Fix netbsd routes

Change allow list to evaluate all vpnaddr tables when available (#1330 )
More correct ipv6 header parsing (#1323 )
2025-11-22 16:34:25 +01:00 · 2025-02-24 14:21:52 -06:00 · 2025-02-24 09:44:41 -06:00 · 2025-02-04 16:36:34 -06:00 · 2025-01-30 13:33:19 -06:00 · 2025-01-27 16:40:11 -06:00
99 changed files with 1328 additions and 2146 deletions
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1,21 +1,13 @@
 blank_issues_enabled: true
 contact_links:
-  - name: 💨 Performance Issues
-    url: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/discussions/new/choose
-    about: 'We ask that you create a discussion instead of an issue for performance-related questions. This allows us to have a more open conversation about the issue and helps us to better understand the problem.'
-
-  - name: 📄 Documentation Issues
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/nebula-docs
-    about: "If you've found an issue with the website documentation, please file it in the nebula-docs repository."
-
-  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula Issues
-    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
-    about: "If you're using the mobile Nebula app and have found an issue, please file it in the mobile_nebula repository."
-
  - name: 📘 Documentation
    url: https://nebula.defined.net/docs/
-    about: 'The documentation is the best place to start if you are new to Nebula.'
+    about: Review documentation.

  - name: 💁 Support/Chat
-    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-2xqe6e7vn-k_KGi8s13nsr7cvHVvHvuQ
-    about: 'For faster support, join us on Slack for assistance!'
+    url: https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU
+    about: 'This issue tracker is not for support questions. Join us on Slack for assistance!'
+
+  - name: 📱 Mobile Nebula
+    url: https://github.com/definednet/mobile_nebula
+    about: 'This issue tracker is not for mobile support. Try the Mobile Nebula repo instead!'
--- a/.github/pull_request_template.md
+++ b/.github/pull_request_template.md
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-<!--
-Thank you for taking the time to submit a pull request!
-
-Please be sure to provide a clear description of what you're trying to achieve with the change.
-
- If you're submitting a new feature, please explain how to use it and document any new config options in the example config.
- If you're submitting a bugfix, please link the related issue or describe the circumstances surrounding the issue.
- If you're changing a default, explain why you believe the new default is appropriate for most users.
-
-P.S. If you're only updating the README or other docs, please file a pull request here instead: https://github.com/DefinedNet/nebula-docs
-->
--- a/.github/workflows/gofmt.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/gofmt.yml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Install goimports
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ jobs:

      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.22'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ jobs:

      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.22'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ jobs:

      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
        with:
-          go-version: '1.24'
+          go-version: '1.22'
          check-latest: true

      - name: Import certificates
        if: env.HAS_SIGNING_CREDS == 'true'
-        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v5
+        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v3
        with:
          p12-file-base64: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_P12_BASE64 }}
          p12-password: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD }}
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml
@@ -27,9 +27,6 @@ jobs:
        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
        check-latest: true

-    - name: add hashicorp source
-      run: wget -O- https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com/gpg | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg && echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/hashicorp-archive-keyring.gpg] https://apt.releases.hashicorp.com $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/hashicorp.list
-
    - name: install vagrant
      run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y vagrant virtualbox

--- a/.github/workflows/smoke.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke.yml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: build
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke/build.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke/build.sh
@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ set -e -x
 rm -rf ./build
 mkdir ./build

-# TODO: Assumes your docker bridge network is a /24, and the first container that launches will be .1
-# - We could make this better by launching the lighthouse first and then fetching what IP it is.
-NET="$(docker network inspect bridge -f '{{ range .IPAM.Config }}{{ .Subnet }}{{ end }}' | cut -d. -f1-3)"
-
 (
    cd build

@@ -25,16 +21,16 @@ NET="$(docker network inspect bridge -f '{{ range .IPAM.Config }}{{ .Subnet }}{{
        ../genconfig.sh >lighthouse1.yml

    HOST="host2" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $NET.2:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
        ../genconfig.sh >host2.yml

    HOST="host3" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $NET.2:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
        INBOUND='[{"port": "any", "proto": "icmp", "group": "lighthouse"}]' \
        ../genconfig.sh >host3.yml

    HOST="host4" \
-        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 $NET.2:4242" \
+        LIGHTHOUSES="192.168.100.1 172.17.0.2:4242" \
        OUTBOUND='[{"port": "any", "proto": "icmp", "group": "lighthouse"}]' \
        ../genconfig.sh >host4.yml

--- a/.github/workflows/smoke/smoke-vagrant.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke/smoke-vagrant.sh
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@ docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml -test
 docker run --name host2 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test

 vagrant up
-vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml -test" -- -T
+vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml -test"

 docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
 sleep 1
 docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
 sleep 1
-vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && sudo sh -c 'echo \$\$ >/nebula/pid && exec /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml'" 2>&1 -- -T | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
+vagrant ssh -c "cd /nebula && sudo sh -c 'echo \$\$ >/nebula/pid && exec /nebula/$1-nebula -config host3.yml'" &
 sleep 15

 # grab tcpdump pcaps for debugging
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ docker exec host2 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.outside.log >logs/host
 # vagrant ssh -c "tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U" 2>logs/host3.inside.log >logs/host3.inside.pcap &
 # vagrant ssh -c "tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U" 2>logs/host3.outside.log >logs/host3.outside.pcap &

-#docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
-#vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000" &
+docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
+vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000" &
 #docker exec host2 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host2' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &
 #vagrant ssh -c "ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host3' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000" &

@@ -68,11 +68,11 @@ docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
 # Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
 ! docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1

-#set +x
-#echo
-#echo " *** Testing ncat from host2"
-#echo
-#set -x
+set +x
+echo
+echo " *** Testing ncat from host2"
+echo
+set -x
 # Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
 #! docker exec host2 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.3 2000 || exit 1
 #! docker exec host2 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.3 3000 | grep -q host3 || exit 1
@@ -82,18 +82,18 @@ echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host3"
 echo
 set -x
-vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.1" -- -T
-vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.2" -- -T
+vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.1"
+vagrant ssh -c "ping -c1 192.168.100.2"

-#set +x
-#echo
-#echo " *** Testing ncat from host3"
-#echo
-#set -x
+set +x
+echo
+echo " *** Testing ncat from host3"
+echo
+set -x
 #vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.2 2000"
 #vagrant ssh -c "ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.2 3000" | grep -q host2

-vagrant ssh -c "sudo xargs kill </nebula/pid" -- -T
+vagrant ssh -c "sudo xargs kill </nebula/pid"
 docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
 docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
 sleep 1
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
@@ -31,11 +31,6 @@ jobs:
    - name: Vet
      run: make vet

-    - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
-      with:
-        version: v2.0
-
    - name: Test
      run: make test

@@ -60,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
@@ -70,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
      run: make test-boringcrypto

    - name: End 2 end
-      run: make e2e GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 TEST_ENV="TEST_LOGS=1" TEST_FLAGS="-v -ldflags -checklinkname=0"
+      run: make e2evv GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1

  test-linux-pkcs11:
    name: Build and test on linux with pkcs11
@@ -102,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:

    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        go-version: '1.24'
+        go-version: '1.22'
        check-latest: true

    - name: Build nebula
@@ -114,11 +109,6 @@ jobs:
    - name: Vet
      run: make vet

-    - name: golangci-lint
-      uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v7
-      with:
-        version: v2.0
-
    - name: Test
      run: make test

--- a/.golangci.yaml
+++ b/.golangci.yaml
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-version: "2"
-linters:
-  default: none
-  enable:
-    - testifylint
-  exclusions:
-    generated: lax
-    presets:
-      - comments
-      - common-false-positives
-      - legacy
-      - std-error-handling
-    paths:
-      - third_party$
-      - builtin$
-      - examples$
-formatters:
-  exclusions:
-    generated: lax
-    paths:
-      - third_party$
-      - builtin$
-      - examples$
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,13 +7,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0

 ## [Unreleased]

-### Changed
-
- `default_local_cidr_any` now defaults to false, meaning that any firewall rule
-  intended to target an `unsafe_routes` entry must explicitly declare it via the
-  `local_cidr` field. This is almost always the intended behavior. This flag is
-  deprecated and will be removed in a future release.
-
 ## [1.9.4] - 2024-09-09

 ### Added
--- a/7
+++ b/7
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ ALL = $(ALL_LINUX) \
 	windows-arm64

 e2e:
-	$(TEST_ENV) go test -tags=synctrace,e2e_testing -count=1 $(TEST_FLAGS) ./e2e
+	$(TEST_ENV) go test -tags=e2e_testing -count=1 $(TEST_FLAGS) ./e2e

 e2ev: TEST_FLAGS += -v
 e2ev: e2e
@@ -137,8 +137,6 @@ build/linux-mips-softfloat/%: LDFLAGS += -s -w
 # boringcrypto
 build/linux-amd64-boringcrypto/%: GOENV += GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1
 build/linux-arm64-boringcrypto/%: GOENV += GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1
-build/linux-amd64-boringcrypto/%: LDFLAGS += -checklinkname=0
-build/linux-arm64-boringcrypto/%: LDFLAGS += -checklinkname=0

 build/%/nebula: .FORCE
 	GOOS=$(firstword $(subst -, , $*)) \
@@ -172,7 +170,7 @@ test:
 	go test -v ./...

 test-boringcrypto:
-	GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -ldflags "-checklinkname=0" -v ./...
+	GOEXPERIMENT=boringcrypto CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -v ./...

 test-pkcs11:
 	CGO_ENABLED=1 go test -v -tags pkcs11 ./...
@@ -215,7 +213,6 @@ ifeq ($(words $(MAKECMDGOALS)),1)
 	@$(MAKE) service ${.DEFAULT_GOAL} --no-print-directory
 endif

-bin-docker: BUILD_ARGS = -tags=synctrace
 bin-docker: bin build/linux-amd64/nebula build/linux-amd64/nebula-cert

 smoke-docker: bin-docker
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ It lets you seamlessly connect computers anywhere in the world. Nebula is portab
 It can be used to connect a small number of computers, but is also able to connect tens of thousands of computers.

 Nebula incorporates a number of existing concepts like encryption, security groups, certificates,
-and tunneling.
+and tunneling, and each of those individual pieces existed before Nebula in various forms.
 What makes Nebula different to existing offerings is that it brings all of these ideas together,
 resulting in a sum that is greater than its individual parts.

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Further documentation can be found [here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).

 You can read more about Nebula [here](https://medium.com/p/884110a5579).

-You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/zt-2xqe6e7vn-k_KGi8s13nsr7cvHVvHvuQ).
+You can also join the NebulaOSS Slack group [here](https://join.slack.com/t/nebulaoss/shared_invite/enQtOTA5MDI4NDg3MTg4LTkwY2EwNTI4NzQyMzc0M2ZlODBjNWI3NTY1MzhiOThiMmZlZjVkMTI0NGY4YTMyNjUwMWEyNzNkZTJmYzQxOGU).

 ## Supported Platforms

@@ -28,33 +28,33 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for
 #### Distribution Packages

 - [Arch Linux](https://archlinux.org/packages/extra/x86_64/nebula/)
-    ```sh
-    sudo pacman -S nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo pacman -S nebula
    ```

 - [Fedora Linux](https://src.fedoraproject.org/rpms/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo dnf install nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo dnf install nebula
    ```

 - [Debian Linux](https://packages.debian.org/source/stable/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo apt install nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo apt install nebula
    ```

 - [Alpine Linux](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=nebula)
-    ```sh
-    sudo apk add nebula
+    ```
+    $ sudo apk add nebula
    ```

- [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/n/nebula.rb)
-    ```sh
-    brew install nebula
+- [macOS Homebrew](https://github.com/Homebrew/homebrew-core/blob/HEAD/Formula/nebula.rb)
+    ```
+    $ brew install nebula
    ```

 - [Docker](https://hub.docker.com/r/nebulaoss/nebula)
-    ```sh
-    docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
+    ```
+    $ docker pull nebulaoss/nebula
    ```

 #### Mobile
@@ -64,10 +64,10 @@ Check the [releases](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/latest) page for

 ## Technical Overview

-Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software-defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
+Nebula is a mutually authenticated peer-to-peer software defined network based on the [Noise Protocol Framework](https://noiseprotocol.org/).
 Nebula uses certificates to assert a node's IP address, name, and membership within user-defined groups.
 Nebula's user-defined groups allow for provider agnostic traffic filtering between nodes.
-Discovery nodes (aka lighthouses) allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
+Discovery nodes allow individual peers to find each other and optionally use UDP hole punching to establish connections from behind most firewalls or NATs.
 Users can move data between nodes in any number of cloud service providers, datacenters, and endpoints, without needing to maintain a particular addressing scheme.

 Nebula uses Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman (`ECDH`) key exchange and `AES-256-GCM` in its default configuration.
@@ -82,34 +82,28 @@ To set up a Nebula network, you'll need:

 #### 2. (Optional, but you really should..) At least one discovery node with a routable IP address, which we call a lighthouse.

-Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $6/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
+Nebula lighthouses allow nodes to find each other, anywhere in the world. A lighthouse is the only node in a Nebula network whose IP should not change. Running a lighthouse requires very few compute resources, and you can easily use the least expensive option from a cloud hosting provider. If you're not sure which provider to use, a number of us have used $5/mo [DigitalOcean](https://digitalocean.com) droplets as lighthouses.
+
+  Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.

-Once you have launched an instance, ensure that Nebula udp traffic (default port udp/4242) can reach it over the internet.

 #### 3. A Nebula certificate authority, which will be the root of trust for a particular Nebula network.

-```sh
-./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
-```
-
-This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.
-
-**Be aware!** By default, certificate authorities have a 1-year lifetime before expiration. See [this guide](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/guides/rotating-certificate-authority/) for details on rotating a CA.
+  ```
+  ./nebula-cert ca -name "Myorganization, Inc"
+  ```
+  This will create files named `ca.key` and `ca.cert` in the current directory. The `ca.key` file is the most sensitive file you'll create, because it is the key used to sign the certificates for individual nebula nodes/hosts. Please store this file somewhere safe, preferably with strong encryption.

 #### 4. Nebula host keys and certificates generated from that certificate authority
-
 This assumes you have four nodes, named lighthouse1, laptop, server1, host3. You can name the nodes any way you'd like, including FQDN. You'll also need to choose IP addresses and the associated subnet. In this example, we are creating a nebula network that will use 192.168.100.x/24 as its network range. This example also demonstrates nebula groups, which can later be used to define traffic rules in a nebula network.
-```sh
+```
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "lighthouse1" -ip "192.168.100.1/24"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "laptop" -ip "192.168.100.2/24" -groups "laptop,home,ssh"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "server1" -ip "192.168.100.9/24" -groups "servers"
 ./nebula-cert sign -name "host3" -ip "192.168.100.10/24"
 ```

-By default, host certificates will expire 1 second before the CA expires. Use the `-duration` flag to specify a shorter lifetime.
-
 #### 5. Configuration files for each host
-
 Download a copy of the nebula [example configuration](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/blob/master/examples/config.yml).

 * On the lighthouse node, you'll need to ensure `am_lighthouse: true` is set.
@@ -124,13 +118,10 @@ For each host, copy the nebula binary to the host, along with `config.yml` from
 **DO NOT COPY `ca.key` TO INDIVIDUAL NODES.**

 #### 7. Run nebula on each host
-
-```sh
+```
 ./nebula -config /path/to/config.yml
 ```

-For more detailed instructions, [find the full documentation here](https://nebula.defined.net/docs/).
-
 ## Building Nebula from source

 Make sure you have [go](https://go.dev/doc/install) installed and clone this repo. Change to the nebula directory.
@@ -149,10 +140,8 @@ The default curve used for cryptographic handshakes and signatures is Curve25519

 In addition, Nebula can be built using the [BoringCrypto GOEXPERIMENT](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/go1.20/src/crypto/internal/boring/README.md) by running either of the following make targets:

-```sh
-make bin-boringcrypto
-make release-boringcrypto
-```
+    make bin-boringcrypto
+    make release-boringcrypto

 This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your compliance requirements.

@@ -160,3 +149,5 @@ This is not the recommended default deployment, but may be useful based on your

 Nebula was created at Slack Technologies, Inc by Nate Brown and Ryan Huber, with contributions from Oliver Fross, Alan Lam, Wade Simmons, and Lining Wang.

+
+
--- a/allow_list.go
+++ b/allow_list.go
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ type AllowListNameRule struct {

 func NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*LocalAllowList, error) {
 	var nameRules []AllowListNameRule
-	handleKey := func(key string, value any) (bool, error) {
+	handleKey := func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error) {
 		if key == "interfaces" {
 			var err error
 			nameRules, err = getAllowListInterfaces(k, value)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ func NewRemoteAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k, rangesKey string) (*RemoteAllo

 // If the handleKey func returns true, the rest of the parsing is skipped
 // for this key. This allows parsing of special values like `interfaces`.
-func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
+func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
 	r := c.Get(k)
 	if r == nil {
 		return nil, nil
@@ -81,8 +81,8 @@ func newAllowListFromConfig(c *config.C, k string, handleKey func(key string, va

 // If the handleKey func returns true, the rest of the parsing is skipped
 // for this key. This allows parsing of special values like `interfaces`.
-func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
-	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[string]any)
+func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value interface{}) (bool, error)) (*AllowList, error) {
+	rawMap, ok := raw.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, raw)
 	}
@@ -100,7 +100,12 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool
 	rules4 := allowListRules{firstValue: true, allValuesMatch: true, defaultSet: false}
 	rules6 := allowListRules{firstValue: true, allValuesMatch: true, defaultSet: false}

-	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
+	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
+		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
+		}
+
 		if handleKey != nil {
 			handled, err := handleKey(rawCIDR, rawValue)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool
 			}
 		}

-		value, ok := config.AsBool(rawValue)
+		value, ok := rawValue.(bool)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid value (type %T): %v", k, rawValue, rawValue)
 		}
@@ -168,18 +173,22 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw any, handleKey func(key string, value any) (bool
 	return &AllowList{cidrTree: tree}, nil
 }

-func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v any) ([]AllowListNameRule, error) {
+func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v interface{}) ([]AllowListNameRule, error) {
 	var nameRules []AllowListNameRule

-	rawRules, ok := v.(map[string]any)
+	rawRules, ok := v.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` is invalid (type %T): %v", k, v, v)
 	}

 	firstEntry := true
 	var allValues bool
-	for name, rawAllow := range rawRules {
-		allow, ok := config.AsBool(rawAllow)
+	for rawName, rawAllow := range rawRules {
+		name, ok := rawName.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawName, rawName)
+		}
+		allow, ok := rawAllow.(bool)
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s.interfaces` has invalid value (type %T): %v", k, rawAllow, rawAllow)
 		}
@@ -215,11 +224,16 @@ func getRemoteAllowRanges(c *config.C, k string) (*bart.Table[*AllowList], error

 	remoteAllowRanges := new(bart.Table[*AllowList])

-	rawMap, ok := value.(map[string]any)
+	rawMap, ok := value.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, value)
 	}
-	for rawCIDR, rawValue := range rawMap {
+	for rawKey, rawValue := range rawMap {
+		rawCIDR, ok := rawKey.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid key (type %T): %v", k, rawKey, rawKey)
+		}
+
 		allowList, err := newAllowList(fmt.Sprintf("%s.%s", k, rawCIDR), rawValue, nil)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
--- a/allow_list_test.go
+++ b/allow_list_test.go
@@ -9,33 +9,32 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"192.168.0.0": true,
 	}
 	r, err := newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid CIDR: 192.168.0.0. netip.ParsePrefix(\"192.168.0.0\"): no '/'")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid CIDR: 192.168.0.0. netip.ParsePrefix(\"192.168.0.0\"): no '/'")
 	assert.Nil(t, r)

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": "abc",
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid value (type string): abc")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` has invalid value (type string): abc")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"192.168.0.0/16": true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for 0.0.0.0/0")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":      true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24":  true,
@@ -43,9 +42,9 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		"fd00:fd00::/16": false,
 	}
 	r, err = newAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist", nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist` contains both true and false rules, but no default set for ::/0")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":     true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":    false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24": true,
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.NotNil(t, r)
 	}

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"0.0.0.0/0":      true,
 		"10.0.0.0/8":     false,
 		"10.42.42.0/24":  true,
@@ -70,25 +69,25 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test interface names

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
-		"interfaces": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			`docker.*`: "foo",
 		},
 	}
 	lr, err := NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` has invalid value (type string): foo")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` has invalid value (type string): foo")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
-		"interfaces": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			`docker.*`: false,
 			`eth.*`:    true,
 		},
 	}
 	lr, err = NewLocalAllowListFromConfig(c, "allowlist")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` values must all be the same true/false value")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "config `allowlist.interfaces` values must all be the same true/false value")

-	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[string]any{
-		"interfaces": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["allowlist"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"interfaces": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			`docker.*`: false,
 		},
 	}
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestAllowList_Allow(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.True(t, ((*AllowList)(nil)).Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, ((*AllowList)(nil)).Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))

 	tree := new(bart.Table[bool])
 	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0"), true)
@@ -112,17 +111,17 @@ func TestAllowList_Allow(t *testing.T) {
 	tree.Insert(netip.MustParsePrefix("::2/128"), false)
 	al := &AllowList{cidrTree: tree}

-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
-	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.4")))
-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.42")))
-	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.41")))
-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.0.1")))
-	assert.True(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::1")))
-	assert.False(t, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::2")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("1.1.1.1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.4")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.42")))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.42.41")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("10.42.0.1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::1")))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.Allow(netip.MustParseAddr("::2")))
 }

 func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.True(t, ((*LocalAllowList)(nil)).AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, ((*LocalAllowList)(nil)).AllowName("docker0"))

 	rules := []AllowListNameRule{
 		{Name: regexp.MustCompile("^docker.*$"), Allow: false},
@@ -130,9 +129,9 @@ func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	al := &LocalAllowList{nameRules: rules}

-	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("docker0"))
-	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("tun0"))
-	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("eth0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("tun0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("eth0"))

 	rules = []AllowListNameRule{
 		{Name: regexp.MustCompile("^eth.*$"), Allow: true},
@@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ func TestLocalAllowList_AllowName(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 	al = &LocalAllowList{nameRules: rules}

-	assert.False(t, al.AllowName("docker0"))
-	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("eth0"))
-	assert.True(t, al.AllowName("ens5"))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, al.AllowName("docker0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("eth0"))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, al.AllowName("ens5"))
 }
--- a/calculated_remote_test.go
+++ b/calculated_remote_test.go
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@ func TestCalculatedRemoteApply(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	input, err := netip.ParseAddr("10.0.10.182")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	expected, err := netip.ParseAddr("192.168.1.182")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV4AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV4(input))

@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ func TestCalculatedRemoteApply(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))

@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ func TestCalculatedRemoteApply(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))

@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ func TestCalculatedRemoteApply(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	input, err = netip.ParseAddr("beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	expected, err = netip.ParseAddr("ffff:ffff:ffff:beef:beef:beef:beef:beef")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	assert.Equal(t, netAddrToProtoV6AddrPort(expected, 4242), c.ApplyV6(input))
 }
--- a/cert/ca_pool_test.go
+++ b/cert/ca_pool_test.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestNewCAPoolFromBytes(t *testing.T) {
@@ -83,32 +82,32 @@ k+coOv04r+zh33ISyhbsafnYduN17p2eD7CmHvHuerguXD9f32gcxo/KsFCKEjMe
 	}

 	p, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(noNewLines))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, p.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
 	assert.Equal(t, p.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)

 	pp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(withNewLines))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, pp.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
 	assert.Equal(t, pp.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)

 	// expired cert, no valid certs
 	ppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(expired))
 	assert.Equal(t, ErrExpired, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "expired", ppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, ppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name(), "expired")

 	// expired cert, with valid certs
 	pppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM(append([]byte(expired), noNewLines...))
 	assert.Equal(t, ErrExpired, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, pppp.CAs["ce4e6c7a596996eb0d82a8875f0f0137a4b53ce22d2421c9fd7150e7a26f6300"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA.details.name)
 	assert.Equal(t, pppp.CAs["04c585fcd9a49b276df956a22b7ebea3bf23f1fca5a17c0b56ce2e626631969e"].Certificate.Name(), rootCA01.details.name)
-	assert.Equal(t, "expired", pppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name())
-	assert.Len(t, pppp.CAs, 3)
+	assert.Equal(t, pppp.CAs["c39b35a0e8f246203fe4f32b9aa8bfd155f1ae6a6be9d78370641e43397f48f5"].Certificate.Name(), "expired")
+	assert.Equal(t, len(pppp.CAs), 3)

 	ppppp, err := NewCAPoolFromPEM([]byte(p256))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, ppppp.CAs["552bf7d99bec1fc775a0e4c324bf6d8f789b3078f1919c7960d2e5e0c351ee97"].Certificate.Name(), rootCAP256.details.name)
-	assert.Len(t, ppppp.CAs, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, len(ppppp.CAs), 1)
 }

 func TestCertificateV1_Verify(t *testing.T) {
@@ -116,21 +115,21 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Verify(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+	assert.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))

 	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")

 	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
 		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert2", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
@@ -139,11 +138,11 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Verify(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test group assertion
 	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool = NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
@@ -151,9 +150,9 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Verify(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test2", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV1_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
@@ -161,21 +160,21 @@ func TestCertificateV1_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+	assert.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))

 	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")

 	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
 		NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
@@ -184,11 +183,11 @@ func TestCertificateV1_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test group assertion
 	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool = NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
@@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ func TestCertificateV1_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {

 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV1_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
@@ -206,11 +205,11 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})

 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	// ip is outside the network
@@ -246,25 +245,25 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
 	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV1_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
@@ -273,11 +272,11 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})

 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	// ip is outside the network
@@ -312,27 +311,27 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
 	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
 	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV2_Verify(t *testing.T) {
@@ -340,21 +339,21 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Verify(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+	assert.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))

 	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")

 	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
 		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test cert2", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
@@ -363,11 +362,11 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Verify(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test group assertion
 	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool = NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
@@ -375,9 +374,9 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Verify(t *testing.T) {
 	})

 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test2", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV2_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
@@ -385,21 +384,21 @@ func TestCertificateV2_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, nil)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))
+	assert.NoError(t, caPool.AddCA(ca))

 	f, err := c.Fingerprint()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(f)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "certificate is in the block list")

 	caPool.ResetCertBlocklist()
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now().Add(time.Hour*1000), c)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "root certificate is expired")

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate is valid before the signing certificate", func() {
 		NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
@@ -408,11 +407,11 @@ func TestCertificateV2_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test group assertion
 	ca, _, caKey, _ = NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1", "test2"})
 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool = NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	assert.PanicsWithError(t, "certificate contained a group not present on the signing ca: bad", func() {
@@ -421,7 +420,7 @@ func TestCertificateV2_VerifyP256(t *testing.T) {

 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{"test1"})
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV2_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
@@ -430,11 +429,11 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})

 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	// ip is outside the network
@@ -470,25 +469,25 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Verify_IPs(t *testing.T) {
 	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, nil, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV2_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
@@ -497,11 +496,11 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})

 	caPem, err := ca.MarshalPEM()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	caPool := NewCAPool()
 	b, err := caPool.AddCAFromPEM(caPem)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)

 	// ip is outside the network
@@ -536,25 +535,25 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Verify_Subnets(t *testing.T) {
 	cIp1 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("10.0.1.0/16")
 	cIp2 = mustParsePrefixUnmapped("192.168.0.1/25")
 	c, _, _, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{cIp1, cIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1, caIp2}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp2, caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Exact matches reversed with just 1
 	c, _, _, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), nil, []netip.Prefix{caIp1}, []string{"test"})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	_, err = caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }
--- a/cert/cert.go
+++ b/cert/cert.go
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ func (cc *CachedCertificate) String() string {
 	return cc.Certificate.String()
 }

-// Recombine will attempt to unmarshal a certificate received in a handshake.
+// RecombineAndValidate will attempt to unmarshal a certificate received in a handshake.
 // Handshakes save space by placing the peers public key in a different part of the packet, we have to
 // reassemble the actual certificate structure with that in mind.
-func Recombine(v Version, rawCertBytes, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (Certificate, error) {
+func RecombineAndValidate(v Version, rawCertBytes, publicKey []byte, curve Curve, caPool *CAPool) (*CachedCertificate, error) {
 	if publicKey == nil {
 		return nil, ErrNoPeerStaticKey
 	}
@@ -125,15 +125,29 @@ func Recombine(v Version, rawCertBytes, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (Certific
 		return nil, ErrNoPayload
 	}

+	c, err := unmarshalCertificateFromHandshake(v, rawCertBytes, publicKey, curve)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error unmarshaling cert: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	cc, err := caPool.VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("certificate validation failed: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return cc, nil
+}
+
+func unmarshalCertificateFromHandshake(v Version, b []byte, publicKey []byte, curve Curve) (Certificate, error) {
 	var c Certificate
 	var err error

 	switch v {
 	// Implementations must ensure the result is a valid cert!
 	case VersionPre1, Version1:
-		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV1(rawCertBytes, publicKey)
+		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV1(b, publicKey)
 	case Version2:
-		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(rawCertBytes, publicKey, curve)
+		c, err = unmarshalCertificateV2(b, publicKey, curve)
 	default:
 		//TODO: CERT-V2 make a static var
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown certificate version %d", v)
--- a/cert/cert_v1.go
+++ b/cert/cert_v1.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ type detailsV1 struct {
 	curve Curve
 }

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 func (c *certificateV1) Version() Version {
 	return Version1
--- a/cert/cert_v1_test.go
+++ b/cert/cert_v1_test.go
@@ -39,14 +39,14 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	b, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	//t.Log("Cert size:", len(b))

 	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

-	assert.Equal(t, Version1, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Version(), Version1)
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Curve(), Curve_CURVE25519)
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Signature(), nc2.Signature())
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Name(), nc2.Name())
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotBefore(), nc2.NotBefore())
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ func TestCertificateV1_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.JSONEq(
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(
 		t,
 		"{\"details\":{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"groups\":[\"test-group1\",\"test-group2\",\"test-group3\"],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"1234567890abcedfghij1234567890ab\",\"name\":\"testing\",\"networks\":[\"10.1.1.1/24\",\"10.1.1.2/16\"],\"notAfter\":\"0000-11-30T02:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0000-11-30T01:00:00Z\",\"publicKey\":\"313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162\",\"unsafeNetworks\":[\"9.1.1.2/24\",\"9.1.1.3/16\"]},\"fingerprint\":\"3944c53d4267a229295b56cb2d27d459164c010ac97d655063ba421e0670f4ba\",\"signature\":\"313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162\",\"version\":1}",
 		string(b),
@@ -110,47 +110,47 @@ func TestCertificateV1_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCertificateV1_VerifyPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)

 	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, priv2 := X25519Keypair()
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV1_VerifyPrivateKeyP256(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version1, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)

 	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version1, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, priv2 := P256Keypair()
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 }

 // Ensure that upgrading the protobuf library does not change how certificates
@@ -182,11 +182,11 @@ func TestMarshalingCertificateV1Consistency(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	b, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "0a8e010a0774657374696e671212828284508080fcff0f8182845080feffff0f1a12838284488080fcff0f8282844880feffff0f220b746573742d67726f757031220b746573742d67726f757032220b746573742d67726f75703328cd1c30cdb8ccf0af073a20313233343536373839306162636564666768696a3132333435363738393061624a081234567890abcedf1220313233343536373839306162636564666768696a313233343536373839306162", fmt.Sprintf("%x", b))

 	b, err = proto.Marshal(nc.getRawDetails())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "0a0774657374696e671212828284508080fcff0f8182845080feffff0f1a12838284488080fcff0f8282844880feffff0f220b746573742d67726f757031220b746573742d67726f757032220b746573742d67726f75703328cd1c30cdb8ccf0af073a20313233343536373839306162636564666768696a3132333435363738393061624a081234567890abcedf", fmt.Sprintf("%x", b))
 }

@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ func TestUnmarshalCertificateV1(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test that we don't panic with an invalid certificate (#332)
 	data := []byte("\x98\x00\x00")
 	_, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(data, nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "encoded Details was nil")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "encoded Details was nil")
 }

 func appendByteSlices(b ...[]byte) []byte {
--- a/cert/cert_v2_test.go
+++ b/cert/cert_v2_test.go
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Marshal(t *testing.T) {
 	nc.rawDetails = db

 	b, err := nc.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
 	//t.Log("Cert size:", len(b))

 	nc2, err := unmarshalCertificateV2(b, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

-	assert.Equal(t, Version2, nc.Version())
-	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, nc.Curve())
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Version(), Version2)
+	assert.Equal(t, nc.Curve(), Curve_CURVE25519)
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Signature(), nc2.Signature())
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.Name(), nc2.Name())
 	assert.Equal(t, nc.NotBefore(), nc2.NotBefore())
@@ -114,15 +114,15 @@ func TestCertificateV2_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	b, err := nc.MarshalJSON()
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMissingDetails)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrMissingDetails)

 	rd, err := nc.details.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	nc.rawDetails = rd
 	b, err = nc.MarshalJSON()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.JSONEq(
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(
 		t,
 		"{\"curve\":\"CURVE25519\",\"details\":{\"groups\":[\"test-group1\",\"test-group2\",\"test-group3\"],\"isCa\":false,\"issuer\":\"1234567890abcedf1234567890abcedf\",\"name\":\"testing\",\"networks\":[\"10.1.1.1/24\",\"10.1.1.2/16\"],\"notAfter\":\"0000-11-30T02:00:00Z\",\"notBefore\":\"0000-11-30T01:00:00Z\",\"unsafeNetworks\":[\"9.1.1.2/24\",\"9.1.1.3/16\"]},\"fingerprint\":\"152d9a7400c1e001cb76cffd035215ebb351f69eeb797f7f847dd086e15e56dd\",\"publicKey\":\"3132333435363738393061626365646631323334353637383930616263656466\",\"signature\":\"31323334353637383930616263656466313233343536373839306162636564663132333435363738393061626365646631323334353637383930616263656466\",\"version\":2}",
 		string(b),
@@ -132,85 +132,85 @@ func TestCertificateV2_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 func TestCertificateV2_VerifyPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)

 	_, caKey2, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.Nil(t, err)
 	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey2)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)

 	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, priv2 := X25519Keypair()
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateCurveMismatch)

 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPublicPrivateKeyMismatch)

 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, priv2[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)

 	ac, ok := c.(*certificateV2)
 	require.True(t, ok)
 	ac.curve = Curve(99)
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve(99), priv2)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")

 	ca2, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	err = ca2.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)

 	c, _, priv, _ = NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca2, caKey2, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	rawPriv, b, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)

 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv[:16])
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)

 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrInvalidPrivateKey)

 	aCa, ok := ca2.(*certificateV2)
 	require.True(t, ok)
 	aCa.curve = Curve(99)
 	err = aCa.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve(99), priv2)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "invalid curve: 99")

 }

 func TestCertificateV2_VerifyPrivateKeyP256(t *testing.T) {
 	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	err := ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, _, caKey2, _ := NewTestCaCert(Version2, Curve_P256, time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	err = ca.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, caKey2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)

 	c, _, priv, _ := NewTestCert(Version2, Curve_P256, ca, caKey, "test", time.Time{}, time.Time{}, nil, nil, nil)
 	rawPriv, b, curve, err := UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Empty(t, b)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	_, priv2 := P256Keypair()
 	err = c.VerifyPrivateKey(Curve_P256, priv2)
-	require.Error(t, err)
+	assert.NotNil(t, err)
 }

 func TestCertificateV2_Copy(t *testing.T) {
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func TestCertificateV2_Copy(t *testing.T) {
 func TestUnmarshalCertificateV2(t *testing.T) {
 	data := []byte("\x98\x00\x00")
 	_, err := unmarshalCertificateV2(data, nil, Curve_CURVE25519)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bad wire format")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "bad wire format")
 }

 func TestCertificateV2_marshalForSigningStability(t *testing.T) {
--- a/cert/crypto_test.go
+++ b/cert/crypto_test.go
@@ -4,20 +4,19 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/argon2"
 )

 func TestNewArgon2Parameters(t *testing.T) {
 	p := NewArgon2Parameters(64*1024, 4, 3)
-	assert.Equal(t, &Argon2Parameters{
+	assert.EqualValues(t, &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
 		Memory:      64 * 1024,
 		Parallelism: 4,
 		Iterations:  3,
 	}, p)
 	p = NewArgon2Parameters(2*1024*1024, 2, 1)
-	assert.Equal(t, &Argon2Parameters{
+	assert.EqualValues(t, &Argon2Parameters{
 		version:     argon2.Version,
 		Memory:      2 * 1024 * 1024,
 		Parallelism: 2,
@@ -26,21 +25,21 @@ func TestNewArgon2Parameters(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestDecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
-	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE")
+	passphrase := []byte("DO NOT USE THIS KEY")
 	privKey := []byte(`# A good key
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiCPoDfGQiosxNPTbPn5EsMlc2MI
-c0Bt4oz6gTrFQhX3aBJcimhHKeAuhyTGvllD0Z19fe+DFPcLH3h5VrdjVfIAajg0
-KrbV3n9UHif/Au5skWmquNJzoW1E4MTdRbvpti6o+WdQ49DxjBFhx0YH8LBqrbPU
-0BGkUHmIO7daP24=
+CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCognnjujd67Vsv99p22wfAjQaDT
+oCMW1mdjkU3gACKNW4MSXOWR9Sts4C81yk1RUku2gvGKs3TB9LYoklLsIizSYOLl
+Vs//O1T0I1Xbml2XBAROsb/VSoDln/6LMqR4B6fn6B3GOsLBBqRI8daDl9lRMPB
+qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA
 -----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
 `)
 	shortKey := []byte(`# A key which, once decrypted, is too short
 -----BEGIN NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
-CjsKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEiwIExCAgAQYAyAEKiAVJwdfl3r+eqi/vF6S7OMdpjfo
-hAzmTCRnr58Su4AqmBJbCv3zleYCEKYJP6UI3S8ekLMGISsgO4hm5leukCCyqT0Z
-cQ76yrberpzkJKoPLGisX8f+xdy4aXSZl7oEYWQte1+vqbtl/eY9PGZhxUQdcyq7
-hqzIyrRqfUgVuA==
+CjwKC0FFUy0yNTYtR0NNEi0IExCAgIABGAEgBCoga5h8owMEBWRSMMJKzuUvWce7
+k0qlBkQmCxiuLh80MuASW70YcKt8jeEIS2axo2V6zAKA9TSMcCsJW1kDDXEtL/xe
+GLF5T7sDl5COp4LU3pGxpV+KoeQ/S3gQCAAcnaOtnJQX+aSDnbO3jCHyP7U9CHbs
+rQr3bdH3Oy/WiYU=
 -----END NEBULA ED25519 ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
 `)
 	invalidBanner := []byte(`# Invalid banner (not encrypted)
@@ -62,35 +61,35 @@ qrlJ69wer3ZUHFXA

 	// Success test case
 	curve, k, rest, err := DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, keyBundle)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))

 	// Fail due to short key
 	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid ed25519 private key")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper nebula encrypted Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper nebula encrypted Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)

 	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
 	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rest)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)

 	// Fail due to invalid passphrase
 	curve, k, rest, err = DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey([]byte("invalid passphrase"), privKey)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "invalid passphrase or corrupt private key")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "invalid passphrase or corrupt private key")
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, rest)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, []byte{})
 }

 func TestEncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
@@ -100,14 +99,14 @@ func TestEncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(t *testing.T) {
 	bytes := []byte("AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA")
 	kdfParams := NewArgon2Parameters(64*1024, 4, 3)
 	key, err := EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(Curve_CURVE25519, bytes, passphrase, kdfParams)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Verify the "key" can be decrypted successfully
 	curve, k, rest, err := DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, key)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{}, rest)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, rest, []byte{})
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// EncryptAndMarshalEd25519PrivateKey does not create any errors itself
 }
--- a/cert/pem_test.go
+++ b/cert/pem_test.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestUnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
@@ -36,20 +35,20 @@ bzBEr00kERQxxTzTsH8cpYEgRoipvmExvg8WP8NdAJEYJosB
 	cert, rest, err := UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(certBundle)
 	assert.NotNil(t, cert)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, append(badBanner, invalidPem...))
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Fail due to invalid banner.
 	cert, rest, err = UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, cert)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper certificate banner")

 	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
 	cert, rest, err = UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, cert)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }

 func TestUnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
@@ -85,33 +84,33 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
 	assert.Len(t, k, 64)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Fail due to short key
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid Ed25519 private key")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 64 bytes, is invalid Ed25519 private key")

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper Ed25519/ECDSA private key banner")

 	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }

 func TestUnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
@@ -147,33 +146,33 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(privP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// Fail due to short key
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 private key")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 private key")

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper private key banner")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper private key banner")

 	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
 	// it's missing the requisite pre-encapsulation boundary.
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }

 func TestUnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(t *testing.T) {
@@ -201,9 +200,9 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=

 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
+	assert.Equal(t, 32, len(k))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))

 	// Fail due to short key
@@ -211,13 +210,13 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)

 	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
@@ -226,7 +225,7 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }

 func TestUnmarshalX25519PublicKey(t *testing.T) {
@@ -260,15 +259,15 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=

 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err := UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(keyBundle)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 32)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 32, len(k))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(pubP256Key, shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_CURVE25519, curve)

 	// Success test case
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
-	assert.Len(t, k, 65)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, 65, len(k))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(shortKey, invalidBanner, invalidPem))
 	assert.Equal(t, Curve_P256, curve)

@@ -276,12 +275,12 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, appendByteSlices(invalidBanner, invalidPem))
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "key was not 32 bytes, is invalid CURVE25519 public key")

 	// Fail due to invalid banner
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "bytes did not contain a proper public key banner")
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)

 	// Fail due to ivalid PEM format, because
@@ -289,5 +288,5 @@ AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
 	k, rest, curve, err = UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rest)
 	assert.Nil(t, k)
 	assert.Equal(t, rest, invalidPem)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 }
--- a/cert/sign_test.go
+++ b/cert/sign_test.go
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestCertificateV1_Sign(t *testing.T) {
@@ -38,14 +37,14 @@ func TestCertificateV1_Sign(t *testing.T) {

 	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
 	c, err := tbs.Sign(&certificateV1{details: detailsV1{notBefore: before, notAfter: after}}, Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, c)
 	assert.True(t, c.CheckSignature(pub))

 	b, err := c.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	uc, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, uc)
 }

@@ -74,18 +73,18 @@ func TestCertificateV1_SignP256(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	priv, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P256(), rand.Reader)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	pub := elliptic.Marshal(elliptic.P256(), priv.PublicKey.X, priv.PublicKey.Y)
 	rawPriv := priv.D.FillBytes(make([]byte, 32))

 	c, err := tbs.Sign(&certificateV1{details: detailsV1{notBefore: before, notAfter: after}}, Curve_P256, rawPriv)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, c)
 	assert.True(t, c.CheckSignature(pub))

 	b, err := c.Marshal()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	uc, err := unmarshalCertificateV1(b, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.NotNil(t, uc)
 }
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/ca_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/ca_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func Test_caSummary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -90,75 +89,75 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	assertHelpError(t, ca(
 		[]string{"-version", "1", "-out-key", "nope", "-out-crt", "nope", "duration", "100m"}, ob, eb, nopw,
 	), "-name is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// ipv4 only ips
 	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-version", "1", "-name", "ipv6", "-ips", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// ipv4 only subnets
 	assertHelpError(t, ca([]string{"-version", "1", "-name", "ipv6", "-subnets", "100::100/100"}, ob, eb, nopw), "invalid -unsafe-networks definition: v1 certificates can only be ipv4, have 100::100/100")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args := []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))

 	// failed cert write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp cert file
 	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(crtF.Name()))
-	require.NoError(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, os.Remove(crtF.Name()))
+	assert.Nil(t, os.Remove(keyF.Name()))

 	// test proper cert with removed empty groups and subnets
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	lKey, b, c, err := cert.UnmarshalSigningPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
 	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, c)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 64)

 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
 	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Name())
-	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.Networks())
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.Networks(), 0)
 	assert.True(t, lCrt.IsCA())
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4", "5"}, lCrt.Groups())
-	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.UnsafeNetworks())
+	assert.Len(t, lCrt.UnsafeNetworks(), 0)
 	assert.Len(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), 32)
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Duration(time.Minute*100), lCrt.NotAfter().Sub(lCrt.NotBefore()))
-	assert.Empty(t, lCrt.Issuer())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", lCrt.Issuer())
 	assert.True(t, lCrt.CheckSignature(lCrt.PublicKey()))

 	// test encrypted key
@@ -167,15 +166,15 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, pwPromptOb, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read encrypted key file and verify default params
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	k, _ := pem.Decode(rb)
 	ned, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(k.Bytes)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	// we won't know salt in advance, so just check start of string
 	assert.Equal(t, uint32(2*1024*1024), ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters.Memory)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(4), ned.EncryptionMetadata.Argon2Parameters.Parallelism)
@@ -185,8 +184,8 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	var curve cert.Curve
 	curve, lKey, b, err = cert.DecryptAndUnmarshalSigningPrivateKey(passphrase, rb)
 	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 64)

 	// test when reading passsword results in an error
@@ -195,9 +194,9 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.Error(t, ca(args, ob, eb, errpw))
+	assert.Error(t, ca(args, ob, eb, errpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, pwPromptOb, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// test when user fails to enter a password
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
@@ -205,9 +204,9 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-encrypt", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,2,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "no passphrase specified, remove -encrypt flag to write out-key in plaintext")
 	assert.Equal(t, strings.Repeat(pwPromptOb, 5), ob.String()) // prompts 5 times before giving up
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create valid cert/key for overwrite tests
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
@@ -215,24 +214,24 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Nil(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw))

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing certificate file
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA key: "+keyF.Name())
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA key: "+keyF.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing key file
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-name", "test", "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: "+crtF.Name())
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, ca(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing CA cert: "+crtF.Name())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 }
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen_test.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func Test_keygenSummary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -37,59 +36,59 @@ func Test_keygen(t *testing.T) {

 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, keygen([]string{"-out-pub", "nope"}, ob, eb), "-out-key is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	assertHelpError(t, keygen([]string{"-out-key", "nope"}, ob, eb), "-out-pub is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// failed key write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args := []string{"-out-pub", "/do/not/write/pleasepub", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey"}
-	require.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// failed pub write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-out-pub", "/do/not/write/pleasepub", "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-pub: open /do/not/write/pleasepub: "+NoSuchDirError)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb), "error while writing out-pub: open /do/not/write/pleasepub: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp pub file
 	pubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.pub")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(pubF.Name())

 	// test proper keygen
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-out-pub", pubF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name()}
-	require.NoError(t, keygen(args, ob, eb))
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Nil(t, keygen(args, ob, eb))
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	lKey, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
 	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)

 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(pubF.Name())
 	lPub, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPublicKeyFromPEM(rb)
 	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lPub, 32)
 }
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/main.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/main.go
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ func (he *helpError) Error() string {
 	return he.s
 }

-func newHelpErrorf(s string, v ...any) error {
+func newHelpErrorf(s string, v ...interface{}) error {
 	return &helpError{s: fmt.Sprintf(s, v...)}
 }

--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/main_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/main_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func Test_help(t *testing.T) {
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ func assertHelpError(t *testing.T, err error, msg string) {
 		t.Fatal(fmt.Sprintf("err was not a helpError: %q, expected %q", err, msg))
 	}

-	require.EqualError(t, err, msg)
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, msg)
 }

 func optionalPkcs11String(msg string) string {
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/print_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/print_test.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func Test_printSummary(t *testing.T) {
@@ -43,30 +42,30 @@ func Test_printCert(t *testing.T) {

 	// no path
 	err := printCert([]string{}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
 	assertHelpError(t, err, "-path is required")

 	// no cert at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read cert; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read cert; open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// invalid cert at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	tf, err := os.CreateTemp("", "print-cert")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(tf.Name())

 	tf.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = printCert([]string{"-path", tf.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while unmarshaling cert: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while unmarshaling cert: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")

 	// test multiple certs
 	ob.Reset()
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ func Test_printCert(t *testing.T) {
 	fp, _ := c.Fingerprint()
 	pk := hex.EncodeToString(c.PublicKey())
 	sig := hex.EncodeToString(c.Signature())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(
 		t,
 		//"NebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\nNebulaCertificate {\n\tDetails {\n\t\tName: test\n\t\tIps: []\n\t\tSubnets: []\n\t\tGroups: [\n\t\t\t\"hi\"\n\t\t]\n\t\tNot before: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tNot After: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC\n\t\tIs CA: false\n\t\tIssuer: "+c.Issuer()+"\n\t\tPublic key: "+pk+"\n\t\tCurve: CURVE25519\n\t}\n\tFingerprint: "+fp+"\n\tSignature: "+sig+"\n}\n",
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ func Test_printCert(t *testing.T) {
 `,
 		ob.String(),
 	)
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// test json
 	ob.Reset()
@@ -170,14 +169,14 @@ func Test_printCert(t *testing.T) {
 	fp, _ = c.Fingerprint()
 	pk = hex.EncodeToString(c.PublicKey())
 	sig = hex.EncodeToString(c.Signature())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(
 		t,
 		`[{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1},{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1},{"details":{"curve":"CURVE25519","groups":["hi"],"isCa":false,"issuer":"`+c.Issuer()+`","name":"test","networks":["10.0.0.123/8"],"notAfter":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","notBefore":"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z","publicKey":"`+pk+`","unsafeNetworks":[]},"fingerprint":"`+fp+`","signature":"`+sig+`","version":1}]
 `,
 		ob.String(),
 	)
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
 }

 // NewTestCaCert will generate a CA cert
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/sign_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/sign_test.go
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )

@@ -104,17 +103,17 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args := []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", "./nope", "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-key: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-key: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// failed to unmarshal key
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caKeyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())

 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-key: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-key: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {

 	// failed to read cert
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", "./nope", "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-crt: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading ca-crt: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -134,11 +133,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caCrtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())

 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing ca-crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -149,7 +148,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {

 	// failed to read pub
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", "./nope", "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading in-pub: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while reading in-pub: open ./nope: "+NoSuchFileError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -157,11 +156,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	inPubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "in.pub")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(inPubF.Name())

 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing in-pub: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while parsing in-pub: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -211,14 +210,14 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	// mismatched ca key
 	_, caPriv2, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
 	caKeyF2, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert-2.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF2.Name())
 	caKeyF2.Write(cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKeyToPEM(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caPriv2))

 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF2.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "nope", "-out-key", "nope", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "a"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to sign, root certificate does not match private key")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -226,34 +225,34 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", "/do/not/write/pleasekey", "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-key: open /do/not/write/pleasekey: "+NoSuchDirError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
 	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// failed cert write
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", "/do/not/write/pleasecrt", "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while writing out-crt: open /do/not/write/pleasecrt: "+NoSuchDirError)
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// create temp cert file
 	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())

 	// test proper cert with removed empty groups and subnets
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -261,14 +260,14 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	lKey, b, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKeyFromPEM(rb)
 	assert.Equal(t, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, curve)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)

 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
 	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	assert.Equal(t, "test", lCrt.Name())
 	assert.Equal(t, "1.1.1.1/24", lCrt.Networks()[0].String())
@@ -296,15 +295,15 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-in-pub", inPubF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-groups", "1"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// read cert file and check pub key matches in-pub
 	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
 	lCrt, b, err = cert.UnmarshalCertificateFromPEM(rb)
-	assert.Empty(t, b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, lCrt.PublicKey(), inPub)

 	// test refuse to sign cert with duration beyond root
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "1000m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while signing: certificate expires after signing certificate")
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "error while signing: certificate expires after signing certificate")
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -321,14 +320,14 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing key file
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing key: "+keyF.Name())
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing key: "+keyF.Name())
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -336,14 +335,14 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))

 	// test that we won't overwrite existing certificate file
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing cert: "+crtF.Name())
+	assert.EqualError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw), "refusing to overwrite existing cert: "+crtF.Name())
 	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -356,11 +355,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	eb.Reset()

 	caKeyF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())

 	caCrtF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())

 	// generate the encrypted key
@@ -375,7 +374,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {

 	// test with the proper password
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.NoError(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	assert.Nil(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -385,7 +384,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {

 	testpw.password = []byte("invalid password")
 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
+	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, testpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

@@ -394,7 +393,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	eb.Reset()

 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
+	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, nopw))
 	// normally the user hitting enter on the prompt would add newlines between these
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
@@ -404,7 +403,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	eb.Reset()

 	args = []string{"-version", "1", "-ca-crt", caCrtF.Name(), "-ca-key", caKeyF.Name(), "-name", "test", "-ip", "1.1.1.1/24", "-out-crt", crtF.Name(), "-out-key", keyF.Name(), "-duration", "100m", "-subnets", "10.1.1.1/32, ,   10.2.2.2/32   ,   ,  ,, 10.5.5.5/32", "-groups", "1,,   2    ,        ,,,3,4,5"}
-	require.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, errpw))
+	assert.Error(t, signCert(args, ob, eb, errpw))
 	assert.Equal(t, "Enter passphrase: ", ob.String())
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
 }
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/verify_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/verify_test.go
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ package main
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
+	"errors"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 )

@@ -38,33 +38,33 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {

 	// required args
 	assertHelpError(t, verify([]string{"-ca", "derp"}, ob, eb), "-crt is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	assertHelpError(t, verify([]string{"-crt", "derp"}, ob, eb), "-ca is required")
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// no ca at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	err := verify([]string{"-ca", "does_not_exist", "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while reading ca: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while reading ca: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// invalid ca at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	caFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-ca")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caFile.Name())

 	caFile.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while adding ca cert to pool: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while adding ca cert to pool: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")

 	// make a ca for later
 	caPub, caPriv, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
@@ -76,22 +76,22 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {

 	// no crt at path
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", "does_not_exist"}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read crt: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "unable to read crt: open does_not_exist: "+NoSuchFileError)

 	// invalid crt at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
 	certFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-cert")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(certFile.Name())

 	certFile.WriteString("-----BEGIN NOPE-----")
 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "error while parsing crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "error while parsing crt: input did not contain a valid PEM encoded block")

 	// unverifiable cert at path
 	crt, _ := NewTestCert(ca, caPriv, "test-cert", time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {
 	certFile.Write(b)

 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, cert.ErrSignatureMismatch)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.True(t, errors.Is(err, cert.ErrSignatureMismatch))

 	// verified cert at path
 	crt, _ = NewTestCert(ca, caPriv, "test-cert", time.Now().Add(time.Hour*-1), time.Now().Add(time.Hour), nil, nil, nil)
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {
 	certFile.Write(b)

 	err = verify([]string{"-ca", caFile.Name(), "-crt", certFile.Name()}, ob, eb)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }
--- a/config/config.go
+++ b/config/config.go
@@ -11,30 +11,29 @@ import (
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

 	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 type C struct {
 	path        string
 	files       []string
-	Settings    map[string]any
-	oldSettings map[string]any
+	Settings    map[interface{}]interface{}
+	oldSettings map[interface{}]interface{}
 	callbacks   []func(*C)
 	l           *logrus.Logger
-	reloadLock  synctrace.Mutex
+	reloadLock  sync.Mutex
 }

 func NewC(l *logrus.Logger) *C {
 	return &C{
-		Settings:   make(map[string]any),
-		l:          l,
-		reloadLock: synctrace.NewMutex("config-reload"),
+		Settings: make(map[interface{}]interface{}),
+		l:        l,
 	}
 }

@@ -93,8 +92,8 @@ func (c *C) HasChanged(k string) bool {
 	}

 	var (
-		nv any
-		ov any
+		nv interface{}
+		ov interface{}
 	)

 	if k == "" {
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ func (c *C) ReloadConfig() {
 	c.reloadLock.Lock()
 	defer c.reloadLock.Unlock()

-	c.oldSettings = make(map[string]any)
+	c.oldSettings = make(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	for k, v := range c.Settings {
 		c.oldSettings[k] = v
 	}
@@ -168,7 +167,7 @@ func (c *C) ReloadConfigString(raw string) error {
 	c.reloadLock.Lock()
 	defer c.reloadLock.Unlock()

-	c.oldSettings = make(map[string]any)
+	c.oldSettings = make(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	for k, v := range c.Settings {
 		c.oldSettings[k] = v
 	}
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ func (c *C) GetStringSlice(k string, d []string) []string {
 		return d
 	}

-	rv, ok := r.([]any)
+	rv, ok := r.([]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return d
 	}
@@ -216,13 +215,13 @@ func (c *C) GetStringSlice(k string, d []string) []string {
 }

 // GetMap will get the map for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
-func (c *C) GetMap(k string, d map[string]any) map[string]any {
+func (c *C) GetMap(k string, d map[interface{}]interface{}) map[interface{}]interface{} {
 	r := c.Get(k)
 	if r == nil {
 		return d
 	}

-	v, ok := r.(map[string]any)
+	v, ok := r.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return d
 	}
@@ -244,7 +243,7 @@ func (c *C) GetInt(k string, d int) int {
 // GetUint32 will get the uint32 for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
 func (c *C) GetUint32(k string, d uint32) uint32 {
 	r := c.GetInt(k, int(d))
-	if r < 0 || uint64(r) > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
+	if uint64(r) > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
 		return d
 	}
 	return uint32(r)
@@ -267,22 +266,6 @@ func (c *C) GetBool(k string, d bool) bool {
 	return v
 }

-func AsBool(v any) (value bool, ok bool) {
-	switch x := v.(type) {
-	case bool:
-		return x, true
-	case string:
-		switch x {
-		case "y", "yes":
-			return true, true
-		case "n", "no":
-			return false, true
-		}
-	}
-
-	return false, false
-}
-
 // GetDuration will get the duration for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
 func (c *C) GetDuration(k string, d time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	r := c.GetString(k, "")
@@ -293,7 +276,7 @@ func (c *C) GetDuration(k string, d time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	return v
 }

-func (c *C) Get(k string) any {
+func (c *C) Get(k string) interface{} {
 	return c.get(k, c.Settings)
 }

@@ -301,10 +284,10 @@ func (c *C) IsSet(k string) bool {
 	return c.get(k, c.Settings) != nil
 }

-func (c *C) get(k string, v any) any {
+func (c *C) get(k string, v interface{}) interface{} {
 	parts := strings.Split(k, ".")
 	for _, p := range parts {
-		m, ok := v.(map[string]any)
+		m, ok := v.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 		if !ok {
 			return nil
 		}
@@ -363,7 +346,7 @@ func (c *C) addFile(path string, direct bool) error {
 }

 func (c *C) parseRaw(b []byte) error {
-	var m map[string]any
+	var m map[interface{}]interface{}

 	err := yaml.Unmarshal(b, &m)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -375,7 +358,7 @@ func (c *C) parseRaw(b []byte) error {
 }

 func (c *C) parse() error {
-	var m map[string]any
+	var m map[interface{}]interface{}

 	for _, path := range c.files {
 		b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
@@ -383,7 +366,7 @@ func (c *C) parse() error {
 			return err
 		}

-		var nm map[string]any
+		var nm map[interface{}]interface{}
 		err = yaml.Unmarshal(b, &nm)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
--- a/config/config_test.go
+++ b/config/config_test.go
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {
@@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {
 	// invalid yaml
 	c := NewC(l)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte(" invalid yaml"), 0644)
-	require.EqualError(t, c.Load(dir), "yaml: unmarshal errors:\n  line 1: cannot unmarshal !!str `invalid...` into map[string]interface {}")
+	assert.EqualError(t, c.Load(dir), "yaml: unmarshal errors:\n  line 1: cannot unmarshal !!str `invalid...` into map[interface {}]interface {}")

 	// simple multi config merge
 	c = NewC(l)
 	os.RemoveAll(dir)
 	os.Mkdir(dir, 0755)

-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "02.yml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: override\nnew: hi"), 0644)
-	require.NoError(t, c.Load(dir))
-	expected := map[string]any{
-		"outer": map[string]any{
+	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))
+	expected := map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"outer": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"inner": "override",
 		},
 		"new": "hi",
@@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ func TestConfig_Get(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	// test simple type
 	c := NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": "hi"}
+	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": "hi"}
 	assert.Equal(t, "hi", c.Get("firewall.outbound"))

 	// test complex type
-	inner := []map[string]any{{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}
-	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": inner}
+	inner := []map[interface{}]interface{}{{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}
+	c.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": inner}
 	assert.EqualValues(t, inner, c.Get("firewall.outbound"))

 	// test missing
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ func TestConfig_Get(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConfig_GetStringSlice(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["slice"] = []any{"one", "two"}
+	c.Settings["slice"] = []interface{}{"one", "two"}
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"one", "two"}, c.GetStringSlice("slice", []string{}))
 }

@@ -67,28 +67,28 @@ func TestConfig_GetBool(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["bool"] = true
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "true"
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = false
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "false"
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "Y"
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "yEs"
-	assert.True(t, c.GetBool("bool", false))
+	assert.Equal(t, true, c.GetBool("bool", false))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "N"
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))

 	c.Settings["bool"] = "nO"
-	assert.False(t, c.GetBool("bool", true))
+	assert.Equal(t, false, c.GetBool("bool", true))
 }

 func TestConfig_HasChanged(t *testing.T) {
@@ -101,14 +101,14 @@ func TestConfig_HasChanged(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test key change
 	c = NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["test"] = "hi"
-	c.oldSettings = map[string]any{"test": "no"}
+	c.oldSettings = map[interface{}]interface{}{"test": "no"}
 	assert.True(t, c.HasChanged("test"))
 	assert.True(t, c.HasChanged(""))

 	// No key change
 	c = NewC(l)
 	c.Settings["test"] = "hi"
-	c.oldSettings = map[string]any{"test": "hi"}
+	c.oldSettings = map[interface{}]interface{}{"test": "hi"}
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("test"))
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged(""))
 }
@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@ func TestConfig_ReloadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	done := make(chan bool, 1)
 	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "config-test")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)

 	c := NewC(l)
-	require.NoError(t, c.Load(dir))
+	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))

 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("outer.inner"))
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("outer"))
@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@ firewall:
 `),
 	}

-	var m map[string]any
+	var m map[any]any

 	// merge the same way config.parse() merges
 	for _, b := range configs {
-		var nm map[string]any
+		var nm map[any]any
 		err := yaml.Unmarshal(b, &nm)
 		require.NoError(t, err)

@@ -205,15 +205,15 @@ firewall:
 	t.Logf("Merged Config as YAML:\n%s", mYaml)

 	// If a bug is present, some items might be replaced instead of merged like we expect
-	expected := map[string]any{
-		"firewall": map[string]any{
+	expected := map[any]any{
+		"firewall": map[any]any{
 			"inbound": []any{
-				map[string]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "icmp"},
-				map[string]any{"groups": []any{"server"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"},
-				map[string]any{"groups": []any{"webapp"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"}},
+				map[any]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "icmp"},
+				map[any]any{"groups": []any{"server"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"},
+				map[any]any{"groups": []any{"webapp"}, "port": 443, "proto": "tcp"}},
 			"outbound": []any{
-				map[string]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "any"}}},
-		"listen": map[string]any{
+				map[any]any{"host": "any", "port": "any", "proto": "any"}}},
+		"listen": map[any]any{
 			"host": "0.0.0.0",
 			"port": 4242,
 		},
--- a/connection_manager.go
+++ b/connection_manager.go
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"net/netip"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 type trafficDecision int
@@ -28,14 +28,14 @@ const (

 type connectionManager struct {
 	in     map[uint32]struct{}
-	inLock synctrace.RWMutex
+	inLock *sync.RWMutex

 	out     map[uint32]struct{}
-	outLock synctrace.RWMutex
+	outLock *sync.RWMutex

 	// relayUsed holds which relay localIndexs are in use
 	relayUsed     map[uint32]struct{}
-	relayUsedLock synctrace.RWMutex
+	relayUsedLock *sync.RWMutex

 	hostMap                 *HostMap
 	trafficTimer            *LockingTimerWheel[uint32]
@@ -60,12 +60,12 @@ func newConnectionManager(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, intf *Interface
 	nc := &connectionManager{
 		hostMap:                 intf.hostMap,
 		in:                      make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		inLock:                  synctrace.NewRWMutex("connection-manager-in"),
+		inLock:                  &sync.RWMutex{},
 		out:                     make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		outLock:                 synctrace.NewRWMutex("connection-manager-out"),
+		outLock:                 &sync.RWMutex{},
 		relayUsed:               make(map[uint32]struct{}),
-		relayUsedLock:           synctrace.NewRWMutex("connection-manager-relay-used"),
-		trafficTimer:            NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32]("traffic-timer", time.Millisecond*500, max),
+		relayUsedLock:           &sync.RWMutex{},
+		trafficTimer:            NewLockingTimerWheel[uint32](time.Millisecond*500, max),
 		intf:                    intf,
 		pendingDeletion:         make(map[uint32]struct{}),
 		checkInterval:           checkInterval,
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	cs := n.intf.pki.getCertState()
 	curCrt := hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert
 	myCrt := cs.getCertificate(curCrt.Version())
-	if curCrt.Version() >= cs.initiatingVersion && bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) == true {
+	if curCrt.Version() >= cs.defaultVersion && bytes.Equal(curCrt.Signature(), myCrt.Signature()) == true {
 		// The current tunnel is using the latest certificate and version, no need to rehandshake.
 		return
 	}
--- a/connection_manager_test.go
+++ b/connection_manager_test.go
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
@@ -44,10 +43,10 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)

 	cs := &CertState{
-		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
-		privateKey:        []byte{},
-		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
+		defaultVersion:   cert.Version1,
+		privateKey:       []byte{},
+		v1Cert:           &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		v1HandshakeBytes: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
@@ -126,10 +125,10 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	hostMap.preferredRanges.Store(&preferredRanges)

 	cs := &CertState{
-		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
-		privateKey:        []byte{},
-		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
+		defaultVersion:   cert.Version1,
+		privateKey:       []byte{},
+		v1Cert:           &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		v1HandshakeBytes: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
@@ -224,9 +223,9 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	caCert, err := tbs.Sign(nil, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	ncp := cert.NewCAPool()
-	require.NoError(t, ncp.AddCA(caCert))
+	assert.NoError(t, ncp.AddCA(caCert))

 	pubCrt, _, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
 	tbs = &cert.TBSCertificate{
@@ -238,7 +237,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 		PublicKey: pubCrt,
 	}
 	peerCert, err := tbs.Sign(caCert, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	cachedPeerCert, err := ncp.VerifyCertificate(now.Add(time.Second), peerCert)

--- a/connection_state.go
+++ b/connection_state.go
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ import (
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"

 	"github.com/flynn/noise"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/noiseutil"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 const ReplayWindow = 1024
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type ConnectionState struct {
 	initiator      bool
 	messageCounter atomic.Uint64
 	window         *Bits
-	writeLock      synctrace.Mutex
+	writeLock      sync.Mutex
 }

 func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, crt cert.Certificate, initiator bool, pattern noise.HandshakePattern) (*ConnectionState, error) {
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, crt cert.Certificate, i
 		initiator: initiator,
 		window:    b,
 		myCert:    crt,
-		writeLock: synctrace.NewMutex("connection-state"),
 	}
 	// always start the counter from 2, as packet 1 and packet 2 are handshake packets.
 	ci.messageCounter.Add(2)
--- a/control.go
+++ b/control.go
@@ -131,7 +131,8 @@ func (c *Control) ListHostmapIndexes(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {

 // GetCertByVpnIp returns the authenticated certificate of the given vpn IP, or nil if not found
 func (c *Control) GetCertByVpnIp(vpnIp netip.Addr) cert.Certificate {
-	if c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(vpnIp) {
+	_, found := c.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(vpnIp)
+	if found {
 		// Only returning the default certificate since its impossible
 		// for any other host but ourselves to have more than 1
 		return c.f.pki.getCertState().GetDefaultCertificate().Copy()
--- a/control_test.go
+++ b/control_test.go
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {

 	// Make sure we don't have any unexpected fields
 	assertFields(t, []string{"VpnAddrs", "LocalIndex", "RemoteIndex", "RemoteAddrs", "Cert", "MessageCounter", "CurrentRemote", "CurrentRelaysToMe", "CurrentRelaysThroughMe"}, thi)
-	assert.Equal(t, &expectedInfo, thi)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, &expectedInfo, thi)
 	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, &expectedInfo, thi)

 	// Make sure we don't panic if the host info doesn't have a cert yet
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }

-func assertFields(t *testing.T, expected []string, actualStruct any) {
+func assertFields(t *testing.T, expected []string, actualStruct interface{}) {
 	val := reflect.ValueOf(actualStruct).Elem()
 	fields := make([]string, val.NumField())
 	for i := 0; i < val.NumField(); i++ {
--- a/dns_server.go
+++ b/dns_server.go
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"

 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 // This whole thing should be rewritten to use context
@@ -21,17 +21,16 @@ var dnsServer *dns.Server
 var dnsAddr string

 type dnsRecords struct {
-	synctrace.RWMutex
+	sync.RWMutex
 	l               *logrus.Logger
 	dnsMap4         map[string]netip.Addr
 	dnsMap6         map[string]netip.Addr
 	hostMap         *HostMap
-	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Lite
+	myVpnAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
 }

 func newDnsRecords(l *logrus.Logger, cs *CertState, hostMap *HostMap) *dnsRecords {
 	return &dnsRecords{
-		RWMutex:         synctrace.NewRWMutex("dns-records"),
 		l:               l,
 		dnsMap4:         make(map[string]netip.Addr),
 		dnsMap6:         make(map[string]netip.Addr),
@@ -113,8 +112,8 @@ func (d *dnsRecords) isSelfNebulaOrLocalhost(addr string) bool {
 		return true
 	}

-	//if we found it in this table, it's good
-	return d.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(b)
+	_, found := d.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(b)
+	return found //if we found it in this table, it's good
 }

 func (d *dnsRecords) parseQuery(m *dns.Msg, w dns.ResponseWriter) {
--- a/dns_server_test.go
+++ b/dns_server_test.go
@@ -38,24 +38,24 @@ func TestParsequery(t *testing.T) {
 func Test_getDnsServerAddr(t *testing.T) {
 	c := config.NewC(nil)

-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "0.0.0.0",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, "0.0.0.0:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))

-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "::",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
 	}
 	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))

-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "[::]",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
@@ -63,8 +63,8 @@ func Test_getDnsServerAddr(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "[::]:1", getDnsServerAddr(c))

 	// Make sure whitespace doesn't mess us up
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"dns": map[string]any{
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"dns": map[interface{}]interface{}{
 			"host": "[::] ",
 			"port": "1",
 		},
--- a/e2e/handshakes_test.go
+++ b/e2e/handshakes_test.go
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 func BenchmarkHotPath(b *testing.B) {
@@ -772,7 +771,7 @@ func TestRehandshakingRelays(t *testing.T) {
 		"key":  string(myNextPrivKey),
 	}
 	rc, err := yaml.Marshal(relayConfig.Settings)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	relayConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))

 	for {
@@ -876,7 +875,7 @@ func TestRehandshakingRelaysPrimary(t *testing.T) {
 		"key":  string(myNextPrivKey),
 	}
 	rc, err := yaml.Marshal(relayConfig.Settings)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	relayConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))

 	for {
@@ -971,7 +970,7 @@ func TestRehandshaking(t *testing.T) {
 		"key":  string(myNextPrivKey),
 	}
 	rc, err := yaml.Marshal(myConfig.Settings)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	myConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))

 	for {
@@ -988,17 +987,17 @@ func TestRehandshaking(t *testing.T) {
 	r.Log("Got the new cert")
 	// Flip their firewall to only allowing the new group to catch the tunnels reverting incorrectly
 	rc, err = yaml.Marshal(theirConfig.Settings)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	var theirNewConfig m
-	require.NoError(t, yaml.Unmarshal(rc, &theirNewConfig))
-	theirFirewall := theirNewConfig["firewall"].(map[string]any)
+	assert.NoError(t, yaml.Unmarshal(rc, &theirNewConfig))
+	theirFirewall := theirNewConfig["firewall"].(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	theirFirewall["inbound"] = []m{{
 		"proto": "any",
 		"port":  "any",
 		"group": "new group",
 	}}
 	rc, err = yaml.Marshal(theirNewConfig)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	theirConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))

 	r.Log("Spin until there is only 1 tunnel")
@@ -1068,7 +1067,7 @@ func TestRehandshakingLoser(t *testing.T) {
 		"key":  string(theirNextPrivKey),
 	}
 	rc, err := yaml.Marshal(theirConfig.Settings)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	theirConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))

 	for {
@@ -1084,17 +1083,17 @@ func TestRehandshakingLoser(t *testing.T) {

 	// Flip my firewall to only allowing the new group to catch the tunnels reverting incorrectly
 	rc, err = yaml.Marshal(myConfig.Settings)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	var myNewConfig m
-	require.NoError(t, yaml.Unmarshal(rc, &myNewConfig))
-	theirFirewall := myNewConfig["firewall"].(map[string]any)
+	assert.NoError(t, yaml.Unmarshal(rc, &myNewConfig))
+	theirFirewall := myNewConfig["firewall"].(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	theirFirewall["inbound"] = []m{{
 		"proto": "any",
 		"port":  "any",
 		"group": "their new group",
 	}}
 	rc, err = yaml.Marshal(myNewConfig)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	myConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))

 	r.Log("Spin until there is only 1 tunnel")
--- a/e2e/helpers_test.go
+++ b/e2e/helpers_test.go
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 // newSimpleServer creates a nebula instance with many assumptions
 func newSimpleServer(v cert.Version, caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, sVpnNetworks string, overrides m) (*nebula.Control, []netip.Prefix, netip.AddrPort, *config.C) {
--- a/examples/config.yml
+++ b/examples/config.yml
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ pki:
  # disconnect_invalid is a toggle to force a client to be disconnected if the certificate is expired or invalid.
  #disconnect_invalid: true

-  # initiating_version controls which certificate version is used when initiating handshakes.
+  # default_version controls which certificate version is used in handshakes.
  # This setting only applies if both a v1 and a v2 certificate are configured, in which case it will default to `1`.
  # Once all hosts in the mesh are configured with both a v1 and v2 certificate then this should be changed to `2`.
  # After all hosts in the mesh are using a v2 certificate then v1 certificates are no longer needed.
-  # initiating_version: 1
+  # default_version: 1

 # The static host map defines a set of hosts with fixed IP addresses on the internet (or any network).
 # A host can have multiple fixed IP addresses defined here, and nebula will try each when establishing a tunnel.
@@ -126,8 +126,8 @@ lighthouse:
 # Port Nebula will be listening on. The default here is 4242. For a lighthouse node, the port should be defined,
 # however using port 0 will dynamically assign a port and is recommended for roaming nodes.
 listen:
-  # To listen on only ipv4, use "0.0.0.0"
-  host: "::"
+  # To listen on both any ipv4 and ipv6 use "::"
+  host: 0.0.0.0
  port: 4242
  # Sets the max number of packets to pull from the kernel for each syscall (under systems that support recvmmsg)
  # default is 64, does not support reload
@@ -144,11 +144,6 @@ listen:
  # valid values: always, never, private
  # This setting is reloadable.
  #send_recv_error: always
-  # The so_sock option is a Linux-specific feature that allows all outgoing Nebula packets to be tagged with a specific identifier.
-  # This tagging enables IP rule-based filtering. For example, it supports 0.0.0.0/0 unsafe_routes,
-  # allowing for more precise routing decisions based on the packet tags. Default is 0 meaning no mark is set.
-  # This setting is reloadable.
-  #so_mark: 0

 # Routines is the number of thread pairs to run that consume from the tun and UDP queues.
 # Currently, this defaults to 1 which means we have 1 tun queue reader and 1
@@ -239,28 +234,7 @@ tun:

  # Unsafe routes allows you to route traffic over nebula to non-nebula nodes
  # Unsafe routes should be avoided unless you have hosts/services that cannot run nebula
-  # Supports weighted ECMP if you define a list of gateways, this can be used for load balancing or redundancy to hosts outside of nebula
-  # NOTES:
-  # * You will only see a single gateway in the routing table if you are not on linux
-  # * If a gateway is not reachable through the overlay another gateway will be selected to send the traffic through, ignoring weights
-  #
-  # unsafe_routes:
-  # # Multiple gateways without defining a weight defaults to a weight of 1, this will balance traffic equally between the three gateways
-  # - route: 192.168.87.0/24
-  #   via:
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.1
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.2
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.3
-  # # Multiple gateways with a weight, this will balance traffic accordingly
-  # - route: 192.168.87.0/24
-  #   via:
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.1
-  #       weight: 10
-  #     - gateway: 10.0.0.2
-  #       weight: 5
-  #
-  # NOTE: The nebula certificate of the "via" node(s) *MUST* have the "route" defined as a subnet in its certificate
-  # `via`: single node or list of gateways to use for this route
+  # NOTE: The nebula certificate of the "via" node *MUST* have the "route" defined as a subnet in its certificate
  # `mtu`: will default to tun mtu if this option is not specified
  # `metric`: will default to 0 if this option is not specified
  # `install`: will default to true, controls whether this route is installed in the systems routing table.
@@ -275,10 +249,6 @@ tun:
  # On linux only, set to true to manage unsafe routes directly on the system route table with gateway routes instead of
  # in nebula configuration files. Default false, not reloadable.
  #use_system_route_table: false
-  # Buffer size for reading routes updates. 0 means default system buffer size. (/proc/sys/net/core/rmem_default).
-  # If using massive routes updates, for example BGP, you may need to increase this value to avoid packet loss.
-  # SO_RCVBUFFORCE is used to avoid having to raise the system wide max
-  #use_system_route_table_buffer_size: 0

 # Configure logging level
 logging:
@@ -350,11 +320,11 @@ firewall:
  outbound_action: drop
  inbound_action: drop

-  # THIS FLAG IS DEPRECATED AND WILL BE REMOVED IN A FUTURE RELEASE. (Defaults to false.)
-  # This setting only affects nebula hosts exposing unsafe_routes. When set to false, each inbound rule must contain a
-  # `local_cidr` if the intention is to allow traffic to flow to an unsafe route. When set to true, every firewall rule
-  # will apply to all configured unsafe_routes regardless of the actual destination of the packet, unless `local_cidr`
-  # is explicitly defined. This is usually not the desired behavior and should be avoided!
+  # Controls the default value for local_cidr. Default is true, will be deprecated after v1.9 and defaulted to false.
+  # This setting only affects nebula hosts with subnets encoded in their certificate. A nebula host acting as an
+  # unsafe router with `default_local_cidr_any: true` will expose their unsafe routes to every inbound rule regardless
+  # of the actual destination for the packet. Setting this to false requires each inbound rule to contain a `local_cidr`
+  # if the intention is to allow traffic to flow to an unsafe route.
  #default_local_cidr_any: false

  conntrack:
@@ -372,9 +342,11 @@ firewall:
  #   group: `any` or a literal group name, ie `default-group`
  #   groups: Same as group but accepts a list of values. Multiple values are AND'd together and a certificate would have to contain all groups to pass
  #   cidr: a remote CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6.
-  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. This can be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
-  #     By default, this is set to only the VPN (overlay) networks assigned via the certificate networks field unless `default_local_cidr_any` is set to true.
-  #     If there are unsafe_routes present in this config file, `local_cidr` should be set appropriately for the intended us case.
+  #   local_cidr: a local CIDR, `0.0.0.0/0` is any ipv4 and `::/0` is any ipv6. This could be used to filter destinations when using unsafe_routes.
+  #     If no unsafe networks are present in the certificate(s) or `default_local_cidr_any` is true then the default is any ipv4 or ipv6 network.
+  #     Otherwise the default is any vpn network assigned to via the certificate.
+  #     `default_local_cidr_any` defaults to false and is deprecated, it will be removed in a future release.
+  #     If there are unsafe routes present its best to set `local_cidr` to whatever best fits the situation.
  #   ca_name: An issuing CA name
  #   ca_sha: An issuing CA shasum

--- a/examples/go_service/main.go
+++ b/examples/go_service/main.go
@@ -5,12 +5,8 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"net"
-	"os"

-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/service"
 )

@@ -63,16 +59,7 @@ pki:
 	if err := cfg.LoadString(configStr); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-
-	logger := logrus.New()
-	logger.Out = os.Stdout
-
-	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(&cfg, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	svc, err := service.New(ctrl)
+	svc, err := service.New(&cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/firewall.go
+++ b/firewall.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
@@ -18,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 type FirewallInterface interface {
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ type Firewall struct {

 	// routableNetworks describes the vpn addresses as well as any unsafe networks issued to us in the certificate.
 	// The vpn addresses are a full bit match while the unsafe networks only match the prefix
-	routableNetworks *bart.Lite
+	routableNetworks *bart.Table[struct{}]

 	// assignedNetworks is a list of vpn networks assigned to us in the certificate.
 	assignedNetworks  []netip.Prefix
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ type firewallMetrics struct {
 }

 type FirewallConntrack struct {
-	synctrace.Mutex
+	sync.Mutex

 	Conns      map[firewall.Packet]*conn
 	TimerWheel *TimerWheel[firewall.Packet]
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ type firewallPort map[int32]*FirewallCA

 type firewallLocalCIDR struct {
 	Any       bool
-	LocalCIDR *bart.Lite
+	LocalCIDR *bart.Table[struct{}]
 }

 // NewFirewall creates a new Firewall object. A TimerWheel is created for you from the provided timeouts.
@@ -148,23 +148,22 @@ func NewFirewall(l *logrus.Logger, tcpTimeout, UDPTimeout, defaultTimeout time.D
 		tmax = defaultTimeout
 	}

-	routableNetworks := new(bart.Lite)
+	routableNetworks := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
 	var assignedNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	for _, network := range c.Networks() {
 		nprefix := netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen())
-		routableNetworks.Insert(nprefix)
+		routableNetworks.Insert(nprefix, struct{}{})
 		assignedNetworks = append(assignedNetworks, network)
 	}

 	hasUnsafeNetworks := false
 	for _, n := range c.UnsafeNetworks() {
-		routableNetworks.Insert(n)
+		routableNetworks.Insert(n, struct{}{})
 		hasUnsafeNetworks = true
 	}

 	return &Firewall{
 		Conntrack: &FirewallConntrack{
-			Mutex:      synctrace.NewMutex("firewall-conntrack"),
 			Conns:      make(map[firewall.Packet]*conn),
 			TimerWheel: NewTimerWheel[firewall.Packet](tmin, tmax),
 		},
@@ -332,7 +331,7 @@ func AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, inbound bool, c *config.C, fw
 		return nil
 	}

-	rs, ok := r.([]any)
+	rs, ok := r.([]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s failed to parse, should be an array of rules", table)
 	}
@@ -432,7 +431,8 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *

 	// Make sure remote address matches nebula certificate
 	if h.networks != nil {
-		if !h.networks.Contains(fp.RemoteAddr) {
+		_, ok := h.networks.Lookup(fp.RemoteAddr)
+		if !ok {
 			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteAddr.Inc(1)
 			return ErrInvalidRemoteIP
 		}
@@ -445,7 +445,8 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *
 	}

 	// Make sure we are supposed to be handling this local ip address
-	if !f.routableNetworks.Contains(fp.LocalAddr) {
+	_, ok := f.routableNetworks.Lookup(fp.LocalAddr)
+	if !ok {
 		f.metrics(incoming).droppedLocalAddr.Inc(1)
 		return ErrInvalidLocalIP
 	}
@@ -751,7 +752,7 @@ func (fc *FirewallCA) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate, caPool
 func (fr *FirewallRule) addRule(f *Firewall, groups []string, host string, ip, localCIDR netip.Prefix) error {
 	flc := func() *firewallLocalCIDR {
 		return &firewallLocalCIDR{
-			LocalCIDR: new(bart.Lite),
+			LocalCIDR: new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
 		}
 	}

@@ -861,13 +862,16 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate) bool
 		}
 	}

-	for _, v := range fr.CIDR.Supernets(netip.PrefixFrom(p.RemoteAddr, p.RemoteAddr.BitLen())) {
-		if v.match(p, c) {
-			return true
+	matched := false
+	prefix := netip.PrefixFrom(p.RemoteAddr, p.RemoteAddr.BitLen())
+	fr.CIDR.EachLookupPrefix(prefix, func(prefix netip.Prefix, val *firewallLocalCIDR) bool {
+		if prefix.Contains(p.RemoteAddr) && val.match(p, c) {
+			matched = true
+			return false
 		}
-	}
-
-	return false
+		return true
+	})
+	return matched
 }

 func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
@@ -878,7 +882,7 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
 		}

 		for _, network := range f.assignedNetworks {
-			flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(network)
+			flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(network, struct{}{})
 		}
 		return nil

@@ -887,7 +891,7 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) addRule(f *Firewall, localIp netip.Prefix) error {
 		return nil
 	}

-	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(localIp)
+	flc.LocalCIDR.Insert(localIp, struct{}{})
 	return nil
 }

@@ -900,7 +904,8 @@ func (flc *firewallLocalCIDR) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.CachedCertificate
 		return true
 	}

-	return flc.LocalCIDR.Contains(p.LocalAddr)
+	_, ok := flc.LocalCIDR.Lookup(p.LocalAddr)
+	return ok
 }

 type rule struct {
@@ -916,15 +921,15 @@ type rule struct {
 	CASha     string
 }

-func convertRule(l *logrus.Logger, p any, table string, i int) (rule, error) {
+func convertRule(l *logrus.Logger, p interface{}, table string, i int) (rule, error) {
 	r := rule{}

-	m, ok := p.(map[string]any)
+	m, ok := p.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return r, errors.New("could not parse rule")
 	}

-	toString := func(k string, m map[string]any) string {
+	toString := func(k string, m map[interface{}]interface{}) string {
 		v, ok := m[k]
 		if !ok {
 			return ""
@@ -942,7 +947,7 @@ func convertRule(l *logrus.Logger, p any, table string, i int) (rule, error) {
 	r.CASha = toString("ca_sha", m)

 	// Make sure group isn't an array
-	if v, ok := m["group"].([]any); ok {
+	if v, ok := m["group"].([]interface{}); ok {
 		if len(v) > 1 {
 			return r, errors.New("group should contain a single value, an array with more than one entry was provided")
 		}
--- a/firewall/packet.go
+++ b/firewall/packet.go
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 )

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 const (
 	ProtoAny    = 0 // When we want to handle HOPOPT (0) we can change this, if ever
--- a/firewall_test.go
+++ b/firewall_test.go
@@ -66,61 +66,61 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules)

 	ti, err := netip.ParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/32")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoTCP, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoTCP, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	// An empty rule is any
 	assert.True(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Any.Any)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Groups)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.TCP[1].Any.Hosts)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].Any.Any)
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].Any.Groups[0].Groups, "g1")
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].Any.Hosts)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoICMP, 1, 1, []string{}, "h1", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoICMP, 1, 1, []string{}, "h1", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.InRules.ICMP[1].Any.Any)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.InRules.ICMP[1].Any.Groups)
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.ICMP[1].Any.Hosts, "h1")

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", ti, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	_, ok := fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, ti, "", ""))
 	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	_, ok = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any.LocalCIDR.Get(ti)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-name", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-name", ""))
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].CANames, "ca-name")

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "ca-sha"))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "ca-sha"))
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.InRules.UDP[1].CAShas, "ca-sha")

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "any", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "any", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	anyIp, err := netip.ParsePrefix("0.0.0.0/0")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{}, "", anyIp, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	assert.True(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Any.Any)

 	// Test error conditions
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
-	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, math.MaxUint8, 0, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	require.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, math.MaxUint8, 0, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Error(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 0, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 }

 func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
@@ -155,16 +155,16 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {
 	h.buildNetworks(c.networks, c.unsafeNetworks)

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// Drop outbound
 	assert.Equal(t, ErrNoMatchingRule, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow inbound
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow outbound because conntrack
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))

 	// test remote mismatch
 	oldRemote := p.RemoteAddr
@@ -174,29 +174,29 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop(t *testing.T) {

 	// ensure signer doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)

 	// test caSha doesn't drop on match
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum-bad"))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-shasum"))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))

 	// ensure ca name doesn't get in the way of group checks
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)

 	// test caName doesn't drop on match
 	cp.CAs["signer-shasum"] = &cert.CachedCertificate{Certificate: &dummyCert{name: "ca-good"}}
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, &c)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"nope"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good-bad", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "ca-good", ""))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }

 func BenchmarkFirewallTable_match(b *testing.B) {
@@ -350,14 +350,14 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop2(t *testing.T) {
 	h1.buildNetworks(c1.Certificate.Networks(), c1.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group", "test-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"default-group", "test-group"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// h1/c1 lacks the proper groups
-	require.ErrorIs(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
+	assert.Error(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 	// c has the proper groups
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 }

 func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
@@ -428,23 +428,18 @@ func TestFirewall_Drop3(t *testing.T) {
 	h3.buildNetworks(c3.Certificate.Networks(), c3.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "host1", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-sha"))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "host1", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", "signer-sha"))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// c1 should pass because host match
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 	// c2 should pass because ca sha match
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h2, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h2, cp, nil))
 	// c3 should fail because no match
 	resetConntrack(fw)
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h3, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
-
-	// Test a remote address match
-	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", netip.MustParsePrefix("1.2.3.4/24"), netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h1, cp, nil))
 }

 func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
@@ -480,29 +475,29 @@ func TestFirewall_DropConntrackReload(t *testing.T) {
 	h.buildNetworks(c.Certificate.Networks(), c.Certificate.UnsafeNetworks())

 	fw := NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	cp := cert.NewCAPool()

 	// Drop outbound
 	assert.Equal(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil), ErrNoMatchingRule)
 	// Allow inbound
 	resetConntrack(fw)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, true, &h, cp, nil))
 	// Allow outbound because conntrack
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))

 	oldFw := fw
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 10, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 10, 10, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	fw.Conntrack = oldFw.Conntrack
 	fw.rulesVersion = oldFw.rulesVersion + 1

 	// Allow outbound because conntrack and new rules allow port 10
-	require.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))
+	assert.NoError(t, fw.Drop(p, false, &h, cp, nil))

 	oldFw = fw
 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c.Certificate)
-	require.NoError(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 11, 11, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
+	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoAny, 11, 11, []string{"any"}, "", netip.Prefix{}, netip.Prefix{}, "", ""))
 	fw.Conntrack = oldFw.Conntrack
 	fw.rulesVersion = oldFw.rulesVersion + 1

@@ -585,42 +580,42 @@ func BenchmarkLookup(b *testing.B) {

 func Test_parsePort(t *testing.T) {
 	_, _, err := parsePort("")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "was not a number; ``")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "was not a number; ``")

 	_, _, err = parsePort("  ")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "was not a number; `  `")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "was not a number; `  `")

 	_, _, err = parsePort("-")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "appears to be a range but could not be parsed; `-`")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "appears to be a range but could not be parsed; `-`")

 	_, _, err = parsePort(" - ")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "appears to be a range but could not be parsed; ` - `")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "appears to be a range but could not be parsed; ` - `")

 	_, _, err = parsePort("a-b")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "beginning range was not a number; `a`")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "beginning range was not a number; `a`")

 	_, _, err = parsePort("1-b")
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "ending range was not a number; `b`")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "ending range was not a number; `b`")

 	s, e, err := parsePort(" 1 - 2    ")
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(1), s)
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(2), e)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	s, e, err = parsePort("0-1")
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(0), s)
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(0), e)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	s, e, err = parsePort("9919")
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(9919), s)
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(9919), e)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	s, e, err = parsePort("any")
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(0), s)
 	assert.Equal(t, int32(0), e)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 }

 func TestNewFirewallFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
@@ -631,55 +626,55 @@ func TestNewFirewallFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)

 	conf := config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": "asdf"}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": "asdf"}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound failed to parse, should be an array of rules")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound failed to parse, should be an array of rules")

 	// Test both port and code
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "code": "2"}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; only one of port or code should be provided")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; only one of port or code should be provided")

 	// Test missing host, group, cidr, ca_name and ca_sha
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; at least one of host, group, cidr, local_cidr, ca_name, or ca_sha must be provided")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; at least one of host, group, cidr, local_cidr, ca_name, or ca_sha must be provided")

 	// Test code/port error
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"code": "a", "host": "testh"}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"code": "a", "host": "testh"}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; code was not a number; `a`")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; code was not a number; `a`")

-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "a", "host": "testh"}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "a", "host": "testh"}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; port was not a number; `a`")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; port was not a number; `a`")

 	// Test proto error
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"code": "1", "host": "testh"}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"code": "1", "host": "testh"}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; proto was not understood; ``")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; proto was not understood; ``")

 	// Test cidr parse error
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"code": "1", "cidr": "testh", "proto": "any"}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"code": "1", "cidr": "testh", "proto": "any"}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; cidr did not parse; netip.ParsePrefix(\"testh\"): no '/'")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; cidr did not parse; netip.ParsePrefix(\"testh\"): no '/'")

 	// Test local_cidr parse error
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"code": "1", "local_cidr": "testh", "proto": "any"}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"code": "1", "local_cidr": "testh", "proto": "any"}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; local_cidr did not parse; netip.ParsePrefix(\"testh\"): no '/'")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.outbound rule #0; local_cidr did not parse; netip.ParsePrefix(\"testh\"): no '/'")

 	// Test both group and groups
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "group": "a", "groups": []string{"b", "c"}}}}
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "group": "a", "groups": []string{"b", "c"}}}}
 	_, err = NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs, conf)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.inbound rule #0; only one of group or groups should be defined, both provided")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "firewall.inbound rule #0; only one of group or groups should be defined, both provided")
 }

 func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
@@ -687,87 +682,87 @@ func TestAddFirewallRulesFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test adding tcp rule
 	conf := config.NewC(l)
 	mf := &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "tcp", "host": "a"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "tcp", "host": "a"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoTCP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding udp rule
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "udp", "host": "a"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "udp", "host": "a"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoUDP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding icmp rule
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"outbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "icmp", "host": "a"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"outbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "icmp", "host": "a"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: false, proto: firewall.ProtoICMP, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding any rule
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "host": "a"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "host": "a"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, host: "a", ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with cidr
 	cidr := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/8")
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": cidr.String()}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "cidr": cidr.String()}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: cidr, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with local_cidr
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": cidr.String()}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "local_cidr": cidr.String()}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: cidr}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with ca_sha
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "ca_sha": "12312313123"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "ca_sha": "12312313123"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}, caSha: "12312313123"}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test adding rule with ca_name
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "ca_name": "root01"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "ca_name": "root01"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: nil, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}, caName: "root01"}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test single group
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "group": "a"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "group": "a"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a"}, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test single groups
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "groups": "a"}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "groups": "a"}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a"}, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test multiple AND groups
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "groups": []string{"a", "b"}}}}
-	require.NoError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "groups": []string{"a", "b"}}}}
+	assert.Nil(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf))
 	assert.Equal(t, addRuleCall{incoming: true, proto: firewall.ProtoAny, startPort: 1, endPort: 1, groups: []string{"a", "b"}, ip: netip.Prefix{}, localIp: netip.Prefix{}}, mf.lastCall)

 	// Test Add error
 	conf = config.NewC(l)
 	mf = &mockFirewall{}
 	mf.nextCallReturn = errors.New("test error")
-	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[string]any{"inbound": []any{map[string]any{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "host": "a"}}}
-	require.EqualError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf), "firewall.inbound rule #0; `test error`")
+	conf.Settings["firewall"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"inbound": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": "1", "proto": "any", "host": "a"}}}
+	assert.EqualError(t, AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, true, conf, mf), "firewall.inbound rule #0; `test error`")
 }

 func TestFirewall_convertRule(t *testing.T) {
@@ -776,33 +771,33 @@ func TestFirewall_convertRule(t *testing.T) {
 	l.SetOutput(ob)

 	// Ensure group array of 1 is converted and a warning is printed
-	c := map[string]any{
-		"group": []any{"group1"},
+	c := map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"group": []interface{}{"group1"},
 	}

 	r, err := convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
 	assert.Contains(t, ob.String(), "test rule #1; group was an array with a single value, converting to simple value")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "group1", r.Group)

 	// Ensure group array of > 1 is errord
 	ob.Reset()
-	c = map[string]any{
-		"group": []any{"group1", "group2"},
+	c = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"group": []interface{}{"group1", "group2"},
 	}

 	r, err = convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
-	assert.Empty(t, ob.String())
-	require.Error(t, err, "group should contain a single value, an array with more than one entry was provided")
+	assert.Equal(t, "", ob.String())
+	assert.Error(t, err, "group should contain a single value, an array with more than one entry was provided")

 	// Make sure a well formed group is alright
 	ob.Reset()
-	c = map[string]any{
+	c = map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"group": "group1",
 	}

 	r, err = convertRule(l, c, "test", 1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, "group1", r.Group)
 }

--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 module github.com/slackhq/nebula

-go 1.23.0
+go 1.22.0

-toolchain go1.24.1
+toolchain go1.22.2

 require (
 	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1
@@ -10,51 +10,49 @@ require (
 	github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0
 	github.com/cyberdelia/go-metrics-graphite v0.0.0-20161219230853-39f87cc3b432
 	github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0
-	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4
+	github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.13.0
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19
 	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62
 	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b
 	github.com/nbrownus/go-metrics-prometheus v0.0.0-20210712211119-974a6260965f
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.4
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0
-	github.com/wadey/synctrace v0.0.0-20250612192159-94547ef50dfe
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.28.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090
-	golang.org/x/net v0.39.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.30.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.8.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.25.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6
-	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
 	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240423190808-9d7a357edefe
 )

 require (
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.14.3 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
-	github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.18.1 // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
-	github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/heimdalr/dag v1.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.55.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
-	github.com/timandy/routine v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.18.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0 // indirect
+	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ github.com/beorn7/perks v0.0.0-20180321164747-3a771d992973/go.mod h1:Dwedo/Wpr24
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.0/go.mod h1:KWe93zE9D1o94FZ5RNwFwVgaQK1VOXiVxmqh+CedLV8=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.14.3 h1:Gd2c8lSNf9pKXom5JtD7AaKO8o7fGQ2LtFj1436qilA=
+github.com/bits-and-blooms/bitset v1.14.3/go.mod h1:7hO7Gc7Pp1vODcmWvKMRA9BNmbv6a/7QIWpPxHddWR8=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.1.1/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
@@ -22,12 +24,10 @@ github.com/cyberdelia/go-metrics-graphite v0.0.0-20161219230853-39f87cc3b432/go.
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
-github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.18.1 h1:FXtiHYKDGKCW2KzwZKx0iC0PQmdlorYgdFG9jPXJ1Bc=
-github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.18.1/go.mod h1:8tpGGwCnJ5H4r6BWwaV6OrWmMoPhUl5jm/FMNAnJvWQ=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0 h1:KjPQoQCEFdZDiP03phOvGi11+SVVhBG2wOWAorLsstg=
 github.com/flynn/noise v1.1.0/go.mod h1:xbMo+0i6+IGbYdJhF31t2eR1BIU0CYc12+BNAKwUTag=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4 h1:Ik47r1fy3jRVU+1eYzKSW3ho2UgBVTVnUS8O993584U=
-github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.20.4/go.mod h1:cEed+ge8dalcbpi8wtS9x9m2hn/fNJH5suhdGQOHnYk=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.13.0 h1:pItEhXDVVebUa+i978FfQ7ye8xZc1FrMgs8nJPPWAgA=
+github.com/gaissmai/bart v0.13.0/go.mod h1:qSes2fnJ8hB410BW0ymHUN/eQkuGpTYyJcN8sKMYpJU=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.8.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/kit v0.9.0/go.mod h1:xBxKIO96dXMWWy0MnWVtmwkA9/13aqxPnvrjFYMA2as=
 github.com/go-kit/log v0.1.0/go.mod h1:zbhenjAZHb184qTLMA9ZjW7ThYL0H2mk7Q6pNt4vbaY=
@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@ github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.3.0/go.mod h1:Qt1PoO58o5twSAckw1HlFXLmHsOX5/0LbT9
 github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.4.0/go.mod h1:3RMwSq7FuexP4Kalkev3ejPJsZTpXXBr9+V4qmtdjCk=
 github.com/go-logfmt/logfmt v0.5.0/go.mod h1:wCYkCAKZfumFQihp8CzCvQ3paCTfi41vtzG1KdI/P7A=
 github.com/go-stack/stack v1.8.0/go.mod h1:v0f6uXyyMGvRgIKkXu+yp6POWl0qKG85gN/melR3HDY=
-github.com/go-test/deep v1.1.0 h1:WOcxcdHcvdgThNXjw0t76K42FXTU7HpNQWHpA2HHNlg=
-github.com/go-test/deep v1.1.0/go.mod h1:5C2ZWiW0ErCdrYzpqxLbTX7MG14M9iiw8DgHncVwcsE=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.1.1/go.mod h1:r8qH/GZQm5c6nD/R0oafs1akxWv10x8SbQlK7atdtwQ=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
 github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2/go.mod h1:P1XiOD3dCwIKUDQYPy72D8LYyHL2YPYrpS2s69NZV8Q=
@@ -57,15 +55,11 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMyw
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19 h1:ves8RnFZPGiFnTS0uPQStjwru6uO6h+nlr9j6fL7kF8=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19/go.mod h1:iJ8V8n6KS+z2U1A8pUwu8bW5SyEMkXJB8Yo/Vo+TKTo=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0 h1:t6JiXgmwXMjEs8VusXIJk2BXHsn+wx8BZdTaoZ5fu7I=
-github.com/google/uuid v1.3.0/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
-github.com/heimdalr/dag v1.4.0 h1:zG3JA4RDVLc55k3AXAgfwa+EgBNZ0TkfOO3C29Ucpmg=
-github.com/heimdalr/dag v1.4.0/go.mod h1:OCh6ghKmU0hPjtwMqWBoNxPmtRioKd1xSu7Zs4sbIqM=
 github.com/jpillora/backoff v1.0.0/go.mod h1:J/6gKK9jxlEcS3zixgDgUAsiuZ7yrSoa/FX5e0EB2j4=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.6/go.mod h1:+SdeFBvtyEkXs7REEP0seUULqWtbJapLOCVDaaPEHmU=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.10/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/uOdHXbAo4=
@@ -76,8 +70,8 @@ github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2 h1:ZvePhAHfvo0A7Mftk/tEzqEZ7Q4lgnR8sGz4xu1YX
 github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2/go.mod h1:CIMRFEJVL+0DS1a3Nx06NaMn4Dz63Ng6O7dl0qH0zVM=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 h1:c/Cqfb0r+Yi+JtIEq73FWXVkRonBlf0CRNYc8Zttxdo=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0/go.mod h1:2Pp+KzxcywXVXMr50+X0Q/Lsb43OQHYWRCY2AiWywWQ=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9 h1:6KIumPrER1LHsvBVuDa0r5xaG0Es51mhhB9BQB2qeMA=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.17.9/go.mod h1:Di0epgTjJY877eYKx5yC51cX2A2Vl2ibi7bDH9ttBbw=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.3/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
@@ -91,8 +85,8 @@ github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0 h1:RPNrshWIDI6G2gRW9EHilWtl7Z6Sb1BR0xunSBf0SNc=
 github.com/kylelemons/godebug v1.1.0/go.mod h1:9/0rRGxNHcop5bhtWyNeEfOS8JIWk580+fNqagV/RAw=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.1/go.mod h1:D8He9yQNgCq6Z5Ld7szi9bcBfOoFv/3dc6xSMkL2PC0=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65 h1:0+tIPHzUW0GCge7IiK3guGP57VAw7hoPDfApjkMD1Fc=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.65/go.mod h1:Dzw9769uoKVaLuODMDZz9M6ynFU6Em65csPuoi8G0ck=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62 h1:cN8OuEF1/x5Rq6Np+h1epln8OiyPWV+lROx9LxcGgIQ=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.62/go.mod h1:mvDlcItzm+br7MToIKqkglaGhlFMHJ9DTNNWONWXbNQ=
 github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b h1:J/AzCvg5z0Hn1rqZUJjpbzALUmkKX0Zwbc/i4fw7Sfk=
 github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2-0.20231115102856-9078ad6b9d4b/go.mod h1:XsNlhZGX73bx86s2hdc/FuaLm2CPZJemRLMA+WTFxgs=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
@@ -114,8 +108,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0 h1:rb93p9lokFEsctTys46VnV1kLCDpVZ0a/Y92Vm0Zc6Q=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0/go.mod h1:R7ljNsLXhuQXYZYtw6GAE9AZg8Y7vEW5scdCXrWRXC0=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.4 h1:Tgh3Yr67PaOv/uTqloMsCEdeuFTatm5zIq5+qNN23vI=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.4/go.mod h1:PIEt8X02hGcP8JWbeHyeZ53Y/jReSnHgO035n//V5WE=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
@@ -124,8 +118,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1/go.mod h1:OrxVMOVHjw3lKMa8+x6HeMGkHMQy
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.4.1/go.mod h1:TNfzLD0ON7rHzMJeJkieUDPYmFC7Snx/y86RQel1bk4=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Tlit/dnDKsSWFlCLTWaA1cyBgKHSMdTB80sz/V91rCo=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.26.0/go.mod h1:M7rCNAaPfAosfx8veZJCuw84e35h3Cfd9VFqTh1DIvc=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 h1:xasJaQlnWAeyHdUBeGjXmutelfJHWMRr+Fg4QszZ2Io=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0/go.mod h1:vyBcEuLSvWos9B1+CyL7JZ2up+uFzXhkqml0W5zIY1I=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.55.0 h1:KEi6DK7lXW/m7Ig5i47x0vRzuBsHuvJdi5ee6Y3G1dc=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.55.0/go.mod h1:2SECS4xJG1kd8XF9IcM1gMX6510RAEL65zxzNImwdc8=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181005140218-185b4288413d/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.2/go.mod h1:TjEm7ze935MbeOT/UhFTIMYKhuLP4wbCsTZCD3I8kEA=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.1.3/go.mod h1:lV6e/gmhEcM9IjHGsFOCxxuZ+z1YqCvr4OA4YeYWdaU=
@@ -151,16 +145,12 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.2.2/go.mod h1:a8OnRcib4nhh0OaRAV+Yts87kKdq0PP7pXf
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.4.0/go.mod h1:j7eGeouHqKxXV5pUuKE4zz7dFj8WfuZ+81PSLYec5m4=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
-github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
-github.com/timandy/routine v1.1.5 h1:LSpm7Iijwb9imIPlucl4krpr2EeCeAUvifiQ9Uf5X+M=
-github.com/timandy/routine v1.1.5/go.mod h1:kXslgIosdY8LW0byTyPnenDgn4/azt2euufAq9rK51w=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0 h1:HtqpIVDClZ4nwg75+f6Lvsy/wHu+3BoSGCbBAcpTsTg=
+github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0 h1:X7l42GfcV4S6E4vHTsw48qbrV+9PVojNfIhZcwQdrZk=
 github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.0/go.mod h1:i6NetklAujEcC6fK0JPjT8qSwWyO0HLn4UKG+hGqeJs=
 github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 h1:Oeaw1EM2JMxD51g9uhtC0D7erkIjgmj8+JZc26m1YX8=
 github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4/go.mod h1:SpkAiCQRtJ6TvvxPnOSyH3BMl6unz3xZlaprSwhNNJM=
-github.com/wadey/synctrace v0.0.0-20250612192159-94547ef50dfe h1:dc8Q42VsX+ABr0drJw27f3smvGfcz7eB8rJx+IkVMAo=
-github.com/wadey/synctrace v0.0.0-20250612192159-94547ef50dfe/go.mod h1:F2VCml4UxGPgAAqqm9T0ZfnVRWITrQS1EMZM+KCAm/Q=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
@@ -168,16 +158,16 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACk
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0 h1:kJNSjF/Xp7kU0iB2Z+9viTPMW4EqqsrywMXLJOOsXSE=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.37.0/go.mod h1:vg+k43peMZ0pUMhYmVAWysMK35e6ioLh3wB8ZCAfbVc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.28.0 h1:GBDwsMXVQi34v5CCYUm2jkJvu4cbtru2U4TN2PSyQnw=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.28.0/go.mod h1:rmgy+3RHxRZMyY0jjAJShp2zgEdOqj2AO7U0pYmeQ7U=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090 h1:Di6/M8l0O2lCLc6VVRWhgCiApHV8MnQurBnFSHsQtNY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090/go.mod h1:FXUEEKJgO7OQYeo8N01OfiKP8RXMtf6e8aTskBGqWdc=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0 h1:Zb7khfcRGKk+kqfxFaP5tZqCnDZMjC5VtUBs87Hr6QM=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.23.0/go.mod h1:6SkKJ3Xj0I0BrPOZoBy3bdMptDDU9oJrpohJ3eWZ1fY=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.18.0 h1:5+9lSbEzPSdWkH32vYPBwEpX8KwDbM52Ud9xBUvNlb0=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.18.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20181114220301-adae6a3d119a/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190108225652-1e06a53dbb7e/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -188,8 +178,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLL
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200625001655-4c5254603344/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.39.0 h1:ZCu7HMWDxpXpaiKdhzIfaltL9Lp31x/3fCP11bc6/fY=
-golang.org/x/net v0.39.0/go.mod h1:X7NRbYVEA+ewNkCNyJ513WmMdQ3BineSwVtN2zD/d+E=
+golang.org/x/net v0.30.0 h1:AcW1SDZMkb8IpzCdQUaIq2sP4sZ4zw+55h6ynffypl4=
+golang.org/x/net v0.30.0/go.mod h1:2wGyMJ5iFasEhkwi13ChkO/t1ECNC4X4eBKkVFyYFlU=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -197,8 +187,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201207232520-09787c993a3a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0 h1:AauUjRAJ9OSnvULf/ARrrVywoJDy0YS2AwQ98I37610=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.13.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.8.0 h1:3NFvSEYkUoMifnESzZl15y791HH1qU2xm6eCJU5ZPXQ=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.8.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181116152217-5ac8a444bdc5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -216,11 +206,11 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210603081109-ebe580a85c40/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0 h1:s77OFDvIQeibCmezSnk/q6iAfkdiQaJi4VzroCFrN20=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.32.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0 h1:KHjCJyddX0LoSTb3J+vWpupP9p0oznkqVk/IfjymZbo=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.26.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
-golang.org/x/term v0.31.0 h1:erwDkOK1Msy6offm1mOgvspSkslFnIGsFnxOKoufg3o=
-golang.org/x/term v0.31.0/go.mod h1:R4BeIy7D95HzImkxGkTW1UQTtP54tio2RyHz7PwK0aw=
+golang.org/x/term v0.25.0 h1:WtHI/ltw4NvSUig5KARz9h521QvRC8RmF/cuYqifU24=
+golang.org/x/term v0.25.0/go.mod h1:RPyXicDX+6vLxogjjRxjgD2TKtmAO6NZBsBRfrOLu7M=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
@@ -231,8 +221,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtn
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200130002326-2f3ba24bd6e7/go.mod h1:TB2adYChydJhpapKDTa4BR/hXlZSLoq2Wpct/0txZ28=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0 h1:BgcpHewrV5AUp2G9MebG4XPFI1E2W41zU1SaqVA9vJY=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.30.0/go.mod h1:c347cR/OJfw5TI+GfX7RUPNMdDRRbjvYTS0jPyvsVtY=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0 h1:gqSGLZqv+AI9lIQzniJ0nZDRG5GBPsSi+DRNHWNz6yA=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0/go.mod h1:aCwcsjqvq7Yqt6TNyX7QMU2enbQ/Gt0bo6krSeEri+c=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -251,8 +241,8 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.20.1-0.20200309200217-e05f789c0967/go.mod h1:A+miE
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.21.0/go.mod h1:47Nbq4nVaFHyn7ilMalzfO3qCViNmqZ2kzikPIcrTAo=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 h1:z1NpPI8ku2WgiWnf+t9wTPsn6eP1L7ksHUlkfLvd9xY=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6/go.mod h1:jduwjTPXsFjZGTmRluh+L6NjiWu7pchiJ2/5YcXBHnY=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1 h1:m3LfL6/Ca+fqnjnlqQXNpFPABW1UD7mjh8KO2mKFytA=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.35.1/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@@ -263,6 +253,8 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.2/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.4/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.5/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
--- a/handshake_ix.go
+++ b/handshake_ix.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 // NOISE IX Handshakes
@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, hh *HandshakeHostInfo) bool {

 	// If we're connecting to a v6 address we must use a v2 cert
 	cs := f.pki.getCertState()
-	v := cs.initiatingVersion
+	v := cs.defaultVersion
 	for _, a := range hh.hostinfo.vpnAddrs {
 		if a.Is6() {
 			v = cert.Version2
@@ -72,8 +71,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, hh *HandshakeHostInfo) bool {

 	hsBytes, err := hs.Marshal()
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hh.hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
-			WithField("certVersion", v).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hh.hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("certVersion", v).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to marshal handshake message")
 		return false
 	}
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	if crt == nil {
 		f.l.WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			WithField("certVersion", cs.initiatingVersion).
+			WithField("certVersion", cs.defaultVersion).
 			Error("Unable to handshake with host because no certificate is available")
 	}

@@ -134,28 +132,13 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		return
 	}

-	rc, err := cert.Recombine(cert.Version(hs.Details.CertVersion), hs.Details.Cert, ci.H.PeerStatic(), ci.Curve())
+	remoteCert, err := cert.RecombineAndValidate(cert.Version(hs.Details.CertVersion), hs.Details.Cert, ci.H.PeerStatic(), ci.Curve(), f.pki.GetCAPool())
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			Info("Handshake did not contain a certificate")
-		return
-	}
-
-	remoteCert, err := f.pki.GetCAPool().VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), rc)
-	if err != nil {
-		fp, err := rc.Fingerprint()
-		if err != nil {
-			fp = "<error generating certificate fingerprint>"
-		}
-
 		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			WithField("certVpnNetworks", rc.Networks()).
-			WithField("certFingerprint", fp)
+			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"})

-		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			e = e.WithField("cert", rc)
+		if f.l.Level > logrus.DebugLevel {
+			e = e.WithField("cert", remoteCert)
 		}

 		e.Info("Invalid certificate from host")
@@ -177,26 +160,29 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	}

 	if len(remoteCert.Certificate.Networks()) == 0 {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("cert", remoteCert).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			Info("No networks in certificate")
+		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"})
+
+		if f.l.Level > logrus.DebugLevel {
+			e = e.WithField("cert", remoteCert)
+		}
+
+		e.Info("Invalid vpn ip from host")
 		return
 	}

 	var vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
 	var filteredNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	certName := remoteCert.Certificate.Name()
-	certVersion := remoteCert.Certificate.Version()
 	fingerprint := remoteCert.Fingerprint
 	issuer := remoteCert.Certificate.Issuer()

 	for _, network := range remoteCert.Certificate.Networks() {
 		vpnAddr := network.Addr()
-		if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
+		if found {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnAddr", vpnAddr).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
-				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 				WithField("issuer", issuer).
 				WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Refusing to handshake with myself")
@@ -204,7 +190,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		}

 		// vpnAddrs outside our vpn networks are of no use to us, filter them out
-		if !f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		if _, ok := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr); !ok {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -215,7 +201,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	if len(vpnAddrs) == 0 {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("No usable vpn addresses from host, refusing handshake")
@@ -235,7 +220,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to generate index")
@@ -250,7 +234,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		HandshakePacket:   make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
 		lastHandshakeTime: hs.Details.Time,
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			RWMutex:        synctrace.NewRWMutex("relay-state"),
 			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
@@ -259,7 +242,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet

 	f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 		WithField("certName", certName).
-		WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 		WithField("issuer", issuer).
 		WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
@@ -271,7 +253,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	if hs.Details.Cert == nil {
 		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
@@ -289,7 +270,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to marshal handshake message")
@@ -301,7 +281,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to call noise.WriteMessage")
@@ -309,7 +288,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 	} else if dKey == nil || eKey == nil {
 		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Noise did not arrive at a key")
@@ -377,7 +355,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 			// This means there was an existing tunnel and this handshake was older than the one we are currently based on
 			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
-				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("oldHandshakeTime", existing.lastHandshakeTime).
 				WithField("newHandshakeTime", hostinfo.lastHandshakeTime).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -393,7 +370,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 			// This means we failed to insert because of collision on localIndexId. Just let the next handshake packet retry
 			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
-				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 				WithField("issuer", issuer).
 				WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
@@ -406,7 +382,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 			// And we forget to update it here
 			f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
-				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 				WithField("issuer", issuer).
 				WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
@@ -423,7 +398,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		if err != nil {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
-				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 				WithField("issuer", issuer).
 				WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
@@ -432,7 +406,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		} else {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("certName", certName).
-				WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 				WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 				WithField("issuer", issuer).
 				WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
@@ -451,7 +424,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, packet
 		f.SendVia(via.relayHI, via.relay, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu), false)
 		f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("relay", via.relayHI.vpnAddrs[0]).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
@@ -515,48 +487,35 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 		return true
 	}

-	rc, err := cert.Recombine(cert.Version(hs.Details.CertVersion), hs.Details.Cert, ci.H.PeerStatic(), ci.Curve())
+	remoteCert, err := cert.RecombineAndValidate(cert.Version(hs.Details.CertVersion), hs.Details.Cert, ci.H.PeerStatic(), ci.Curve(), f.pki.GetCAPool())
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			Info("Handshake did not contain a certificate")
-		return true
-	}
+		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"})

-	remoteCert, err := f.pki.GetCAPool().VerifyCertificate(time.Now(), rc)
-	if err != nil {
-		fp, err := rc.Fingerprint()
-		if err != nil {
-			fp = "<error generating certificate fingerprint>"
+		if f.l.Level > logrus.DebugLevel {
+			e = e.WithField("cert", remoteCert)
 		}

-		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			WithField("certFingerprint", fp).
-			WithField("certVpnNetworks", rc.Networks())
+		e.Error("Invalid certificate from host")

-		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			e = e.WithField("cert", rc)
-		}
-
-		e.Info("Invalid certificate from host")
+		// The handshake state machine is complete, if things break now there is no chance to recover. Tear down and start again
 		return true
 	}

 	if len(remoteCert.Certificate.Networks()) == 0 {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("vpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).
-			WithField("cert", remoteCert).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			Info("No networks in certificate")
+		e := f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"})
+
+		if f.l.Level > logrus.DebugLevel {
+			e = e.WithField("cert", remoteCert)
+		}
+
+		e.Info("Empty networks from host")
 		return true
 	}

 	vpnNetworks := remoteCert.Certificate.Networks()
 	certName := remoteCert.Certificate.Name()
-	certVersion := remoteCert.Certificate.Version()
 	fingerprint := remoteCert.Fingerprint
 	issuer := remoteCert.Certificate.Issuer()

@@ -580,7 +539,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 	for _, network := range vpnNetworks {
 		// vpnAddrs outside our vpn networks are of no use to us, filter them out
 		vpnAddr := network.Addr()
-		if !f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		if _, ok := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr); !ok {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -591,7 +550,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 	if len(vpnAddrs) == 0 {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 			WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("No usable vpn addresses from host, refusing handshake")
@@ -601,9 +559,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 	// Ensure the right host responded
 	if !slices.Contains(vpnAddrs, hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]) {
 		f.l.WithField("intendedVpnAddrs", hostinfo.vpnAddrs).WithField("haveVpnNetworks", vpnNetworks).
-			WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("certName", certName).
-			WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
+			WithField("udpAddr", addr).WithField("certName", certName).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Info("Incorrect host responded to handshake")

@@ -639,7 +595,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, hh *Ha
 	duration := time.Since(hh.startTime).Nanoseconds()
 	f.l.WithField("vpnAddrs", vpnAddrs).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 		WithField("certName", certName).
-		WithField("certVersion", certVersion).
 		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
 		WithField("issuer", issuer).
 		WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
--- a/handshake_manager.go
+++ b/handshake_manager.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
@@ -15,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 const (
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ type HandshakeConfig struct {

 type HandshakeManager struct {
 	// Mutex for interacting with the vpnIps and indexes maps
-	synctrace.RWMutex
+	sync.RWMutex

 	vpnIps  map[netip.Addr]*HandshakeHostInfo
 	indexes map[uint32]*HandshakeHostInfo
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ type HandshakeManager struct {
 }

 type HandshakeHostInfo struct {
-	synctrace.Mutex
+	sync.Mutex

 	startTime   time.Time        // Time that we first started trying with this handshake
 	ready       bool             // Is the handshake ready
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ func (hh *HandshakeHostInfo) cachePacket(l *logrus.Logger, t header.MessageType,

 func NewHandshakeManager(l *logrus.Logger, mainHostMap *HostMap, lightHouse *LightHouse, outside udp.Conn, config HandshakeConfig) *HandshakeManager {
 	return &HandshakeManager{
-		RWMutex:                synctrace.NewRWMutex("handshake-manager"),
 		vpnIps:                 map[netip.Addr]*HandshakeHostInfo{},
 		indexes:                map[uint32]*HandshakeHostInfo{},
 		mainHostMap:            mainHostMap,
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ func NewHandshakeManager(l *logrus.Logger, mainHostMap *HostMap, lightHouse *Lig
 		outside:                outside,
 		config:                 config,
 		trigger:                make(chan netip.Addr, config.triggerBuffer),
-		OutboundHandshakeTimer: NewLockingTimerWheel[netip.Addr]("outbound-handshake-timer", config.tryInterval, hsTimeout(config.retries, config.tryInterval)),
+		OutboundHandshakeTimer: NewLockingTimerWheel[netip.Addr](config.tryInterval, hsTimeout(config.retries, config.tryInterval)),
 		messageMetrics:         config.messageMetrics,
 		metricInitiated:        metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("handshake_manager.initiated", nil),
 		metricTimedOut:         metrics.GetOrRegisterCounter("handshake_manager.timed_out", nil),
@@ -258,7 +257,7 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered
 			WithField("initiatorIndex", hostinfo.localIndexId).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Info("Handshake message sent")
-	} else if hm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+	} else if hm.l.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.DebugLevel) {
 		hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("udpAddrs", sentTo).
 			WithField("initiatorIndex", hostinfo.localIndexId).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
@@ -275,7 +274,8 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered
 			}

 			// Don't relay through the host I'm trying to connect to
-			if hm.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(relay) {
+			_, found := hm.f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(relay)
+			if found {
 				continue
 			}

@@ -451,7 +451,6 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) StartHandshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCb func(*Han
 		vpnAddrs:        []netip.Addr{vpnAddr},
 		HandshakePacket: make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
 		relayState: RelayState{
-			RWMutex:        synctrace.NewRWMutex("relay-state"),
 			relays:         map[netip.Addr]struct{}{},
 			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
@@ -459,7 +458,6 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) StartHandshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCb func(*Han
 	}

 	hh := &HandshakeHostInfo{
-		Mutex:     synctrace.NewMutex("handshake-hostinfo"),
 		hostinfo:  hostinfo,
 		startTime: time.Now(),
 	}
--- a/handshake_manager_test.go
+++ b/handshake_manager_test.go
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ func Test_NewHandshakeManagerVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	lh := newTestLighthouse()

 	cs := &CertState{
-		initiatingVersion: cert.Version1,
-		privateKey:        []byte{},
-		v1Cert:            &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
-		v1HandshakeBytes:  []byte{},
+		defaultVersion:   cert.Version1,
+		privateKey:       []byte{},
+		v1Cert:           &dummyCert{version: cert.Version1},
+		v1HandshakeBytes: []byte{},
 	}

 	blah := NewHandshakeManager(l, mainHM, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig)
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func Test_NewHandshakeManagerVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	i.remotes = NewRemoteList([]netip.Addr{}, nil)

 	// Adding something to pending should not affect the main hostmap
-	assert.Empty(t, mainHM.Hosts)
+	assert.Len(t, mainHM.Hosts, 0)

 	// Confirm they are in the pending index list
 	assert.Contains(t, blah.vpnIps, ip)
@@ -98,5 +98,5 @@ func (mw *mockEncWriter) GetHostInfo(_ netip.Addr) *HostInfo {
 }

 func (mw *mockEncWriter) GetCertState() *CertState {
-	return &CertState{initiatingVersion: cert.Version2}
+	return &CertState{defaultVersion: cert.Version2}
 }
--- a/header/header.go
+++ b/header/header.go
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import (
 // |-----------------------------------------------------------------------|
 // |                               payload...                              |

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 const (
 	Version uint8 = 1
--- a/header/header_test.go
+++ b/header/header_test.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 type headerTest struct {
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ func TestHeader_String(t *testing.T) {

 func TestHeader_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 	b, err := (&H{100, Test, TestRequest, 99, 98, 97}).MarshalJSON()
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(
 		t,
 		"{\"messageCounter\":97,\"remoteIndex\":98,\"reserved\":99,\"subType\":\"testRequest\",\"type\":\"test\",\"version\":100}",
--- a/hostmap.go
+++ b/hostmap.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 // const ProbeLen = 100
@@ -53,20 +53,20 @@ type Relay struct {
 }

 type HostMap struct {
-	synctrace.RWMutex //Because we concurrently read and write to our maps
-	Indexes           map[uint32]*HostInfo
-	Relays            map[uint32]*HostInfo // Maps a Relay IDX to a Relay HostInfo object
-	RemoteIndexes     map[uint32]*HostInfo
-	Hosts             map[netip.Addr]*HostInfo
-	preferredRanges   atomic.Pointer[[]netip.Prefix]
-	l                 *logrus.Logger
+	sync.RWMutex    //Because we concurrently read and write to our maps
+	Indexes         map[uint32]*HostInfo
+	Relays          map[uint32]*HostInfo // Maps a Relay IDX to a Relay HostInfo object
+	RemoteIndexes   map[uint32]*HostInfo
+	Hosts           map[netip.Addr]*HostInfo
+	preferredRanges atomic.Pointer[[]netip.Prefix]
+	l               *logrus.Logger
 }

 // For synchronization, treat the pointed-to Relay struct as immutable. To edit the Relay
 // struct, make a copy of an existing value, edit the fileds in the copy, and
 // then store a pointer to the new copy in both realyForBy* maps.
 type RelayState struct {
-	synctrace.RWMutex
+	sync.RWMutex

 	relays map[netip.Addr]struct{} // Set of vpnAddr's of Hosts to use as relays to access this peer
 	// For data race avoidance, the contents of a *Relay are treated immutably. To update a *Relay, copy the existing data,
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 	recvError atomic.Uint32

 	// networks are both all vpn and unsafe networks assigned to this host
-	networks   *bart.Lite
+	networks   *bart.Table[struct{}]
 	relayState RelayState

 	// HandshakePacket records the packets used to create this hostinfo
@@ -288,7 +288,6 @@ func NewHostMapFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) *HostMap {

 func newHostMap(l *logrus.Logger) *HostMap {
 	return &HostMap{
-		RWMutex:       synctrace.NewRWMutex("hostmap"),
 		Indexes:       map[uint32]*HostInfo{},
 		Relays:        map[uint32]*HostInfo{},
 		RemoteIndexes: map[uint32]*HostInfo{},
@@ -733,13 +732,13 @@ func (i *HostInfo) buildNetworks(networks, unsafeNetworks []netip.Prefix) {
 		return
 	}

-	i.networks = new(bart.Lite)
+	i.networks = new(bart.Table[struct{}])
 	for _, network := range networks {
-		i.networks.Insert(network)
+		i.networks.Insert(network, struct{}{})
 	}

 	for _, network := range unsafeNetworks {
-		i.networks.Insert(network)
+		i.networks.Insert(network, struct{}{})
 	}
 }

--- a/hostmap_test.go
+++ b/hostmap_test.go
@@ -210,8 +210,8 @@ func TestHostMap_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, hm.GetPreferredRanges())

 	c.ReloadConfigString("preferred_ranges: [1.1.1.0/24, 10.1.1.0/24]")
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1.1.1.0/24", "10.1.1.0/24"}, toS(hm.GetPreferredRanges()))
+	assert.EqualValues(t, []string{"1.1.1.0/24", "10.1.1.0/24"}, toS(hm.GetPreferredRanges()))

 	c.ReloadConfigString("preferred_ranges: [1.1.1.1/32]")
-	assert.Equal(t, []string{"1.1.1.1/32"}, toS(hm.GetPreferredRanges()))
+	assert.EqualValues(t, []string{"1.1.1.1/32"}, toS(hm.GetPreferredRanges()))
 }
--- a/inside.go
+++ b/inside.go
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/noiseutil"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )

 func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb, out []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
@@ -22,12 +21,14 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet

 	// Ignore local broadcast packets
 	if f.dropLocalBroadcast {
-		if f.myBroadcastAddrsTable.Contains(fwPacket.RemoteAddr) {
+		_, found := f.myBroadcastAddrsTable.Lookup(fwPacket.RemoteAddr)
+		if found {
 			return
 		}
 	}

-	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(fwPacket.RemoteAddr) {
+	_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(fwPacket.RemoteAddr)
+	if found {
 		// Immediately forward packets from self to self.
 		// This should only happen on Darwin-based and FreeBSD hosts, which
 		// routes packets from the Nebula addr to the Nebula addr through the Nebula
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 		return
 	}

-	hostinfo, ready := f.getOrHandshakeConsiderRouting(fwPacket, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
+	hostinfo, ready := f.getOrHandshake(fwPacket.RemoteAddr, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
 		hh.cachePacket(f.l, header.Message, 0, packet, f.sendMessageNow, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
 	})

@@ -120,93 +121,22 @@ func (f *Interface) rejectOutside(packet []byte, ci *ConnectionState, hostinfo *
 	f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, 0, ci, hostinfo, netip.AddrPort{}, out, nb, packet, q)
 }

-// Handshake will attempt to initiate a tunnel with the provided vpn address if it is within our vpn networks. This is a no-op if the tunnel is already established or being established
 func (f *Interface) Handshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr) {
-	f.getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr, nil)
+	f.getOrHandshake(vpnAddr, nil)
 }

-// getOrHandshakeNoRouting returns nil if the vpnAddr is not routable.
+// getOrHandshake returns nil if the vpnAddr is not routable.
 // If the 2nd return var is false then the hostinfo is not ready to be used in a tunnel
-func (f *Interface) getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCallback func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
-	if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
-		return f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(vpnAddr, cacheCallback)
-	}
-
-	return nil, false
-}
-
-// getOrHandshakeConsiderRouting will try to find the HostInfo to handle this packet, starting a handshake if necessary.
-// If the 2nd return var is false then the hostinfo is not ready to be used in a tunnel.
-func (f *Interface) getOrHandshakeConsiderRouting(fwPacket *firewall.Packet, cacheCallback func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
-
-	destinationAddr := fwPacket.RemoteAddr
-
-	hostinfo, ready := f.getOrHandshakeNoRouting(destinationAddr, cacheCallback)
-
-	// Host is inside the mesh, no routing required
-	if hostinfo != nil {
-		return hostinfo, ready
-	}
-
-	gateways := f.inside.RoutesFor(destinationAddr)
-
-	switch len(gateways) {
-	case 0:
-		return nil, false
-	case 1:
-		// Single gateway route
-		return f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(gateways[0].Addr(), cacheCallback)
-	default:
-		// Multi gateway route, perform ECMP categorization
-		gatewayAddr, balancingOk := routing.BalancePacket(fwPacket, gateways)
-
-		if !balancingOk {
-			// This happens if the gateway buckets were not calculated, this _should_ never happen
-			f.l.Error("Gateway buckets not calculated, fallback from ECMP to random routing. Please report this bug.")
-		}
-
-		var handshakeInfoForChosenGateway *HandshakeHostInfo
-		var hhReceiver = func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
-			handshakeInfoForChosenGateway = hh
-		}
-
-		// Store the handshakeHostInfo for later.
-		// If this node is not reachable we will attempt other nodes, if none are reachable we will
-		// cache the packet for this gateway.
-		if hostinfo, ready = f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(gatewayAddr, hhReceiver); ready {
-			return hostinfo, true
-		}
-
-		// It appears the selected gateway cannot be reached, find another gateway to fallback on.
-		// The current implementation breaks ECMP but that seems better than no connectivity.
-		// If ECMP is also required when a gateway is down then connectivity status
-		// for each gateway needs to be kept and the weights recalculated when they go up or down.
-		// This would also need to interact with unsafe_route updates through reloading the config or
-		// use of the use_system_route_table option
-
-		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			f.l.WithField("destination", destinationAddr).
-				WithField("originalGateway", gatewayAddr).
-				Debugln("Calculated gateway for ECMP not available, attempting other gateways")
-		}
-
-		for i := range gateways {
-			// Skip the gateway that failed previously
-			if gateways[i].Addr() == gatewayAddr {
-				continue
-			}
-
-			// We do not need the HandshakeHostInfo since we cache the packet in the originally chosen gateway
-			if hostinfo, ready = f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(gateways[i].Addr(), nil); ready {
-				return hostinfo, true
-			}
-		}
-
-		// No gateways reachable, cache the packet in the originally chosen gateway
-		cacheCallback(handshakeInfoForChosenGateway)
-		return hostinfo, false
+func (f *Interface) getOrHandshake(vpnAddr netip.Addr, cacheCallback func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
+	_, found := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
+	if !found {
+		vpnAddr = f.inside.RouteFor(vpnAddr)
+		if !vpnAddr.IsValid() {
+			return nil, false
+		}
 	}

+	return f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(vpnAddr, cacheCallback)
 }

 func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, hostinfo *HostInfo, p, nb, out []byte) {
@@ -233,7 +163,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubTyp

 // SendMessageToVpnAddr handles real addr:port lookup and sends to the current best known address for vpnAddr
 func (f *Interface) SendMessageToVpnAddr(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, vpnAddr netip.Addr, p, nb, out []byte) {
-	hostInfo, ready := f.getOrHandshakeNoRouting(vpnAddr, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
+	hostInfo, ready := f.getOrHandshake(vpnAddr, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
 		hh.cachePacket(f.l, t, st, p, f.SendMessageToHostInfo, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
 	})

--- a/interface.go
+++ b/interface.go
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ type Interface struct {
 	serveDns              bool
 	createTime            time.Time
 	lightHouse            *LightHouse
-	myBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Lite
-	myVpnAddrs            []netip.Addr // A list of addresses assigned to us via our certificate
-	myVpnAddrsTable       *bart.Lite
-	myVpnNetworks         []netip.Prefix // A list of networks assigned to us via our certificate
-	myVpnNetworksTable    *bart.Lite
+	myBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myVpnAddrs            []netip.Addr          // A list of addresses assigned to us via our certificate
+	myVpnAddrsTable       *bart.Table[struct{}] // A table of addresses assigned to us via our certificate
+	myVpnNetworks         []netip.Prefix        // A list of networks assigned to us via our certificate
+	myVpnNetworksTable    *bart.Table[struct{}] // A table of networks assigned to us via our certificate
 	dropLocalBroadcast    bool
 	dropMulticast         bool
 	routines              int
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ func (f *Interface) emitStats(ctx context.Context, i time.Duration) {
 	udpStats := udp.NewUDPStatsEmitter(f.writers)

 	certExpirationGauge := metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("certificate.ttl_seconds", nil)
-	certInitiatingVersion := metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("certificate.initiating_version", nil)
+	certDefaultVersion := metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("certificate.default_version", nil)
 	certMaxVersion := metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("certificate.max_version", nil)

 	for {
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ func (f *Interface) emitStats(ctx context.Context, i time.Duration) {
 			certState := f.pki.getCertState()
 			defaultCrt := certState.GetDefaultCertificate()
 			certExpirationGauge.Update(int64(defaultCrt.NotAfter().Sub(time.Now()) / time.Second))
-			certInitiatingVersion.Update(int64(defaultCrt.Version()))
+			certDefaultVersion.Update(int64(defaultCrt.Version()))

 			// Report the max certificate version we are capable of using
 			if certState.v2Cert != nil {
--- a/lighthouse.go
+++ b/lighthouse.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

@@ -20,19 +21,18 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 var ErrHostNotKnown = errors.New("host not known")

 type LightHouse struct {
 	//TODO: We need a timer wheel to kick out vpnAddrs that haven't reported in a long time
-	synctrace.RWMutex //Because we concurrently read and write to our maps
-	ctx               context.Context
-	amLighthouse      bool
+	sync.RWMutex //Because we concurrently read and write to our maps
+	ctx          context.Context
+	amLighthouse bool

 	myVpnNetworks      []netip.Prefix
-	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Lite
+	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
 	punchConn          udp.Conn
 	punchy             *Punchy

@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C,
 	}

 	h := LightHouse{
-		RWMutex:            synctrace.NewRWMutex("lighthouse"),
 		ctx:                ctx,
 		amLighthouse:       amLighthouse,
 		myVpnNetworks:      cs.myVpnNetworks,
@@ -202,7 +201,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {

 			//TODO: we could technically insert all returned addrs instead of just the first one if a dns lookup was used
 			addr := addrs[0].Unmap()
-			if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(addr) {
+			_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(addr)
+			if found {
 				lh.l.WithField("addr", rawAddr).WithField("entry", i+1).
 					Warn("Ignoring lighthouse.advertise_addrs report because it is within the nebula network range")
 				continue
@@ -359,7 +359,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) parseLighthouses(c *config.C, lhMap map[netip.Addr]struct{
 			return util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse lighthouse host entry", m{"host": host, "entry": i + 1}, err)
 		}

-		if !lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(addr) {
+		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(addr)
+		if !found {
 			return util.NewContextualError("lighthouse host is not in our networks, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": addr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks}, nil)
 		}
 		lhMap[addr] = struct{}{}
@@ -421,7 +422,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) loadStaticMap(c *config.C, staticList map[netip.Addr]struc
 		return err
 	}

-	shm := c.GetMap("static_host_map", map[string]any{})
+	shm := c.GetMap("static_host_map", map[interface{}]interface{}{})
 	i := 0

 	for k, v := range shm {
@@ -430,13 +431,14 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) loadStaticMap(c *config.C, staticList map[netip.Addr]struc
 			return util.NewContextualError("Unable to parse static_host_map entry", m{"host": k, "entry": i + 1}, err)
 		}

-		if !lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(vpnAddr) {
+		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(vpnAddr)
+		if !found {
 			return util.NewContextualError("static_host_map key is not in our network, invalid", m{"vpnAddr": vpnAddr, "networks": lh.myVpnNetworks, "entry": i + 1}, nil)
 		}

-		vals, ok := v.([]any)
+		vals, ok := v.([]interface{})
 		if !ok {
-			vals = []any{v}
+			vals = []interface{}{v}
 		}
 		remoteAddrs := []string{}
 		for _, v := range vals {
@@ -473,7 +475,6 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) QueryServer(vpnAddr netip.Addr) {
 		return
 	}

-	synctrace.ChanDebugSend("lighthouse-querychan")
 	lh.queryChan <- vpnAddr
 }

@@ -652,7 +653,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) shouldAdd(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to netip.Addr) bool {
 		return false
 	}

-	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(to) {
+	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(to)
+	if found {
 		return false
 	}

@@ -672,7 +674,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV4(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V4AddrPort) bo
 		return false
 	}

-	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(udpAddr.Addr()) {
+	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(udpAddr.Addr())
+	if found {
 		return false
 	}

@@ -692,7 +695,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) unlockedShouldAddV6(vpnAddr netip.Addr, to *V6AddrPort) bo
 		return false
 	}

-	if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(udpAddr.Addr()) {
+	_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(udpAddr.Addr())
+	if found {
 		return false
 	}

@@ -727,11 +731,9 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) startQueryWorker() {
 		nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
 		out := make([]byte, mtu)

-		synctrace.ChanDebugRecvLock("lighthouse-querychan")
 		for {
 			select {
 			case <-lh.ctx.Done():
-				synctrace.ChanDebugRecvUnlock("lighthouse-querychan")
 				return
 			case addr := <-lh.queryChan:
 				lh.innerQueryServer(addr, nb, out)
@@ -761,7 +763,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) innerQueryServer(addr netip.Addr, nb, out []byte) {
 		if hi != nil {
 			v = hi.ConnectionState.myCert.Version()
 		} else {
-			v = lh.ifce.GetCertState().initiatingVersion
+			v = lh.ifce.GetCertState().defaultVersion
 		}

 		if v == cert.Version1 {
@@ -854,7 +856,8 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {

 	lal := lh.GetLocalAllowList()
 	for _, e := range localAddrs(lh.l, lal) {
-		if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(e) {
+		_, found := lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(e)
+		if found {
 			continue
 		}

@@ -880,7 +883,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 		if hi != nil {
 			v = hi.ConnectionState.myCert.Version()
 		} else {
-			v = lh.ifce.GetCertState().initiatingVersion
+			v = lh.ifce.GetCertState().defaultVersion
 		}
 		if v == cert.Version1 {
 			if v1Update == nil {
@@ -1111,7 +1114,7 @@ func (lhh *LightHouseHandler) sendHostPunchNotification(n *NebulaMeta, fromVpnAd
 		targetHI := lhh.lh.ifce.GetHostInfo(punchNotifDest)
 		var useVersion cert.Version
 		if targetHI == nil {
-			useVersion = lhh.lh.ifce.GetCertState().initiatingVersion
+			useVersion = lhh.lh.ifce.GetCertState().defaultVersion
 		} else {
 			crt := targetHI.GetCert().Certificate
 			useVersion = crt.Version()
--- a/lighthouse_test.go
+++ b/lighthouse_test.go
@@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 func TestOldIPv4Only(t *testing.T) {
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ func TestOldIPv4Only(t *testing.T) {
 	b := []byte{8, 129, 130, 132, 80, 16, 10}
 	var m V4AddrPort
 	err := m.Unmarshal(b)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	ip := netip.MustParseAddr("10.1.1.1")
 	bp := ip.As4()
 	assert.Equal(t, binary.BigEndian.Uint32(bp[:]), m.GetAddr())
@@ -31,8 +30,8 @@ func TestOldIPv4Only(t *testing.T) {
 func Test_lhStaticMapping(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/16")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -40,24 +39,24 @@ func Test_lhStaticMapping(t *testing.T) {
 	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"

 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{"hosts": []any{lh1}}
-	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{lh1: []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"}}
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"hosts": []interface{}{lh1}}
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{lh1: []interface{}{"1.1.1.1:4242"}}
 	_, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	lh2 := "10.128.0.3"
 	c = config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{"hosts": []any{lh1, lh2}}
-	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{lh1: []any{"100.1.1.1:4242"}}
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"hosts": []interface{}{lh1, lh2}}
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{lh1: []interface{}{"100.1.1.1:4242"}}
 	_, err = NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "lighthouse 10.128.0.3 does not have a static_host_map entry")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "lighthouse 10.128.0.3 does not have a static_host_map entry")
 }

 func TestReloadLighthouseInterval(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/16")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -65,34 +64,34 @@ func TestReloadLighthouseInterval(t *testing.T) {
 	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"

 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{
-		"hosts":    []any{lh1},
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"hosts":    []interface{}{lh1},
 		"interval": "1s",
 	}

-	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[string]any{lh1: []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"}}
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{lh1: []interface{}{"1.1.1.1:4242"}}
 	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}

 	// The first one routine is kicked off by main.go currently, lets make sure that one dies
-	require.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 5"))
+	assert.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 5"))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(5), lh.interval.Load())

 	// Subsequent calls are killed off by the LightHouse.Reload function
-	require.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 10"))
+	assert.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 10"))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(10), lh.interval.Load())

 	// If this completes then nothing is stealing our reload routine
-	require.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 11"))
+	assert.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 11"))
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(11), lh.interval.Load())
 }

 func BenchmarkLighthouseHandleRequest(b *testing.B) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/0")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
@@ -100,7 +99,9 @@ func BenchmarkLighthouseHandleRequest(b *testing.B) {

 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(b, err)
+	if !assert.NoError(b, err) {
+		b.Fatal()
+	}

 	hAddr := netip.MustParseAddrPort("4.5.6.7:12345")
 	hAddr2 := netip.MustParseAddrPort("4.5.6.7:12346")
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ func BenchmarkLighthouseHandleRequest(b *testing.B) {
 			},
 		}
 		p, err := req.Marshal()
-		require.NoError(b, err)
+		assert.NoError(b, err)
 		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 			lhh.HandleRequest(rAddr, hi, p, mw)
 		}
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ func BenchmarkLighthouseHandleRequest(b *testing.B) {
 			},
 		}
 		p, err := req.Marshal()
-		require.NoError(b, err)
+		assert.NoError(b, err)

 		for n := 0; n < b.N; n++ {
 			lhh.HandleRequest(rAddr, hi, p, mw)
@@ -192,19 +193,19 @@ func TestLighthouse_Memory(t *testing.T) {
 	theirVpnIp := netip.MustParseAddr("10.128.0.3")

 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{"am_lighthouse": true}
-	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"am_lighthouse": true}
+	c.Settings["listen"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": 4242}

 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
 	}
 	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
 	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	lhh := lh.NewRequestHandler()

 	// Test that my first update responds with just that
@@ -277,31 +278,31 @@ func TestLighthouse_Memory(t *testing.T) {
 func TestLighthouse_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
-	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[string]any{"am_lighthouse": true}
-	c.Settings["listen"] = map[string]any{"port": 4242}
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"am_lighthouse": true}
+	c.Settings["listen"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"port": 4242}

 	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/24")
-	nt := new(bart.Lite)
-	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	nt := new(bart.Table[struct{}])
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet, struct{}{})
 	cs := &CertState{
 		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
 		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
 	}

 	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, cs, nil, nil)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	nc := map[string]any{
-		"static_host_map": map[string]any{
-			"10.128.0.2": []any{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
+	nc := map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"static_host_map": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+			"10.128.0.2": []interface{}{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
 		},
 	}
 	rc, err := yaml.Marshal(nc)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	c.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))

 	err = lh.reload(c, false)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }

 func newLHHostRequest(fromAddr netip.AddrPort, myVpnIp, queryVpnIp netip.Addr, lhh *LightHouseHandler) testLhReply {
@@ -417,7 +418,7 @@ func (tw *testEncWriter) GetHostInfo(vpnIp netip.Addr) *HostInfo {
 }

 func (tw *testEncWriter) GetCertState() *CertState {
-	return &CertState{initiatingVersion: tw.protocolVersion}
+	return &CertState{defaultVersion: tw.protocolVersion}
 }

 // assertIp4InArray asserts every address in want is at the same position in have and that the lengths match
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/sshd"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logger, deviceFactory overlay.DeviceFactory) (retcon *Control, reterr error) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
--- a/metadata.go
+++ b/metadata.go
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package nebula
+
+/*
+
+import (
+	proto "google.golang.org/protobuf/proto"
+)
+
+func HandleMetaProto(p []byte) {
+	m := &NebulaMeta{}
+	err := proto.Unmarshal(p, m)
+	if err != nil {
+		l.Debugf("problem unmarshaling meta message: %s", err)
+	}
+	//fmt.Println(m)
+}
+
+*/
--- a/outside.go
+++ b/outside.go
@@ -31,7 +31,8 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(ip netip.AddrPort, via *ViaSender, out []

 	//l.Error("in packet ", header, packet[HeaderLen:])
 	if ip.IsValid() {
-		if f.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(ip.Addr()) {
+		_, found := f.myVpnNetworksTable.Lookup(ip.Addr())
+		if found {
 			if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 				f.l.WithField("udpAddr", ip).Debug("Refusing to process double encrypted packet")
 			}
@@ -312,11 +313,12 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
 	offset := ipv6.HeaderLen // Start at the end of the ipv6 header
 	next := 0
 	for {
-		if protoAt >= dataLen {
+		if dataLen < offset {
 			break
 		}
-		proto := layers.IPProtocol(data[protoAt])

+		proto := layers.IPProtocol(data[protoAt])
+		//fmt.Println(proto, protoAt)
 		switch proto {
 		case layers.IPProtocolICMPv6, layers.IPProtocolESP, layers.IPProtocolNoNextHeader:
 			fp.Protocol = uint8(proto)
@@ -364,7 +366,7 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {

 		case layers.IPProtocolAH:
 			// Auth headers, used by IPSec, have a different meaning for header length
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
+			if dataLen < offset+1 {
 				break
 			}

@@ -372,7 +374,7 @@ func parseV6(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {

 		default:
 			// Normal ipv6 header length processing
-			if dataLen <= offset+1 {
+			if dataLen < offset+1 {
 				break
 			}

--- a/outside_test.go
+++ b/outside_test.go
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
 )

@@ -21,13 +20,13 @@ func Test_newPacket(t *testing.T) {

 	// length fails
 	err := newPacket([]byte{}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPacketTooShort)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrPacketTooShort)

 	err = newPacket([]byte{0x40}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4PacketTooShort)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4PacketTooShort)

 	err = newPacket([]byte{0x60}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)

 	// length fail with ip options
 	h := ipv4.Header{
@@ -40,15 +39,15 @@ func Test_newPacket(t *testing.T) {

 	b, _ := h.Marshal()
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)

 	// not an ipv4 packet
 	err = newPacket([]byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnknownIPVersion)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUnknownIPVersion)

 	// invalid ihl
 	err = newPacket([]byte{4<<4 | (8 >> 2 & 0x0f), 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv4InvalidHeaderLength)

 	// account for variable ip header length - incoming
 	h = ipv4.Header{
@@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ func Test_newPacket(t *testing.T) {
 	b = append(b, []byte{0, 3, 0, 4}...)
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)

-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(firewall.ProtoTCP), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.2"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"), p.RemoteAddr)
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ func Test_newPacket(t *testing.T) {
 	b = append(b, []byte{0, 5, 0, 6}...)
 	err = newPacket(b, false, p)

-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(2), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.2"), p.RemoteAddr)
@@ -112,49 +111,10 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 		FixLengths:       false,
 	}
 	err := gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, opt, &ip)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes(), true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
-
-	// A v6 packet with a hop-by-hop extension
-	// ICMPv6 Payload (Echo Request)
-	icmpLayer := layers.ICMPv6{
-		TypeCode: layers.ICMPv6TypeEchoRequest,
-	}
-	// Hop-by-Hop Extension Header
-	hopOption := layers.IPv6HopByHopOption{}
-	hopOption.OptionData = []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}
-	hopByHop := layers.IPv6HopByHop{}
-	hopByHop.Options = append(hopByHop.Options, &hopOption)
-
-	ip = layers.IPv6{
-		Version:    6,
-		HopLimit:   128,
-		NextHeader: layers.IPProtocolIPv6Destination,
-		SrcIP:      net.IPv6linklocalallrouters,
-		DstIP:      net.IPv6linklocalallnodes,
-	}
-
-	buffer.Clear()
-	err = gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, gopacket.SerializeOptions{
-		ComputeChecksums: false,
-		FixLengths:       true,
-	}, &ip, &hopByHop, &icmpLayer)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-	// Ensure buffer length checks during parsing with the next 2 tests.
-
-	// A full IPv6 header and 1 byte in the first extension, but missing
-	// the length byte.
-	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:41], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
-
-	// A full IPv6 header plus 1 full extension, but only 1 byte of the
-	// next layer, missing length byte
-	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes()[:49], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)

 	// A good ICMP packet
 	ip = layers.IPv6{
@@ -174,7 +134,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	err = newPacket(buffer.Bytes(), true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(layers.IPProtocolICMPv6), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
@@ -186,7 +146,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	b := buffer.Bytes()
 	b[6] = byte(layers.IPProtocolESP)
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(layers.IPProtocolESP), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
@@ -198,7 +158,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	b = buffer.Bytes()
 	b[6] = byte(layers.IPProtocolNoNextHeader)
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(layers.IPProtocolNoNextHeader), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
@@ -210,7 +170,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	b = buffer.Bytes()
 	b[6] = 255 // 255 is a reserved protocol number
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)

 	// A good UDP packet
 	ip = layers.IPv6{
@@ -226,7 +186,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 		DstPort: layers.UDPPort(22),
 	}
 	err = udp.SetNetworkLayerForChecksum(&ip)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	buffer.Clear()
 	err = gopacket.SerializeLayers(buffer, opt, &ip, &udp, gopacket.Payload([]byte{0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef}))
@@ -237,7 +197,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {

 	// incoming
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(firewall.ProtoUDP), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
@@ -247,7 +207,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {

 	// outgoing
 	err = newPacket(b, false, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(firewall.ProtoUDP), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.RemoteAddr)
@@ -257,14 +217,14 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {

 	// Too short UDP packet
 	err = newPacket(b[:len(b)-10], false, p) // pull off the last 10 bytes
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)

 	// A good TCP packet
 	b[6] = byte(layers.IPProtocolTCP)

 	// incoming
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(firewall.ProtoTCP), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
@@ -274,7 +234,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {

 	// outgoing
 	err = newPacket(b, false, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(firewall.ProtoTCP), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.RemoteAddr)
@@ -284,7 +244,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {

 	// Too short TCP packet
 	err = newPacket(b[:len(b)-10], false, p) // pull off the last 10 bytes
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)

 	// A good UDP packet with an AH header
 	ip = layers.IPv6{
@@ -319,7 +279,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	b = append(b, udpHeader...)

 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(firewall.ProtoUDP), p.Protocol)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
@@ -327,14 +287,10 @@ func Test_newPacket_v6(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, uint16(22), p.LocalPort)
 	assert.False(t, p.Fragment)

-	// Ensure buffer bounds checking during processing
-	err = newPacket(b[:41], true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
-
 	// Invalid AH header
 	b = buffer.Bytes()
 	err = newPacket(b, true, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6CouldNotFindPayload)
 }

 func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {
@@ -382,7 +338,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test first fragment incoming
 	err = newPacket(firstFrag, true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(layers.IPProtocolUDP), p.Protocol)
@@ -392,7 +348,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test first fragment outgoing
 	err = newPacket(firstFrag, false, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(layers.IPProtocolUDP), p.Protocol)
@@ -421,7 +377,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test second fragment incoming
 	err = newPacket(secondFrag, true, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(layers.IPProtocolUDP), p.Protocol)
@@ -431,7 +387,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test second fragment outgoing
 	err = newPacket(secondFrag, false, p)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::2"), p.LocalAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, netip.MustParseAddr("ff02::1"), p.RemoteAddr)
 	assert.Equal(t, uint8(layers.IPProtocolUDP), p.Protocol)
@@ -441,7 +397,7 @@ func Test_newPacket_ipv6Fragment(t *testing.T) {

 	// Too short of a fragment packet
 	err = newPacket(secondFrag[:len(secondFrag)-10], false, p)
-	require.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrIPv6PacketTooShort)
 }

 func BenchmarkParseV6(b *testing.B) {
--- a/overlay/device.go
+++ b/overlay/device.go
@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ package overlay
 import (
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )

 type Device interface {
@@ -12,6 +10,6 @@ type Device interface {
 	Activate() error
 	Networks() []netip.Prefix
 	Name() string
-	RoutesFor(netip.Addr) routing.Gateways
+	RouteFor(netip.Addr) netip.Addr
 	NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error)
 }
--- a/overlay/route.go
+++ b/overlay/route.go
@@ -11,14 +11,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )

 type Route struct {
 	MTU     int
 	Metric  int
 	Cidr    netip.Prefix
-	Via     routing.Gateways
+	Via     netip.Addr
 	Install bool
 }

@@ -48,17 +47,15 @@ func (r Route) String() string {
 	return s
 }

-func makeRouteTree(l *logrus.Logger, routes []Route, allowMTU bool) (*bart.Table[routing.Gateways], error) {
-	routeTree := new(bart.Table[routing.Gateways])
+func makeRouteTree(l *logrus.Logger, routes []Route, allowMTU bool) (*bart.Table[netip.Addr], error) {
+	routeTree := new(bart.Table[netip.Addr])
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !allowMTU && r.MTU > 0 {
 			l.WithField("route", r).Warnf("route MTU is not supported in %s", runtime.GOOS)
 		}

-		gateways := r.Via
-		if len(gateways) > 0 {
-			routing.CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
-			routeTree.Insert(r.Cidr, gateways)
+		if r.Via.IsValid() {
+			routeTree.Insert(r.Cidr, r.Via)
 		}
 	}
 	return routeTree, nil
@@ -72,7 +69,7 @@ func parseRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {
 		return []Route{}, nil
 	}

-	rawRoutes, ok := r.([]any)
+	rawRoutes, ok := r.([]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tun.routes is not an array")
 	}
@@ -83,7 +80,7 @@ func parseRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {

 	routes := make([]Route, len(rawRoutes))
 	for i, r := range rawRoutes {
-		m, ok := r.(map[string]any)
+		m, ok := r.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v in tun.routes is invalid", i+1)
 		}
@@ -151,7 +148,7 @@ func parseUnsafeRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {
 		return []Route{}, nil
 	}

-	rawRoutes, ok := r.([]any)
+	rawRoutes, ok := r.([]interface{})
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tun.unsafe_routes is not an array")
 	}
@@ -162,7 +159,7 @@ func parseUnsafeRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {

 	routes := make([]Route, len(rawRoutes))
 	for i, r := range rawRoutes {
-		m, ok := r.(map[string]any)
+		m, ok := r.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 		if !ok {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v in tun.unsafe_routes is invalid", i+1)
 		}
@@ -204,63 +201,14 @@ func parseUnsafeRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not present", i+1)
 		}

-		var gateways routing.Gateways
+		via, ok := rVia.(string)
+		if !ok {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not a string: found %T", i+1, rVia)
+		}

-		switch via := rVia.(type) {
-		case string:
-			viaIp, err := netip.ParseAddr(via)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v.via in tun.unsafe_routes failed to parse address: %v", i+1, err)
-			}
-
-			gateways = routing.Gateways{routing.NewGateway(viaIp, 1)}
-
-		case []any:
-			gateways = make(routing.Gateways, len(via))
-			for ig, v := range via {
-				gatewayMap, ok := v.(map[string]any)
-				if !ok {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v in tun.unsafe_routes[%v].via is invalid", i+1, ig+1)
-				}
-
-				rGateway, ok := gatewayMap["gateway"]
-				if !ok {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry .gateway in tun.unsafe_routes[%v].via[%v] is not present", i+1, ig+1)
-				}
-
-				parsedGateway, ok := rGateway.(string)
-				if !ok {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry .gateway in tun.unsafe_routes[%v].via[%v] is not a string", i+1, ig+1)
-				}
-
-				gatewayIp, err := netip.ParseAddr(parsedGateway)
-				if err != nil {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry .gateway in tun.unsafe_routes[%v].via[%v] failed to parse address: %v", i+1, ig+1, err)
-				}
-
-				rGatewayWeight, ok := gatewayMap["weight"]
-				if !ok {
-					rGatewayWeight = 1
-				}
-
-				gatewayWeight, ok := rGatewayWeight.(int)
-				if !ok {
-					_, err = strconv.ParseInt(rGatewayWeight.(string), 10, 32)
-					if err != nil {
-						return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry .weight in tun.unsafe_routes[%v].via[%v] is not an integer", i+1, ig+1)
-					}
-				}
-
-				if gatewayWeight < 1 || gatewayWeight > math.MaxInt32 {
-					return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry .weight in tun.unsafe_routes[%v].via[%v] is not in range (1-%d) : %v", i+1, ig+1, math.MaxInt32, gatewayWeight)
-				}
-
-				gateways[ig] = routing.NewGateway(gatewayIp, gatewayWeight)
-
-			}
-
-		default:
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not a string or list of gateways: found %T", i+1, rVia)
+		viaVpnIp, err := netip.ParseAddr(via)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("entry %v.via in tun.unsafe_routes failed to parse address: %v", i+1, err)
 		}

 		rRoute, ok := m["route"]
@@ -278,7 +226,7 @@ func parseUnsafeRoutes(c *config.C, networks []netip.Prefix) ([]Route, error) {
 		}

 		r := Route{
-			Via:     gateways,
+			Via:     viaVpnIp,
 			MTU:     mtu,
 			Metric:  metric,
 			Install: install,
--- a/overlay/route_test.go
+++ b/overlay/route_test.go
@@ -6,96 +6,94 @@ import (
 	"testing"

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func Test_parseRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	n, err := netip.ParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/24")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	// test no routes config
 	routes, err := parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, routes)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, routes, 0)

 	// not an array
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": "hi"}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": "hi"}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "tun.routes is not an array")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "tun.routes is not an array")

 	// no routes
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, routes)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, routes, 0)

 	// weird route
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{"asdf"}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{"asdf"}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1 in tun.routes is invalid")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1 in tun.routes is invalid")

 	// no mtu
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.routes is not present")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.routes is not present")

 	// bad mtu
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "nope"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "nope"}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.routes is not an integer: strconv.Atoi: parsing \"nope\": invalid syntax")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.routes is not an integer: strconv.Atoi: parsing \"nope\": invalid syntax")

 	// low mtu
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "499"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "499"}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.routes is below 500: 499")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.routes is below 500: 499")

 	// missing route
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "500"}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not present")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not present")

 	// unparsable route
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "route": "nope"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "500", "route": "nope"}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes failed to parse: netip.ParsePrefix(\"nope\"): no '/'")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes failed to parse: netip.ParsePrefix(\"nope\"): no '/'")

 	// below network range
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "500", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 1.0.0.0/8, networks: [10.0.0.0/24]")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 1.0.0.0/8, networks: [10.0.0.0/24]")

 	// above network range
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "route": "10.0.1.0/24"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "500", "route": "10.0.1.0/24"}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 10.0.1.0/24, networks: [10.0.0.0/24]")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 10.0.1.0/24, networks: [10.0.0.0/24]")

 	// Not in multiple ranges
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "route": "192.0.0.0/24"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "500", "route": "192.0.0.0/24"}}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n, netip.MustParsePrefix("192.1.0.0/24")})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 192.0.0.0/24, networks: [10.0.0.0/24 192.1.0.0/24]")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.routes is not contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 192.0.0.0/24, networks: [10.0.0.0/24 192.1.0.0/24]")

 	// happy case
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"routes": []any{
-		map[string]any{"mtu": "9000", "route": "10.0.0.0/29"},
-		map[string]any{"mtu": "8000", "route": "10.0.0.1/32"},
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"routes": []interface{}{
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "9000", "route": "10.0.0.0/29"},
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "8000", "route": "10.0.0.1/32"},
 	}}
 	routes, err = parseRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 2)

 	tested := 0
@@ -121,140 +119,116 @@ func Test_parseUnsafeRoutes(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	n, err := netip.ParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/24")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	// test no routes config
 	routes, err := parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, routes)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, routes, 0)

 	// not an array
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": "hi"}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": "hi"}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "tun.unsafe_routes is not an array")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "tun.unsafe_routes is not an array")

 	// no routes
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Empty(t, routes)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
+	assert.Len(t, routes, 0)

 	// weird route
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{"asdf"}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{"asdf"}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1 in tun.unsafe_routes is invalid")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1 in tun.unsafe_routes is invalid")

 	// no via
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not present")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not present")

 	// invalid via
-	for _, invalidValue := range []any{
+	for _, invalidValue := range []interface{}{
 		127, false, nil, 1.0, []string{"1", "2"},
 	} {
-		c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": invalidValue}}}
+		c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": invalidValue}}}
 		routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 		assert.Nil(t, routes)
-		require.EqualError(t, err, fmt.Sprintf("entry 1.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not a string or list of gateways: found %T", invalidValue))
+		assert.EqualError(t, err, fmt.Sprintf("entry 1.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not a string: found %T", invalidValue))
 	}

-	// Unparsable list of via
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": []string{"1", "2"}}}}
-	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.via in tun.unsafe_routes is not a string or list of gateways: found []string")
-
 	// unparsable via
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "via": "nope"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"mtu": "500", "via": "nope"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.via in tun.unsafe_routes failed to parse address: ParseAddr(\"nope\"): unable to parse IP")
-
-	// unparsable gateway
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "via": []any{map[string]any{"gateway": "1"}}}}}
-	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry .gateway in tun.unsafe_routes[1].via[1] failed to parse address: ParseAddr(\"1\"): unable to parse IP")
-
-	// missing gateway element
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "via": []any{map[string]any{"weight": "1"}}}}}
-	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry .gateway in tun.unsafe_routes[1].via[1] is not present")
-
-	// unparsable weight element
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"mtu": "500", "via": []any{map[string]any{"gateway": "10.0.0.1", "weight": "a"}}}}}
-	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry .weight in tun.unsafe_routes[1].via[1] is not an integer")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.via in tun.unsafe_routes failed to parse address: ParseAddr(\"nope\"): unable to parse IP")

 	// missing route
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "500"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "500"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.unsafe_routes is not present")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.unsafe_routes is not present")

 	// unparsable route
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "500", "route": "nope"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "500", "route": "nope"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.unsafe_routes failed to parse: netip.ParsePrefix(\"nope\"): no '/'")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.unsafe_routes failed to parse: netip.ParsePrefix(\"nope\"): no '/'")

 	// within network range
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "10.0.0.0/24"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "10.0.0.0/24"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.unsafe_routes is contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 10.0.0.0/24, network: 10.0.0.0/24")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.route in tun.unsafe_routes is contained within the configured vpn networks; route: 10.0.0.0/24, network: 10.0.0.0/24")

 	// below network range
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// above network range
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "10.0.1.0/24"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "10.0.1.0/24"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 1)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)

 	// no mtu
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/8"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 1)
 	assert.Equal(t, 0, routes[0].MTU)

 	// bad mtu
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "nope"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "nope"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.unsafe_routes is not an integer: strconv.Atoi: parsing \"nope\": invalid syntax")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.unsafe_routes is not an integer: strconv.Atoi: parsing \"nope\": invalid syntax")

 	// low mtu
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "499"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "499"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.unsafe_routes is below 500: 499")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.mtu in tun.unsafe_routes is below 500: 499")

 	// bad install
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "9000", "route": "1.0.0.0/29", "install": "nope"}}}
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "9000", "route": "1.0.0.0/29", "install": "nope"}}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
 	assert.Nil(t, routes)
-	require.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.install in tun.unsafe_routes is not a boolean: strconv.ParseBool: parsing \"nope\": invalid syntax")
+	assert.EqualError(t, err, "entry 1.install in tun.unsafe_routes is not a boolean: strconv.ParseBool: parsing \"nope\": invalid syntax")

 	// happy case
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{
-		map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "9000", "route": "1.0.0.0/29", "install": "t"},
-		map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "8000", "route": "1.0.0.1/32", "install": 0},
-		map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "1500", "metric": 1234, "route": "1.0.0.2/32", "install": 1},
-		map[string]any{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "1500", "metric": 1234, "route": "1.0.0.2/32"},
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "9000", "route": "1.0.0.0/29", "install": "t"},
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "8000", "route": "1.0.0.1/32", "install": 0},
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "1500", "metric": 1234, "route": "1.0.0.2/32", "install": 1},
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "127.0.0.1", "mtu": "1500", "metric": 1234, "route": "1.0.0.2/32"},
 	}}
 	routes, err = parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 4)

 	tested := 0
@@ -286,119 +260,38 @@ func Test_makeRouteTree(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	n, err := netip.ParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/24")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{"unsafe_routes": []any{
-		map[string]any{"via": "192.168.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/28"},
-		map[string]any{"via": "192.168.0.2", "route": "1.0.0.1/32"},
+	c.Settings["tun"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"unsafe_routes": []interface{}{
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "192.168.0.1", "route": "1.0.0.0/28"},
+		map[interface{}]interface{}{"via": "192.168.0.2", "route": "1.0.0.1/32"},
 	}}
 	routes, err := parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, routes, 2)
 	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(l, routes, true)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	ip, err := netip.ParseAddr("1.0.0.2")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	r, ok := routeTree.Lookup(ip)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	nip, err := netip.ParseAddr("192.168.0.1")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, nip, r[0].Addr())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, nip, r)

 	ip, err = netip.ParseAddr("1.0.0.1")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	r, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
 	assert.True(t, ok)

 	nip, err = netip.ParseAddr("192.168.0.2")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, nip, r[0].Addr())
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, nip, r)

 	ip, err = netip.ParseAddr("1.1.0.1")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	r, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
 	assert.False(t, ok)
 }
-
-func Test_makeMultipathUnsafeRouteTree(t *testing.T) {
-	l := test.NewLogger()
-	c := config.NewC(l)
-	n, err := netip.ParsePrefix("10.0.0.0/24")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	c.Settings["tun"] = map[string]any{
-		"unsafe_routes": []any{
-			map[string]any{
-				"route": "192.168.86.0/24",
-				"via":   "192.168.100.10",
-			},
-			map[string]any{
-				"route": "192.168.87.0/24",
-				"via": []any{
-					map[string]any{
-						"gateway": "10.0.0.1",
-					},
-					map[string]any{
-						"gateway": "10.0.0.2",
-					},
-					map[string]any{
-						"gateway": "10.0.0.3",
-					},
-				},
-			},
-			map[string]any{
-				"route": "192.168.89.0/24",
-				"via": []any{
-					map[string]any{
-						"gateway": "10.0.0.1",
-						"weight":  10,
-					},
-					map[string]any{
-						"gateway": "10.0.0.2",
-						"weight":  5,
-					},
-				},
-			},
-		},
-	}
-
-	routes, err := parseUnsafeRoutes(c, []netip.Prefix{n})
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Len(t, routes, 3)
-	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(l, routes, true)
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-
-	ip, err := netip.ParseAddr("192.168.86.1")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	r, ok := routeTree.Lookup(ip)
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-
-	nip, err := netip.ParseAddr("192.168.100.10")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, nip, r[0].Addr())
-
-	ip, err = netip.ParseAddr("192.168.87.1")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	r, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-
-	expectedGateways := routing.Gateways{routing.NewGateway(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"), 1),
-		routing.NewGateway(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.2"), 1),
-		routing.NewGateway(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.3"), 1)}
-
-	routing.CalculateBucketsForGateways(expectedGateways)
-	assert.ElementsMatch(t, expectedGateways, r)
-
-	ip, err = netip.ParseAddr("192.168.89.1")
-	require.NoError(t, err)
-	r, ok = routeTree.Lookup(ip)
-	assert.True(t, ok)
-
-	expectedGateways = routing.Gateways{routing.NewGateway(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"), 10),
-		routing.NewGateway(netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.2"), 5)}
-
-	routing.CalculateBucketsForGateways(expectedGateways)
-	assert.ElementsMatch(t, expectedGateways, r)
-}
--- a/overlay/tun_android.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_android.go
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )

@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	fd          int
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger
 }

@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ func newTun(_ *config.C, _ *logrus.Logger, _ []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, erro
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTun not supported in Android")
 }

-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_darwin.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_darwin.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 	netroute "golang.org/x/net/route"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	DefaultMTU  int
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
 	linkAddr    *netroute.LinkAddr
 	l           *logrus.Logger

@@ -295,7 +294,6 @@ func (t *tun) activate6(network netip.Prefix) error {
 			Vltime: 0xffffffff,
 			Pltime: 0xffffffff,
 		},
-		//TODO: CERT-V2 should we disable DAD (duplicate address detection) and mark this as a secured address?
 		Flags: _IN6_IFF_NODAD,
 	}

@@ -343,12 +341,12 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, ok := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	if ok {
 		return r
 	}
-	return routing.Gateways{}
+	return netip.Addr{}
 }

 // Get the LinkAddr for the interface of the given name
@@ -383,7 +381,7 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()

 	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
+		if !r.Via.IsValid() || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}
@@ -394,7 +392,7 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 				t.l.WithField("route", r.Cidr).
 					Warnf("unable to add unsafe_route, identical route already exists")
 			} else {
-				retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+				retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]interface{}{"route": r}, err)
 				if logErrors {
 					retErr.Log(t.l)
 				} else {
--- a/overlay/tun_disabled.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_disabled.go
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )

 type disabledTun struct {
@@ -44,8 +43,8 @@ func (*disabledTun) Activate() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (*disabledTun) RoutesFor(addr netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	return routing.Gateways{}
+func (*disabledTun) RouteFor(addr netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
+	return netip.Addr{}
 }

 func (t *disabledTun) Networks() []netip.Prefix {
--- a/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )

@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	MTU         int
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger

 	io.ReadWriteCloser
@@ -243,7 +242,7 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
 	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
+		if !r.Via.IsValid() || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}
@@ -271,7 +270,7 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), "-interface", t.Device)
 		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
 		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]interface{}{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
--- a/overlay/tun_ios.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_ios.go
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )

@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	io.ReadWriteCloser
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger
 }

@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_linux.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_linux.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 	"github.com/vishvananda/netlink"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
@@ -34,11 +33,10 @@ type tun struct {
 	deviceIndex int
 	ioctlFd     uintptr

-	Routes                    atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree                 atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
-	routeChan                 chan struct{}
-	useSystemRoutes           bool
-	useSystemRoutesBufferSize int
+	Routes          atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
+	routeTree       atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
+	routeChan       chan struct{}
+	useSystemRoutes bool

 	l *logrus.Logger
 }
@@ -125,13 +123,12 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueu

 func newTunGeneric(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, file *os.File, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
 	t := &tun{
-		ReadWriteCloser:           file,
-		fd:                        int(file.Fd()),
-		vpnNetworks:               vpnNetworks,
-		TXQueueLen:                c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
-		useSystemRoutes:           c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
-		useSystemRoutesBufferSize: c.GetInt("tun.use_system_route_table_buffer_size", 0),
-		l:                         l,
+		ReadWriteCloser: file,
+		fd:              int(file.Fd()),
+		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
+		TXQueueLen:      c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
+		useSystemRoutes: c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
+		l:               l,
 	}

 	err := t.reload(c, true)
@@ -234,7 +231,7 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return file, nil
 }

-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
@@ -466,7 +463,7 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {

 		err := netlink.RouteReplace(&nr)
 		if err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]interface{}{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
@@ -533,13 +530,7 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 	rch := make(chan netlink.RouteUpdate)
 	doneChan := make(chan struct{})

-	netlinkOptions := netlink.RouteSubscribeOptions{
-		ReceiveBufferSize:      t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize,
-		ReceiveBufferForceSize: t.useSystemRoutesBufferSize != 0,
-		ErrorCallback:          func(e error) { t.l.WithError(e).Errorf("netlink error") },
-	}
-
-	if err := netlink.RouteSubscribeWithOptions(rch, doneChan, netlinkOptions); err != nil {
+	if err := netlink.RouteSubscribe(rch, doneChan); err != nil {
 		t.l.WithError(err).Errorf("failed to subscribe to system route changes")
 		return
 	}
@@ -549,14 +540,8 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 	go func() {
 		for {
 			select {
-			case r, ok := <-rch:
-				if ok {
-					t.updateRoutes(r)
-				} else {
-					// may be should do something here as
-					// netlink stops sending updates
-					return
-				}
+			case r := <-rch:
+				t.updateRoutes(r)
 			case <-doneChan:
 				// netlink.RouteSubscriber will close the rch for us
 				return
@@ -565,7 +550,20 @@ func (t *tun) watchRoutes() {
 	}()
 }

-func (t *tun) isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr netip.Addr) bool {
+func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
+	if r.Gw == nil {
+		// Not a gateway route, ignore
+		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not a gateway route")
+		return
+	}
+
+	gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Gw)
+	if !ok {
+		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid gateway address")
+		return
+	}
+
+	gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
 	withinNetworks := false
 	for i := range t.vpnNetworks {
 		if t.vpnNetworks[i].Contains(gwAddr) {
@@ -573,68 +571,9 @@ func (t *tun) isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 			break
 		}
 	}
-
-	return withinNetworks
-}
-
-func (t *tun) getGatewaysFromRoute(r *netlink.Route) routing.Gateways {
-
-	var gateways routing.Gateways
-
-	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(t.Device)
-	if err != nil {
-		t.l.WithField("Devicename", t.Device).Error("Ignoring route update: failed to get link by name")
-		return gateways
-	}
-
-	// If this route is relevant to our interface and there is a gateway then add it
-	if r.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(r.Gw) > 0 {
-		gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(r.Gw)
-		if !ok {
-			t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, invalid gateway address")
-		} else {
-			gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
-
-			if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
-				// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
-				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
-			} else {
-				gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, 1))
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, p := range r.MultiPath {
-		// If this route is relevant to our interface and there is a gateway then add it
-		if p.LinkIndex == link.Attrs().Index && len(p.Gw) > 0 {
-			gwAddr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(p.Gw)
-			if !ok {
-				t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring multipath route update, invalid gateway address")
-			} else {
-				gwAddr = gwAddr.Unmap()
-
-				if !t.isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr) {
-					// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
-					t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our network")
-				} else {
-					// p.Hops+1 = weight of the route
-					gateways = append(gateways, routing.NewGateway(gwAddr, p.Hops+1))
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	routing.CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
-	return gateways
-}
-
-func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
-
-	gateways := t.getGatewaysFromRoute(&r.Route)
-
-	if len(gateways) == 0 {
-		// No gateways relevant to our network, no routing changes required.
-		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, no gateways")
+	if !withinNetworks {
+		// Gateway isn't in our overlay network, ignore
+		t.l.WithField("route", r).Debug("Ignoring route update, not in our networks")
 		return
 	}

@@ -650,12 +589,12 @@ func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
 	newTree := t.routeTree.Load().Clone()

 	if r.Type == unix.RTM_NEWROUTE {
-		t.l.WithField("destination", dst).WithField("via", gateways).Info("Adding route")
-		newTree.Insert(dst, gateways)
+		t.l.WithField("destination", r.Dst).WithField("via", r.Gw).Info("Adding route")
+		newTree.Insert(dst, gwAddr)

 	} else {
-		t.l.WithField("destination", dst).WithField("via", gateways).Info("Removing route")
 		newTree.Delete(dst)
+		t.l.WithField("destination", r.Dst).WithField("via", r.Gw).Info("Removing route")
 	}
 	t.routeTree.Store(newTree)
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )

@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	MTU         int
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger

 	io.ReadWriteCloser
@@ -109,26 +108,34 @@ func (t *tun) addIp(cidr netip.Prefix) error {
 	var err error

 	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
-	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	if cidr.Addr().Is6() {
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "inet6", cidr.Addr().String(), "prefixlen", strconv.Itoa(cidr.Bits()), "alias")
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+		}
+
+		cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+		}
+
+		cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+		}
 	}

-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", cidr.String(), cidr.Addr().String())
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
-	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
-	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
-	}
-
-	// Unsafe path routes
-	return t.addRoutes(false)
+	return nil
 }

 func (t *tun) Activate() error {
@@ -138,7 +145,15 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
-	return nil
+
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run '%s': %s", cmd, err)
+	}
+
+	// Unsafe path routes
+	return t.addRoutes(false)
 }

 func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
@@ -178,7 +193,7 @@ func (t *tun) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
@@ -198,7 +213,7 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
 	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
+		if !r.Via.IsValid() || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}
@@ -206,7 +221,7 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
 		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
 		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]interface{}{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
--- a/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 )

@@ -26,7 +25,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	MTU         int
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger

 	io.ReadWriteCloser
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ func (t *tun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
 func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	routes := *t.Routes.Load()
 	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
+		if !r.Via.IsValid() || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}
@@ -175,7 +174,7 @@ func (t *tun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 		cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.vpnNetworks[0].Addr().String())
 		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
 		if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route", map[string]interface{}{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 			} else {
--- a/overlay/tun_tester.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_tester.go
@@ -13,14 +13,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )

 type TestTun struct {
 	Device      string
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	Routes      []Route
-	routeTree   *bart.Table[routing.Gateways]
+	routeTree   *bart.Table[netip.Addr]
 	l           *logrus.Logger

 	closed    atomic.Bool
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ func (t *TestTun) Get(block bool) []byte {
 // Below this is boilerplate implementation to make nebula actually work
 //********************************************************************************************************************//

-func (t *TestTun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *TestTun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
--- a/overlay/tun_windows.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_windows.go
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/wintun"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ type winTun struct {
 	vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix
 	MTU         int
 	Routes      atomic.Pointer[[]Route]
-	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[routing.Gateways]]
+	routeTree   atomic.Pointer[bart.Table[netip.Addr]]
 	l           *logrus.Logger

 	tun *wintun.NativeTun
@@ -148,18 +147,15 @@ func (t *winTun) addRoutes(logErrors bool) error {
 	foundDefault4 := false

 	for _, r := range routes {
-		if len(r.Via) == 0 || !r.Install {
+		if !r.Via.IsValid() || !r.Install {
 			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
 			continue
 		}

 		// Add our unsafe route
-		// Windows does not support multipath routes natively, so we install only a single route.
-		// This is not a problem as traffic will always be sent to Nebula which handles the multipath routing internally.
-		// In effect this provides multipath routing support to windows supporting loadbalancing and redundancy.
-		err := luid.AddRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via[0].Addr(), uint32(r.Metric))
+		err := luid.AddRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via, uint32(r.Metric))
 		if err != nil {
-			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]any{"route": r}, err)
+			retErr := util.NewContextualError("Failed to add route", map[string]interface{}{"route": r}, err)
 			if logErrors {
 				retErr.Log(t.l)
 				continue
@@ -202,8 +198,7 @@ func (t *winTun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 			continue
 		}

-		// See comment on luid.AddRoute
-		err := luid.DeleteRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via[0].Addr())
+		err := luid.DeleteRoute(r.Cidr, r.Via)
 		if err != nil {
 			t.l.WithError(err).WithField("route", r).Error("Failed to remove route")
 		} else {
@@ -213,7 +208,7 @@ func (t *winTun) removeRoutes(routes []Route) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (t *winTun) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
+func (t *winTun) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
 	r, _ := t.routeTree.Load().Lookup(ip)
 	return r
 }
--- a/overlay/user.go
+++ b/overlay/user.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )

 func NewUserDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, routines int) (Device, error) {
@@ -39,13 +38,9 @@ type UserDevice struct {
 func (d *UserDevice) Activate() error {
 	return nil
 }
-
-func (d *UserDevice) Networks() []netip.Prefix { return d.vpnNetworks }
-func (d *UserDevice) Name() string             { return "faketun0" }
-func (d *UserDevice) RoutesFor(ip netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	return routing.Gateways{routing.NewGateway(ip, 1)}
-}
-
+func (d *UserDevice) Networks() []netip.Prefix          { return d.vpnNetworks }
+func (d *UserDevice) Name() string                      { return "faketun0" }
+func (d *UserDevice) RouteFor(ip netip.Addr) netip.Addr { return ip }
 func (d *UserDevice) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return d, nil
 }
--- a/pki.go
+++ b/pki.go
@@ -33,16 +33,16 @@ type CertState struct {
 	v2Cert           cert.Certificate
 	v2HandshakeBytes []byte

-	initiatingVersion cert.Version
-	privateKey        []byte
-	pkcs11Backed      bool
-	cipher            string
+	defaultVersion cert.Version
+	privateKey     []byte
+	pkcs11Backed   bool
+	cipher         string

 	myVpnNetworks            []netip.Prefix
-	myVpnNetworksTable       *bart.Lite
+	myVpnNetworksTable       *bart.Table[struct{}]
 	myVpnAddrs               []netip.Addr
-	myVpnAddrsTable          *bart.Lite
-	myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Lite
+	myVpnAddrsTable          *bart.Table[struct{}]
+	myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable *bart.Table[struct{}]
 }

 func NewPKIFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) (*PKI, error) {
@@ -173,7 +173,6 @@ func (p *PKI) reloadCerts(c *config.C, initial bool) *util.ContextualError {

 	p.cs.Store(newState)

-	//TODO: CERT-V2 newState needs a stringer that does json
 	if initial {
 		p.l.WithField("cert", newState).Debug("Client nebula certificate(s)")
 	} else {
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ func (p *PKI) reloadCAPool(c *config.C) *util.ContextualError {
 }

 func (cs *CertState) GetDefaultCertificate() cert.Certificate {
-	c := cs.getCertificate(cs.initiatingVersion)
+	c := cs.getCertificate(cs.defaultVersion)
 	if c == nil {
 		panic("No default certificate found")
 	}
@@ -317,37 +316,37 @@ func newCertStateFromConfig(c *config.C) (*CertState, error) {
 		return nil, errors.New("no certificates found in pki.cert")
 	}

-	useInitiatingVersion := uint32(1)
+	useDefaultVersion := uint32(1)
 	if v1 == nil {
 		// The only condition that requires v2 as the default is if only a v2 certificate is present
 		// We do this to avoid having to configure it specifically in the config file
-		useInitiatingVersion = 2
+		useDefaultVersion = 2
 	}

-	rawInitiatingVersion := c.GetUint32("pki.initiating_version", useInitiatingVersion)
-	var initiatingVersion cert.Version
-	switch rawInitiatingVersion {
+	rawDefaultVersion := c.GetUint32("pki.default_version", useDefaultVersion)
+	var defaultVersion cert.Version
+	switch rawDefaultVersion {
 	case 1:
 		if v1 == nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("can not use pki.initiating_version 1 without a v1 certificate in pki.cert")
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("can not use pki.default_version 1 without a v1 certificate in pki.cert")
 		}
-		initiatingVersion = cert.Version1
+		defaultVersion = cert.Version1
 	case 2:
-		initiatingVersion = cert.Version2
+		defaultVersion = cert.Version2
 	default:
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown pki.initiating_version: %v", rawInitiatingVersion)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unknown pki.default_version: %v", rawDefaultVersion)
 	}

-	return newCertState(initiatingVersion, v1, v2, isPkcs11, curve, rawKey)
+	return newCertState(defaultVersion, v1, v2, isPkcs11, curve, rawKey)
 }

 func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, privateKeyCurve cert.Curve, privateKey []byte) (*CertState, error) {
 	cs := CertState{
 		privateKey:               privateKey,
 		pkcs11Backed:             pkcs11backed,
-		myVpnNetworksTable:       new(bart.Lite),
-		myVpnAddrsTable:          new(bart.Lite),
-		myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable: new(bart.Lite),
+		myVpnNetworksTable:       new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
+		myVpnAddrsTable:          new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
+		myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable: new(bart.Table[struct{}]),
 	}

 	if v1 != nil && v2 != nil {
@@ -361,7 +360,7 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p

 		//TODO: CERT-V2 make sure v2 has v1s address

-		cs.initiatingVersion = dv
+		cs.defaultVersion = dv
 	}

 	if v1 != nil {
@@ -380,8 +379,8 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 		cs.v1Cert = v1
 		cs.v1HandshakeBytes = v1hs

-		if cs.initiatingVersion == 0 {
-			cs.initiatingVersion = cert.Version1
+		if cs.defaultVersion == 0 {
+			cs.defaultVersion = cert.Version1
 		}
 	}

@@ -401,8 +400,8 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p
 		cs.v2Cert = v2
 		cs.v2HandshakeBytes = v2hs

-		if cs.initiatingVersion == 0 {
-			cs.initiatingVersion = cert.Version2
+		if cs.defaultVersion == 0 {
+			cs.defaultVersion = cert.Version2
 		}
 	}

@@ -415,16 +414,16 @@ func newCertState(dv cert.Version, v1, v2 cert.Certificate, pkcs11backed bool, p

 	for _, network := range crt.Networks() {
 		cs.myVpnNetworks = append(cs.myVpnNetworks, network)
-		cs.myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(network)
+		cs.myVpnNetworksTable.Insert(network, struct{}{})

 		cs.myVpnAddrs = append(cs.myVpnAddrs, network.Addr())
-		cs.myVpnAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen()))
+		cs.myVpnAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(network.Addr(), network.Addr().BitLen()), struct{}{})

 		if network.Addr().Is4() {
 			addr := network.Masked().Addr().As4()
 			mask := net.CIDRMask(network.Bits(), network.Addr().BitLen())
 			binary.BigEndian.PutUint32(addr[:], binary.BigEndian.Uint32(addr[:])|^binary.BigEndian.Uint32(mask))
-			cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(addr), network.Addr().BitLen()))
+			cs.myVpnBroadcastAddrsTable.Insert(netip.PrefixFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(addr), network.Addr().BitLen()), struct{}{})
 		}
 	}

--- a/punchy_test.go
+++ b/punchy_test.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )

 func TestNewPunchyFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
@@ -16,39 +15,39 @@ func TestNewPunchyFromConfig(t *testing.T) {

 	// Test defaults
 	p := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
-	assert.False(t, p.GetPunch())
-	assert.False(t, p.GetRespond())
+	assert.Equal(t, false, p.GetPunch())
+	assert.Equal(t, false, p.GetRespond())
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Second, p.GetDelay())
 	assert.Equal(t, 5*time.Second, p.GetRespondDelay())

 	// punchy deprecation
 	c.Settings["punchy"] = true
 	p = NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
-	assert.True(t, p.GetPunch())
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.GetPunch())

 	// punchy.punch
-	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[string]any{"punch": true}
+	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"punch": true}
 	p = NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
-	assert.True(t, p.GetPunch())
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.GetPunch())

 	// punch_back deprecation
 	c.Settings["punch_back"] = true
 	p = NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
-	assert.True(t, p.GetRespond())
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.GetRespond())

 	// punchy.respond
-	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[string]any{"respond": true}
+	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"respond": true}
 	c.Settings["punch_back"] = false
 	p = NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
-	assert.True(t, p.GetRespond())
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.GetRespond())

 	// punchy.delay
-	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[string]any{"delay": "1m"}
+	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"delay": "1m"}
 	p = NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Minute, p.GetDelay())

 	// punchy.respond_delay
-	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[string]any{"respond_delay": "1m"}
+	c.Settings["punchy"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"respond_delay": "1m"}
 	p = NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
 	assert.Equal(t, time.Minute, p.GetRespondDelay())
 }
@@ -57,22 +56,22 @@ func TestPunchy_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	c := config.NewC(l)
 	delay, _ := time.ParseDuration("1m")
-	require.NoError(t, c.LoadString(`
+	assert.NoError(t, c.LoadString(`
 punchy:
  delay: 1m
  respond: false
 `))
 	p := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
 	assert.Equal(t, delay, p.GetDelay())
-	assert.False(t, p.GetRespond())
+	assert.Equal(t, false, p.GetRespond())

 	newDelay, _ := time.ParseDuration("10m")
-	require.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString(`
+	assert.NoError(t, c.ReloadConfigString(`
 punchy:
  delay: 10m
  respond: true
 `))
 	p.reload(c, false)
 	assert.Equal(t, newDelay, p.GetDelay())
-	assert.True(t, p.GetRespond())
+	assert.Equal(t, true, p.GetRespond())
 }
--- a/relay_manager.go
+++ b/relay_manager.go
@@ -241,13 +241,15 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(v cert.Version, h *HostInfo, f
 	logMsg.Info("handleCreateRelayRequest")
 	// Is the source of the relay me? This should never happen, but did happen due to
 	// an issue migrating relays over to newly re-handshaked host info objects.
-	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(from) {
+	_, found := f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(from)
+	if found {
 		logMsg.WithField("myIP", from).Error("Discarding relay request from myself")
 		return
 	}

 	// Is the target of the relay me?
-	if f.myVpnAddrsTable.Contains(target) {
+	_, found = f.myVpnAddrsTable.Lookup(target)
+	if found {
 		existingRelay, ok := h.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(from)
 		if ok {
 			switch existingRelay.State {
--- a/remote_list.go
+++ b/remote_list.go
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import (
 	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 // forEachFunc is used to benefit folks that want to do work inside the lock
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func (hr *hostnamesResults) GetAddrs() []netip.AddrPort {
 // It serves as a local cache of query replies, host update notifications, and locally learned addresses
 type RemoteList struct {
 	// Every interaction with internals requires a lock!
-	synctrace.RWMutex
+	sync.RWMutex

 	// The full list of vpn addresses assigned to this host
 	vpnAddrs []netip.Addr
@@ -215,7 +215,6 @@ type RemoteList struct {
 // NewRemoteList creates a new empty RemoteList
 func NewRemoteList(vpnAddrs []netip.Addr, shouldAdd func(netip.Addr) bool) *RemoteList {
 	r := &RemoteList{
-		RWMutex:   synctrace.NewRWMutex("remote-list"),
 		vpnAddrs:  make([]netip.Addr, len(vpnAddrs)),
 		addrs:     make([]netip.AddrPort, 0),
 		relays:    make([]netip.Addr, 0),
--- a/routing/balance.go
+++ b/routing/balance.go
@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-package routing
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
-)
-
-// Hashes the packet source and destination port and always returns a positive integer
-// Based on 'Prospecting for Hash Functions'
-//   - https://nullprogram.com/blog/2018/07/31/
-//   - https://github.com/skeeto/hash-prospector
-//     [16 21f0aaad 15 d35a2d97 15] = 0.10760229515479501
-func hashPacket(p *firewall.Packet) int {
-	x := (uint32(p.LocalPort) << 16) | uint32(p.RemotePort)
-	x ^= x >> 16
-	x *= 0x21f0aaad
-	x ^= x >> 15
-	x *= 0xd35a2d97
-	x ^= x >> 15
-
-	return int(x) & 0x7FFFFFFF
-}
-
-// For this function to work correctly it requires that the buckets for the gateways have been calculated
-// If the contract is violated balancing will not work properly and the second return value will return false
-func BalancePacket(fwPacket *firewall.Packet, gateways []Gateway) (netip.Addr, bool) {
-	hash := hashPacket(fwPacket)
-
-	for i := range gateways {
-		if hash <= gateways[i].BucketUpperBound() {
-			return gateways[i].Addr(), true
-		}
-	}
-
-	// If you land here then the buckets for the gateways are not properly calculated
-	// Fallback to random routing and let the caller know
-	return gateways[hash%len(gateways)].Addr(), false
-}
--- a/routing/balance_test.go
+++ b/routing/balance_test.go
@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-package routing
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestPacketsAreBalancedEqually(t *testing.T) {
-
-	gateways := []Gateway{}
-
-	gw1Addr := netip.MustParseAddr("1.0.0.1")
-	gw2Addr := netip.MustParseAddr("1.0.0.2")
-	gw3Addr := netip.MustParseAddr("1.0.0.3")
-
-	gateways = append(gateways, NewGateway(gw1Addr, 1))
-	gateways = append(gateways, NewGateway(gw2Addr, 1))
-	gateways = append(gateways, NewGateway(gw3Addr, 1))
-
-	CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
-
-	gw1count := 0
-	gw2count := 0
-	gw3count := 0
-
-	iterationCount := uint16(65535)
-	for i := uint16(0); i < iterationCount; i++ {
-		packet := firewall.Packet{
-			LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
-			RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"),
-			LocalPort:  i,
-			RemotePort: 65535 - i,
-			Protocol:   6, // TCP
-			Fragment:   false,
-		}
-
-		selectedGw, ok := BalancePacket(&packet, gateways)
-		assert.True(t, ok)
-
-		switch selectedGw {
-		case gw1Addr:
-			gw1count += 1
-		case gw2Addr:
-			gw2count += 1
-		case gw3Addr:
-			gw3count += 1
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	// Assert packets are balanced, allow variation of up to 100 packets per gateway
-	assert.InDeltaf(t, iterationCount/3, gw1count, 100, "Expected %d +/- 100, but got %d", iterationCount/3, gw1count)
-	assert.InDeltaf(t, iterationCount/3, gw2count, 100, "Expected %d +/- 100, but got %d", iterationCount/3, gw1count)
-	assert.InDeltaf(t, iterationCount/3, gw3count, 100, "Expected %d +/- 100, but got %d", iterationCount/3, gw1count)
-
-}
-
-func TestPacketsAreBalancedByPriority(t *testing.T) {
-
-	gateways := []Gateway{}
-
-	gw1Addr := netip.MustParseAddr("1.0.0.1")
-	gw2Addr := netip.MustParseAddr("1.0.0.2")
-
-	gateways = append(gateways, NewGateway(gw1Addr, 10))
-	gateways = append(gateways, NewGateway(gw2Addr, 5))
-
-	CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
-
-	gw1count := 0
-	gw2count := 0
-
-	iterationCount := uint16(65535)
-	for i := uint16(0); i < iterationCount; i++ {
-		packet := firewall.Packet{
-			LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
-			RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"),
-			LocalPort:  i,
-			RemotePort: 65535 - i,
-			Protocol:   6, // TCP
-			Fragment:   false,
-		}
-
-		selectedGw, ok := BalancePacket(&packet, gateways)
-		assert.True(t, ok)
-
-		switch selectedGw {
-		case gw1Addr:
-			gw1count += 1
-		case gw2Addr:
-			gw2count += 1
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	iterationCountAsFloat := float32(iterationCount)
-
-	assert.InDeltaf(t, iterationCountAsFloat*(2.0/3.0), gw1count, 100, "Expected %d +/- 100, but got %d", iterationCountAsFloat*(2.0/3.0), gw1count)
-	assert.InDeltaf(t, iterationCountAsFloat*(1.0/3.0), gw2count, 100, "Expected %d +/- 100, but got %d", iterationCountAsFloat*(1.0/3.0), gw2count)
-}
-
-func TestBalancePacketDistributsRandomlyAndReturnsFalseIfBucketsNotCalculated(t *testing.T) {
-	gateways := []Gateway{}
-
-	gw1Addr := netip.MustParseAddr("1.0.0.1")
-	gw2Addr := netip.MustParseAddr("1.0.0.2")
-
-	gateways = append(gateways, NewGateway(gw1Addr, 10))
-	gateways = append(gateways, NewGateway(gw2Addr, 5))
-
-	iterationCount := uint16(65535)
-	gw1count := 0
-	gw2count := 0
-
-	for i := uint16(0); i < iterationCount; i++ {
-		packet := firewall.Packet{
-			LocalAddr:  netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.1"),
-			RemoteAddr: netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"),
-			LocalPort:  i,
-			RemotePort: 65535 - i,
-			Protocol:   6, // TCP
-			Fragment:   false,
-		}
-
-		selectedGw, ok := BalancePacket(&packet, gateways)
-		assert.False(t, ok)
-
-		switch selectedGw {
-		case gw1Addr:
-			gw1count += 1
-		case gw2Addr:
-			gw2count += 1
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	assert.Equal(t, int(iterationCount), (gw1count + gw2count))
-	assert.NotEqual(t, 0, gw1count)
-	assert.NotEqual(t, 0, gw2count)
-
-}
--- a/routing/gateway.go
+++ b/routing/gateway.go
@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
-package routing
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"net/netip"
-)
-
-const (
-	// Sentinal value
-	BucketNotCalculated = -1
-)
-
-type Gateways []Gateway
-
-func (g Gateways) String() string {
-	str := ""
-	for i, gw := range g {
-		str += gw.String()
-		if i < len(g)-1 {
-			str += ", "
-		}
-	}
-	return str
-}
-
-type Gateway struct {
-	addr             netip.Addr
-	weight           int
-	bucketUpperBound int
-}
-
-func NewGateway(addr netip.Addr, weight int) Gateway {
-	return Gateway{addr: addr, weight: weight, bucketUpperBound: BucketNotCalculated}
-}
-
-func (g *Gateway) BucketUpperBound() int {
-	return g.bucketUpperBound
-}
-
-func (g *Gateway) Addr() netip.Addr {
-	return g.addr
-}
-
-func (g *Gateway) String() string {
-	return fmt.Sprintf("{addr: %s, weight: %d}", g.addr, g.weight)
-}
-
-// Divide and round to nearest integer
-func divideAndRound(v uint64, d uint64) uint64 {
-	var tmp uint64 = v + d/2
-	return tmp / d
-}
-
-// Implements Hash-Threshold mapping, equivalent to the implementation in the linux kernel.
-// After this function returns each gateway will have a
-// positive bucketUpperBound with a maximum value of 2147483647 (INT_MAX)
-func CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways []Gateway) {
-
-	var totalWeight int = 0
-	for i := range gateways {
-		totalWeight += gateways[i].weight
-	}
-
-	var loopWeight int = 0
-	for i := range gateways {
-		loopWeight += gateways[i].weight
-		gateways[i].bucketUpperBound = int(divideAndRound(uint64(loopWeight)<<31, uint64(totalWeight))) - 1
-	}
-
-}
--- a/routing/gateway_test.go
+++ b/routing/gateway_test.go
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-package routing
-
-import (
-	"net/netip"
-	"testing"
-
-	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-)
-
-func TestRebalance3_2Split(t *testing.T) {
-	gateways := []Gateway{}
-
-	gateways = append(gateways, Gateway{addr: netip.Addr{}, weight: 10})
-	gateways = append(gateways, Gateway{addr: netip.Addr{}, weight: 5})
-
-	CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, 1431655764, gateways[0].bucketUpperBound) // INT_MAX/3*2
-	assert.Equal(t, 2147483647, gateways[1].bucketUpperBound) // INT_MAX
-}
-
-func TestRebalanceEqualSplit(t *testing.T) {
-	gateways := []Gateway{}
-
-	gateways = append(gateways, Gateway{addr: netip.Addr{}, weight: 1})
-	gateways = append(gateways, Gateway{addr: netip.Addr{}, weight: 1})
-	gateways = append(gateways, Gateway{addr: netip.Addr{}, weight: 1})
-
-	CalculateBucketsForGateways(gateways)
-
-	assert.Equal(t, 715827882, gateways[0].bucketUpperBound)  // INT_MAX/3
-	assert.Equal(t, 1431655764, gateways[1].bucketUpperBound) // INT_MAX/3*2
-	assert.Equal(t, 2147483647, gateways[2].bucketUpperBound) // INT_MAX
-}
--- a/service/service.go
+++ b/service/service.go
@@ -9,10 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/buffer"
@@ -43,7 +46,14 @@ type Service struct {
 	}
 }

-func New(control *nebula.Control) (*Service, error) {
+func New(config *config.C) (*Service, error) {
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	logger.Out = os.Stdout
+
+	control, err := nebula.Main(config, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
 	control.Start()

 	ctx := control.Context()
--- a/service/service_test.go
+++ b/service/service_test.go
@@ -5,22 +5,18 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net/netip"
-	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"dario.cat/mergo"
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
-	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 func newSimpleService(caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, udpIp netip.Addr, overrides m) *Service {
 	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, caCrt, caKey, "a", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), []netip.Prefix{netip.PrefixFrom(udpIp, 24)}, nil, []string{})
@@ -75,15 +71,7 @@ func newSimpleService(caCrt cert.Certificate, caKey []byte, name string, udpIp n
 		panic(err)
 	}

-	logger := logrus.New()
-	logger.Out = os.Stdout
-
-	control, err := nebula.Main(&c, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	s, err := New(control)
+	s, err := New(&c)
 	if err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
--- a/ssh.go
+++ b/ssh.go
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@ func configSSH(l *logrus.Logger, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, c *config.C) (func(), erro
 	}

 	rawKeys := c.Get("sshd.authorized_users")
-	keys, ok := rawKeys.([]any)
+	keys, ok := rawKeys.([]interface{})
 	if ok {
 		for _, rk := range keys {
-			kDef, ok := rk.(map[string]any)
+			kDef, ok := rk.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 			if !ok {
 				l.WithField("sshKeyConfig", rk).Warn("Authorized user had an error, ignoring")
 				continue
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ func configSSH(l *logrus.Logger, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, c *config.C) (func(), erro
 					continue
 				}

-			case []any:
+			case []interface{}:
 				for _, subK := range v {
 					sk, ok := subK.(string)
 					if !ok {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "list-hostmap",
 		ShortDescription: "List all known previously connected hosts",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshListHostMapFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Json, "json", false, "outputs as json with more information")
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.ByIndex, "by-index", false, "gets all hosts in the hostmap from the index table")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshListHostMap(f.hostMap, fs, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "list-pending-hostmap",
 		ShortDescription: "List all handshaking hosts",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshListHostMapFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Json, "json", false, "outputs as json with more information")
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.ByIndex, "by-index", false, "gets all hosts in the hostmap from the index table")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshListHostMap(f.handshakeManager, fs, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -222,14 +222,14 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "list-lighthouse-addrmap",
 		ShortDescription: "List all lighthouse map entries",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshListHostMapFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Json, "json", false, "outputs as json with more information")
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Pretty, "pretty", false, "pretty prints json, assumes -json")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshListLighthouseMap(f.lightHouse, fs, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "reload",
 		ShortDescription: "Reloads configuration from disk, same as sending HUP to the process",
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshReload(c, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "stop-cpu-profile",
 		ShortDescription: "Stops a cpu profile and writes output to the previously provided file",
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			pprof.StopCPUProfile()
 			return w.WriteLine("If a CPU profile was running it is now stopped")
 		},
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "log-level",
 		ShortDescription: "Gets or sets the current log level",
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshLogLevel(l, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "log-format",
 		ShortDescription: "Gets or sets the current log format",
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshLogFormat(l, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "version",
 		ShortDescription: "Prints the currently running version of nebula",
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshVersion(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -302,14 +302,14 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "device-info",
 		ShortDescription: "Prints information about the network device.",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshDeviceInfoFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Json, "json", false, "outputs as json with more information")
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Pretty, "pretty", false, "pretty prints json, assumes -json")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshDeviceInfo(f, fs, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "print-cert",
 		ShortDescription: "Prints the current certificate being used or the certificate for the provided vpn addr",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshPrintCertFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Json, "json", false, "outputs as json")
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Raw, "raw", false, "raw prints the PEM encoded certificate, not compatible with -json or -pretty")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshPrintCert(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -333,13 +333,13 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "print-tunnel",
 		ShortDescription: "Prints json details about a tunnel for the provided vpn addr",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshPrintTunnelFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Pretty, "pretty", false, "pretty prints json")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshPrintTunnel(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -347,13 +347,13 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "print-relays",
 		ShortDescription: "Prints json details about all relay info",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshPrintTunnelFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.Pretty, "pretty", false, "pretty prints json")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshPrintRelays(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -361,13 +361,13 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "change-remote",
 		ShortDescription: "Changes the remote address used in the tunnel for the provided vpn addr",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshChangeRemoteFlags{}
 			fl.StringVar(&s.Address, "address", "", "The new remote address, ip:port")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshChangeRemote(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -375,13 +375,13 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "close-tunnel",
 		ShortDescription: "Closes a tunnel for the provided vpn addr",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshCloseTunnelFlags{}
 			fl.BoolVar(&s.LocalOnly, "local-only", false, "Disables notifying the remote that the tunnel is shutting down")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshCloseTunnel(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -390,13 +390,13 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 		Name:             "create-tunnel",
 		ShortDescription: "Creates a tunnel for the provided vpn address",
 		Help:             "The lighthouses will be queried for real addresses but you can provide one as well.",
-		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, any) {
+		Flags: func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{}) {
 			fl := flag.NewFlagSet("", flag.ContinueOnError)
 			s := sshCreateTunnelFlags{}
 			fl.StringVar(&s.Address, "address", "", "Optionally provide a real remote address, ip:port ")
 			return fl, &s
 		},
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshCreateTunnel(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
@@ -405,13 +405,13 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Inter
 		Name:             "query-lighthouse",
 		ShortDescription: "Query the lighthouses for the provided vpn address",
 		Help:             "This command is asynchronous. Only currently known udp addresses will be printed.",
-		Callback: func(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 			return sshQueryLighthouse(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
 }

-func sshListHostMap(hl controlHostLister, a any, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshListHostMap(hl controlHostLister, a interface{}, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	fs, ok := a.(*sshListHostMapFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ func sshListHostMap(hl controlHostLister, a any, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func sshListLighthouseMap(lightHouse *LightHouse, a any, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshListLighthouseMap(lightHouse *LightHouse, a interface{}, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	fs, ok := a.(*sshListHostMapFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ func sshListLighthouseMap(lightHouse *LightHouse, a any, w sshd.StringWriter) er
 	return nil
 }

-func sshStartCpuProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshStartCpuProfile(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		err := w.WriteLine("No path to write profile provided")
 		return err
@@ -527,11 +527,11 @@ func sshStartCpuProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return err
 }

-func sshVersion(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshVersion(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("%s", ifce.version))
 }

-func sshQueryLighthouse(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshQueryLighthouse(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine("No vpn address was provided")
 	}
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ func sshQueryLighthouse(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter
 	return json.NewEncoder(w.GetWriter()).Encode(cm)
 }

-func sshCloseTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshCloseTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	flags, ok := fs.(*sshCloseTunnelFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ func sshCloseTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) er
 	return w.WriteLine("Closed")
 }

-func sshCreateTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshCreateTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	flags, ok := fs.(*sshCreateTunnelFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@ func sshCreateTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) e
 	return w.WriteLine("Created")
 }

-func sshChangeRemote(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshChangeRemote(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	flags, ok := fs.(*sshChangeRemoteFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ func sshChangeRemote(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) e
 	return w.WriteLine("Changed")
 }

-func sshGetHeapProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshGetHeapProfile(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine("No path to write profile provided")
 	}
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ func sshGetHeapProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return err
 }

-func sshMutexProfileFraction(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshMutexProfileFraction(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		rate := runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction(-1)
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Current value: %d", rate))
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ func sshMutexProfileFraction(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("New value: %d. Old value: %d", newRate, oldRate))
 }

-func sshGetMutexProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshGetMutexProfile(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine("No path to write profile provided")
 	}
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ func sshGetMutexProfile(fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Mutex profile created at %s", a))
 }

-func sshLogLevel(l *logrus.Logger, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshLogLevel(l *logrus.Logger, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Log level is: %s", l.Level))
 	}
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ func sshLogLevel(l *logrus.Logger, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) erro
 	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Log level is: %s", l.Level))
 }

-func sshLogFormat(l *logrus.Logger, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshLogFormat(l *logrus.Logger, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	if len(a) == 0 {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Log format is: %s", reflect.TypeOf(l.Formatter)))
 	}
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ func sshLogFormat(l *logrus.Logger, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) err
 	return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Log format is: %s", reflect.TypeOf(l.Formatter)))
 }

-func sshPrintCert(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshPrintCert(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	args, ok := fs.(*sshPrintCertFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -822,7 +822,7 @@ func sshPrintCert(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) erro
 	return w.WriteLine(cert.String())
 }

-func sshPrintRelays(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshPrintRelays(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	args, ok := fs.(*sshPrintTunnelFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("sshPrintRelays failed to convert args type"))
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ func sshPrintRelays(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) er
 	return nil
 }

-func sshPrintTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshPrintTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	args, ok := fs.(*sshPrintTunnelFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil
@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ func sshPrintTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs any, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) er
 	return enc.Encode(copyHostInfo(hostInfo, ifce.hostMap.GetPreferredRanges()))
 }

-func sshDeviceInfo(ifce *Interface, fs any, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshDeviceInfo(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, w sshd.StringWriter) error {

 	data := struct {
 		Name string         `json:"name"`
--- a/sshd/command.go
+++ b/sshd/command.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (

 // CommandFlags is a function called before help or command execution to parse command line flags
 // It should return a flag.FlagSet instance and a pointer to the struct that will contain parsed flags
-type CommandFlags func() (*flag.FlagSet, any)
+type CommandFlags func() (*flag.FlagSet, interface{})

 // CommandCallback is the function called when your command should execute.
 // fs will be a a pointer to the struct provided by Command.Flags callback, if there was one. -h and -help are reserved
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ type CommandFlags func() (*flag.FlagSet, any)
 // w is the writer to use when sending messages back to the client.
 // If an error is returned by the callback it is logged locally, the callback should handle messaging errors to the user
 // where appropriate
-type CommandCallback func(fs any, a []string, w StringWriter) error
+type CommandCallback func(fs interface{}, a []string, w StringWriter) error

 type Command struct {
 	Name             string
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ type Command struct {
 func execCommand(c *Command, args []string, w StringWriter) error {
 	var (
 		fl *flag.FlagSet
-		fs any
+		fs interface{}
 	)

 	if c.Flags != nil {
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ func lookupCommand(c *radix.Tree, sCmd string) (*Command, error) {

 func matchCommand(c *radix.Tree, cmd string) []string {
 	cmds := make([]string, 0)
-	c.WalkPrefix(cmd, func(found string, v any) bool {
+	c.WalkPrefix(cmd, func(found string, v interface{}) bool {
 		cmds = append(cmds, found)
 		return false
 	})
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func matchCommand(c *radix.Tree, cmd string) []string {

 func allCommands(c *radix.Tree) []*Command {
 	cmds := make([]*Command, 0)
-	c.WalkPrefix("", func(found string, v any) bool {
+	c.WalkPrefix("", func(found string, v interface{}) bool {
 		cmd, ok := v.(*Command)
 		if ok {
 			cmds = append(cmds, cmd)
--- a/sshd/server.go
+++ b/sshd/server.go
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"sync"

 	"github.com/armon/go-radix"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ type SSHServer struct {
 	listener    net.Listener

 	// Locks the conns/counter to avoid concurrent map access
-	connsLock synctrace.Mutex
+	connsLock sync.Mutex
 	conns     map[int]*session
 	counter   int
 }
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ func NewSSHServer(l *logrus.Entry) (*SSHServer, error) {
 		l:           l,
 		commands:    radix.New(),
 		conns:       make(map[int]*session),
-		connsLock:   synctrace.NewMutex("ssh-server-conns"),
 	}

 	cc := ssh.CertChecker{
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ func NewSSHServer(l *logrus.Entry) (*SSHServer, error) {
 	s.RegisterCommand(&Command{
 		Name:             "help",
 		ShortDescription: "prints available commands or help <command> for specific usage info",
-		Callback: func(a any, args []string, w StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(a interface{}, args []string, w StringWriter) error {
 			return helpCallback(s.commands, args, w)
 		},
 	})
--- a/sshd/session.go
+++ b/sshd/session.go
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@ import (
 	"github.com/armon/go-radix"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
-	"golang.org/x/term"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh/terminal"
 )

 type session struct {
 	l        *logrus.Entry
 	c        *ssh.ServerConn
-	term     *term.Terminal
+	term     *terminal.Terminal
 	commands *radix.Tree
 	exitChan chan bool
 }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func NewSession(commands *radix.Tree, conn *ssh.ServerConn, chans <-chan ssh.New
 	s.commands.Insert("logout", &Command{
 		Name:             "logout",
 		ShortDescription: "Ends the current session",
-		Callback: func(a any, args []string, w StringWriter) error {
+		Callback: func(a interface{}, args []string, w StringWriter) error {
 			s.Close()
 			return nil
 		},
@@ -106,8 +106,8 @@ func (s *session) handleRequests(in <-chan *ssh.Request, channel ssh.Channel) {
 	}
 }

-func (s *session) createTerm(channel ssh.Channel) *term.Terminal {
-	term := term.NewTerminal(channel, s.c.User()+"@nebula > ")
+func (s *session) createTerm(channel ssh.Channel) *terminal.Terminal {
+	term := terminal.NewTerminal(channel, s.c.User()+"@nebula > ")
 	term.AutoCompleteCallback = func(line string, pos int, key rune) (newLine string, newPos int, ok bool) {
 		// key 9 is tab
 		if key == 9 {
--- a/test/assert.go
+++ b/test/assert.go
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import (

 // AssertDeepCopyEqual checks to see if two variables have the same values but DO NOT share any memory
 // There is currently a special case for `time.loc` (as this code traverses into unexported fields)
-func AssertDeepCopyEqual(t *testing.T, a any, b any) {
+func AssertDeepCopyEqual(t *testing.T, a interface{}, b interface{}) {
 	v1 := reflect.ValueOf(a)
 	v2 := reflect.ValueOf(b)

--- a/test/tun.go
+++ b/test/tun.go
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"net/netip"
-
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 )

 type NoopTun struct{}

-func (NoopTun) RoutesFor(addr netip.Addr) routing.Gateways {
-	return routing.Gateways{}
+func (NoopTun) RouteFor(addr netip.Addr) netip.Addr {
+	return netip.Addr{}
 }

 func (NoopTun) Activate() error {
--- a/timeout.go
+++ b/timeout.go
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 package nebula

 import (
+	"sync"
 	"time"
-
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 )

 // How many timer objects should be cached
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ type TimerWheel[T any] struct {
 }

 type LockingTimerWheel[T any] struct {
-	m synctrace.Mutex
+	m sync.Mutex
 	t *TimerWheel[T]
 }

@@ -82,9 +81,8 @@ func NewTimerWheel[T any](min, max time.Duration) *TimerWheel[T] {
 }

 // NewLockingTimerWheel is version of TimerWheel that is safe for concurrent use with a small performance penalty
-func NewLockingTimerWheel[T any](name string, min, max time.Duration) *LockingTimerWheel[T] {
+func NewLockingTimerWheel[T any](min, max time.Duration) *LockingTimerWheel[T] {
 	return &LockingTimerWheel[T]{
-		m: synctrace.NewMutex(name),
 		t: NewTimerWheel[T](min, max),
 	}
 }
--- a/udp/udp_linux.go
+++ b/udp/udp_linux.go
@@ -84,10 +84,6 @@ func (u *StdConn) SetSendBuffer(n int) error {
 	return unix.SetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_SNDBUFFORCE, n)
 }

-func (u *StdConn) SetSoMark(mark int) error {
-	return unix.SetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_MARK, mark)
-}
-
 func (u *StdConn) GetRecvBuffer() (int, error) {
 	return unix.GetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_RCVBUF)
 }
@@ -96,10 +92,6 @@ func (u *StdConn) GetSendBuffer() (int, error) {
 	return unix.GetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_SNDBUF)
 }

-func (u *StdConn) GetSoMark() (int, error) {
-	return unix.GetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_MARK)
-}
-
 func (u *StdConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {
 	sa, err := unix.Getsockname(u.sysFd)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -278,22 +270,6 @@ func (u *StdConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 			u.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set listen.write_buffer")
 		}
 	}
-
-	b = c.GetInt("listen.so_mark", 0)
-	s, err := u.GetSoMark()
-	if b > 0 || (err == nil && s != 0) {
-		err := u.SetSoMark(b)
-		if err == nil {
-			s, err := u.GetSoMark()
-			if err == nil {
-				u.l.WithField("mark", s).Info("listen.so_mark was set")
-			} else {
-				u.l.WithError(err).Warn("Failed to get listen.so_mark")
-			}
-		} else {
-			u.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to set listen.so_mark")
-		}
-	}
 }

 func (u *StdConn) getMemInfo(meminfo *[unix.SK_MEMINFO_VARS]uint32) error {
--- a/udp/udp_rio_windows.go
+++ b/udp/udp_rio_windows.go
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-	"github.com/wadey/synctrace"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/conn/winrio"
 )
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ type ringBuffer struct {
 	iocp       windows.Handle
 	isFull     bool
 	cq         winrio.Cq
-	mu         synctrace.Mutex
+	mu         sync.Mutex
 	overlapped windows.Overlapped
 }

@@ -64,11 +64,7 @@ func NewRIOListener(l *logrus.Logger, addr netip.Addr, port int) (*RIOConn, erro
 		return nil, errors.New("could not initialize winrio")
 	}

-	u := &RIOConn{
-		l:  l,
-		rx: ringBuffer{mu: synctrace.NewMutex("rio-rx")},
-		tx: ringBuffer{mu: synctrace.NewMutex("rio-tx")},
-	}
+	u := &RIOConn{l: l}

 	err := u.bind(&windows.SockaddrInet6{Addr: addr.As16(), Port: port})
 	if err != nil {
--- a/util/error.go
+++ b/util/error.go
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@ import (

 type ContextualError struct {
 	RealError error
-	Fields    map[string]any
+	Fields    map[string]interface{}
 	Context   string
 }

-func NewContextualError(msg string, fields map[string]any, realError error) *ContextualError {
+func NewContextualError(msg string, fields map[string]interface{}, realError error) *ContextualError {
 	return &ContextualError{Context: msg, Fields: fields, RealError: realError}
 }

--- a/util/error_test.go
+++ b/util/error_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )

-type m = map[string]any
+type m map[string]interface{}

 type TestLogWriter struct {
 	Logs []string
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Nate Brown	f8fe454972	Fix netbsd routes	2025-02-24 14:21:52 -06:00
Nate Brown	6a96df18cc	Change allow list to evaluate all vpnaddr tables when available (#1330 )	2025-02-24 09:44:41 -06:00
Nate Brown	fbff6a1487	More correct ipv6 header parsing (#1323 )	2025-02-04 16:36:34 -06:00
Nate Brown	e4daed3563	Make sure all vpnAddrs are hoisted to primary, resolve a few more TODOs (#1319 )	2025-01-30 13:33:19 -06:00
Nate Brown	1ad0f57c1e	Remove unusable networks from remote tunnels at handshake time (#1318 )	2025-01-27 16:40:11 -06:00
Nate Brown	84dd988f01	Cert v2 more todos (#1316 )	2025-01-27 13:22:49 -06:00
Jack Doan	8704047395	enforce certificate correctness in TBSCertificate.SignWith (#1266 ) * enforce certificate correctness in TBSCertificate.SignWith * check length, not nil * Address review comments * github hates me --------- Co-authored-by: Nate Brown <nbrown.us@gmail.com> Co-authored-by: Jack Doan <me@jackdoan.com>	2025-01-09 16:13:10 -06:00
Jack Doan	3f31517018	[cert-v2] nebula-cert should verify all certs (#1291 )	2025-01-06 15:07:55 -06:00
brad-defined	21a117a156	Reestablish relays when last hop fails (#1270 )	2024-11-15 10:41:07 -06:00
Nate Brown	9d310e72c2	Resolve some todos (#1274 )	2024-11-15 10:11:34 -06:00
Jack Doan	5380fef7b0	[cert-v2] punchy-respond on an address in common with the querying host (#1261 )	2024-11-12 21:14:44 -06:00
Jack Doan	602dca8508	fix the tun_linux.go bug where we would crash if setting default mtu didn't work on the first try (#1268 )	2024-11-11 21:15:37 -06:00
Jack Doan	2b1a59c779	address cert-v2 lighthouse TODOs (#1267 )	2024-11-11 21:14:41 -06:00
brad-defined	028d31c011	deduplicate relays (#1265 )	2024-11-05 12:52:01 -05:00
Jack Doan	8adba3960b	finish off cert-v2 TODOs	2024-11-05 11:00:10 -05:00
Jack Doan	50850eeaf2	resolve setSignature TODO	2024-11-05 09:12:30 -05:00
Nate Brown	f30085eab8	Fixup cert package tests (#1253 )	2024-10-31 15:41:52 -05:00
Nate Brown	f2c32421c4	Support for ipv6 in the overlay with v2 certificates --------- Co-authored-by: Jack Doan <jackdoan@rivian.com>	2024-10-23 22:25:20 -05:00