.remote)
 		return

outside_test.go

@@ -117,6 +117,45 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes(), true, p)
 	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
 
+	// A v6 packet with a hop-by-hop extension
+	// ICMPv6 Payload (Echo Request)
+	icmpLayer := layers.ICMPv6{
+		TypeCode: layers.ICMPv6TypeEchoRequest,
+	}
+	// Hop-by-Hop Extension Header
+	hopOption := layers.IPv6HopByHopOption{}
+	hopOption.OptionData = []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}
+	hopByHop := layers.IPv6HopByHop{}
+	hopByHop.Options = append(hopByHop.Options, &hopOption)
+
+	ip = layers.IPv6{
+		Version:    6,
+		HopLimit:   128,
+		NextHeader: layers.IPProtocolIPv6Destination,
+		SrcIP:      net.IPv6linklocalallrouters,
+		DstIP:      net.IPv6linklocalallnodes,
+	}
+
+	buffer.Clear()
+	err = gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, gopacket.SerializeOptions{
+		ComputeChecksums: false,
+		FixLengths:       true,
+	}, &ip, &hopByHop, &icmpLayer)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	// Ensure buffer length checks during parsing with the next 2 tests.
+
+	// A full IPv6 header and 1 byte in the first extension, but missing
+	// the length byte.
+	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:41], true, p)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+
+	// A full IPv6 header plus 1 full extension, but only 1 byte of the
+	// next layer, missing length byte
+	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:49], true, p)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+
 	// A good ICMP packet
 	ip = layers.IPv6{
 		Version:    6,
@@ -288,6 +327,10 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, uint16(22), p.LocalPort)
 	assert.False(t, p.Fragment)
 
+	// Ensure buffer bounds checking during processing
+	err = newPacket(b[:41], true, p)
+	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+
 	// Invalid AH header
 	b = buffer.Bytes()
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)

overlay/device.go

@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 package overlay
 
 import (
-	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )
 
 type Device interface {
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
+	TunDev
 	Activate() error
 	Networks() []netip.Prefix
 	Name() string
 	RoutesFor(netip.Addr) routing.Gateways
-	NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error)
+	NewMultiQueueReader() (TunDev, error)
 }

overlay/eventfd/eventfd.go

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+package eventfd
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+type EventFD struct {
+	fd  int
+	buf [8]byte
+}
+
+func New() (EventFD, error) {
+	fd, err := unix.Eventfd(0, unix.EFD_NONBLOCK)
+	if err != nil {
+		return EventFD{}, err
+	}
+	return EventFD{
+		fd:  fd,
+		buf: [8]byte{},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (e *EventFD) Kick() error {
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint64(e.buf[:], 1) //is this right???
+	_, err := syscall.Write(int(e.fd), e.buf[:])
+	return err
+}
+
+func (e *EventFD) Close() error {
+	if e.fd != 0 {
+		return unix.Close(e.fd)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (e *EventFD) FD() int {
+	return e.fd
+}
+
+type Epoll struct {
+	fd     int
+	buf    [8]byte
+	events []syscall.EpollEvent
+}
+
+func NewEpoll() (Epoll, error) {
+	fd, err := unix.EpollCreate1(0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return Epoll{}, err
+	}
+	return Epoll{
+		fd:     fd,
+		buf:    [8]byte{},
+		events: make([]syscall.EpollEvent, 1),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (ep *Epoll) AddEvent(fdToAdd int) error {
+	event := syscall.EpollEvent{
+		Events: syscall.EPOLLIN,
+		Fd:     int32(fdToAdd),
+	}
+	return syscall.EpollCtl(ep.fd, syscall.EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fdToAdd, &event)
+}
+
+func (ep *Epoll) Block() (int, error) {
+	n, err := syscall.EpollWait(ep.fd, ep.events, -1)
+	if err != nil {
+		//goland:noinspection GoDirectComparisonOfErrors
+		if err == syscall.EINTR {
+			return 0, nil //??
+		}
+		return -1, err
+	}
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+func (ep *Epoll) Clear() error {
+	_, err := syscall.Read(int(ep.events[0].Fd), ep.buf[:])
+	return err
+}
+
+func (ep *Epoll) Close() error {
+	if ep.fd != 0 {
+		return unix.Close(ep.fd)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

overlay/tun.go

@@ -1,15 +1,30 @@
 package overlay
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )
 
 const DefaultMTU = 1300
 
+type TunDev interface {
+	io.WriteCloser
+	ReadMany(x []*packet.VirtIOPacket, q int) (int, error)
+
+	//todo this interface sux
+	AllocSeg(pkt *packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error)
+	WriteOne(x *packet.OutPacket, kick bool, q int) (int, error)
+	WriteMany(x []*packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error)
+	RecycleRxSeg(pkt *packet.VirtIOPacket, kick bool, q int) error
+}
+
 // TODO: We may be able to remove routines
 type DeviceFactory func(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, routines int) (Device, error)
 
@@ -24,11 +39,11 @@ func NewDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Pref
 	}
 }
 
-func NewFdDeviceFromConfig(fd *int) DeviceFactory {
-	return func(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, routines int) (Device, error) {
-		return newTunFromFd(c, l, *fd, vpnNetworks)
-	}
-}
+//func NewFdDeviceFromConfig(fd *int) DeviceFactory {
+//	return func(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, routines int) (Device, error) {
+//		return newTunFromFd(c, l, *fd, vpnNetworks)
+//	}
+//}
 
 func getAllRoutesFromConfig(c *config.C, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, initial bool) (bool, []Route, error) {
 	if !initial && !c.HasChanged("tun.routes") && !c.HasChanged("tun.unsafe_routes") {
@@ -70,3 +85,51 @@ func findRemovedRoutes(newRoutes, oldRoutes []Route) []Route {
 
 	return removed
 }
+
+func prefixToMask(prefix netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
+	pLen := 128
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		pLen = 32
+	}
+
+	addr, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(net.CIDRMask(prefix.Bits(), pLen))
+	return addr
+}
+
+func flipBytes(b []byte) []byte {
+	for i := 0; i < len(b); i++ {
+		b[i] ^= 0xFF
+	}
+	return b
+}
+func orBytes(a []byte, b []byte) []byte {
+	ret := make([]byte, len(a))
+	for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
+		ret[i] = a[i] | b[i]
+	}
+	return ret
+}
+
+func getBroadcast(cidr netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
+	broadcast, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(
+		orBytes(
+			cidr.Addr().AsSlice(),
+			flipBytes(prefixToMask(cidr).AsSlice()),
+		),
+	)
+	return broadcast
+}
+
+func selectGateway(dest netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) (netip.Prefix, error) {
+	for _, gateway := range gateways {
+		if dest.Addr().Is4() && gateway.Addr().Is4() {
+			return gateway, nil
+		}
+
+		if dest.Addr().Is6() && gateway.Addr().Is6() {
+			return gateway, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return netip.Prefix{}, fmt.Errorf("no gateway found for %v in the list of vpn networks", dest)
+}

overlay/tun_darwin.go

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -295,7 +294,6 @@ func (t *tun) activate6(network netip.Prefix) error {
 			Vltime: 0xffffffff,
 			Pltime: 0xffffffff,
 		},
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 should we disable DAD (duplicate address detection) and mark this as a secured address?
 		Flags: _IN6_IFF_NODAD,
 	}
 
@@ -554,13 +552,3 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for darwin")
 }
-
-func prefixToMask(prefix netip.Prefix) netip.Addr {
-	pLen := 128
-	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
-		pLen = 32
-	}
-
-	addr, _ := netip.AddrFromSlice(net.CIDRMask(prefix.Bits(), pLen))
-	return addr
-}

overlay/tun_disabled.go

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import (
 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/virtqueue"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )
 
@@ -22,6 +24,10 @@ type disabledTun struct {
 	l  *logrus.Logger
 }
 
+func (*disabledTun) RecycleRxSeg(pkt *packet.VirtIOPacket, kick bool, q int) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func newDisabledTun(vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, queueLen int, metricsEnabled bool, l *logrus.Logger) *disabledTun {
 	tun := &disabledTun{
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
@@ -40,6 +46,10 @@ func newDisabledTun(vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, queueLen int, metricsEnabled boo
 	return tun
 }
 
+func (*disabledTun) GetQueues() []*virtqueue.SplitQueue {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (*disabledTun) Activate() error {
 	return nil
 }
@@ -105,7 +115,23 @@ func (t *disabledTun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
 	return len(b), nil
 }
 
-func (t *disabledTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+func (t *disabledTun) AllocSeg(pkt *packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error) {
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("tun_disabled: AllocSeg not implemented")
+}
+
+func (t *disabledTun) WriteOne(x *packet.OutPacket, kick bool, q int) (int, error) {
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("tun_disabled: WriteOne not implemented")
+}
+
+func (t *disabledTun) WriteMany(x []*packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error) {
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("tun_disabled: WriteMany not implemented")
+}
+
+func (t *disabledTun) ReadMany(b []*packet.VirtIOPacket, _ int) (int, error) {
+	return t.Read(b[0].Payload)
+}
+
+func (t *disabledTun) NewMultiQueueReader() (TunDev, error) {
 	return t, nil
 }
 

overlay/tun_freebsd.go

@@ -10,11 +10,9 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"io/fs"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
-	"os/exec"
-	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
+	"time"
 	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
@@ -22,12 +20,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
 const (
 	// FIODGNAME is defined in sys/sys/filio.h on FreeBSD
 	// For 32-bit systems, use FIODGNAME_32 (not defined in this file: 0x80086678)
 	FIODGNAME        = 0x80106678
+	TUNSIFMODE       = 0x8004745e
+	TUNSIFHEAD       = 0x80047460
+	OSIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 0x8088691b
+	IN6_IFF_NODAD    = 0x0020
 )
 
 type fiodgnameArg struct {
@@ -37,43 +41,159 @@ type fiodgnameArg struct {
 }
 
 type ifreqRename struct {
-	Name [16]byte
+	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
 	Data uintptr
 }
 
 type ifreqDestroy struct {
-	Name [16]byte
+	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
 	pad  [16]byte
 }
 
+type ifReq struct {
+	Name  [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Flags uint16
+}
+
+type ifreqMTU struct {
+	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	MTU  int32
+}
+
+type addrLifetime struct {
+	Expire    uint64
+	Preferred uint64
+	Vltime    uint32
+	Pltime    uint32
+}
+
+type ifreqAlias4 struct {
+	Name     [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr     unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	DstAddr  unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	MaskAddr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	VHid     uint32
+}
+
+type ifreqAlias6 struct {
+	Name       [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr       unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	DstAddr    unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	PrefixMask unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	Flags      uint32
+	Lifetime   addrLifetime
+	VHid       uint32
+}
+
 type tun struct {
 	Device      string
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	MTU         int
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	linkAddr    *netroute.LinkAddr
 	l           *logrus.Logger
+	devFd       int
+}
 
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
+func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
+	// use readv() to read from the tunnel device, to eliminate the need for copying the buffer
+	if t.devFd < 0 {
+		return -1, syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+
+	// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
+	head := make([]byte, 4)
+
+	iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
+		{&head[0], 4},
+		{&to[0], uint64(len(to))},
+	}
+
+	n, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_READV, uintptr(t.devFd), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
+
+	var err error
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = syscall.Errno(errno)
+	} else {
+		err = nil
+	}
+	// fix bytes read number to exclude header
+	bytesRead := int(n)
+	if bytesRead < 0 {
+		return bytesRead, err
+	} else if bytesRead < 4 {
+		return 0, err
+	} else {
+		return bytesRead - 4, err
+	}
+}
+
+// Write is only valid for single threaded use
+func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
+	// use writev() to write to the tunnel device, to eliminate the need for copying the buffer
+	if t.devFd < 0 {
+		return -1, syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+
+	if len(from) <= 1 {
+		return 0, syscall.EIO
+	}
+	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
+	var head []byte
+	// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
+	if ipVer == 4 {
+		head = []byte{0, 0, 0, syscall.AF_INET}
+	} else if ipVer == 6 {
+		head = []byte{0, 0, 0, syscall.AF_INET6}
+	} else {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
+	}
+	iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
+		{&head[0], 4},
+		{&from[0], uint64(len(from))},
+	}
+
+	n, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_WRITEV, uintptr(t.devFd), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
+
+	var err error
+	if errno != 0 {
+		err = syscall.Errno(errno)
+	} else {
+		err = nil
+	}
+
+	return int(n) - 4, err
 }
 
 func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+	if t.devFd >= 0 {
+		err := syscall.Close(t.devFd)
 		if err != nil {
-			return err
+			t.l.WithError(err).Error("Error closing device")
 		}
+		t.devFd = -1
+
+		c := make(chan struct{})
+		go func() {
+			// destroying the interface can block if a read() is still pending. Do this asynchronously.
+			defer close(c)
+			s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+			if err == nil {
 				defer syscall.Close(s)
-
 				ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
-
-		// Destroy the interface
 				err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
-		return err
+			}
+			if err != nil {
+				t.l.WithError(err).Error("Error destroying tunnel")
+			}
+		}()
+
+		// wait up to 1 second so we start blocking at the ioctl
+		select {
+		case <-c:
+		case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
+		}
 	}
 
 	return nil
@@ -85,32 +205,37 @@ func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun,
 
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
 	// Try to open existing tun device
-	var file *os.File
+	var fd int
 	var err error
 	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
 	if deviceName != "" {
-		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+		fd, err = syscall.Open("/dev/"+deviceName, syscall.O_RDWR, 0)
 	}
 	if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) || deviceName == "" {
 		// If the device doesn't already exist, request a new one and rename it
-		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
+		fd, err = syscall.Open("/dev/tun", syscall.O_RDWR, 0)
 	}
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	rawConn, err := file.SyscallConn()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SyscallConn: %v", err)
+	// Read the name of the interface
+	var name [16]byte
+	arg := fiodgnameArg{length: 16, buf: unsafe.Pointer(&name)}
+	ctrlErr := ioctl(uintptr(fd), FIODGNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
+
+	if ctrlErr == nil {
+		// set broadcast mode and multicast
+		ifmode := uint32(unix.IFF_BROADCAST | unix.IFF_MULTICAST)
+		ctrlErr = ioctl(uintptr(fd), TUNSIFMODE, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifmode)))
+	}
+
+	if ctrlErr == nil {
+		// turn on link-layer mode, to support ipv6
+		ifhead := uint32(1)
+		ctrlErr = ioctl(uintptr(fd), TUNSIFHEAD, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifhead)))
 	}
 
-	var name [16]byte
-	var ctrlErr error
-	rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		// Read the name of the interface
-		arg := fiodgnameArg{length: 16, buf: unsafe.Pointer(&name)}
-		ctrlErr = ioctl(fd, FIODGNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
-	})
 	if ctrlErr != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -122,11 +247,7 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 
 	// If the name doesn't match the desired interface name, rename it now
 	if ifName != deviceName {
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(
-			syscall.AF_INET,
-			syscall.SOCK_DGRAM,
-			syscall.IPPROTO_IP,
-		)
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -149,11 +270,11 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 	}
 
 	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: file,
 		Device:      deviceName,
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
 		l:           l,
+		devFd:       fd,
 	}
 
 	err = t.reload(c, true)
@@ -172,38 +293,111 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 }
 
 func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	var err error
-	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
-	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
+		ifr := ifreqAlias4{
+			Name: t.deviceBytes(),
+			Addr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+				Family: unix.AF_INET,
+				Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
+			},
+			DstAddr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+				Family: unix.AF_INET,
+				Addr:   getBroadcast(cidr).As4(),
+			},
+			MaskAddr: unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+				Family: unix.AF_INET,
+				Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As4(),
+			},
+			VHid: 0,
+		}
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+		// Note: unix.SIOCAIFADDR corresponds to FreeBSD's OSIOCAIFADDR
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
+		}
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+		ifr := ifreqAlias6{
+			Name: t.deviceBytes(),
+			Addr: unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+				Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+				Addr:   cidr.Addr().As16(),
+			},
+			PrefixMask: unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+				Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+				Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+				Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As16(),
+			},
+			Lifetime: addrLifetime{
+				Expire:    0,
+				Preferred: 0,
+				Vltime:    0xffffffff,
+				Pltime:    0xffffffff,
+			},
+			Flags: IN6_IFF_NODAD,
+		}
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET6, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), OSIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
+		}
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
+	return fmt.Errorf("unknown address type %v", cidr)
 }
 
 func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	// Setup our default MTU
+	err := t.setMTU()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	linkAddr, err := getLinkAddr(t.Device)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if linkAddr == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to discover link_addr for tun interface")
+	}
+	t.linkAddr = linkAddr
+
 	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
 		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+
+	return t.addRoutes(false)
+}
+
+func (t *tun) setMTU() error {
+	// Set the MTU on the device
+	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+	ifm := ifreqMTU{Name: t.deviceBytes(), MTU: int32(t.MTU)}
+	err = ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifm)))
+	return err
 }
 
 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
@@ -268,15 +462,16 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.linkAddr)
+		if err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -289,9 +484,8 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.linkAddr)
+		if err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
@@ -306,3 +500,120 @@ func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
 	}
 	return
 }
+
+func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := &netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_ADD,
+		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+		}
+	} else {
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
+			// Try to do a change
+			route.Type = unix.RTM_CHANGE
+			data, err = route.Marshal()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
+			}
+			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+			fmt.Println("DOING CHANGE")
+			return err
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+		}
+	} else {
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: gateway,
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// getLinkAddr Gets the link address for the interface of the given name
+func getLinkAddr(name string) (*netroute.LinkAddr, error) {
+	rib, err := netroute.FetchRIB(unix.AF_UNSPEC, unix.NET_RT_IFLIST, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	msgs, err := netroute.ParseRIB(unix.NET_RT_IFLIST, rib)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	for _, m := range msgs {
+		switch m := m.(type) {
+		case *netroute.InterfaceMessage:
+			if m.Name == name {
+				sa, ok := m.Addrs[unix.RTAX_IFP].(*netroute.LinkAddr)
+				if ok {
+					return sa, nil
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, nil
+}

overlay/tun_linux.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package overlay
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
@@ -17,15 +16,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/vhostnet"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util/virtio"
 	"github.com/vishvananda/netlink"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
 type tun struct {
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
+	file        *os.File
 	fd          int
+	vdev        []*vhostnet.Device
 	Device      string
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	MaxMTU      int
@@ -38,7 +41,9 @@ type tun struct {
 	routeTree                 atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	routeChan                 chan struct{}
 	useSystemRoutes           bool
+	useSystemRoutesBufferSize int
 
+	isV6 bool
 	l    *logrus.Logger
 }
 
@@ -101,7 +106,7 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueu
 	}
 
 	var req ifReq
-	req.Flags = uint16(unix.IFF_TUN | unix.IFF_NO_PI)
+	req.Flags = uint16(unix.IFF_TUN | unix.IFF_NO_PI | unix.IFF_TUN_EXCL | unix.IFF_VNET_HDR | unix.IFF_NAPI)
 	if multiqueue {
 		req.Flags |= unix.IFF_MULTI_QUEUE
 	}
@@ -111,26 +116,57 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueu
 	}
 	name := strings.Trim(string(req.Name[:]), "\x00")
 
+	if err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true); err != nil {
+		_ = unix.Close(fd)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("make file descriptor non-blocking: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	file := os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "/dev/net/tun")
+
+	err = unix.IoctlSetPointerInt(fd, unix.TUNSETVNETHDRSZ, virtio.NetHdrSize)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("set vnethdr size: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	flags := 0
+	//flags = //unix.TUN_F_CSUM //| unix.TUN_F_TSO4 | unix.TUN_F_USO4 | unix.TUN_F_TSO6 | unix.TUN_F_USO6
+	err = unix.IoctlSetInt(fd, unix.TUNSETOFFLOAD, flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("set offloads: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	t, err := newTunGeneric(c, l, file, vpnNetworks)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
+	t.fd = fd
 	t.Device = name
 
+	vdev, err := vhostnet.NewDevice(
+		vhostnet.WithBackendFD(fd),
+		vhostnet.WithQueueSize(8192), //todo config
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	t.vdev = []*vhostnet.Device{vdev}
+
 	return t, nil
 }
 
 func newTunGeneric(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, file *os.File, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
 	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: file,
+		file:                      file,
 		fd:                        int(file.Fd()),
 		vpnNetworks:               vpnNetworks,
 		TXQueueLen:                c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
 		useSystemRoutes:           c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
+		useSystemRoutesBufferSize: c.GetInt("tun.use_system_route_table_buffer_size", 0),
 		l:                         l,
 	}
+	if len(vpnNetworks) != 0 {
+		t.isV6 = vpnNetworks[0].Addr().Is6() //todo what about multi-IP?
+	}
 
 	err := t.reload(c, true)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -214,7 +250,7 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (TunDev, error) {
 	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/net/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -227,9 +263,17 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	file := os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "/dev/net/tun")
+	vdev, err := vhostnet.NewDevice(
+		vhostnet.WithBackendFD(fd),
+		vhostnet.WithQueueSize(8192), //todo config
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 
-	return file, nil
+	t.vdev = append(t.vdev, vdev)
+
+	return t, nil
 }
 
 func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
@@ -237,29 +281,6 @@ func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
 	return r
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
-	var nn int
-	maximum := len(b)
-
-	for {
-		n, err := unix.Write(t.fd, b[nn:maximum])
-		if n > 0 {
-			nn += n
-		}
-		if nn == len(b) {
-			return nn, err
-		}
-
-		if err != nil {
-			return nn, err
-		}
-
-		if n == 0 {
-			return nn, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
-		}
-	}
-}
-
 func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
 	for i, c := range t.Device {
 		o[i] = byte(c)
@@ -291,7 +312,6 @@ func (t *tun) addIPs(link netlink.Link) error {
 
 	//add all new addresses
 	for i := range newAddrs {
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 do we want to stack errors and try as many ops as possible?
 		//AddrReplace still adds new IPs, but if their properties change it will change them as well
 		if err := netlink.AddrReplace(link, newAddrs[i]); err != nil {
 			return err
@@ -359,6 +379,11 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set tun tx queue length")
 	}
 
+	const modeNone = 1
+	if err = netlink.LinkSetIP6AddrGenMode(link, modeNone); err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to disable link local address generation")
+	}
+
 	if err = t.addIPs(link); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -531,7 +556,13 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 	rch := make(chan netlink.RouteUpdate)
 	doneChan := make(chan struct{})
 
-	if err := netlink.RouteSubscribe(rch, doneChan); err != nil {
+	netlinkOptions := netlink.RouteSubscribeOptions{
+		ReceiveBufferSize:      t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize,
+		ReceiveBufferForceSize: t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize != 0,
+		ErrorCallback:          func(e error) { t.l.WithError(e).Errorf("netlink error") },
+	}
+
+	if err := netlink.RouteSubscribeWithOptions(rch, doneChan, netlinkOptions); err != nil {
 		t.l.WithError(err).Errorf("failed to subscribe to system route changes")
 		return
 	}
@@ -541,8 +572,14 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 	go func() {
 		for {
 			select {
-			case r := <-rch:
+			case r, ok := <-rch:
+				if ok {
 					t.updateRoutes(r)
+				} else {
+					// may be should do something here as
+					// netlink stops sending updates
+					return
+				}
 			case <-doneChan:
 				// netlink.RouteSubscriber will close the rch for us
 				return
@@ -624,6 +661,11 @@ func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
 		return
 	}
 
+	if r.Dst == nil {
+		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, no destination address")
+		return
+	}
+
 	dstAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Dst.IP)
 	if !ok {
 		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid destination address")
@@ -651,8 +693,14 @@ func (t *tun) Close() error {
 		close(t.routeChan)
 	}
 
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		_ = t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
+	for _, v := range t.vdev {
+		if v != nil {
+			_ = v.Close()
+		}
+	}
+
+	if t.file != nil {
+		_ = t.file.Close()
 	}
 
 	if t.ioctlFd > 0 {
@@ -661,3 +709,65 @@ func (t *tun) Close() error {
 
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (t *tun) ReadMany(p []*packet.VirtIOPacket, q int) (int, error) {
+	n, err := t.vdev[q].ReceivePackets(p) //we are TXing
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	maximum := len(b) //we are RXing
+
+	//todo garbagey
+	out := packet.NewOut()
+	x, err := t.AllocSeg(out, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	copy(out.SegmentPayloads[x], b)
+	err = t.vdev[0].TransmitPacket(out, true)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Transmitting packet")
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return maximum, nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) AllocSeg(pkt *packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error) {
+	idx, buf, err := t.vdev[q].GetPacketForTx()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	x := pkt.UseSegment(idx, buf, t.isV6)
+	return x, nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) WriteOne(x *packet.OutPacket, kick bool, q int) (int, error) {
+	if err := t.vdev[q].TransmitPacket(x, kick); err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Transmitting packet")
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return 1, nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) WriteMany(x []*packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error) {
+	maximum := len(x) //we are RXing
+	if maximum == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	err := t.vdev[q].TransmitPackets(x)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.l.WithError(err).Error("Transmitting packet")
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	return maximum, nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) RecycleRxSeg(pkt *packet.VirtIOPacket, kick bool, q int) error {
+	return t.vdev[q].ReceiveQueue.OfferDescriptorChains(pkt.Chains, kick)
+}

overlay/tun_netbsd.go

@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@
 package overlay
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"os/exec"
 	"regexp"
-	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
@@ -20,11 +19,42 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
-type ifreqDestroy struct {
-	Name [16]byte
-	pad  [16]byte
+const (
+	SIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 0x8080696b
+	TUNSIFHEAD      = 0x80047442
+	TUNSIFMODE      = 0x80047458
+)
+
+type ifreqAlias4 struct {
+	Name     [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr     unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	DstAddr  unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	MaskAddr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+}
+
+type ifreqAlias6 struct {
+	Name       [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr       unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	DstAddr    unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	PrefixMask unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	Flags      uint32
+	Lifetime   addrLifetime
+}
+
+type ifreq struct {
+	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	data int
+}
+
+type addrLifetime struct {
+	Expire    uint64
+	Preferred uint64
+	Vltime    uint32
+	Pltime    uint32
 }
 
 type tun struct {
@@ -34,40 +64,18 @@ type tun struct {
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger
-
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
+	f           *os.File
+	fd          int
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
-		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-		defer syscall.Close(s)
-
-		ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
-
-		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
-
-		return err
-	}
-	return nil
-}
+var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
 
 func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in NetBSD")
 }
 
-var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
-
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
 	// Try to open tun device
-	var file *os.File
 	var err error
 	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
 	if deviceName == "" {
@@ -77,13 +85,19 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
 	}
 
-	file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to set the tun device as nonblocking")
+	}
+
 	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: file,
+		f:           os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), ""),
+		fd:          fd,
 		Device:      deviceName,
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
@@ -105,40 +119,225 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 	return t, nil
 }
 
+func (t *tun) Close() error {
+	if t.f != nil {
+		if err := t.f.Close(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error closing tun file: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// t.f.Close should have handled it for us but let's be extra sure
+		_ = unix.Close(t.fd)
+
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		ifr := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
+		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifr)))
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
+	rc, err := t.f.SyscallConn()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to get syscall conn for tun: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var errno syscall.Errno
+	var n uintptr
+	err = rc.Read(func(fd uintptr) bool {
+		// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
+		head := [4]byte{}
+		iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
+			{&head[0], 4},
+			{&to[0], uint64(len(to))},
+		}
+
+		n, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_READV, fd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
+		if errno.Temporary() {
+			// We got an EAGAIN, EINTR, or EWOULDBLOCK, go again
+			return false
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == syscall.EBADF || err.Error() == "use of closed file" {
+			// Go doesn't export poll.ErrFileClosing but happily reports it to us so here we are
+			// https://github.com/golang/go/blob/master/src/internal/poll/fd_poll_runtime.go#L121
+			return 0, os.ErrClosed
+		}
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to make read call for tun: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("failed to make inner read call for tun: %w", errno)
+	}
+
+	// fix bytes read number to exclude header
+	bytesRead := int(n)
+	if bytesRead < 0 {
+		return bytesRead, nil
+	} else if bytesRead < 4 {
+		return 0, nil
+	} else {
+		return bytesRead - 4, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Write is only valid for single threaded use
+func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
+	if len(from) <= 1 {
+		return 0, syscall.EIO
+	}
+
+	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
+	var head [4]byte
+	// first 4 bytes is protocol family, in network byte order
+	if ipVer == 4 {
+		head[3] = syscall.AF_INET
+	} else if ipVer == 6 {
+		head[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
+	} else {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
+	}
+
+	rc, err := t.f.SyscallConn()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	var errno syscall.Errno
+	var n uintptr
+	err = rc.Write(func(fd uintptr) bool {
+		iovecs := []syscall.Iovec{
+			{&head[0], 4},
+			{&from[0], uint64(len(from))},
+		}
+
+		n, _, errno = syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_WRITEV, fd, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&iovecs[0])), uintptr(2))
+		// According to NetBSD documentation for TUN, writes will only return errors in which
+		// this packet will never be delivered so just go on living life.
+		return true
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return 0, errno
+	}
+
+	return int(n) - 4, err
+}
+
 func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	var err error
-
-	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
-	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
+		var req ifreqAlias4
+		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
+		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
+		}
+		req.DstAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
+		}
+		req.MaskAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As4(),
 		}
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr(), err)
 		}
 
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
+	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+		var req ifreqAlias6
+		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
+		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As16(),
+		}
+		req.PrefixMask = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As16(),
+		}
+		req.Lifetime = addrLifetime{
+			Vltime: 0xffffffff,
+			Pltime: 0xffffffff,
+		}
+
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET6, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), SIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("unknown address type %v", cidr)
 }
 
 func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	mode := int32(unix.IFF_BROADCAST)
+	err := ioctl(uintptr(t.fd), TUNSIFMODE, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&mode)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun device mode: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	v := 1
+	err = ioctl(uintptr(t.fd), TUNSIFHEAD, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&v)))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun device head: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	err = t.doIoctlByName(unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uint32(t.MTU))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun mtu: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
+		err = t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+
+	return t.addRoutes(false)
+}
+
+func (t *tun) doIoctlByName(ctl uintptr, value uint32) error {
+	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+	ir := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes(), data: int(value)}
+	err = ioctl(uintptr(s), ctl, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ir)))
+	return err
 }
 
 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
@@ -197,21 +396,23 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 
 func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
+
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}
 
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
 				return retErr
 			}
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -224,10 +425,8 @@ func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
 			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
@@ -242,3 +441,109 @@ func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
 	}
 	return
 }
+
+func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := &netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_ADD,
+		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP | unix.RTF_GATEWAY,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
+		}
+	} else {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
+			// Try to do a change
+			route.Type = unix.RTM_CHANGE
+			data, err = route.Marshal()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
+			}
+			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+			return err
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
+		}
+	} else {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

overlay/tun_openbsd.go

@@ -4,23 +4,50 @@
 package overlay
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
-	"os/exec"
 	"regexp"
-	"strconv"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
 
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
+const (
+	SIOCAIFADDR_IN6 = 0x8080691a
+)
+
+type ifreqAlias4 struct {
+	Name     [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr     unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	DstAddr  unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	MaskAddr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+}
+
+type ifreqAlias6 struct {
+	Name       [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	Addr       unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	DstAddr    unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	PrefixMask unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	Flags      uint32
+	Lifetime   [2]uint32
+}
+
+type ifreq struct {
+	Name [unix.IFNAMSIZ]byte
+	data int
+}
+
 type tun struct {
 	Device      string
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
@@ -28,44 +55,42 @@ type tun struct {
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
 	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger
-
-	io.ReadWriteCloser
-
+	f           *os.File
+	fd          int
 	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
 	out []byte
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Close() error {
-	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		return t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in OpenBSD")
-}
-
 var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
 
+func newTunFromFd(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in openbsd")
+}
+
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
+	// Try to open tun device
+	var err error
 	deviceName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
 	if deviceName == "" {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
 	}
-
 	if !deviceNameRE.MatchString(deviceName) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
 	}
 
-	file, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to set the tun device as nonblocking")
+	}
+
 	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser: file,
+		f:           os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), ""),
+		fd:          fd,
 		Device:      deviceName,
 		vpnNetworks: vpnNetworks,
 		MTU:         c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
@@ -87,6 +112,154 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (
 	return t, nil
 }
 
+func (t *tun) Close() error {
+	if t.f != nil {
+		if err := t.f.Close(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("error closing tun file: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// t.f.Close should have handled it for us but let's be extra sure
+		_ = unix.Close(t.fd)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
+
+	n, err := t.f.Read(buf)
+
+	copy(to, buf[4:])
+	return n - 4, err
+}
+
+// Write is only valid for single threaded use
+func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
+	buf := t.out
+	if cap(buf) < len(from)+4 {
+		buf = make([]byte, len(from)+4)
+		t.out = buf
+	}
+	buf = buf[:len(from)+4]
+
+	if len(from) == 0 {
+		return 0, syscall.EIO
+	}
+
+	// Determine the IP Family for the NULL L2 Header
+	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
+	if ipVer == 4 {
+		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET
+	} else if ipVer == 6 {
+		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
+	} else {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
+	}
+
+	copy(buf[4:], from)
+
+	n, err := t.f.Write(buf)
+	return n - 4, err
+}
+
+func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
+	if cidr.Addr().Is4() {
+		var req ifreqAlias4
+		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
+		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
+		}
+		req.DstAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As4(),
+		}
+		req.MaskAddr = unix.RawSockaddrInet4{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET,
+			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As4(),
+		}
+
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), unix.SIOCAIFADDR, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr(), err)
+		}
+
+		err = addRoute(cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set route for vpn network %v: %w", cidr, err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+		var req ifreqAlias6
+		req.Name = t.deviceBytes()
+		req.Addr = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+			Addr:   cidr.Addr().As16(),
+		}
+		req.PrefixMask = unix.RawSockaddrInet6{
+			Len:    unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6,
+			Family: unix.AF_INET6,
+			Addr:   prefixToMask(cidr).As16(),
+		}
+		req.Lifetime[0] = 0xffffffff
+		req.Lifetime[1] = 0xffffffff
+
+		s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET6, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		if err := ioctl(uintptr(s), SIOCAIFADDR_IN6, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun address %s: %s", cidr.Addr().String(), err)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Errorf("unknown address type %v", cidr)
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	err := t.doIoctlByName(unix.SIOCSIFMTU, uint32(t.MTU))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set tun mtu: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
+		err = t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return t.addRoutes(false)
+}
+
+func (t *tun) doIoctlByName(ctl uintptr, value uint32) error {
+	s, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_IP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+	ir := ifreq{Name: t.deviceBytes(), data: int(value)}
+	err = ioctl(uintptr(s), ctl, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ir)))
+	return err
+}
+
 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	change, routes, err := getAllRoutesFromConfig(c, t.vpnNetworks, initial)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -124,86 +297,11 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
-	var err error
-	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
-	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
-}
-
-func (t *tun) Activate() error {
-	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
-		err := t.addIp(t.vpnNetworks[i])
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
 
-func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
-	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
-	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
-			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
-			continue
-		}
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
-			if logErrors {
-				retErr.Log(t.l)
-			} else {
-				return retErr
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
-func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
-	for _, r := range routes {
-		if !r.Install {
-			continue
-		}
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 is this right?
-		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "delete", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
-		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
-		} else {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
-		}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 func (t *tun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
 	return t.vpnNetworks
 }
@@ -213,43 +311,159 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 }
 
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
-	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for freebsd")
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for openbsd")
 }
 
-func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
+func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
+	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
 
-	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Read(buf)
-
-	copy(to, buf[4:])
-	return n - 4, err
+	for _, r := range routes {
+		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
+			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
+			continue
 		}
 
-// Write is only valid for single threaded use
-func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
-	buf := t.out
-	if cap(buf) < len(from)+4 {
-		buf = make([]byte, len(from)+4)
-		t.out = buf
-	}
-	buf = buf[:len(from)+4]
-
-	if len(from) == 0 {
-		return 0, syscall.EIO
-	}
-
-	// Determine the IP Family for the NULL L2 Header
-	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
-	if ipVer == 4 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET
-	} else if ipVer == 6 {
-		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
+		err := addRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+			if logErrors {
+				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
+				return retErr
+			}
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Added route")
+		}
 	}
 
-	copy(buf[4:], from)
-
-	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Write(buf)
-	return n - 4, err
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
+	for _, r := range routes {
+		if !r.Install {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		err := delRoute(r.Cidr, t.vpnNetworks)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
+		} else {
+			t.l.WithField("route", r).Info("Removed route")
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
+	for i, c := range t.Device {
+		o[i] = byte(c)
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := &netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_ADD,
+		Flags:   unix.RTF_UP | unix.RTF_GATEWAY,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
+		}
+	} else {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		if errors.Is(err, unix.EEXIST) {
+			// Try to do a change
+			route.Type = unix.RTM_CHANGE
+			data, err = route.Marshal()
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
+			}
+			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+			return err
+		}
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func delRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateways []netip.Prefix) error {
+	sock, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to create AF_ROUTE socket: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer unix.Close(sock)
+
+	route := netroute.RouteMessage{
+		Version: unix.RTM_VERSION,
+		Type:    unix.RTM_DELETE,
+		Seq:     1,
+	}
+
+	if prefix.Addr().Is4() {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As4()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet4Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As4()},
+		}
+	} else {
+		gw, err := selectGateway(prefix, gateways)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		route.Addrs = []netroute.Addr{
+			unix.RTAX_DST:     &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefix.Masked().Addr().As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_NETMASK: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: prefixToMask(prefix).As16()},
+			unix.RTAX_GATEWAY: &netroute.Inet6Addr{IP: gw.Addr().As16()},
+		}
+	}
+
+	data, err := route.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage: %w", err)
+	}
+	_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
 }

overlay/user.go

@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 package overlay
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
 
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )
 
@@ -36,6 +38,10 @@ type UserDevice struct {
 	inboundWriter *io.PipeWriter
 }
 
+func (d *UserDevice) RecycleRxSeg(pkt *packet.VirtIOPacket, kick bool, q int) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (d *UserDevice) Activate() error {
 	return nil
 }
@@ -46,7 +52,7 @@ func (d *UserDevice) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
 	return routing.Gateways{routing.NewGateway(ip, 1)}
 }
 
-func (d *UserDevice) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+func (d *UserDevice) NewMultiQueueReader() (TunDev, error) {
 	return d, nil
 }
 
@@ -65,3 +71,19 @@ func (d *UserDevice) Close() error {
 	d.outboundWriter.Close()
 	return nil
 }
+
+func (d *UserDevice) ReadMany(b []*packet.VirtIOPacket, _ int) (int, error) {
+	return d.Read(b[0].Payload)
+}
+
+func (d *UserDevice) AllocSeg(pkt *packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error) {
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("user: AllocSeg not implemented")
+}
+
+func (d *UserDevice) WriteOne(x *packet.OutPacket, kick bool, q int) (int, error) {
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("user: WriteOne not implemented")
+}
+
+func (d *UserDevice) WriteMany(x []*packet.OutPacket, q int) (int, error) {
+	return 0, fmt.Errorf("user: WriteMany not implemented")
+}

overlay/vhost/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Significant portions of this code are derived from https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hetznercloud/virtio-go
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Hetzner Cloud GmbH
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

overlay/vhost/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// Package vhost implements the basic ioctl requests needed to interact with the
+// kernel-level virtio server that provides accelerated virtio devices for
+// networking and more.
+package vhost

overlay/vhost/ioctl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+package vhost
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/virtqueue"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util/virtio"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+const (
+	// vhostIoctlGetFeatures can be used to retrieve the features supported by
+	// the vhost implementation in the kernel.
+	//
+	// Response payload: [virtio.Feature]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_GET_FEATURES
+	vhostIoctlGetFeatures = 0x8008af00
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetFeatures can be used to communicate the features supported
+	// by this virtio implementation to the kernel.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [virtio.Feature]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_FEATURES
+	vhostIoctlSetFeatures = 0x4008af00
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetOwner can be used to set the current process as the
+	// exclusive owner of a control file descriptor.
+	//
+	// Request payload: none
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_OWNER
+	vhostIoctlSetOwner = 0x0000af01
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetMemoryLayout can be used to set up or modify the memory
+	// layout which describes the IOTLB mappings in the kernel.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [MemoryLayout] with custom serialization
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_MEM_TABLE
+	vhostIoctlSetMemoryLayout = 0x4008af03
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetQueueSize can be used to set the size of the virtqueue.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [QueueState]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_VRING_NUM
+	vhostIoctlSetQueueSize = 0x4008af10
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetQueueAddress can be used to set the addresses of the
+	// different parts of the virtqueue.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [QueueAddresses]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_VRING_ADDR
+	vhostIoctlSetQueueAddress = 0x4028af11
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetAvailableRingBase can be used to set the index of the next
+	// available ring entry the device will process.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [QueueState]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_VRING_BASE
+	vhostIoctlSetAvailableRingBase = 0x4008af12
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetQueueKickEventFD can be used to set the event file
+	// descriptor to signal the device when descriptor chains were added to the
+	// available ring.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [QueueFile]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_VRING_KICK
+	vhostIoctlSetQueueKickEventFD = 0x4008af20
+
+	// vhostIoctlSetQueueCallEventFD can be used to set the event file
+	// descriptor that gets signaled by the device when descriptor chains have
+	// been used by it.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [QueueFile]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_SET_VRING_CALL
+	vhostIoctlSetQueueCallEventFD = 0x4008af21
+)
+
+// QueueState is an ioctl request payload that can hold a queue index and any
+// 32-bit number.
+//
+// Kernel name: vhost_vring_state
+type QueueState struct {
+	// QueueIndex is the index of the virtqueue.
+	QueueIndex uint32
+	// Num is any 32-bit number, depending on the request.
+	Num uint32
+}
+
+// QueueAddresses is an ioctl request payload that can hold the addresses of the
+// different parts of a virtqueue.
+//
+// Kernel name: vhost_vring_addr
+type QueueAddresses struct {
+	// QueueIndex is the index of the virtqueue.
+	QueueIndex uint32
+	// Flags that are not used in this implementation.
+	Flags uint32
+	// DescriptorTableAddress is the address of the descriptor table in user
+	// space memory. It must be 16-byte aligned.
+	DescriptorTableAddress uintptr
+	// UsedRingAddress is the address of the used ring in user space memory. It
+	// must be 4-byte aligned.
+	UsedRingAddress uintptr
+	// AvailableRingAddress is the address of the available ring in user space
+	// memory. It must be 2-byte aligned.
+	AvailableRingAddress uintptr
+	// LogAddress is used for an optional logging support, not supported by this
+	// implementation.
+	LogAddress uintptr
+}
+
+// QueueFile is an ioctl request payload that can hold a queue index and a file
+// descriptor.
+//
+// Kernel name: vhost_vring_file
+type QueueFile struct {
+	// QueueIndex is the index of the virtqueue.
+	QueueIndex uint32
+	// FD is the file descriptor of the file. Pass -1 to unbind from a file.
+	FD int32
+}
+
+// IoctlPtr is a copy of the similarly named unexported function from the Go
+// unix package. This is needed to do custom ioctl requests not supported by the
+// standard library.
+func IoctlPtr(fd int, req uint, arg unsafe.Pointer) error {
+	_, _, err := unix.Syscall(unix.SYS_IOCTL, uintptr(fd), uintptr(req), uintptr(arg))
+	if err != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ioctl request %d: %w", req, err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetFeatures requests the supported feature bits from the virtio device
+// associated with the given control file descriptor.
+func GetFeatures(controlFD int) (virtio.Feature, error) {
+	var features virtio.Feature
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlGetFeatures, unsafe.Pointer(&features)); err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("get features: %w", err)
+	}
+	return features, nil
+}
+
+// SetFeatures communicates the feature bits supported by this implementation
+// to the virtio device associated with the given control file descriptor.
+func SetFeatures(controlFD int, features virtio.Feature) error {
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetFeatures, unsafe.Pointer(&features)); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set features: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// OwnControlFD sets the current process as the exclusive owner for the
+// given control file descriptor. This must be called before interacting with
+// the control file descriptor in any other way.
+func OwnControlFD(controlFD int) error {
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetOwner, unsafe.Pointer(nil)); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set control file descriptor owner: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetMemoryLayout sets up or modifies the memory layout for the kernel-level
+// virtio device associated with the given control file descriptor.
+func SetMemoryLayout(controlFD int, layout MemoryLayout) error {
+	payload := layout.serializePayload()
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetMemoryLayout, unsafe.Pointer(&payload[0])); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set memory layout: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// RegisterQueue registers a virtio queue with the kernel-level virtio server.
+// The virtqueue will be linked to the given control file descriptor and will
+// have the given index. The kernel will use this queue until the control file
+// descriptor is closed.
+func RegisterQueue(controlFD int, queueIndex uint32, queue *virtqueue.SplitQueue) error {
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetQueueSize, unsafe.Pointer(&QueueState{
+		QueueIndex: queueIndex,
+		Num:        uint32(queue.Size()),
+	})); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set queue size: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetQueueAddress, unsafe.Pointer(&QueueAddresses{
+		QueueIndex:             queueIndex,
+		Flags:                  0,
+		DescriptorTableAddress: queue.DescriptorTable().Address(),
+		UsedRingAddress:        queue.UsedRing().Address(),
+		AvailableRingAddress:   queue.AvailableRing().Address(),
+		LogAddress:             0,
+	})); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set queue addresses: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetAvailableRingBase, unsafe.Pointer(&QueueState{
+		QueueIndex: queueIndex,
+		Num:        0,
+	})); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set available ring base: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetQueueKickEventFD, unsafe.Pointer(&QueueFile{
+		QueueIndex: queueIndex,
+		FD:         int32(queue.KickEventFD()),
+	})); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set kick event file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostIoctlSetQueueCallEventFD, unsafe.Pointer(&QueueFile{
+		QueueIndex: queueIndex,
+		FD:         int32(queue.CallEventFD()),
+	})); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set call event file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

overlay/vhost/ioctl_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package vhost_test
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/vhost"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestQueueState_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 8, unsafe.Sizeof(vhost.QueueState{}))
+}
+
+func TestQueueAddresses_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 40, unsafe.Sizeof(vhost.QueueAddresses{}))
+}
+
+func TestQueueFile_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 8, unsafe.Sizeof(vhost.QueueFile{}))
+}

overlay/vhost/memory.go

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package vhost
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/virtqueue"
+)
+
+// MemoryRegion describes a region of userspace memory which is being made
+// accessible to a vhost device.
+//
+// Kernel name: vhost_memory_region
+type MemoryRegion struct {
+	// GuestPhysicalAddress is the physical address of the memory region within
+	// the guest, when virtualization is used. When no virtualization is used,
+	// this should be the same as UserspaceAddress.
+	GuestPhysicalAddress uintptr
+	// Size is the size of the memory region.
+	Size uint64
+	// UserspaceAddress is the virtual address in the userspace of the host
+	// where the memory region can be found.
+	UserspaceAddress uintptr
+	// Padding and room for flags. Currently unused.
+	_ uint64
+}
+
+// MemoryLayout is a list of [MemoryRegion]s.
+type MemoryLayout []MemoryRegion
+
+// NewMemoryLayoutForQueues returns a new [MemoryLayout] that describes the
+// memory pages used by the descriptor tables of the given queues.
+func NewMemoryLayoutForQueues(queues []*virtqueue.SplitQueue) MemoryLayout {
+	regions := make([]MemoryRegion, 0)
+	for _, queue := range queues {
+		for address, size := range queue.DescriptorTable().BufferAddresses() {
+			regions = append(regions, MemoryRegion{
+				// There is no virtualization in play here, so the guest address
+				// is the same as in the host's userspace.
+				GuestPhysicalAddress: address,
+				Size:                 uint64(size),
+				UserspaceAddress:     address,
+			})
+		}
+	}
+	return regions
+}
+
+// serializePayload serializes the list of memory regions into a format that is
+// compatible to the vhost_memory kernel struct. The returned byte slice can be
+// used as a payload for the vhostIoctlSetMemoryLayout ioctl.
+func (regions MemoryLayout) serializePayload() []byte {
+	regionCount := len(regions)
+	regionSize := int(unsafe.Sizeof(MemoryRegion{}))
+	payload := make([]byte, 8+regionCount*regionSize)
+
+	// The first 32 bits contain the number of memory regions. The following 32
+	// bits are padding.
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(payload[0:4], uint32(regionCount))
+
+	if regionCount > 0 {
+		// The underlying byte array of the slice should already have the correct
+		// format, so just copy that.
+		copied := copy(payload[8:], unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&regions[0])), regionCount*regionSize))
+		if copied != regionCount*regionSize {
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("copied only %d bytes of the memory regions, but expected %d",
+				copied, regionCount*regionSize))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return payload
+}

overlay/vhost/memory_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package vhost
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestMemoryRegion_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 32, unsafe.Sizeof(MemoryRegion{}))
+}
+
+func TestMemoryLayout_SerializePayload(t *testing.T) {
+	layout := MemoryLayout([]MemoryRegion{
+		{
+			GuestPhysicalAddress: 42,
+			Size:                 100,
+			UserspaceAddress:     142,
+		}, {
+			GuestPhysicalAddress: 99,
+			Size:                 100,
+			UserspaceAddress:     99,
+		},
+	})
+	payload := layout.serializePayload()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{
+		0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // nregions
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // padding
+		// region 0
+		0x2a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // guest_phys_addr
+		0x64, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // memory_size
+		0x8e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // userspace_addr
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // flags_padding
+		// region 1
+		0x63, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // guest_phys_addr
+		0x64, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // memory_size
+		0x63, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // userspace_addr
+		0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, // flags_padding
+	}, payload)
+}

overlay/vhostnet/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Significant portions of this code are derived from https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hetznercloud/virtio-go
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Hetzner Cloud GmbH
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

overlay/vhostnet/device.go

@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+package vhostnet
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/vhost"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/virtqueue"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util/virtio"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+// ErrDeviceClosed is returned when the [Device] is closed while operations are
+// still running.
+var ErrDeviceClosed = errors.New("device was closed")
+
+// The indexes for the receive and transmit queues.
+const (
+	receiveQueueIndex  = 0
+	transmitQueueIndex = 1
+)
+
+// Device represents a vhost networking device within the kernel-level virtio
+// implementation and provides methods to interact with it.
+type Device struct {
+	initialized bool
+	controlFD   int
+
+	fullTable     bool
+	ReceiveQueue  *virtqueue.SplitQueue
+	TransmitQueue *virtqueue.SplitQueue
+}
+
+// NewDevice initializes a new vhost networking device within the
+// kernel-level virtio implementation, sets up the virtqueues and returns a
+// [Device] instance that can be used to communicate with that vhost device.
+//
+// There are multiple options that can be passed to this constructor to
+// influence device creation:
+//   - [WithQueueSize]
+//   - [WithBackendFD]
+//   - [WithBackendDevice]
+//
+// Remember to call [Device.Close] after use to free up resources.
+func NewDevice(options ...Option) (*Device, error) {
+	var err error
+	opts := optionDefaults
+	opts.apply(options)
+	if err = opts.validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid options: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dev := Device{
+		controlFD: -1,
+	}
+
+	// Clean up a partially initialized device when something fails.
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = dev.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Retrieve a new control file descriptor. This will be used to configure
+	// the vhost networking device in the kernel.
+	dev.controlFD, err = unix.Open("/dev/vhost-net", os.O_RDWR, 0666)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get control file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err = vhost.OwnControlFD(dev.controlFD); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("own control file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Advertise the supported features. This isn't much for now.
+	// TODO: Add feature options and implement proper feature negotiation.
+	getFeatures, err := vhost.GetFeatures(dev.controlFD) //0x1033D008000 but why
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("get features: %w", err)
+	}
+	if getFeatures == 0 {
+
+	}
+	//const funky = virtio.Feature(1 << 27)
+	//features := virtio.FeatureVersion1 | funky // | todo virtio.FeatureNetMergeRXBuffers
+	features := virtio.FeatureVersion1 | virtio.FeatureNetMergeRXBuffers
+	if err = vhost.SetFeatures(dev.controlFD, features); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("set features: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	itemSize := os.Getpagesize() * 4 //todo config
+
+	// Initialize and register the queues needed for the networking device.
+	if dev.ReceiveQueue, err = createQueue(dev.controlFD, receiveQueueIndex, opts.queueSize, itemSize); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create receive queue: %w", err)
+	}
+	if dev.TransmitQueue, err = createQueue(dev.controlFD, transmitQueueIndex, opts.queueSize, itemSize); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create transmit queue: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set up memory mappings for all buffers used by the queues. This has to
+	// happen before a backend for the queues can be registered.
+	memoryLayout := vhost.NewMemoryLayoutForQueues(
+		[]*virtqueue.SplitQueue{dev.ReceiveQueue, dev.TransmitQueue},
+	)
+	if err = vhost.SetMemoryLayout(dev.controlFD, memoryLayout); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("setup memory layout: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Set the queue backends. This activates the queues within the kernel.
+	if err = SetQueueBackend(dev.controlFD, receiveQueueIndex, opts.backendFD); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("set receive queue backend: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err = SetQueueBackend(dev.controlFD, transmitQueueIndex, opts.backendFD); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("set transmit queue backend: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Fully populate the receive queue with available buffers which the device
+	// can write new packets into.
+	if err = dev.refillReceiveQueue(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("refill receive queue: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err = dev.refillTransmitQueue(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("refill receive queue: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dev.initialized = true
+
+	// Make sure to clean up even when the device gets garbage collected without
+	// Close being called first.
+	devPtr := &dev
+	runtime.SetFinalizer(devPtr, (*Device).Close)
+
+	return devPtr, nil
+}
+
+// refillReceiveQueue offers as many new device-writable buffers to the device
+// as the queue can fit. The device will then use these to write received
+// packets.
+func (dev *Device) refillReceiveQueue() error {
+	for {
+		_, err := dev.ReceiveQueue.OfferInDescriptorChains()
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, virtqueue.ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors) {
+				// Queue is full, job is done.
+				return nil
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("offer descriptor chain: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (dev *Device) refillTransmitQueue() error {
+	//for {
+	//	desc, err := dev.TransmitQueue.DescriptorTable().CreateDescriptorForOutputs()
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		if errors.Is(err, virtqueue.ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors) {
+	//			// Queue is full, job is done.
+	//			return nil
+	//		}
+	//		return fmt.Errorf("offer descriptor chain: %w", err)
+	//	} else {
+	//		dev.TransmitQueue.UsedRing().InitOfferSingle(desc, 0)
+	//	}
+	//}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close cleans up the vhost networking device within the kernel and releases
+// all resources used for it.
+// The implementation will try to release as many resources as possible and
+// collect potential errors before returning them.
+func (dev *Device) Close() error {
+	dev.initialized = false
+
+	// Closing the control file descriptor will unregister all queues from the
+	// kernel.
+	if dev.controlFD >= 0 {
+		if err := unix.Close(dev.controlFD); err != nil {
+			// Return an error and do not continue, because the memory used for
+			// the queues should not be released before they were unregistered
+			// from the kernel.
+			return fmt.Errorf("close control file descriptor: %w", err)
+		}
+		dev.controlFD = -1
+	}
+
+	var errs []error
+
+	if dev.ReceiveQueue != nil {
+		if err := dev.ReceiveQueue.Close(); err == nil {
+			dev.ReceiveQueue = nil
+		} else {
+			errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("close receive queue: %w", err))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if dev.TransmitQueue != nil {
+		if err := dev.TransmitQueue.Close(); err == nil {
+			dev.TransmitQueue = nil
+		} else {
+			errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("close transmit queue: %w", err))
+		}
+	}
+
+	if len(errs) == 0 {
+		// Everything was cleaned up. No need to run the finalizer anymore.
+		runtime.SetFinalizer(dev, nil)
+	}
+
+	return errors.Join(errs...)
+}
+
+// ensureInitialized is used as a guard to prevent methods to be called on an
+// uninitialized instance.
+func (dev *Device) ensureInitialized() {
+	if !dev.initialized {
+		panic("device is not initialized")
+	}
+}
+
+// createQueue creates a new virtqueue and registers it with the vhost device
+// using the given index.
+func createQueue(controlFD int, queueIndex int, queueSize int, itemSize int) (*virtqueue.SplitQueue, error) {
+	var (
+		queue *virtqueue.SplitQueue
+		err   error
+	)
+	if queue, err = virtqueue.NewSplitQueue(queueSize, itemSize); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create virtqueue: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err = vhost.RegisterQueue(controlFD, uint32(queueIndex), queue); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("register virtqueue with index %d: %w", queueIndex, err)
+	}
+	return queue, nil
+}
+
+// truncateBuffers returns a new list of buffers whose combined length matches
+// exactly the specified length. When the specified length exceeds the length of
+// the buffers, this is an error. When it is smaller, the buffer list will be
+// truncated accordingly.
+func truncateBuffers(buffers [][]byte, length int) (out [][]byte) {
+	for _, buffer := range buffers {
+		if length < len(buffer) {
+			out = append(out, buffer[:length])
+			return
+		}
+		out = append(out, buffer)
+		length -= len(buffer)
+	}
+	if length > 0 {
+		panic("length exceeds the combined length of all buffers")
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (dev *Device) GetPacketForTx() (uint16, []byte, error) {
+	var err error
+	var idx uint16
+	if !dev.fullTable {
+
+		idx, err = dev.TransmitQueue.DescriptorTable().CreateDescriptorForOutputs()
+		if err == virtqueue.ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors {
+			dev.fullTable = true
+			idx, err = dev.TransmitQueue.TakeSingle(context.TODO())
+		}
+	} else {
+		idx, err = dev.TransmitQueue.TakeSingle(context.TODO())
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("transmit queue: %w", err)
+	}
+	buf, err := dev.TransmitQueue.GetDescriptorItem(idx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, nil, fmt.Errorf("get descriptor chain: %w", err)
+	}
+	return idx, buf, nil
+}
+
+func (dev *Device) TransmitPacket(pkt *packet.OutPacket, kick bool) error {
+	if len(pkt.SegmentIDs) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for idx := range pkt.SegmentIDs {
+		segmentID := pkt.SegmentIDs[idx]
+		dev.TransmitQueue.SetDescSize(segmentID, len(pkt.Segments[idx]))
+	}
+	err := dev.TransmitQueue.OfferDescriptorChains(pkt.SegmentIDs, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("offer descriptor chains: %w", err)
+	}
+	pkt.Reset()
+	if kick {
+		if err := dev.TransmitQueue.Kick(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (dev *Device) TransmitPackets(pkts []*packet.OutPacket) error {
+	if len(pkts) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	for i := range pkts {
+		if err := dev.TransmitPacket(pkts[i], false); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	if err := dev.TransmitQueue.Kick(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// TODO: Make above methods cancelable by taking a context.Context argument?
+// TODO: Implement zero-copy variants to transmit and receive packets?
+
+// processChains processes as many chains as needed to create one packet. The number of processed chains is returned.
+func (dev *Device) processChains(pkt *packet.VirtIOPacket, chains []virtqueue.UsedElement) (int, error) {
+	//read first element to see how many descriptors we need:
+	pkt.Reset()
+
+	err := dev.ReceiveQueue.GetDescriptorInbuffers(uint16(chains[0].DescriptorIndex), &pkt.ChainRefs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("get descriptor chain: %w", err)
+	}
+	if len(pkt.ChainRefs) == 0 {
+		return 1, nil
+	}
+
+	// The specification requires that the first descriptor chain starts
+	// with a virtio-net header. It is not clear, whether it is also
+	// required to be fully contained in the first buffer of that
+	// descriptor chain, but it is reasonable to assume that this is
+	// always the case.
+	// The decode method already does the buffer length check.
+	if err = pkt.Header.Decode(pkt.ChainRefs[0][0:]); err != nil {
+		// The device misbehaved. There is no way we can gracefully
+		// recover from this, because we don't know how many of the
+		// following descriptor chains belong to this packet.
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("decode vnethdr: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	//we have the header now: what do we need to do?
+	if int(pkt.Header.NumBuffers) > len(chains) {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("number of buffers is greater than number of chains %d", len(chains))
+	}
+	if int(pkt.Header.NumBuffers) != 1 {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("too smol-brain to handle more than one chain right now: %d chains", len(chains))
+	}
+	if chains[0].Length > 16000 {
+		//todo!
+		return 1, fmt.Errorf("too big packet length: %d", chains[0].Length)
+	}
+
+	//shift the buffer out of out:
+	pkt.Payload = pkt.ChainRefs[0][virtio.NetHdrSize:chains[0].Length]
+	pkt.Chains = append(pkt.Chains, uint16(chains[0].DescriptorIndex))
+	return 1, nil
+
+	//cursor := n - virtio.NetHdrSize
+	//
+	//if uint32(n) >= chains[0].Length && pkt.Header.NumBuffers == 1 {
+	//	pkt.Payload = pkt.Payload[:chains[0].Length-virtio.NetHdrSize]
+	//	return 1, nil
+	//}
+	//
+	//i := 1
+	//// we used chain 0 already
+	//for i = 1; i < len(chains); i++ {
+	//	n, err = dev.ReceiveQueue.GetDescriptorChainContents(uint16(chains[i].DescriptorIndex), pkt.Payload[cursor:], int(chains[i].Length))
+	//	if err != nil {
+	//		// When this fails we may miss to free some descriptor chains. We
+	//		// could try to mitigate this by deferring the freeing somehow, but
+	//		// it's not worth the hassle. When this method fails, the queue will
+	//		// be in a broken state anyway.
+	//		return i, fmt.Errorf("get descriptor chain: %w", err)
+	//	}
+	//	cursor += n
+	//}
+	////todo this has to be wrong
+	//pkt.Payload = pkt.Payload[:cursor]
+	//return i, nil
+}
+
+func (dev *Device) ReceivePackets(out []*packet.VirtIOPacket) (int, error) {
+	//todo optimize?
+	var chains []virtqueue.UsedElement
+	var err error
+	//if len(dev.extraRx) == 0 {
+	chains, err = dev.ReceiveQueue.BlockAndGetHeadsCapped(context.TODO(), len(out))
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	if len(chains) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	//} else {
+	//	chains = dev.extraRx
+	//}
+
+	numPackets := 0
+	chainsIdx := 0
+	for numPackets = 0; chainsIdx < len(chains); numPackets++ {
+		if numPackets >= len(out) {
+			return numPackets, fmt.Errorf("dropping %d packets, no room", len(chains)-numPackets)
+		}
+		numChains, err := dev.processChains(out[numPackets], chains[chainsIdx:])
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		chainsIdx += numChains
+	}
+
+	// Now that we have copied all buffers, we can recycle the used descriptor chains
+	//if err = dev.ReceiveQueue.OfferDescriptorChains(chains); err != nil {
+	//	return 0, err
+	//}
+
+	return numPackets, nil
+}

overlay/vhostnet/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+// Package vhostnet implements methods to initialize vhost networking devices
+// within the kernel-level virtio implementation and communicate with them.
+package vhostnet

overlay/vhostnet/ioctl.go

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package vhostnet
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/vhost"
+)
+
+const (
+	// vhostNetIoctlSetBackend can be used to attach a virtqueue to a RAW socket
+	// or TAP device.
+	//
+	// Request payload: [vhost.QueueFile]
+	// Kernel name: VHOST_NET_SET_BACKEND
+	vhostNetIoctlSetBackend = 0x4008af30
+)
+
+// SetQueueBackend attaches a virtqueue of the vhost networking device
+// described by controlFD to the given backend file descriptor.
+// The backend file descriptor can either be a RAW socket or a TAP device. When
+// it is -1, the queue will be detached.
+func SetQueueBackend(controlFD int, queueIndex uint32, backendFD int) error {
+	if err := vhost.IoctlPtr(controlFD, vhostNetIoctlSetBackend, unsafe.Pointer(&vhost.QueueFile{
+		QueueIndex: queueIndex,
+		FD:         int32(backendFD),
+	})); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("set queue backend file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}

overlay/vhostnet/options.go

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+package vhostnet
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/virtqueue"
+)
+
+type optionValues struct {
+	queueSize int
+	backendFD int
+}
+
+func (o *optionValues) apply(options []Option) {
+	for _, option := range options {
+		option(o)
+	}
+}
+
+func (o *optionValues) validate() error {
+	if o.queueSize == -1 {
+		return errors.New("queue size is required")
+	}
+	if err := virtqueue.CheckQueueSize(o.queueSize); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if o.backendFD == -1 {
+		return errors.New("backend file descriptor is required")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+var optionDefaults = optionValues{
+	// Required.
+	queueSize: -1,
+	// Required.
+	backendFD: -1,
+}
+
+// Option can be passed to [NewDevice] to influence device creation.
+type Option func(*optionValues)
+
+// WithQueueSize returns an [Option] that sets the size of the TX and RX queues
+// that are to be created for the device. It specifies the number of
+// entries/buffers each queue can hold. This also affects the memory
+// consumption.
+// This is required and must be an integer from 1 to 32768 that is also a power
+// of 2.
+func WithQueueSize(queueSize int) Option {
+	return func(o *optionValues) { o.queueSize = queueSize }
+}
+
+// WithBackendFD returns an [Option] that sets the file descriptor of the
+// backend that will be used for the queues of the device. The device will write
+// and read packets to/from that backend. The file descriptor can either be of a
+// RAW socket or TUN/TAP device.
+// Either this or [WithBackendDevice] is required.
+func WithBackendFD(backendFD int) Option {
+	return func(o *optionValues) { o.backendFD = backendFD }
+}
+
+//// WithBackendDevice returns an [Option] that sets the given TAP device as the
+//// backend that will be used for the queues of the device. The device will
+//// write and read packets to/from that backend. The TAP device should have been
+//// created with the [tuntap.WithVirtioNetHdr] option enabled.
+//// Either this or [WithBackendFD] is required.
+//func WithBackendDevice(dev *tuntap.Device) Option {
+//	return func(o *optionValues) { o.backendFD = int(dev.File().Fd()) }
+//}

overlay/virtqueue/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Significant portions of this code are derived from https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/hetznercloud/virtio-go
+
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 Hetzner Cloud GmbH
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

overlay/virtqueue/available_ring.go

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// availableRingFlag is a flag that describes an [AvailableRing].
+type availableRingFlag uint16
+
+const (
+	// availableRingFlagNoInterrupt is used by the guest to advise the host to
+	// not interrupt it when consuming a buffer. It's unreliable, so it's simply
+	// an optimization.
+	availableRingFlagNoInterrupt availableRingFlag = 1 << iota
+)
+
+// availableRingSize is the number of bytes needed to store an [AvailableRing]
+// with the given queue size in memory.
+func availableRingSize(queueSize int) int {
+	return 6 + 2*queueSize
+}
+
+// availableRingAlignment is the minimum alignment of an [AvailableRing]
+// in memory, as required by the virtio spec.
+const availableRingAlignment = 2
+
+// AvailableRing is used by the driver to offer descriptor chains to the device.
+// Each ring entry refers to the head of a descriptor chain. It is only written
+// to by the driver and read by the device.
+//
+// Because the size of the ring depends on the queue size, we cannot define a
+// Go struct with a static size that maps to the memory of the ring. Instead,
+// this struct only contains pointers to the corresponding memory areas.
+type AvailableRing struct {
+	initialized bool
+
+	// flags that describe this ring.
+	flags *availableRingFlag
+	// ringIndex indicates where the driver would put the next entry into the
+	// ring (modulo the queue size).
+	ringIndex *uint16
+	// ring references buffers using the index of the head of the descriptor
+	// chain in the [DescriptorTable]. It wraps around at queue size.
+	ring []uint16
+	// usedEvent is not used by this implementation, but we reserve it anyway to
+	// avoid issues in case a device may try to access it, contrary to the
+	// virtio specification.
+	usedEvent *uint16
+}
+
+// newAvailableRing creates an available ring that uses the given underlying
+// memory. The length of the memory slice must match the size needed for the
+// ring (see [availableRingSize]) for the given queue size.
+func newAvailableRing(queueSize int, mem []byte) *AvailableRing {
+	ringSize := availableRingSize(queueSize)
+	if len(mem) != ringSize {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("memory size (%v) does not match required size "+
+			"for available ring: %v", len(mem), ringSize))
+	}
+
+	return &AvailableRing{
+		initialized: true,
+		flags:       (*availableRingFlag)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[0])),
+		ringIndex:   (*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[2])),
+		ring:        unsafe.Slice((*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[4])), queueSize),
+		usedEvent:   (*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[ringSize-2])),
+	}
+}
+
+// Address returns the pointer to the beginning of the ring in memory.
+// Do not modify the memory directly to not interfere with this implementation.
+func (r *AvailableRing) Address() uintptr {
+	if !r.initialized {
+		panic("available ring is not initialized")
+	}
+	return uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(r.flags))
+}
+
+// offer adds the given descriptor chain heads to the available ring and
+// advances the ring index accordingly to make the device process the new
+// descriptor chains.
+func (r *AvailableRing) offerElements(chains []UsedElement) {
+	//always called under lock
+	//r.mu.Lock()
+	//defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Add descriptor chain heads to the ring.
+	for offset, x := range chains {
+		// The 16-bit ring index may overflow. This is expected and is not an
+		// issue because the size of the ring array (which equals the queue
+		// size) is always a power of 2 and smaller than the highest possible
+		// 16-bit value.
+		insertIndex := int(*r.ringIndex+uint16(offset)) % len(r.ring)
+		r.ring[insertIndex] = x.GetHead()
+	}
+
+	// Increase the ring index by the number of descriptor chains added to the
+	// ring.
+	*r.ringIndex += uint16(len(chains))
+}
+
+func (r *AvailableRing) offer(chains []uint16) {
+	//always called under lock
+	//r.mu.Lock()
+	//defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Add descriptor chain heads to the ring.
+	for offset, x := range chains {
+		// The 16-bit ring index may overflow. This is expected and is not an
+		// issue because the size of the ring array (which equals the queue
+		// size) is always a power of 2 and smaller than the highest possible
+		// 16-bit value.
+		insertIndex := int(*r.ringIndex+uint16(offset)) % len(r.ring)
+		r.ring[insertIndex] = x
+	}
+
+	// Increase the ring index by the number of descriptor chains added to the
+	// ring.
+	*r.ringIndex += uint16(len(chains))
+}
+
+func (r *AvailableRing) offerSingle(x uint16) {
+	//always called under lock
+	//r.mu.Lock()
+	//defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	offset := 0
+	// Add descriptor chain heads to the ring.
+
+	// The 16-bit ring index may overflow. This is expected and is not an
+	// issue because the size of the ring array (which equals the queue
+	// size) is always a power of 2 and smaller than the highest possible
+	// 16-bit value.
+	insertIndex := int(*r.ringIndex+uint16(offset)) % len(r.ring)
+	r.ring[insertIndex] = x
+
+	// Increase the ring index by the number of descriptor chains added to the ring.
+	*r.ringIndex += 1
+}

overlay/virtqueue/available_ring_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestAvailableRing_MemoryLayout(t *testing.T) {
+	const queueSize = 2
+
+	memory := make([]byte, availableRingSize(queueSize))
+	r := newAvailableRing(queueSize, memory)
+
+	*r.flags = 0x01ff
+	*r.ringIndex = 1
+	r.ring[0] = 0x1234
+	r.ring[1] = 0x5678
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{
+		0xff, 0x01,
+		0x01, 0x00,
+		0x34, 0x12,
+		0x78, 0x56,
+		0x00, 0x00,
+	}, memory)
+}
+
+func TestAvailableRing_Offer(t *testing.T) {
+	const queueSize = 8
+
+	chainHeads := []uint16{42, 33, 69}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name              string
+		startRingIndex    uint16
+		expectedRingIndex uint16
+		expectedRing      []uint16
+	}{
+		{
+			name:              "no overflow",
+			startRingIndex:    0,
+			expectedRingIndex: 3,
+			expectedRing:      []uint16{42, 33, 69, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "ring overflow",
+			startRingIndex:    6,
+			expectedRingIndex: 9,
+			expectedRing:      []uint16{69, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 33},
+		},
+		{
+			name:              "index overflow",
+			startRingIndex:    65535,
+			expectedRingIndex: 2,
+			expectedRing:      []uint16{33, 69, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			memory := make([]byte, availableRingSize(queueSize))
+			r := newAvailableRing(queueSize, memory)
+			*r.ringIndex = tt.startRingIndex
+
+			r.offer(chainHeads)
+
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedRingIndex, *r.ringIndex)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expectedRing, r.ring)
+		})
+	}
+}

overlay/virtqueue/descriptor.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+// descriptorFlag is a flag that describes a [Descriptor].
+type descriptorFlag uint16
+
+const (
+	// descriptorFlagHasNext marks a descriptor chain as continuing via the next
+	// field.
+	descriptorFlagHasNext descriptorFlag = 1 << iota
+	// descriptorFlagWritable marks a buffer as device write-only (otherwise
+	// device read-only).
+	descriptorFlagWritable
+	// descriptorFlagIndirect means the buffer contains a list of buffer
+	// descriptors to provide an additional layer of indirection.
+	// Only allowed when the [virtio.FeatureIndirectDescriptors] feature was
+	// negotiated.
+	descriptorFlagIndirect
+)
+
+// descriptorSize is the number of bytes needed to store a [Descriptor] in
+// memory.
+const descriptorSize = 16
+
+// Descriptor describes (a part of) a buffer which is either read-only for the
+// device or write-only for the device (depending on [descriptorFlagWritable]).
+// Multiple descriptors can be chained to produce a "descriptor chain" that can
+// contain both device-readable and device-writable buffers. Device-readable
+// descriptors always come first in a chain. A single, large buffer may be
+// split up by chaining multiple similar descriptors that reference different
+// memory pages. This is required, because buffers may exceed a single page size
+// and the memory accessed by the device is expected to be continuous.
+type Descriptor struct {
+	// address is the address to the continuous memory holding the data for this
+	// descriptor.
+	address uintptr
+	// length is the amount of bytes stored at address.
+	length uint32
+	// flags that describe this descriptor.
+	flags descriptorFlag
+	// next contains the index of the next descriptor continuing this descriptor
+	// chain when the [descriptorFlagHasNext] flag is set.
+	next uint16
+}

overlay/virtqueue/descriptor_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestDescriptor_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.EqualValues(t, descriptorSize, unsafe.Sizeof(Descriptor{}))
+}

overlay/virtqueue/descriptor_table.go

@@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"math"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+var (
+	// ErrDescriptorChainEmpty is returned when a descriptor chain would contain
+	// no buffers, which is not allowed.
+	ErrDescriptorChainEmpty = errors.New("empty descriptor chains are not allowed")
+
+	// ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors is returned when the free descriptors are
+	// exhausted, meaning that the queue is full.
+	ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors = errors.New("not enough free descriptors, queue is full")
+
+	// ErrInvalidDescriptorChain is returned when a descriptor chain is not
+	// valid for a given operation.
+	ErrInvalidDescriptorChain = errors.New("invalid descriptor chain")
+)
+
+// noFreeHead is used to mark when all descriptors are in use and we have no
+// free chain. This value is impossible to occur as an index naturally, because
+// it exceeds the maximum queue size.
+const noFreeHead = uint16(math.MaxUint16)
+
+// descriptorTableSize is the number of bytes needed to store a
+// [DescriptorTable] with the given queue size in memory.
+func descriptorTableSize(queueSize int) int {
+	return descriptorSize * queueSize
+}
+
+// descriptorTableAlignment is the minimum alignment of a [DescriptorTable]
+// in memory, as required by the virtio spec.
+const descriptorTableAlignment = 16
+
+// DescriptorTable is a table that holds [Descriptor]s, addressed via their
+// index in the slice.
+type DescriptorTable struct {
+	descriptors []Descriptor
+
+	// freeHeadIndex is the index of the head of the descriptor chain which
+	// contains all currently unused descriptors. When all descriptors are in
+	// use, this has the special value of noFreeHead.
+	freeHeadIndex uint16
+	// freeNum tracks the number of descriptors which are currently not in use.
+	freeNum uint16
+
+	bufferBase uintptr
+	bufferSize int
+	itemSize   int
+}
+
+// newDescriptorTable creates a descriptor table that uses the given underlying
+// memory. The Length of the memory slice must match the size needed for the
+// descriptor table (see [descriptorTableSize]) for the given queue size.
+//
+// Before this descriptor table can be used, [initialize] must be called.
+func newDescriptorTable(queueSize int, mem []byte, itemSize int) *DescriptorTable {
+	dtSize := descriptorTableSize(queueSize)
+	if len(mem) != dtSize {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("memory size (%v) does not match required size "+
+			"for descriptor table: %v", len(mem), dtSize))
+	}
+
+	return &DescriptorTable{
+		descriptors: unsafe.Slice((*Descriptor)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[0])), queueSize),
+		// We have no free descriptors until they were initialized.
+		freeHeadIndex: noFreeHead,
+		freeNum:       0,
+		itemSize:      itemSize, //todo configurable? needs to be page-aligned
+	}
+}
+
+// Address returns the pointer to the beginning of the descriptor table in
+// memory. Do not modify the memory directly to not interfere with this
+// implementation.
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) Address() uintptr {
+	if dt.descriptors == nil {
+		panic("descriptor table is not initialized")
+	}
+	//should be same as dt.bufferBase
+	return uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&dt.descriptors[0]))
+}
+
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) Size() uintptr {
+	if dt.descriptors == nil {
+		panic("descriptor table is not initialized")
+	}
+	return uintptr(dt.bufferSize)
+}
+
+// BufferAddresses returns a map of pointer->size for all allocations used by the table
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) BufferAddresses() map[uintptr]int {
+	if dt.descriptors == nil {
+		panic("descriptor table is not initialized")
+	}
+
+	return map[uintptr]int{dt.bufferBase: dt.bufferSize}
+}
+
+// initializeDescriptors allocates buffers with the size of a full memory page
+// for each descriptor in the table. While this may be a bit wasteful, it makes
+// dealing with descriptors way easier. Without this preallocation, we would
+// have to allocate and free memory on demand, increasing complexity.
+//
+// All descriptors will be marked as free and will form a free chain. The
+// addresses of all descriptors will be populated while their length remains
+// zero.
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) initializeDescriptors() error {
+	numDescriptors := len(dt.descriptors)
+
+	// Allocate ONE large region for all buffers
+	totalSize := dt.itemSize * numDescriptors
+	basePtr, err := unix.MmapPtr(-1, 0, nil, uintptr(totalSize),
+		unix.PROT_READ|unix.PROT_WRITE,
+		unix.MAP_PRIVATE|unix.MAP_ANONYMOUS)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("allocate buffer memory for descriptors: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Store the base for cleanup later
+	dt.bufferBase = uintptr(basePtr)
+	dt.bufferSize = totalSize
+
+	for i := range dt.descriptors {
+		dt.descriptors[i] = Descriptor{
+			address: dt.bufferBase + uintptr(i*dt.itemSize),
+			length:  0,
+			// All descriptors should form a free chain that loops around.
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  uint16((i + 1) % len(dt.descriptors)),
+		}
+	}
+
+	// All descriptors are free to use now.
+	dt.freeHeadIndex = 0
+	dt.freeNum = uint16(len(dt.descriptors))
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// releaseBuffers releases all allocated buffers for this descriptor table.
+// The implementation will try to release as many buffers as possible and
+// collect potential errors before returning them.
+// The descriptor table should no longer be used after calling this.
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) releaseBuffers() error {
+	for i := range dt.descriptors {
+		descriptor := &dt.descriptors[i]
+		descriptor.address = 0
+	}
+
+	// As a safety measure, make sure no descriptors can be used anymore.
+	dt.freeHeadIndex = noFreeHead
+	dt.freeNum = 0
+
+	if dt.bufferBase != 0 {
+		// The pointer points to memory not managed by Go, so this conversion
+		// is safe. See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/58625
+		dt.bufferBase = 0
+		//goland:noinspection GoVetUnsafePointer
+		err := unix.MunmapPtr(unsafe.Pointer(dt.bufferBase), uintptr(dt.bufferSize))
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("release buffer memory: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// createDescriptorChain creates a new descriptor chain within the descriptor
+// table which contains a number of device-readable buffers (out buffers) and
+// device-writable buffers (in buffers).
+//
+// All buffers in the outBuffers slice will be concatenated by chaining
+// descriptors, one for each buffer in the slice. The size of the single buffers
+// must not exceed the size of a memory page (see [os.Getpagesize]).
+// When numInBuffers is greater than zero, the given number of device-writable
+// descriptors will be appended to the end of the chain, each referencing a
+// whole memory page.
+//
+// The index of the head of the new descriptor chain will be returned. Callers
+// should make sure to free the descriptor chain using [freeDescriptorChain]
+// after it was used by the device.
+//
+// When there are not enough free descriptors to hold the given number of
+// buffers, an [ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors] will be returned. In this case, the
+// caller should try again after some descriptor chains were used by the device
+// and returned back into the free chain.
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) createDescriptorChain(outBuffers [][]byte, numInBuffers int) (uint16, error) {
+	// Calculate the number of descriptors needed to build the chain.
+	numDesc := uint16(len(outBuffers) + numInBuffers)
+
+	// Descriptor chains must always contain at least one descriptor.
+	if numDesc < 1 {
+		return 0, ErrDescriptorChainEmpty
+	}
+
+	// Do we still have enough free descriptors?
+	if numDesc > dt.freeNum {
+		return 0, ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors
+	}
+
+	// Above validation ensured that there is at least one free descriptor, so
+	// the free descriptor chain head should be valid.
+	if dt.freeHeadIndex == noFreeHead {
+		panic("free descriptor chain head is unset but there should be free descriptors")
+	}
+
+	// To avoid having to iterate over the whole table to find the descriptor
+	// pointing to the head just to replace the free head, we instead always
+	// create descriptor chains from the descriptors coming after the head.
+	// This way we only have to touch the head as a last resort, when all other
+	// descriptors are already used.
+	head := dt.descriptors[dt.freeHeadIndex].next
+	next := head
+	tail := head
+	for i, buffer := range outBuffers {
+		desc := &dt.descriptors[next]
+		checkUnusedDescriptorLength(next, desc)
+
+		if len(buffer) > dt.itemSize {
+			// The caller should already prevent that from happening.
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("out buffer %d has size %d which exceeds desc length %d", i, len(buffer), dt.itemSize))
+		}
+
+		// Copy the buffer to the memory referenced by the descriptor.
+		// The descriptor address points to memory not managed by Go, so this
+		// conversion is safe. See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/58625
+		//goland:noinspection GoVetUnsafePointer
+		copy(unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(desc.address)), dt.itemSize), buffer)
+		desc.length = uint32(len(buffer))
+
+		// Clear the flags in case there were any others set.
+		desc.flags = descriptorFlagHasNext
+
+		tail = next
+		next = desc.next
+	}
+	for range numInBuffers {
+		desc := &dt.descriptors[next]
+		checkUnusedDescriptorLength(next, desc)
+
+		// Give the device the maximum available number of bytes to write into.
+		desc.length = uint32(dt.itemSize)
+
+		// Mark the descriptor as device-writable.
+		desc.flags = descriptorFlagHasNext | descriptorFlagWritable
+
+		tail = next
+		next = desc.next
+	}
+
+	// The last descriptor should end the chain.
+	tailDesc := &dt.descriptors[tail]
+	tailDesc.flags &= ^descriptorFlagHasNext
+	tailDesc.next = 0 // Not necessary to clear this, it's just for looks.
+
+	dt.freeNum -= numDesc
+
+	if dt.freeNum == 0 {
+		// The last descriptor in the chain should be the free chain head
+		// itself.
+		if tail != dt.freeHeadIndex {
+			panic("descriptor chain takes up all free descriptors but does not end with the free chain head")
+		}
+
+		// When this new chain takes up all remaining descriptors, we no longer
+		// have a free chain.
+		dt.freeHeadIndex = noFreeHead
+	} else {
+		// We took some descriptors out of the free chain, so make sure to close
+		// the circle again.
+		dt.descriptors[dt.freeHeadIndex].next = next
+	}
+
+	return head, nil
+}
+
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) CreateDescriptorForOutputs() (uint16, error) {
+	//todo just fill the damn table
+	// Do we still have enough free descriptors?
+
+	if 1 > dt.freeNum {
+		return 0, ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors
+	}
+
+	// Above validation ensured that there is at least one free descriptor, so
+	// the free descriptor chain head should be valid.
+	if dt.freeHeadIndex == noFreeHead {
+		panic("free descriptor chain head is unset but there should be free descriptors")
+	}
+
+	// To avoid having to iterate over the whole table to find the descriptor
+	// pointing to the head just to replace the free head, we instead always
+	// create descriptor chains from the descriptors coming after the head.
+	// This way we only have to touch the head as a last resort, when all other
+	// descriptors are already used.
+	head := dt.descriptors[dt.freeHeadIndex].next
+	desc := &dt.descriptors[head]
+	next := desc.next
+
+	checkUnusedDescriptorLength(head, desc)
+
+	// Give the device the maximum available number of bytes to write into.
+	desc.length = uint32(dt.itemSize)
+	desc.flags = 0 // descriptorFlagWritable
+	desc.next = 0  // Not necessary to clear this, it's just for looks.
+
+	dt.freeNum -= 1
+
+	if dt.freeNum == 0 {
+		// The last descriptor in the chain should be the free chain head
+		// itself.
+		if next != dt.freeHeadIndex {
+			panic("descriptor chain takes up all free descriptors but does not end with the free chain head")
+		}
+
+		// When this new chain takes up all remaining descriptors, we no longer
+		// have a free chain.
+		dt.freeHeadIndex = noFreeHead
+	} else {
+		// We took some descriptors out of the free chain, so make sure to close
+		// the circle again.
+		dt.descriptors[dt.freeHeadIndex].next = next
+	}
+
+	return head, nil
+}
+
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) createDescriptorForInputs() (uint16, error) {
+	// Do we still have enough free descriptors?
+	if 1 > dt.freeNum {
+		return 0, ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors
+	}
+
+	// Above validation ensured that there is at least one free descriptor, so
+	// the free descriptor chain head should be valid.
+	if dt.freeHeadIndex == noFreeHead {
+		panic("free descriptor chain head is unset but there should be free descriptors")
+	}
+
+	// To avoid having to iterate over the whole table to find the descriptor
+	// pointing to the head just to replace the free head, we instead always
+	// create descriptor chains from the descriptors coming after the head.
+	// This way we only have to touch the head as a last resort, when all other
+	// descriptors are already used.
+	head := dt.descriptors[dt.freeHeadIndex].next
+	desc := &dt.descriptors[head]
+	next := desc.next
+
+	checkUnusedDescriptorLength(head, desc)
+
+	// Give the device the maximum available number of bytes to write into.
+	desc.length = uint32(dt.itemSize)
+	desc.flags = descriptorFlagWritable
+	desc.next = 0 // Not necessary to clear this, it's just for looks.
+
+	dt.freeNum -= 1
+
+	if dt.freeNum == 0 {
+		// The last descriptor in the chain should be the free chain head
+		// itself.
+		if next != dt.freeHeadIndex {
+			panic("descriptor chain takes up all free descriptors but does not end with the free chain head")
+		}
+
+		// When this new chain takes up all remaining descriptors, we no longer
+		// have a free chain.
+		dt.freeHeadIndex = noFreeHead
+	} else {
+		// We took some descriptors out of the free chain, so make sure to close
+		// the circle again.
+		dt.descriptors[dt.freeHeadIndex].next = next
+	}
+
+	return head, nil
+}
+
+// TODO: Implement a zero-copy variant of createDescriptorChain?
+
+// getDescriptorChain returns the device-readable buffers (out buffers) and
+// device-writable buffers (in buffers) of the descriptor chain that starts with
+// the given head index. The descriptor chain must have been created using
+// [createDescriptorChain] and must not have been freed yet (meaning that the
+// head index must not be contained in the free chain).
+//
+// Be careful to only access the returned buffer slices when the device has not
+// yet or is no longer using them. They must not be accessed after
+// [freeDescriptorChain] has been called.
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) getDescriptorChain(head uint16) (outBuffers, inBuffers [][]byte, err error) {
+	if int(head) > len(dt.descriptors) {
+		return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: index out of range", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over the chain. The iteration is limited to the queue size to
+	// avoid ending up in an endless loop when things go very wrong.
+	next := head
+	for range len(dt.descriptors) {
+		if next == dt.freeHeadIndex {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: must not be part of the free chain", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		desc := &dt.descriptors[next]
+
+		// The descriptor address points to memory not managed by Go, so this
+		// conversion is safe. See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/58625
+		//goland:noinspection GoVetUnsafePointer
+		bs := unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(desc.address)), desc.length)
+
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagWritable == 0 {
+			outBuffers = append(outBuffers, bs)
+		} else {
+			inBuffers = append(inBuffers, bs)
+		}
+
+		// Is this the tail of the chain?
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagHasNext == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// Detect loops.
+		if desc.next == head {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: contains a loop", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		next = desc.next
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) getDescriptorItem(head uint16) ([]byte, error) {
+	if int(head) > len(dt.descriptors) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: index out of range", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+	}
+
+	desc := &dt.descriptors[head] //todo this is a pretty nasty hack with no checks
+
+	// The descriptor address points to memory not managed by Go, so this
+	// conversion is safe. See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/58625
+	//goland:noinspection GoVetUnsafePointer
+	bs := unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(desc.address)), desc.length)
+	return bs, nil
+}
+
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) getDescriptorInbuffers(head uint16, inBuffers *[][]byte) error {
+	if int(head) > len(dt.descriptors) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: index out of range", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over the chain. The iteration is limited to the queue size to
+	// avoid ending up in an endless loop when things go very wrong.
+	next := head
+	for range len(dt.descriptors) {
+		if next == dt.freeHeadIndex {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: must not be part of the free chain", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		desc := &dt.descriptors[next]
+
+		// The descriptor address points to memory not managed by Go, so this
+		// conversion is safe. See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/58625
+		//goland:noinspection GoVetUnsafePointer
+		bs := unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(desc.address)), desc.length)
+
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagWritable == 0 {
+			return fmt.Errorf("there should not be an outbuffer in %d", head)
+		} else {
+			*inBuffers = append(*inBuffers, bs)
+		}
+
+		// Is this the tail of the chain?
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagHasNext == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// Detect loops.
+		if desc.next == head {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: contains a loop", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		next = desc.next
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) getDescriptorChainContents(head uint16, out []byte, maxLen int) (int, error) {
+	if int(head) > len(dt.descriptors) {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: index out of range", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over the chain. The iteration is limited to the queue size to
+	// avoid ending up in an endless loop when things go very wrong.
+
+	length := 0
+	//find length
+	next := head
+	for range len(dt.descriptors) {
+		if next == dt.freeHeadIndex {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: must not be part of the free chain", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		desc := &dt.descriptors[next]
+
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagWritable == 0 {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("receive queue contains device-readable buffer")
+		}
+		length += int(desc.length)
+
+		// Is this the tail of the chain?
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagHasNext == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// Detect loops.
+		if desc.next == head {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("%w: contains a loop", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		next = desc.next
+	}
+	if maxLen > 0 {
+		//todo length = min(maxLen, length)
+	}
+	//set out to length:
+	out = out[:length]
+
+	//now do the copying
+	copied := 0
+	for range len(dt.descriptors) {
+		desc := &dt.descriptors[next]
+
+		// The descriptor address points to memory not managed by Go, so this
+		// conversion is safe. See https://github.com/golang/go/issues/58625
+		//goland:noinspection GoVetUnsafePointer
+		bs := unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(desc.address)), min(uint32(length-copied), desc.length))
+		copied += copy(out[copied:], bs)
+
+		// Is this the tail of the chain?
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagHasNext == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// we did this already, no need to detect loops.
+		next = desc.next
+	}
+	if copied != length {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("expected to copy %d bytes but only copied %d bytes", length, copied))
+	}
+
+	return length, nil
+}
+
+// freeDescriptorChain can be used to free a descriptor chain when it is no
+// longer in use. The descriptor chain that starts with the given index will be
+// put back into the free chain, so the descriptors can be used for later calls
+// of [createDescriptorChain].
+// The descriptor chain must have been created using [createDescriptorChain] and
+// must not have been freed yet (meaning that the head index must not be
+// contained in the free chain).
+func (dt *DescriptorTable) freeDescriptorChain(head uint16) error {
+	if int(head) > len(dt.descriptors) {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: index out of range", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+	}
+
+	// Iterate over the chain. The iteration is limited to the queue size to
+	// avoid ending up in an endless loop when things go very wrong.
+	next := head
+	var tailDesc *Descriptor
+	var chainLen uint16
+	for range len(dt.descriptors) {
+		if next == dt.freeHeadIndex {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: must not be part of the free chain", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		desc := &dt.descriptors[next]
+		chainLen++
+
+		// Set the length of all unused descriptors back to zero.
+		desc.length = 0
+
+		// Unset all flags except the next flag.
+		desc.flags &= descriptorFlagHasNext
+
+		// Is this the tail of the chain?
+		if desc.flags&descriptorFlagHasNext == 0 {
+			tailDesc = desc
+			break
+		}
+
+		// Detect loops.
+		if desc.next == head {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: contains a loop", ErrInvalidDescriptorChain)
+		}
+
+		next = desc.next
+	}
+	if tailDesc == nil {
+		// A descriptor chain longer than the queue size but without loops
+		// should be impossible.
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("could not find a tail for descriptor chain starting at %d", head))
+	}
+
+	// The tail descriptor does not have the next flag set, but when it comes
+	// back into the free chain, it should have.
+	tailDesc.flags = descriptorFlagHasNext
+
+	if dt.freeHeadIndex == noFreeHead {
+		// The whole free chain was used up, so we turn this returned descriptor
+		// chain into the new free chain by completing the circle and using its
+		// head.
+		tailDesc.next = head
+		dt.freeHeadIndex = head
+	} else {
+		// Attach the returned chain at the beginning of the free chain but
+		// right after the free chain head.
+		freeHeadDesc := &dt.descriptors[dt.freeHeadIndex]
+		tailDesc.next = freeHeadDesc.next
+		freeHeadDesc.next = head
+	}
+
+	dt.freeNum += chainLen
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// checkUnusedDescriptorLength asserts that the length of an unused descriptor
+// is zero, as it should be.
+// This is not a requirement by the virtio spec but rather a thing we do to
+// notice when our algorithm goes sideways.
+func checkUnusedDescriptorLength(index uint16, desc *Descriptor) {
+	if desc.length != 0 {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("descriptor %d should be unused but has a non-zero length", index))
+	}
+}

overlay/virtqueue/descriptor_table_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestDescriptorTable_InitializeDescriptors(t *testing.T) {
+	const queueSize = 32
+
+	dt := DescriptorTable{
+		descriptors: make([]Descriptor, queueSize),
+	}
+
+	assert.NoError(t, dt.initializeDescriptors())
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		assert.NoError(t, dt.releaseBuffers())
+	})
+
+	for i, descriptor := range dt.descriptors {
+		assert.NotZero(t, descriptor.address)
+		assert.Zero(t, descriptor.length)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, descriptorFlagHasNext, descriptor.flags)
+		assert.EqualValues(t, (i+1)%queueSize, descriptor.next)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDescriptorTable_DescriptorChains(t *testing.T) {
+	// Use a very short queue size to not make this test overly verbose.
+	const queueSize = 8
+
+	pageSize := os.Getpagesize() * 2
+
+	// Initialize descriptor table.
+	dt := DescriptorTable{
+		descriptors: make([]Descriptor, queueSize),
+	}
+	assert.NoError(t, dt.initializeDescriptors())
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		assert.NoError(t, dt.releaseBuffers())
+	})
+
+	// Some utilities for easier checking if the descriptor table looks as
+	// expected.
+	type desc struct {
+		buffer []byte
+		flags  descriptorFlag
+		next   uint16
+	}
+	assertDescriptorTable := func(expected [queueSize]desc) {
+		for i := 0; i < queueSize; i++ {
+			actualDesc := &dt.descriptors[i]
+			expectedDesc := &expected[i]
+			assert.Equal(t, uint32(len(expectedDesc.buffer)), actualDesc.length)
+			if len(expectedDesc.buffer) > 0 {
+				//goland:noinspection GoVetUnsafePointer
+				assert.EqualValues(t,
+					unsafe.Slice((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(actualDesc.address)), actualDesc.length),
+					expectedDesc.buffer)
+			}
+			assert.Equal(t, expectedDesc.flags, actualDesc.flags)
+			if expectedDesc.flags&descriptorFlagHasNext != 0 {
+				assert.Equal(t, expectedDesc.next, actualDesc.next)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Initial state: All descriptors are in the free chain.
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(0), dt.freeHeadIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(8), dt.freeNum)
+	assertDescriptorTable([queueSize]desc{
+		{
+			// Free head.
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  1,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  2,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  3,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  4,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  5,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  6,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  7,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  0,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Create the first chain.
+	firstChain, err := dt.createDescriptorChain([][]byte{
+		makeTestBuffer(t, 26),
+		makeTestBuffer(t, 256),
+	}, 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(1), firstChain)
+
+	// Now there should be a new chain next to the free chain.
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(0), dt.freeHeadIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(5), dt.freeNum)
+	assertDescriptorTable([queueSize]desc{
+		{
+			// Free head.
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  4,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head of first chain.
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 26),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   2,
+		},
+		{
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 256),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   3,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail of first chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  5,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  6,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  7,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  0,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Create a second chain with only a single in buffer.
+	secondChain, err := dt.createDescriptorChain(nil, 1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(4), secondChain)
+
+	// Now there should be two chains next to the free chain.
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(0), dt.freeHeadIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(4), dt.freeNum)
+	assertDescriptorTable([queueSize]desc{
+		{
+			// Free head.
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  5,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head of the first chain.
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 26),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   2,
+		},
+		{
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 256),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   3,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail of the first chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head and tail of the second chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  6,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  7,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  0,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Create a third chain taking up all remaining descriptors.
+	thirdChain, err := dt.createDescriptorChain([][]byte{
+		makeTestBuffer(t, 42),
+		makeTestBuffer(t, 96),
+		makeTestBuffer(t, 33),
+		makeTestBuffer(t, 222),
+	}, 0)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(5), thirdChain)
+
+	// Now there should be three chains and no free chain.
+	assert.Equal(t, noFreeHead, dt.freeHeadIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(0), dt.freeNum)
+	assertDescriptorTable([queueSize]desc{
+		{
+			// Tail of the third chain.
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 222),
+		},
+		{
+			// Head of the first chain.
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 26),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   2,
+		},
+		{
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 256),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   3,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail of the first chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head and tail of the second chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head of the third chain.
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 42),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   6,
+		},
+		{
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 96),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   7,
+		},
+		{
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 33),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   0,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Free the third chain.
+	assert.NoError(t, dt.freeDescriptorChain(thirdChain))
+
+	// Now there should be two chains and a free chain again.
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(5), dt.freeHeadIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(4), dt.freeNum)
+	assertDescriptorTable([queueSize]desc{
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  5,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head of the first chain.
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 26),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   2,
+		},
+		{
+			buffer: makeTestBuffer(t, 256),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:   3,
+		},
+		{
+			// Tail of the first chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head and tail of the second chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			// Free head.
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  6,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  7,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  0,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Free the first chain.
+	assert.NoError(t, dt.freeDescriptorChain(firstChain))
+
+	// Now there should be only a single chain next to the free chain.
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(5), dt.freeHeadIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(7), dt.freeNum)
+	assertDescriptorTable([queueSize]desc{
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  5,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  2,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  3,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  6,
+		},
+		{
+			// Head and tail of the second chain.
+			buffer: make([]byte, pageSize),
+			flags:  descriptorFlagWritable,
+		},
+		{
+			// Free head.
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  1,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  7,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  0,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Free the second chain.
+	assert.NoError(t, dt.freeDescriptorChain(secondChain))
+
+	// Now all descriptors should be in the free chain again.
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(5), dt.freeHeadIndex)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint16(8), dt.freeNum)
+	assertDescriptorTable([queueSize]desc{
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  5,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  2,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  3,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  6,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  1,
+		},
+		{
+			// Free head.
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  4,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  7,
+		},
+		{
+			flags: descriptorFlagHasNext,
+			next:  0,
+		},
+	})
+}
+
+func makeTestBuffer(t *testing.T, length int) []byte {
+	t.Helper()
+	buf := make([]byte, length)
+	for i := 0; i < length; i++ {
+		buf[i] = byte(length - i)
+	}
+	return buf
+}

overlay/virtqueue/doc.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+// Package virtqueue implements the driver-side for a virtio queue as described
+// in the specification:
+// https://docs.oasis-open.org/virtio/virtio/v1.2/csd01/virtio-v1.2-csd01.html#x1-270006
+// This package does not make assumptions about the device that consumes the
+// queue. It rather just allocates the queue structures in memory and provides
+// methods to interact with it.
+package virtqueue

overlay/virtqueue/eventfd_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/eventfd"
+)
+
+// Tests how an eventfd and a waiting goroutine can be gracefully closed.
+// Extends the eventfd test suite:
+// https://github.com/google/gvisor/blob/0799336d64be65eb97d330606c30162dc3440cab/pkg/eventfd/eventfd_test.go
+func TestEventFD_CancelWait(t *testing.T) {
+	efd, err := eventfd.Create()
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		assert.NoError(t, efd.Close())
+	})
+
+	var stop bool
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		for !stop {
+			_ = efd.Wait()
+		}
+		close(done)
+	}()
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		t.Fatalf("goroutine ended early")
+	case <-time.After(500 * time.Millisecond):
+	}
+
+	stop = true
+	assert.NoError(t, efd.Notify())
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		break
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+		t.Error("goroutine did not end")
+	}
+}

overlay/virtqueue/size.go

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+)
+
+// ErrQueueSizeInvalid is returned when a queue size is invalid.
+var ErrQueueSizeInvalid = errors.New("queue size is invalid")
+
+// CheckQueueSize checks if the given value would be a valid size for a
+// virtqueue and returns an [ErrQueueSizeInvalid], if not.
+func CheckQueueSize(queueSize int) error {
+	if queueSize <= 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d is too small", ErrQueueSizeInvalid, queueSize)
+	}
+
+	// The queue size must always be a power of 2.
+	// This ensures that ring indexes wrap correctly when the 16-bit integers
+	// overflow.
+	if queueSize&(queueSize-1) != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d is not a power of 2", ErrQueueSizeInvalid, queueSize)
+	}
+
+	// The largest power of 2 that fits into a 16-bit integer is 32768.
+	// 2 * 32768 would be 65536 which no longer fits.
+	if queueSize > 32768 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("%w: %d is larger than the maximum possible queue size 32768",
+			ErrQueueSizeInvalid, queueSize)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

overlay/virtqueue/size_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestCheckQueueSize(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		queueSize   int
+		containsErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "negative",
+			queueSize:   -1,
+			containsErr: "too small",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "zero",
+			queueSize:   0,
+			containsErr: "too small",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "not a power of 2",
+			queueSize:   24,
+			containsErr: "not a power of 2",
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "too large",
+			queueSize:   65536,
+			containsErr: "larger than the maximum",
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "valid 1",
+			queueSize: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "valid 256",
+			queueSize: 256,
+		},
+
+		{
+			name:      "valid 32768",
+			queueSize: 32768,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			err := CheckQueueSize(tt.queueSize)
+			if tt.containsErr != "" {
+				assert.ErrorContains(t, err, tt.containsErr)
+			} else {
+				assert.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

overlay/virtqueue/split_virtqueue.go

@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay/eventfd"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+// SplitQueue is a virtqueue that consists of several parts, where each part is
+// writeable by either the driver or the device, but not both.
+type SplitQueue struct {
+	// size is the size of the queue.
+	size int
+	// buf is the underlying memory used for the queue.
+	buf []byte
+
+	descriptorTable *DescriptorTable
+	availableRing   *AvailableRing
+	usedRing        *UsedRing
+
+	// kickEventFD is used to signal the device when descriptor chains were
+	// added to the available ring.
+	kickEventFD eventfd.EventFD
+	// callEventFD is used by the device to signal when it has used descriptor
+	// chains and put them in the used ring.
+	callEventFD eventfd.EventFD
+
+	// stop is used by [SplitQueue.Close] to cancel the goroutine that handles
+	// used buffer notifications. It blocks until the goroutine ended.
+	stop func() error
+
+	itemSize int
+
+	epoll eventfd.Epoll
+	more  int
+}
+
+// NewSplitQueue allocates a new [SplitQueue] in memory. The given queue size
+// specifies the number of entries/buffers the queue can hold. This also affects
+// the memory consumption.
+func NewSplitQueue(queueSize int, itemSize int) (_ *SplitQueue, err error) {
+	if err = CheckQueueSize(queueSize); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if itemSize%os.Getpagesize() != 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("split queue size must be multiple of os.Getpagesize()")
+	}
+
+	sq := SplitQueue{
+		size:     queueSize,
+		itemSize: itemSize,
+	}
+
+	// Clean up a partially initialized queue when something fails.
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil {
+			_ = sq.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// There are multiple ways for how the memory for the virtqueue could be
+	// allocated. We could use Go native structs with arrays inside them, but
+	// this wouldn't allow us to make the queue size configurable. And including
+	// a slice in the Go structs wouldn't work, because this would just put the
+	// Go slice descriptor into the memory region which the virtio device will
+	// not understand.
+	// Additionally, Go does not allow us to ensure a correct alignment of the
+	// parts of the virtqueue, as it is required by the virtio specification.
+	//
+	// To resolve this, let's just allocate the memory manually by allocating
+	// one or more memory pages, depending on the queue size. Making the
+	// virtqueue start at the beginning of a page is not strictly necessary, as
+	// the virtio specification does not require it to be continuous in the
+	// physical memory of the host (e.g. the vhost implementation in the kernel
+	// always uses copy_from_user to access it), but this makes it very easy to
+	// guarantee the alignment. Also, it is not required for the virtqueue parts
+	// to be in the same memory region, as we pass separate pointers to them to
+	// the device, but this design just makes things easier to implement.
+	//
+	// One added benefit of allocating the memory manually is, that we have full
+	// control over its lifetime and don't risk the garbage collector to collect
+	// our valuable structures while the device still works with them.
+
+	// The descriptor table is at the start of the page, so alignment is not an
+	// issue here.
+	descriptorTableStart := 0
+	descriptorTableEnd := descriptorTableStart + descriptorTableSize(queueSize)
+	availableRingStart := align(descriptorTableEnd, availableRingAlignment)
+	availableRingEnd := availableRingStart + availableRingSize(queueSize)
+	usedRingStart := align(availableRingEnd, usedRingAlignment)
+	usedRingEnd := usedRingStart + usedRingSize(queueSize)
+
+	sq.buf, err = unix.Mmap(-1, 0, usedRingEnd,
+		unix.PROT_READ|unix.PROT_WRITE,
+		unix.MAP_PRIVATE|unix.MAP_ANONYMOUS)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("allocate virtqueue buffer: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	sq.descriptorTable = newDescriptorTable(queueSize, sq.buf[descriptorTableStart:descriptorTableEnd], sq.itemSize)
+	sq.availableRing = newAvailableRing(queueSize, sq.buf[availableRingStart:availableRingEnd])
+	sq.usedRing = newUsedRing(queueSize, sq.buf[usedRingStart:usedRingEnd])
+
+	sq.kickEventFD, err = eventfd.New()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create kick event file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+	sq.callEventFD, err = eventfd.New()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create call event file descriptor: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err = sq.descriptorTable.initializeDescriptors(); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("initialize descriptors: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	sq.epoll, err = eventfd.NewEpoll()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	err = sq.epoll.AddEvent(sq.callEventFD.FD())
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Consume used buffer notifications in the background.
+	sq.stop = sq.startConsumeUsedRing()
+
+	return &sq, nil
+}
+
+// Size returns the size of this queue, which is the number of entries/buffers
+// this queue can hold.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) Size() int {
+	return sq.size
+}
+
+// DescriptorTable returns the [DescriptorTable] behind this queue.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) DescriptorTable() *DescriptorTable {
+	return sq.descriptorTable
+}
+
+// AvailableRing returns the [AvailableRing] behind this queue.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) AvailableRing() *AvailableRing {
+	return sq.availableRing
+}
+
+// UsedRing returns the [UsedRing] behind this queue.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) UsedRing() *UsedRing {
+	return sq.usedRing
+}
+
+// KickEventFD returns the kick event file descriptor behind this queue.
+// The returned file descriptor should be used with great care to not interfere
+// with this implementation.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) KickEventFD() int {
+	return sq.kickEventFD.FD()
+}
+
+// CallEventFD returns the call event file descriptor behind this queue.
+// The returned file descriptor should be used with great care to not interfere
+// with this implementation.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) CallEventFD() int {
+	return sq.callEventFD.FD()
+}
+
+// startConsumeUsedRing starts a goroutine that runs [consumeUsedRing].
+// A function is returned that can be used to gracefully cancel it. todo rename
+func (sq *SplitQueue) startConsumeUsedRing() func() error {
+	return func() error {
+
+		// The goroutine blocks until it receives a signal on the event file
+		// descriptor, so it will never notice the context being canceled.
+		// To resolve this, we can just produce a fake-signal ourselves to wake
+		// it up.
+		if err := sq.callEventFD.Kick(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("wake up goroutine: %w", err)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// BlockAndGetHeads waits for the device to signal that it has used descriptor chains and returns all [UsedElement]s
+func (sq *SplitQueue) BlockAndGetHeads(ctx context.Context) ([]UsedElement, error) {
+	var n int
+	var err error
+	for ctx.Err() == nil {
+
+		// Wait for a signal from the device.
+		if n, err = sq.epoll.Block(); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("wait: %w", err)
+		}
+		if n > 0 {
+			stillNeedToTake, out := sq.usedRing.take(-1)
+			sq.more = stillNeedToTake
+			if stillNeedToTake == 0 {
+				_ = sq.epoll.Clear() //???
+			}
+			return out, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return nil, ctx.Err()
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) TakeSingle(ctx context.Context) (uint16, error) {
+	var n int
+	var err error
+	for ctx.Err() == nil {
+		out, ok := sq.usedRing.takeOne()
+		if ok {
+			return out, nil
+		}
+		// Wait for a signal from the device.
+		if n, err = sq.epoll.Block(); err != nil {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("wait: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if n > 0 {
+			out, ok = sq.usedRing.takeOne()
+			if ok {
+				_ = sq.epoll.Clear() //???
+				return out, nil
+			} else {
+				continue //???
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, ctx.Err()
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) BlockAndGetHeadsCapped(ctx context.Context, maxToTake int) ([]UsedElement, error) {
+	var n int
+	var err error
+	for ctx.Err() == nil {
+
+		//we have leftovers in the fridge
+		if sq.more > 0 {
+			stillNeedToTake, out := sq.usedRing.take(maxToTake)
+			sq.more = stillNeedToTake
+			return out, nil
+		}
+		//look inside the fridge
+		stillNeedToTake, out := sq.usedRing.take(maxToTake)
+		if len(out) > 0 {
+			sq.more = stillNeedToTake
+			return out, nil
+		}
+		//fridge is empty I guess
+
+		// Wait for a signal from the device.
+		if n, err = sq.epoll.Block(); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("wait: %w", err)
+		}
+		if n > 0 {
+			_ = sq.epoll.Clear() //???
+			stillNeedToTake, out = sq.usedRing.take(maxToTake)
+			sq.more = stillNeedToTake
+			return out, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil, ctx.Err()
+}
+
+// OfferDescriptorChain offers a descriptor chain to the device which contains a
+// number of device-readable buffers (out buffers) and device-writable buffers
+// (in buffers).
+//
+// All buffers in the outBuffers slice will be concatenated by chaining
+// descriptors, one for each buffer in the slice. When a buffer is too large to
+// fit into a single descriptor (limited by the system's page size), it will be
+// split up into multiple descriptors within the chain.
+// When numInBuffers is greater than zero, the given number of device-writable
+// descriptors will be appended to the end of the chain, each referencing a
+// whole memory page (see [os.Getpagesize]).
+//
+// When the queue is full and no more descriptor chains can be added, a wrapped
+// [ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors] will be returned. If you set waitFree to true,
+// this method will handle this error and will block instead until there are
+// enough free descriptors again.
+//
+// After defining the descriptor chain in the [DescriptorTable], the index of
+// the head of the chain will be made available to the device using the
+// [AvailableRing] and will be returned by this method.
+// Callers should read from the [SplitQueue.UsedDescriptorChains] channel to be
+// notified when the descriptor chain was used by the device and should free the
+// used descriptor chains again using [SplitQueue.FreeDescriptorChain] when
+// they're done with them. When this does not happen, the queue will run full
+// and any further calls to [SplitQueue.OfferDescriptorChain] will stall.
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) OfferInDescriptorChains() (uint16, error) {
+	// Create a descriptor chain for the given buffers.
+	var (
+		head uint16
+		err  error
+	)
+	for {
+		head, err = sq.descriptorTable.createDescriptorForInputs()
+		if err == nil {
+			break
+		}
+
+		// I don't wanna use errors.Is, it's slow
+		//goland:noinspection GoDirectComparisonOfErrors
+		if err == ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors {
+			return 0, err
+		} else {
+			return 0, fmt.Errorf("create descriptor chain: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Make the descriptor chain available to the device.
+	sq.availableRing.offerSingle(head)
+
+	// Notify the device to make it process the updated available ring.
+	if err := sq.kickEventFD.Kick(); err != nil {
+		return head, fmt.Errorf("notify device: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return head, nil
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) OfferOutDescriptorChains(prepend []byte, outBuffers [][]byte) ([]uint16, error) {
+	// TODO change this
+	// Each descriptor can only hold a whole memory page, so split large out
+	// buffers into multiple smaller ones.
+	outBuffers = splitBuffers(outBuffers, sq.itemSize)
+
+	chains := make([]uint16, len(outBuffers))
+
+	// Create a descriptor chain for the given buffers.
+	var (
+		head uint16
+		err  error
+	)
+	for i := range outBuffers {
+		for {
+			bufs := [][]byte{prepend, outBuffers[i]}
+			head, err = sq.descriptorTable.createDescriptorChain(bufs, 0)
+			if err == nil {
+				break
+			}
+
+			// I don't wanna use errors.Is, it's slow
+			//goland:noinspection GoDirectComparisonOfErrors
+			if err == ErrNotEnoughFreeDescriptors {
+				// Wait for more free descriptors to be put back into the queue.
+				// If the number of free descriptors is still not sufficient, we'll
+				// land here again.
+				//todo should never happen
+				syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_SCHED_YIELD, 0, 0, 0) // Cheap barrier
+				continue
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("create descriptor chain: %w", err)
+		}
+		chains[i] = head
+	}
+
+	// Make the descriptor chain available to the device.
+	sq.availableRing.offer(chains)
+
+	// Notify the device to make it process the updated available ring.
+	if err := sq.kickEventFD.Kick(); err != nil {
+		return chains, fmt.Errorf("notify device: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return chains, nil
+}
+
+// GetDescriptorChain returns the device-readable buffers (out buffers) and
+// device-writable buffers (in buffers) of the descriptor chain with the given
+// head index.
+// The head index must be one that was returned by a previous call to
+// [SplitQueue.OfferDescriptorChain] and the descriptor chain must not have been
+// freed yet.
+//
+// Be careful to only access the returned buffer slices when the device is no
+// longer using them. They must not be accessed after
+// [SplitQueue.FreeDescriptorChain] has been called.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) GetDescriptorChain(head uint16) (outBuffers, inBuffers [][]byte, err error) {
+	return sq.descriptorTable.getDescriptorChain(head)
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) GetDescriptorItem(head uint16) ([]byte, error) {
+	sq.descriptorTable.descriptors[head].length = uint32(sq.descriptorTable.itemSize)
+	return sq.descriptorTable.getDescriptorItem(head)
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) GetDescriptorChainContents(head uint16, out []byte, maxLen int) (int, error) {
+	return sq.descriptorTable.getDescriptorChainContents(head, out, maxLen)
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) GetDescriptorInbuffers(head uint16, inBuffers *[][]byte) error {
+	return sq.descriptorTable.getDescriptorInbuffers(head, inBuffers)
+}
+
+// FreeDescriptorChain frees the descriptor chain with the given head index.
+// The head index must be one that was returned by a previous call to
+// [SplitQueue.OfferDescriptorChain] and the descriptor chain must not have been
+// freed yet.
+//
+// This creates new room in the queue which can be used by following
+// [SplitQueue.OfferDescriptorChain] calls.
+// When there are outstanding calls for [SplitQueue.OfferDescriptorChain] that
+// are waiting for free room in the queue, they may become unblocked by this.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) FreeDescriptorChain(head uint16) error {
+	//not called under lock
+	if err := sq.descriptorTable.freeDescriptorChain(head); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("free: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) SetDescSize(head uint16, sz int) {
+	//not called under lock
+	sq.descriptorTable.descriptors[int(head)].length = uint32(sz)
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) OfferDescriptorChains(chains []uint16, kick bool) error {
+	//todo not doing this may break eventually?
+	//not called under lock
+	//if err := sq.descriptorTable.freeDescriptorChain(head); err != nil {
+	//	return fmt.Errorf("free: %w", err)
+	//}
+
+	// Make the descriptor chain available to the device.
+	sq.availableRing.offer(chains)
+
+	// Notify the device to make it process the updated available ring.
+	if kick {
+		return sq.Kick()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (sq *SplitQueue) Kick() error {
+	if err := sq.kickEventFD.Kick(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("notify device: %w", err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Close releases all resources used for this queue.
+// The implementation will try to release as many resources as possible and
+// collect potential errors before returning them.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) Close() error {
+	var errs []error
+
+	if sq.stop != nil {
+		// This has to happen before the event file descriptors may be closed.
+		if err := sq.stop(); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("stop consume used ring: %w", err))
+		}
+
+		// Make sure that this code block is executed only once.
+		sq.stop = nil
+	}
+
+	if err := sq.kickEventFD.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("close kick event file descriptor: %w", err))
+	}
+	if err := sq.callEventFD.Close(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("close call event file descriptor: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	if err := sq.descriptorTable.releaseBuffers(); err != nil {
+		errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("release descriptor buffers: %w", err))
+	}
+
+	if sq.buf != nil {
+		if err := unix.Munmap(sq.buf); err == nil {
+			sq.buf = nil
+		} else {
+			errs = append(errs, fmt.Errorf("unmap virtqueue buffer: %w", err))
+		}
+	}
+
+	return errors.Join(errs...)
+}
+
+// ensureInitialized is used as a guard to prevent methods to be called on an
+// uninitialized instance.
+func (sq *SplitQueue) ensureInitialized() {
+	if sq.buf == nil {
+		panic("used ring is not initialized")
+	}
+}
+
+func align(index, alignment int) int {
+	remainder := index % alignment
+	if remainder == 0 {
+		return index
+	}
+	return index + alignment - remainder
+}
+
+// splitBuffers processes a list of buffers and splits each buffer that is
+// larger than the size limit into multiple smaller buffers.
+// If none of the buffers are too big though, do nothing, to avoid allocation for now
+func splitBuffers(buffers [][]byte, sizeLimit int) [][]byte {
+	for i := range buffers {
+		if len(buffers[i]) > sizeLimit {
+			return reallySplitBuffers(buffers, sizeLimit)
+		}
+	}
+	return buffers
+}
+
+func reallySplitBuffers(buffers [][]byte, sizeLimit int) [][]byte {
+	result := make([][]byte, 0, len(buffers))
+	for _, buffer := range buffers {
+		for added := 0; added < len(buffer); added += sizeLimit {
+			if len(buffer)-added <= sizeLimit {
+				result = append(result, buffer[added:])
+				break
+			}
+			result = append(result, buffer[added:added+sizeLimit])
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}

overlay/virtqueue/split_virtqueue_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestSplitQueue_MemoryAlignment(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name      string
+		queueSize int
+	}{
+		{
+			name:      "minimal queue size",
+			queueSize: 1,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "small queue size",
+			queueSize: 8,
+		},
+		{
+			name:      "large queue size",
+			queueSize: 256,
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			sq, err := NewSplitQueue(tt.queueSize)
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			assert.Zero(t, sq.descriptorTable.Address()%descriptorTableAlignment)
+			assert.Zero(t, sq.availableRing.Address()%availableRingAlignment)
+			assert.Zero(t, sq.usedRing.Address()%usedRingAlignment)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSplitBuffers(t *testing.T) {
+	const sizeLimit = 16
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		buffers  [][]byte
+		expected [][]byte
+	}{
+		{
+			name:     "no buffers",
+			buffers:  make([][]byte, 0),
+			expected: make([][]byte, 0),
+		},
+		{
+			name: "small",
+			buffers: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, 11),
+			},
+			expected: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, 11),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "exact size",
+			buffers: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, sizeLimit),
+			},
+			expected: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, sizeLimit),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "large",
+			buffers: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, 42),
+			},
+			expected: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, 16),
+				make([]byte, 16),
+				make([]byte, 10),
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "mixed",
+			buffers: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, 7),
+				make([]byte, 30),
+				make([]byte, 15),
+				make([]byte, 32),
+			},
+			expected: [][]byte{
+				make([]byte, 7),
+				make([]byte, 16),
+				make([]byte, 14),
+				make([]byte, 15),
+				make([]byte, 16),
+				make([]byte, 16),
+			},
+		},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			actual := splitBuffers(tt.buffers, sizeLimit)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, actual)
+		})
+	}
+}

overlay/virtqueue/used_element.go

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+// usedElementSize is the number of bytes needed to store a [UsedElement] in
+// memory.
+const usedElementSize = 8
+
+// UsedElement is an element of the [UsedRing] and describes a descriptor chain
+// that was used by the device.
+type UsedElement struct {
+	// DescriptorIndex is the index of the head of the used descriptor chain in
+	// the [DescriptorTable].
+	// The index is 32-bit here for padding reasons.
+	DescriptorIndex uint32
+	// Length is the number of bytes written into the device writable portion of
+	// the buffer described by the descriptor chain.
+	Length uint32
+}
+
+func (u *UsedElement) GetHead() uint16 {
+	return uint16(u.DescriptorIndex)
+}

overlay/virtqueue/used_element_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestUsedElement_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	assert.EqualValues(t, usedElementSize, unsafe.Sizeof(UsedElement{}))
+}

overlay/virtqueue/used_ring.go

@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// usedRingFlag is a flag that describes a [UsedRing].
+type usedRingFlag uint16
+
+const (
+	// usedRingFlagNoNotify is used by the host to advise the guest to not
+	// kick it when adding a buffer. It's unreliable, so it's simply an
+	// optimization. Guest will still kick when it's out of buffers.
+	usedRingFlagNoNotify usedRingFlag = 1 << iota
+)
+
+// usedRingSize is the number of bytes needed to store a [UsedRing] with the
+// given queue size in memory.
+func usedRingSize(queueSize int) int {
+	return 6 + usedElementSize*queueSize
+}
+
+// usedRingAlignment is the minimum alignment of a [UsedRing] in memory, as
+// required by the virtio spec.
+const usedRingAlignment = 4
+
+// UsedRing is where the device returns descriptor chains once it is done with
+// them. Each ring entry is a [UsedElement]. It is only written to by the device
+// and read by the driver.
+//
+// Because the size of the ring depends on the queue size, we cannot define a
+// Go struct with a static size that maps to the memory of the ring. Instead,
+// this struct only contains pointers to the corresponding memory areas.
+type UsedRing struct {
+	initialized bool
+
+	// flags that describe this ring.
+	flags *usedRingFlag
+	// ringIndex indicates where the device would put the next entry into the
+	// ring (modulo the queue size).
+	ringIndex *uint16
+	// ring contains the [UsedElement]s. It wraps around at queue size.
+	ring []UsedElement
+	// availableEvent is not used by this implementation, but we reserve it
+	// anyway to avoid issues in case a device may try to write to it, contrary
+	// to the virtio specification.
+	availableEvent *uint16
+
+	// lastIndex is the internal ringIndex up to which all [UsedElement]s were
+	// processed.
+	lastIndex uint16
+
+	//mu sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// newUsedRing creates a used ring that uses the given underlying memory. The
+// length of the memory slice must match the size needed for the ring (see
+// [usedRingSize]) for the given queue size.
+func newUsedRing(queueSize int, mem []byte) *UsedRing {
+	ringSize := usedRingSize(queueSize)
+	if len(mem) != ringSize {
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("memory size (%v) does not match required size "+
+			"for used ring: %v", len(mem), ringSize))
+	}
+
+	r := UsedRing{
+		initialized:    true,
+		flags:          (*usedRingFlag)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[0])),
+		ringIndex:      (*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[2])),
+		ring:           unsafe.Slice((*UsedElement)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[4])), queueSize),
+		availableEvent: (*uint16)(unsafe.Pointer(&mem[ringSize-2])),
+	}
+	r.lastIndex = *r.ringIndex
+	return &r
+}
+
+// Address returns the pointer to the beginning of the ring in memory.
+// Do not modify the memory directly to not interfere with this implementation.
+func (r *UsedRing) Address() uintptr {
+	if !r.initialized {
+		panic("used ring is not initialized")
+	}
+	return uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(r.flags))
+}
+
+// take returns all new [UsedElement]s that the device put into the ring and
+// that weren't already returned by a previous call to this method.
+// had a lock, I removed it
+func (r *UsedRing) take(maxToTake int) (int, []UsedElement) {
+	//r.mu.Lock()
+	//defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ringIndex := *r.ringIndex
+	if ringIndex == r.lastIndex {
+		// Nothing new.
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
+	// Calculate the number new used elements that we can read from the ring.
+	// The ring index may wrap, so special handling for that case is needed.
+	count := int(ringIndex - r.lastIndex)
+	if count < 0 {
+		count += 0xffff
+	}
+
+	stillNeedToTake := 0
+
+	if maxToTake > 0 {
+		stillNeedToTake = count - maxToTake
+		if stillNeedToTake < 0 {
+			stillNeedToTake = 0
+		}
+		count = min(count, maxToTake)
+	}
+
+	// The number of new elements can never exceed the queue size.
+	if count > len(r.ring) {
+		panic("used ring contains more new elements than the ring is long")
+	}
+
+	elems := make([]UsedElement, count)
+	for i := range count {
+		elems[i] = r.ring[r.lastIndex%uint16(len(r.ring))]
+		r.lastIndex++
+	}
+
+	return stillNeedToTake, elems
+}
+
+func (r *UsedRing) takeOne() (uint16, bool) {
+	//r.mu.Lock()
+	//defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	ringIndex := *r.ringIndex
+	if ringIndex == r.lastIndex {
+		// Nothing new.
+		return 0xffff, false
+	}
+
+	// Calculate the number new used elements that we can read from the ring.
+	// The ring index may wrap, so special handling for that case is needed.
+	count := int(ringIndex - r.lastIndex)
+	if count < 0 {
+		count += 0xffff
+	}
+
+	// The number of new elements can never exceed the queue size.
+	if count > len(r.ring) {
+		panic("used ring contains more new elements than the ring is long")
+	}
+
+	if count == 0 {
+		return 0xffff, false
+	}
+
+	out := r.ring[r.lastIndex%uint16(len(r.ring))].GetHead()
+	r.lastIndex++
+
+	return out, true
+}
+
+// InitOfferSingle is only used to pre-fill the used queue at startup, and should not be used if the device is running!
+func (r *UsedRing) InitOfferSingle(x uint16, size int) {
+	//always called under lock
+	//r.mu.Lock()
+	//defer r.mu.Unlock()
+
+	offset := 0
+	// Add descriptor chain heads to the ring.
+
+	// The 16-bit ring index may overflow. This is expected and is not an
+	// issue because the size of the ring array (which equals the queue
+	// size) is always a power of 2 and smaller than the highest possible
+	// 16-bit value.
+	insertIndex := int(*r.ringIndex+uint16(offset)) % len(r.ring)
+	r.ring[insertIndex] = UsedElement{
+		DescriptorIndex: uint32(x),
+		Length:          uint32(size),
+	}
+
+	// Increase the ring index by the number of descriptor chains added to the ring.
+	*r.ringIndex += 1
+}

overlay/virtqueue/used_ring_internal_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package virtqueue
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func TestUsedRing_MemoryLayout(t *testing.T) {
+	const queueSize = 2
+
+	memory := make([]byte, usedRingSize(queueSize))
+	r := newUsedRing(queueSize, memory)
+
+	*r.flags = 0x01ff
+	*r.ringIndex = 1
+	r.ring[0] = UsedElement{
+		DescriptorIndex: 0x0123,
+		Length:          0x4567,
+	}
+	r.ring[1] = UsedElement{
+		DescriptorIndex: 0x89ab,
+		Length:          0xcdef,
+	}
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{
+		0xff, 0x01,
+		0x01, 0x00,
+		0x23, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+		0x67, 0x45, 0x00, 0x00,
+		0xab, 0x89, 0x00, 0x00,
+		0xef, 0xcd, 0x00, 0x00,
+		0x00, 0x00,
+	}, memory)
+}
+
+//func TestUsedRing_Take(t *testing.T) {
+//	const queueSize = 8
+//
+//	tests := []struct {
+//		name      string
+//		ring      []UsedElement
+//		ringIndex uint16
+//		lastIndex uint16
+//		expected  []UsedElement
+//	}{
+//		{
+//			name: "nothing new",
+//			ring: []UsedElement{
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 1},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 2},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 3},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 4},
+//				{},
+//				{},
+//				{},
+//				{},
+//			},
+//			ringIndex: 4,
+//			lastIndex: 4,
+//			expected:  nil,
+//		},
+//		{
+//			name: "no overflow",
+//			ring: []UsedElement{
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 1},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 2},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 3},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 4},
+//				{},
+//				{},
+//				{},
+//				{},
+//			},
+//			ringIndex: 4,
+//			lastIndex: 1,
+//			expected: []UsedElement{
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 2},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 3},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 4},
+//			},
+//		},
+//		{
+//			name: "ring overflow",
+//			ring: []UsedElement{
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 9},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 10},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 3},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 4},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 5},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 6},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 7},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 8},
+//			},
+//			ringIndex: 10,
+//			lastIndex: 7,
+//			expected: []UsedElement{
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 8},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 9},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 10},
+//			},
+//		},
+//		{
+//			name: "index overflow",
+//			ring: []UsedElement{
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 9},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 10},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 3},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 4},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 5},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 6},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 7},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 8},
+//			},
+//			ringIndex: 2,
+//			lastIndex: 65535,
+//			expected: []UsedElement{
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 8},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 9},
+//				{DescriptorIndex: 10},
+//			},
+//		},
+//	}
+//	for _, tt := range tests {
+//		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+//			memory := make([]byte, usedRingSize(queueSize))
+//			r := newUsedRing(queueSize, memory)
+//
+//			copy(r.ring, tt.ring)
+//			*r.ringIndex = tt.ringIndex
+//			r.lastIndex = tt.lastIndex
+//
+//			assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, r.take())
+//		})
+//	}
+//}

packet/outpacket.go

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+package packet
+
+import (
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util/virtio"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+type OutPacket struct {
+	Segments        [][]byte
+	SegmentPayloads [][]byte
+	SegmentHeaders  [][]byte
+	SegmentIDs      []uint16
+	//todo virtio header?
+	SegSize      int
+	SegCounter   int
+	Valid        bool
+	wasSegmented bool
+
+	Scratch []byte
+}
+
+func NewOut() *OutPacket {
+	out := new(OutPacket)
+	out.Segments = make([][]byte, 0, 64)
+	out.SegmentHeaders = make([][]byte, 0, 64)
+	out.SegmentPayloads = make([][]byte, 0, 64)
+	out.SegmentIDs = make([]uint16, 0, 64)
+	out.Scratch = make([]byte, Size)
+	return out
+}
+
+func (pkt *OutPacket) Reset() {
+	pkt.Segments = pkt.Segments[:0]
+	pkt.SegmentPayloads = pkt.SegmentPayloads[:0]
+	pkt.SegmentHeaders = pkt.SegmentHeaders[:0]
+	pkt.SegmentIDs = pkt.SegmentIDs[:0]
+	pkt.SegSize = 0
+	pkt.Valid = false
+	pkt.wasSegmented = false
+}
+
+func (pkt *OutPacket) UseSegment(segID uint16, seg []byte, isV6 bool) int {
+	pkt.Valid = true
+	pkt.SegmentIDs = append(pkt.SegmentIDs, segID)
+	pkt.Segments = append(pkt.Segments, seg) //todo do we need this?
+
+	vhdr := virtio.NetHdr{ //todo
+		Flags:      unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_F_DATA_VALID,
+		GSOType:    unix.VIRTIO_NET_HDR_GSO_NONE,
+		HdrLen:     0,
+		GSOSize:    0,
+		CsumStart:  0,
+		CsumOffset: 0,
+		NumBuffers: 0,
+	}
+
+	hdr := seg[0 : virtio.NetHdrSize+14]
+	_ = vhdr.Encode(hdr)
+	if isV6 {
+		hdr[virtio.NetHdrSize+14-2] = 0x86
+		hdr[virtio.NetHdrSize+14-1] = 0xdd
+	} else {
+		hdr[virtio.NetHdrSize+14-2] = 0x08
+		hdr[virtio.NetHdrSize+14-1] = 0x00
+	}
+
+	pkt.SegmentHeaders = append(pkt.SegmentHeaders, hdr)
+	pkt.SegmentPayloads = append(pkt.SegmentPayloads, seg[virtio.NetHdrSize+14:])
+	return len(pkt.SegmentIDs) - 1
+}

packet/packet.go

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+package packet
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"iter"
+	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+const Size = 0xffff
+
+type Packet struct {
+	Payload []byte
+	Control []byte
+	Name    []byte
+	SegSize int
+
+	//todo should this hold out as well?
+	OutLen int
+
+	wasSegmented bool
+	isV4         bool
+}
+
+func New(isV4 bool) *Packet {
+	return &Packet{
+		Payload: make([]byte, Size),
+		Control: make([]byte, unix.CmsgSpace(2)),
+		Name:    make([]byte, unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6),
+		isV4:    isV4,
+	}
+}
+
+func (p *Packet) AddrPort() netip.AddrPort {
+	var ip netip.Addr
+	// Its ok to skip the ok check here, the slicing is the only error that can occur and it will panic
+	if p.isV4 {
+		ip, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(p.Name[4:8])
+	} else {
+		ip, _ = netip.AddrFromSlice(p.Name[8:24])
+	}
+	return netip.AddrPortFrom(ip.Unmap(), binary.BigEndian.Uint16(p.Name[2:4]))
+}
+
+func (p *Packet) updateCtrl(ctrlLen int) {
+	p.SegSize = len(p.Payload)
+	p.wasSegmented = false
+	if ctrlLen == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if len(p.Control) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	cmsgs, err := unix.ParseSocketControlMessage(p.Control)
+	if err != nil {
+		return // oh well
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cmsgs {
+		if c.Header.Level == unix.SOL_UDP && c.Header.Type == unix.UDP_GRO && len(c.Data) >= 2 {
+			p.wasSegmented = true
+			p.SegSize = int(binary.LittleEndian.Uint16(c.Data[:2]))
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Update sets a Packet into "just received, not processed" state
+func (p *Packet) Update(ctrlLen int) {
+	p.OutLen = -1
+	p.updateCtrl(ctrlLen)
+}
+
+func (p *Packet) SetSegSizeForTX() {
+	p.SegSize = len(p.Payload)
+	hdr := (*unix.Cmsghdr)(unsafe.Pointer(&p.Control[0]))
+	hdr.Level = unix.SOL_UDP
+	hdr.Type = unix.UDP_SEGMENT
+	hdr.SetLen(syscall.CmsgLen(2))
+	binary.NativeEndian.PutUint16(p.Control[unix.CmsgLen(0):unix.CmsgLen(0)+2], uint16(p.SegSize))
+}
+
+func (p *Packet) CompatibleForSegmentationWith(otherP *Packet, currentTotalSize int) bool {
+	//same dest
+	if !slices.Equal(p.Name, otherP.Name) {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	//don't get too big
+	if len(p.Payload)+currentTotalSize >= 0xffff {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	//same body len
+	//todo allow single different size at end
+	if len(p.Payload) != len(otherP.Payload) {
+		return false //todo technically you can cram one extra in
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func (p *Packet) Segments() iter.Seq[[]byte] {
+	return func(yield func([]byte) bool) {
+		//cursor := 0
+		for offset := 0; offset < len(p.Payload); offset += p.SegSize {
+			end := offset + p.SegSize
+			if end > len(p.Payload) {
+				end = len(p.Payload)
+			}
+			if !yield(p.Payload[offset:end]) {
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

packet/virtio.go

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package packet
+
+import (
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util/virtio"
+)
+
+type VirtIOPacket struct {
+	Payload   []byte
+	Header    virtio.NetHdr
+	Chains    []uint16
+	ChainRefs [][]byte
+	// OfferDescriptorChains(chains []uint16, kick bool) error
+}
+
+func NewVIO() *VirtIOPacket {
+	out := new(VirtIOPacket)
+	out.Payload = nil
+	out.ChainRefs = make([][]byte, 0, 4)
+	out.Chains = make([]uint16, 0, 8)
+	return out
+}
+
+func (v *VirtIOPacket) Reset() {
+	v.Payload = nil
+	v.ChainRefs = v.ChainRefs[:0]
+	v.Chains = v.Chains[:0]
+}
+
+type VirtIOTXPacket struct {
+	VirtIOPacket
+}
+
+func NewVIOTX(isV4 bool) *VirtIOTXPacket {
+	out := new(VirtIOTXPacket)
+	out.VirtIOPacket = *NewVIO()
+	return out
+}

pkclient/pkclient_cgo.go

@@ -180,6 +180,7 @@ func (c *PKClient) DeriveNoise(peerPubKey []byte) ([]byte, error) {
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_DECRYPT, true),
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_WRAP, true),
 		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_UNWRAP, true),
+		pkcs11.NewAttribute(pkcs11.CKA_VALUE_LEN, NoiseKeySize),
 	}
 
 	// Set up the parameters which include the peer's public key

pki.go

@@ -39,10 +39,10 @@ type CertState struct {
 	cipher            string
 
 	myVpnNetworks            []netip.Prefix
-	myVpnNetworksTable       *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myVpnNetworksTable       *bart.Lite
 	myVpnAddrs               []netip.Addr
-	myVpnAddrsTable          *bart.Table[struct{}]
-	myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myVpnAddrsTable          *bart.Lite
+	myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Lite
 }
 
 func NewPKIFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) (*PKI, error) {
@@ -100,41 +100,36 @@ func (p *PKI) reloadCerts(c *config.C, initial bool) *util.ContextualError {
 		currentState := p.cs.Load()
 		if newState.v1Cert != nil {
 			if currentState.v1Cert == nil {
-				return util.NewContextualError("v1 certificate was added, restart required", nil, err)
-			}
-
+				//adding certs is fine, actually. Networks-in-common confirmed in newCertState().
+			} else {
 				// did IP in cert change? if so, don't set
 				if !slices.Equal(currentState.v1Cert.Networks(), newState.v1Cert.Networks()) {
 					return util.NewContextualError(
 						"Networks in new cert was different from old",
-					m{"new_networks": newState.v1Cert.Networks(), "old_networks": currentState.v1Cert.Networks()},
+						m{"new_networks": newState.v1Cert.Networks(), "old_networks": currentState.v1Cert.Networks(), "cert_version": cert.Version1},
 						nil,
 					)
 				}
 
 				if currentState.v1Cert.Curve() != newState.v1Cert.Curve() {
 					return util.NewContextualError(
-					"Curve in new cert was different from old",
-					m{"new_curve": newState.v1Cert.Curve(), "old_curve": currentState.v1Cert.Curve()},
+						"Curve in new v1 cert was different from old",
+						m{"new_curve": newState.v1Cert.Curve(), "old_curve": currentState.v1Cert.Curve(), "cert_version": cert.Version1},
 						nil,
 					)
 				}
-
-		} else if currentState.v1Cert != nil {
-			//TODO: CERT-V2 we should be able to tear this down
-			return util.NewContextualError("v1 certificate was removed, restart required", nil, err)
+			}
 		}
 
 		if newState.v2Cert != nil {
 			if currentState.v2Cert == nil {
-				return util.NewContextualError("v2 certificate was added, restart required", nil, err)
-			}
-
+				//adding certs is fine, actually
+			} else {
 				// did IP in cert change? if so, don't set
 				if !slices.Equal(currentState.v2Cert.Networks(), newState.v2Cert.Networks()) {
 					return util.NewContextualError(
 						"Networks in new cert was different from old",
-					m{"new_networks": newState.v2Cert.Networks(), "old_networks": currentState.v2Cert.Networks()},
+						m{"new_networks": newState.v2Cert.Networks(), "old_networks": currentState.v2Cert.Networks(), "cert_version": cert.Version2},
 						nil,
 					)
 				}
@@ -142,13 +137,25 @@ func (p *PKI) reloadCerts(c *config.C, initial bool) *util.ContextualError {
 				if currentState.v2Cert.Curve() != newState.v2Cert.Curve() {
 					return util.NewContextualError(
 						"Curve in new cert was different from old",
-					m{"new_curve": newState.v2Cert.Curve(), "old_curve": currentState.v2Cert.Curve()},
+						m{"new_curve": newState.v2Cert.Curve(), "old_curve": currentState.v2Cert.Curve(), "cert_version": cert.Version2},
 						nil,
 					)
 				}
+			}
 
 		} else if currentState.v2Cert != nil {
-			return util.NewContextualError("v2 certificate was removed, restart required", nil, err)
+			//newState.v1Cert is non-nil bc empty certstates aren't permitted
+			if newState.v1Cert == nil {
+				return util.NewContextualError("v1 and v2 certs are nil, this should be impossible", nil, err)
+			}
+			//if we're going to v1-only, we need to make sure we didn't orphan any v2-cert vpnaddrs
+			if !slices.Equal(currentState.v2Cert.Networks(), newState.v1Cert.Networks()) {
+				return util.NewContextualError(
+					"Removing a V2 cert is not permitted unless it has identical networks to the new V1 cert",
+					m{"new_v1_networks": newState.v1Cert.Networks(), "old_v2_networks": currentState.v2Cert.Networks()},
+					nil,
+				)
+			}
 		}
 
 		// Cipher cant be hot swapped so just leave it at what it was before
@@ -173,7 +180,6 @@ func (p *PKI) reloadCerts(c *config.C, initial bool) *util.ContextualError {
 
 	p.cs.Store(newState)
 
-	//TODO: CERT-V2 newState needs a stringer that does json
 	if initial {
 		p.l.WithField("cert", newState).Debug("Client nebula certificate(s)")
 	} else {
@@ -345,9 +351,9 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 	cs := CertState{
 		privateKey:               privateKey,
 		pkcs11Backed:             pkcs11backed,
-		myVpnNetworksTable:       new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
-		myVpnAddrsTable:          new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
-		myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable: new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
+		myVpnNetworksTable:       new(bart.Lite),
+		myVpnAddrsTable:          new(bart.Lite),
+		myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable: new(bart.Lite),
 	}
 
 	if v1 != nil && v2 != nil {
@@ -359,7 +365,9 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 			return nil, util.NewContextualError("v1 and v2 curve are not the same, ignoring", nil, nil)
 		}
 
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 make sure v2 has v1s address
+		if v1.Networks()[0] != v2.Networks()[0] {
+			return nil, util.NewContextualError("v1 and v2 networks are not the same", nil, nil)
+		}
 
 		cs.initiatingVersion = dv
 	}
@@ -415,16 +423,16 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 
 	for _, network := range crt.Networks() {
 		cs.myVpnNetworks = append(cs.myVpnNetworks, network)
-		cs.myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(network, struct{}{})
+		cs.myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(network)
 
 		cs.myVpnAddrs = append(cs.myVpnAddrs, network.Addr())
-		cs.myVpnAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen()), struct{}{})
+		cs.myVpnAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen()))
 
 		if network.Addr().Is4() {
 			addr := network.Masked().Addr().As4()
 			mask := net.CIDRMask(network.Bits(), network.Addr().BitLen())
 			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(addr[:], binary.BigEndian.Uint32(addr[:])|^binary.BigEndian.Uint32(mask))
-			cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(addr), network.Addr().BitLen()), struct{}{})
+			cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(addr), network.Addr().BitLen()))
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -515,10 +523,14 @@ func loadCAPoolFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) (*cert.CAPool, error) {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while adding CA certificate to CA trust store: %s", err)
 	}
 
-	for _, fp := range c.GetStringSlice("pki.blocklist", []string{}) {
-		l.WithField("fingerprint", fp).Info("Blocklisting cert")
+	bl := c.GetStringSlice("pki.blocklist", []string{})
+	if len(bl) > 0 {
+		for _, fp := range bl {
 			caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(fp)
 		}
 
+		l.WithField("fingerprintCount", len(bl)).Info("Blocklisted certificates")
+	}
+
 	return caPool, nil
 }

relay_manager.go

@@ -241,15 +241,13 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 	logMsg.Info("handleCreateRelayRequest")
 	// Is the source of the relay me? This should never happen, but did happen due to
 	// an issue migrating relays over to newly re-handshaked host info objects.
-	_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(from)
-	if found {
+	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(from) {
 		logMsg.WithField("myIP", from).Error("Discarding relay request from myself")
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Is the target of the relay me?
-	_, found = f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(target)
-	if found {
+	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(target) {
 		existingRelay, ok := h.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(from)
 		if ok {
 			switch existingRelay.State {

remote_list.go

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 	// The full list of vpn addresses assigned to this host
 	vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
 
-	// A deduplicated set of addresses. Any accessor should lock beforehand.
+	// A deduplicated set of underlay addresses. Any accessor should lock beforehand.
 	addrs []netip.AddrPort
 
 	// A set of relay addresses. VpnIp addresses that the remote identified as relays.
@@ -202,7 +202,9 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 	cache map[netip.Addr]*cache
 
 	hr *hostnamesResults
-	shouldAdd func(netip.Addr) bool
+
+	// shouldAdd is a nillable function that decides if x should be added to addrs.
+	shouldAdd func(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, x netip.Addr) bool
 
 	// This is a list of remotes that we have tried to handshake with and have returned from the wrong vpn ip.
 	// They should not be tried again during a handshake
@@ -213,7 +215,7 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 }
 
 // NewRemoteList creates a new empty RemoteList
-func NewRemoteList(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, shouldAdd func(netip.Addr) bool) *RemoteList {
+func NewRemoteList(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, shouldAdd func([]netip.Addr, netip.Addr) bool) *RemoteList {
 	r := &RemoteList{
 		vpnAddrs:  make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnAddrs)),
 		addrs:     make([]netip.AddrPort, 0),
@@ -368,6 +370,15 @@ func (r *RemoteList) CopyBlockedRemotes() []netip.AddrPort {
 	return c
 }
 
+// RefreshFromHandshake locks and updates the RemoteList to account for data learned upon a completed handshake
+func (r *RemoteList) RefreshFromHandshake(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr) {
+	r.Lock()
+	r.badRemotes = nil
+	r.vpnAddrs = make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnAddrs))
+	copy(r.vpnAddrs, vpnAddrs)
+	r.Unlock()
+}
+
 // ResetBlockedRemotes locks and clears the blocked remotes list
 func (r *RemoteList) ResetBlockedRemotes() {
 	r.Lock()
@@ -577,7 +588,7 @@ func (r *RemoteList) unlockedCollect() {
 
 	dnsAddrs := r.hr.GetAddrs()
 	for _, addr := range dnsAddrs {
-		if r.shouldAdd == nil || r.shouldAdd(addr.Addr()) {
+		if r.shouldAdd == nil || r.shouldAdd(r.vpnAddrs, addr.Addr()) {
 			if !r.unlockedIsBad(addr) {
 				addrs = append(addrs, addr)
 			}

service/service.go

@@ -9,13 +9,10 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/buffer"
@@ -46,14 +43,7 @@ type Service struct {
 	}
 }
 
-func New(config *config.C) (*Service, error) {
-	logger := logrus.New()
-	logger.Out = os.Stdout
-
-	control, err := nebula.Main(config, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
+func New(control *nebula.Control) (*Service, error) {
 	control.Start()
 
 	ctx := control.Context()

service/service_test.go

@@ -5,15 +5,19 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
 	"dario.cat/mergo"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
+	"go.yaml.in/yaml/v3"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
 )
 
 type m = map[string]any
@@ -71,7 +75,15 @@ func newSimpleService(caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, udpIp n
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
-	s, err := New(&c)
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	logger.Out = os.Stdout
+
+	control, err := nebula.Main(&c, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	s, err := New(control)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}

udp/conn.go

@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/packet"
 )
 
 const MTU = 9001
 
 type EncReader func(
-	addr netip.AddrPort,
-	payload []byte,
+	[]*packet.Packet,
 )
 
 type Conn interface {
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ type Conn interface {
 	ListenOut(r EncReader)
 	WriteTo(b []byte, addr netip.AddrPort) error
 	ReloadConfig(c *config.C)
+	Prep(pkt *packet.Packet, addr netip.AddrPort) error
+	WriteBatch(pkt []*packet.Packet) (int, error)
 	Close() error
 }