v1.8.1 (#1049 )

Update CHANGELOG for Nebula v1.8.1
Fix re-entrant GetOrHandshake issues (#1044 )
2025-11-22 00:15:37 +01:00 · 2023-12-19 15:11:25 -05:00 · 2023-12-19 11:58:31 -06:00 · 2023-12-19 10:57:09 -05:00 · 2023-12-13 22:45:09 -06:00 · 2023-12-06 16:18:21 -05:00
108 changed files with 4136 additions and 2117 deletions
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "gomod"
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+    groups:
+      golang-x-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "golang.org/x/*"
+      zx2c4-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "golang.zx2c4.com/*"
+      protobuf-dependencies:
+        patterns:
+          - "github.com/golang/protobuf"
+          - "google.golang.org/protobuf"
--- a/.github/workflows/gofmt.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/gofmt.yml
@@ -14,21 +14,12 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - name: Set up Go 1.20
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-      with:
-        go-version: "1.20"
-      id: go
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        path: ~/go/pkg/mod
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-gofmt1.20-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-gofmt1.20-
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        check-latest: true

    - name: Install goimports
      run: |
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -7,25 +7,24 @@ name: Create release and upload binaries

 jobs:
  build-linux:
-    name: Build Linux All
+    name: Build Linux/BSD All
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - name: Set up Go 1.20
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-        with:
-          go-version: "1.20"
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
        run: |
-          make BUILD_NUMBER="${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}" release-linux release-freebsd
+          make BUILD_NUMBER="${GITHUB_REF#refs/tags/v}" release-linux release-freebsd release-openbsd release-netbsd
          mkdir release
          mv build/*.tar.gz release

      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: linux-latest
          path: release
@@ -34,13 +33,12 @@ jobs:
    name: Build Windows
    runs-on: windows-latest
    steps:
-      - name: Set up Go 1.20
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-        with:
-          go-version: "1.20"
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+          check-latest: true

      - name: Build
        run: |
@@ -57,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
          mv dist\windows\wintun build\dist\windows\

      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: windows-latest
          path: build
@@ -68,17 +66,16 @@ jobs:
      HAS_SIGNING_CREDS: ${{ secrets.AC_USERNAME != '' }}
    runs-on: macos-11
    steps:
-      - name: Set up Go 1.20
-        uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-        with:
-          go-version: "1.20"
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-      - name: Checkout code
-        uses: actions/checkout@v2
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+          check-latest: true

      - name: Import certificates
        if: env.HAS_SIGNING_CREDS == 'true'
-        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v1
+        uses: Apple-Actions/import-codesign-certs@v2
        with:
          p12-file-base64: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_P12_BASE64 }}
          p12-password: ${{ secrets.APPLE_DEVELOPER_CERTIFICATE_PASSWORD }}
@@ -107,7 +104,7 @@ jobs:
          fi

      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: darwin-latest
          path: ./release/*
@@ -117,12 +114,16 @@ jobs:
    needs: [build-linux, build-darwin, build-windows]
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+
      - name: Download artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v2
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          path: artifacts

      - name: Zip Windows
        run: |
-          cd windows-latest
+          cd artifacts/windows-latest
          cp windows-amd64/* .
          zip -r nebula-windows-amd64.zip nebula.exe nebula-cert.exe dist
          cp windows-arm64/* .
@@ -130,6 +131,7 @@ jobs:

      - name: Create sha256sum
        run: |
+          cd artifacts
          for dir in linux-latest darwin-latest windows-latest
          do
            (
@@ -159,195 +161,12 @@ jobs:

      - name: Create Release
        id: create_release
-        uses: actions/create-release@v1
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          tag_name: ${{ github.ref }}
-          release_name: Release ${{ github.ref }}
-          draft: false
-          prerelease: false
-
-      ##
-      ## Upload assets (I wish we could just upload the whole folder at once...
-      ##
-
-      - name: Upload SHASUM256.txt
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./SHASUM256.txt
-          asset_name: SHASUM256.txt
-          asset_content_type: text/plain
-
-      - name: Upload darwin zip
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./darwin-latest/nebula-darwin.zip
-          asset_name: nebula-darwin.zip
-          asset_content_type: application/zip
-
-      - name: Upload windows-amd64
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./windows-latest/nebula-windows-amd64.zip
-          asset_name: nebula-windows-amd64.zip
-          asset_content_type: application/zip
-
-      - name: Upload windows-arm64
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./windows-latest/nebula-windows-arm64.zip
-          asset_name: nebula-windows-arm64.zip
-          asset_content_type: application/zip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-amd64
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-amd64.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-amd64.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-386
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-386.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-386.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-ppc64le
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-ppc64le.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-ppc64le.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-arm-5
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-arm-5.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-arm-5.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-arm-6
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-arm-6.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-arm-6.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-arm-7
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-arm-7.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-arm-7.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-arm64
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-arm64.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-arm64.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-mips
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-mips.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-mips.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-mipsle
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-mipsle.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-mipsle.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-mips64
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-mips64.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-mips64.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-mips64le
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-mips64le.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-mips64le.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-mips-softfloat
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-mips-softfloat.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-mips-softfloat.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload linux-riscv64
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-linux-riscv64.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-linux-riscv64.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
-
-      - name: Upload freebsd-amd64
-        uses: actions/upload-release-asset@v1.0.1
-        env:
-          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-        with:
-          upload_url: ${{ steps.create_release.outputs.upload_url }}
-          asset_path: ./linux-latest/nebula-freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
-          asset_name: nebula-freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
-          asset_content_type: application/gzip
+        run: |
+          cd artifacts
+          gh release create \
+            --verify-tag \
+            --title "Release ${{ github.ref_name }}" \
+            "${{ github.ref_name }}" \
+            SHASUM256.txt *-latest/*.zip *-latest/*.tar.gz
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke.yml
@@ -18,24 +18,15 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - name: Set up Go 1.20
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-      with:
-        go-version: "1.20"
-      id: go
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        path: ~/go/pkg/mod
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        check-latest: true

    - name: build
-      run: make bin-docker
+      run: make bin-docker CGO_ENABLED=1 BUILD_ARGS=-race

    - name: setup docker image
      working-directory: ./.github/workflows/smoke
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke/build-relay.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke/build-relay.sh
@@ -41,4 +41,4 @@ EOF
    ../../../../nebula-cert sign -name "host4" -groups "host,host4" -ip "192.168.100.4/24"
 )

-sudo docker build -t nebula:smoke-relay .
+docker build -t nebula:smoke-relay .
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke/build.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke/build.sh
@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@ mkdir ./build
    ../../../../nebula-cert sign -name "host4" -groups "host,host4" -ip "192.168.100.4/24"
 )

-sudo docker build -t "nebula:${NAME:-smoke}" .
+docker build -t "nebula:${NAME:-smoke}" .
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke/smoke-relay.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke/smoke-relay.sh
@@ -14,24 +14,24 @@ cleanup() {
    set +e
    if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
    then
-        sudo docker kill lighthouse1 host2 host3 host4
+        docker kill lighthouse1 host2 host3 host4
    fi
 }

 trap cleanup EXIT

-sudo docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config lighthouse1.yml -test
-sudo docker run --name host2 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml -test
-sudo docker run --name host3 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml -test
-sudo docker run --name host4 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml -test
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config lighthouse1.yml -test
+docker run --name host2 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml -test
+docker run --name host3 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml -test
+docker run --name host4 --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml -test

-sudo docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
 sleep 1
-sudo docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
+docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
 sleep 1
-sudo docker run --name host3 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
+docker run --name host3 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
 sleep 1
-sudo docker run --name host4 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
+docker run --name host4 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm nebula:smoke-relay -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
 sleep 1

 set +x
@@ -39,43 +39,43 @@ echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from lighthouse1"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.4
+docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
+docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
+docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.4

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host2"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
+docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
 # Should fail because no relay configured in this direction
-! sudo docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1
-! sudo docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.4 -w5 || exit 1
+! docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1
+! docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.4 -w5 || exit 1

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host3"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
-sudo docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
-sudo docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.4
+docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
+docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
+docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.4

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host4"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
+docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
 # Should fail because relays not allowed
-! sudo docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.2 -w5 || exit 1
-sudo docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
+! docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.2 -w5 || exit 1
+docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.3

-sudo docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sudo docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sudo docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
 sleep 1

 if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
--- a/.github/workflows/smoke/smoke.sh
+++ b/.github/workflows/smoke/smoke.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ cleanup() {
    set +e
    if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
    then
-        sudo docker kill lighthouse1 host2 host3 host4
+        docker kill lighthouse1 host2 host3 host4
    fi
 }

@@ -22,51 +22,51 @@ trap cleanup EXIT

 CONTAINER="nebula:${NAME:-smoke}"

-sudo docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml -test
-sudo docker run --name host2 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test
-sudo docker run --name host3 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml -test
-sudo docker run --name host4 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml -test
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml -test
+docker run --name host2 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml -test
+docker run --name host3 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml -test
+docker run --name host4 --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml -test

-sudo docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
+docker run --name lighthouse1 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config lighthouse1.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/lighthouse1 | sed -u 's/^/  [lighthouse1]  /' &
 sleep 1
-sudo docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
+docker run --name host2 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host2.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host2 | sed -u 's/^/  [host2]  /' &
 sleep 1
-sudo docker run --name host3 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
+docker run --name host3 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host3.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host3 | sed -u 's/^/  [host3]  /' &
 sleep 1
-sudo docker run --name host4 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
+docker run --name host4 --device /dev/net/tun:/dev/net/tun --cap-add NET_ADMIN --rm "$CONTAINER" -config host4.yml 2>&1 | tee logs/host4 | sed -u 's/^/  [host4]  /' &
 sleep 1

 # grab tcpdump pcaps for debugging
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.inside.log >logs/lighthouse1.inside.pcap &
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.outside.log >logs/lighthouse1.outside.pcap &
-sudo docker exec host2 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.inside.log >logs/host2.inside.pcap &
-sudo docker exec host2 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.outside.log >logs/host2.outside.pcap &
-sudo docker exec host3 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host3.inside.log >logs/host3.inside.pcap &
-sudo docker exec host3 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host3.outside.log >logs/host3.outside.pcap &
-sudo docker exec host4 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host4.inside.log >logs/host4.inside.pcap &
-sudo docker exec host4 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host4.outside.log >logs/host4.outside.pcap &
+docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.inside.log >logs/lighthouse1.inside.pcap &
+docker exec lighthouse1 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/lighthouse1.outside.log >logs/lighthouse1.outside.pcap &
+docker exec host2 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.inside.log >logs/host2.inside.pcap &
+docker exec host2 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host2.outside.log >logs/host2.outside.pcap &
+docker exec host3 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host3.inside.log >logs/host3.inside.pcap &
+docker exec host3 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host3.outside.log >logs/host3.outside.pcap &
+docker exec host4 tcpdump -i nebula1 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host4.inside.log >logs/host4.inside.pcap &
+docker exec host4 tcpdump -i eth0 -q -w - -U 2>logs/host4.outside.log >logs/host4.outside.pcap &

-sudo docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
-sudo docker exec host3 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
-sudo docker exec host2 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host2' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &
-sudo docker exec host3 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host3' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &
+docker exec host2 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
+docker exec host3 ncat -nklv 0.0.0.0 2000 &
+docker exec host2 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host2' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &
+docker exec host3 ncat -e '/usr/bin/echo host3' -nkluv 0.0.0.0 3000 &

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from lighthouse1"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
+docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
+docker exec lighthouse1 ping -c1 192.168.100.3

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host2"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
+docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
 # Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
-! sudo docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1
+! docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1

 set +x
 echo
@@ -74,34 +74,34 @@ echo " *** Testing ncat from host2"
 echo
 set -x
 # Should fail because not allowed by host3 inbound firewall
-! sudo docker exec host2 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.3 2000 || exit 1
-! sudo docker exec host2 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.3 3000 | grep -q host3 || exit 1
+! docker exec host2 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.3 2000 || exit 1
+! docker exec host2 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.3 3000 | grep -q host3 || exit 1

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host3"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
-sudo docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
+docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
+docker exec host3 ping -c1 192.168.100.2

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ncat from host3"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec host3 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.2 2000
-sudo docker exec host3 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.2 3000 | grep -q host2
+docker exec host3 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.2 2000
+docker exec host3 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.2 3000 | grep -q host2

 set +x
 echo
 echo " *** Testing ping from host4"
 echo
 set -x
-sudo docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
+docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.1
 # Should fail because not allowed by host4 outbound firewall
-! sudo docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.2 -w5 || exit 1
-! sudo docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1
+! docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.2 -w5 || exit 1
+! docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.3 -w5 || exit 1

 set +x
 echo
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ echo " *** Testing ncat from host4"
 echo
 set -x
 # Should fail because not allowed by host4 outbound firewall
-! sudo docker exec host4 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.2 2000 || exit 1
-! sudo docker exec host4 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.3 2000 || exit 1
-! sudo docker exec host4 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.2 3000 | grep -q host2 || exit 1
-! sudo docker exec host4 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.3 3000 | grep -q host3 || exit 1
+! docker exec host4 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.2 2000 || exit 1
+! docker exec host4 ncat -nzv -w5 192.168.100.3 2000 || exit 1
+! docker exec host4 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.2 3000 | grep -q host2 || exit 1
+! docker exec host4 ncat -nzuv -w5 192.168.100.3 3000 | grep -q host3 || exit 1

 set +x
 echo
@@ -120,15 +120,15 @@ echo " *** Testing conntrack"
 echo
 set -x
 # host2 can ping host3 now that host3 pinged it first
-sudo docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
+docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.3
 # host4 can ping host2 once conntrack established
-sudo docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.4
-sudo docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.2
+docker exec host2 ping -c1 192.168.100.4
+docker exec host4 ping -c1 192.168.100.2

-sudo docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sudo docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sudo docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
-sudo docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec host4 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec host3 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec host2 sh -c 'kill 1'
+docker exec lighthouse1 sh -c 'kill 1'
 sleep 1

 if [ "$(jobs -r)" ]
--- a/.github/workflows/test.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -18,21 +18,12 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - name: Set up Go 1.20
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-      with:
-        go-version: "1.20"
-      id: go
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        path: ~/go/pkg/mod
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
      run: make all
@@ -57,21 +48,12 @@ jobs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:

-    - name: Set up Go 1.20
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-      with:
-        go-version: "1.20"
-      id: go
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        path: ~/go/pkg/mod
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        check-latest: true

    - name: Build
      run: make bin-boringcrypto
@@ -90,21 +72,12 @@ jobs:
        os: [windows-latest, macos-11]
    steps:

-    - name: Set up Go 1.20
-      uses: actions/setup-go@v2
-      with:
-        go-version: "1.20"
-      id: go
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v4

-    - name: Check out code into the Go module directory
-      uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-    - uses: actions/cache@v2
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v5
      with:
-        path: ~/go/pkg/mod
-        key: ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
-        restore-keys: |
-          ${{ runner.os }}-go1.20-
+        go-version-file: 'go.mod'
+        check-latest: true

    - name: Build nebula
      run: go build ./cmd/nebula
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -7,6 +7,78 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0

 ## [Unreleased]

+## [1.8.1] - 2023-12-19
+
+### Security
+
+- Update `golang.org/x/crypto`, which includes a fix for CVE-2023-48795. (#1048)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix a deadlock introduced in v1.8.0 that could occur during handshakes. (#1044)
+
+- Fix mobile builds. (#1035)
+
+## [1.8.0] - 2023-12-06
+
+### Deprecated
+
+- The next minor release of Nebula, 1.9.0, will require at least Windows 10 or
+  Windows Server 2016. This is because support for earlier versions was removed
+  in Go 1.21. See https://go.dev/doc/go1.21#windows
+
+### Added
+
+- Linux: Notify systemd of service readiness. This should resolve timing issues
+  with services that depend on Nebula being active. For an example of how to
+  enable this, see: `examples/service_scripts/nebula.service`. (#929)
+
+- Windows: Use Registered IO (RIO) when possible. Testing on a Windows 11
+  machine shows ~50x improvement in throughput. (#905)
+
+- NetBSD, OpenBSD: Added rudimentary support. (#916, #812)
+
+- FreeBSD: Add support for naming tun devices. (#903)
+
+### Changed
+
+- `pki.disconnect_invalid` will now default to true. This means that once a
+  certificate expires, the tunnel will be disconnected. If you use SIGHUP to
+  reload certificates without restarting Nebula, you should ensure all of your
+  clients are on 1.7.0 or newer before you enable this feature. (#859)
+
+- Limit how often a busy tunnel can requery the lighthouse. The new config
+  option `timers.requery_wait_duration` defaults to `60s`. (#940)
+
+- The internal structures for hostmaps were refactored to reduce memory usage
+  and the potential for subtle bugs. (#843, #938, #953, #954, #955)
+
+- Lots of dependency updates.
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Windows: Retry wintun device creation if it fails the first time. (#985)
+
+- Fix issues with firewall reject packets that could cause panics. (#957)
+
+- Fix relay migration during re-handshakes. (#964)
+
+- Various other refactors and fixes. (#935, #952, #972, #961, #996, #1002,
+  #987, #1004, #1030, #1032, ...)
+
+## [1.7.2] - 2023-06-01
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix a freeze during config reload if the `static_host_map` config was changed. (#886)
+
+## [1.7.1] - 2023-05-18
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix IPv4 addresses returned by `static_host_map` DNS lookup queries being
+  treated as IPv6 addresses. (#877)
+
 ## [1.7.0] - 2023-05-17

 ### Added
@@ -475,7 +547,11 @@ created.)

 - Initial public release.

-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.7.0...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/compare/v1.8.1...HEAD
+[1.8.1]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.8.1
+[1.8.0]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.8.0
+[1.7.2]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.7.2
+[1.7.1]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.7.1
 [1.7.0]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.7.0
 [1.6.1]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.6.1
 [1.6.0]: https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/releases/tag/v1.6.0
--- a/27
+++ b/27
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ ifeq ($(OS),Windows_NT)
 	GOISMIN := $(shell IF "$(GOVERSION)" GEQ "$(GOMINVERSION)" ECHO 1)
 	NEBULA_CMD_SUFFIX = .exe
 	NULL_FILE = nul
+	# RIO on windows does pointer stuff that makes go vet angry
+	VET_FLAGS = -unsafeptr=false
 else
 	GOVERSION := $(shell go version | awk '{print substr($$3, 3)}')
 	GOISMIN := $(shell expr "$(GOVERSION)" ">=" "$(GOMINVERSION)")
@@ -44,10 +46,21 @@ ALL_LINUX = linux-amd64 \
 	linux-mips-softfloat \
 	linux-riscv64

+ALL_FREEBSD = freebsd-amd64 \
+	freebsd-arm64
+
+ALL_OPENBSD = openbsd-amd64 \
+	openbsd-arm64
+
+ALL_NETBSD = netbsd-amd64 \
+ 	netbsd-arm64
+
 ALL = $(ALL_LINUX) \
+	$(ALL_FREEBSD) \
+	$(ALL_OPENBSD) \
+	$(ALL_NETBSD) \
 	darwin-amd64 \
 	darwin-arm64 \
-	freebsd-amd64 \
 	windows-amd64 \
 	windows-arm64

@@ -75,7 +88,11 @@ release: $(ALL:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)

 release-linux: $(ALL_LINUX:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)

-release-freebsd: build/nebula-freebsd-amd64.tar.gz
+release-freebsd: $(ALL_FREEBSD:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)
+
+release-openbsd: $(ALL_OPENBSD:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)
+
+release-netbsd: $(ALL_NETBSD:%=build/nebula-%.tar.gz)

 release-boringcrypto: build/nebula-linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto.tar.gz

@@ -93,6 +110,9 @@ bin-darwin: build/darwin-amd64/nebula build/darwin-amd64/nebula-cert
 bin-freebsd: build/freebsd-amd64/nebula build/freebsd-amd64/nebula-cert
 	mv $? .

+bin-freebsd-arm64: build/freebsd-arm64/nebula build/freebsd-arm64/nebula-cert
+	mv $? .
+
 bin-boringcrypto: build/linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto/nebula build/linux-$(shell go env GOARCH)-boringcrypto/nebula-cert
 	mv $? .

@@ -137,7 +157,7 @@ build/nebula-%.zip: build/%/nebula.exe build/%/nebula-cert.exe
 	cd build/$* && zip ../nebula-$*.zip nebula.exe nebula-cert.exe

 vet:
-	go vet -v ./...
+	go vet $(VET_FLAGS) -v ./...

 test:
 	go test -v ./...
@@ -190,6 +210,7 @@ smoke-relay-docker: bin-docker
 	cd .github/workflows/smoke/ && ./smoke-relay.sh

 smoke-docker-race: BUILD_ARGS = -race
+smoke-docker-race: CGO_ENABLED = 1
 smoke-docker-race: smoke-docker

 .FORCE:
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ For each host, copy the nebula binary to the host, along with `config.yml` from

 ## Building Nebula from source

-Download go and clone this repo. Change to the nebula directory.
+Make sure you have [go](https://go.dev/doc/install) installed and clone this repo. Change to the nebula directory.

 To build nebula for all platforms:
 `make all`
--- a/allow_list.go
+++ b/allow_list.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import (

 type AllowList struct {
 	// The values of this cidrTree are `bool`, signifying allow/deny
-	cidrTree *cidr.Tree6
+	cidrTree *cidr.Tree6[bool]
 }

 type RemoteAllowList struct {
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ type RemoteAllowList struct {

 	// Inside Range Specific, keys of this tree are inside CIDRs and values
 	// are *AllowList
-	insideAllowLists *cidr.Tree6
+	insideAllowLists *cidr.Tree6[*AllowList]
 }

 type LocalAllowList struct {
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func newAllowList(k string, raw interface{}, handleKey func(key string, value in
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("config `%s` has invalid type: %T", k, raw)
 	}

-	tree := cidr.NewTree6()
+	tree := cidr.NewTree6[bool]()

 	// Keep track of the rules we have added for both ipv4 and ipv6
 	type allowListRules struct {
@@ -218,13 +218,13 @@ func getAllowListInterfaces(k string, v interface{}) ([]AllowListNameRule, error
 	return nameRules, nil
 }

-func getRemoteAllowRanges(c *config.C, k string) (*cidr.Tree6, error) {
+func getRemoteAllowRanges(c *config.C, k string) (*cidr.Tree6[*AllowList], error) {
 	value := c.Get(k)
 	if value == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}

-	remoteAllowRanges := cidr.NewTree6()
+	remoteAllowRanges := cidr.NewTree6[*AllowList]()

 	rawMap, ok := value.(map[interface{}]interface{})
 	if !ok {
@@ -257,13 +257,8 @@ func (al *AllowList) Allow(ip net.IP) bool {
 		return true
 	}

-	result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	switch v := result.(type) {
-	case bool:
-		return v
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid state, allowlist returned: %T %v", result, result))
-	}
+	_, result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return result
 }

 func (al *AllowList) AllowIpV4(ip iputil.VpnIp) bool {
@@ -271,13 +266,8 @@ func (al *AllowList) AllowIpV4(ip iputil.VpnIp) bool {
 		return true
 	}

-	result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContainsIpV4(ip)
-	switch v := result.(type) {
-	case bool:
-		return v
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid state, allowlist returned: %T %v", result, result))
-	}
+	_, result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContainsIpV4(ip)
+	return result
 }

 func (al *AllowList) AllowIpV6(hi, lo uint64) bool {
@@ -285,13 +275,8 @@ func (al *AllowList) AllowIpV6(hi, lo uint64) bool {
 		return true
 	}

-	result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo)
-	switch v := result.(type) {
-	case bool:
-		return v
-	default:
-		panic(fmt.Errorf("invalid state, allowlist returned: %T %v", result, result))
-	}
+	_, result := al.cidrTree.MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo)
+	return result
 }

 func (al *LocalAllowList) Allow(ip net.IP) bool {
@@ -352,9 +337,9 @@ func (al *RemoteAllowList) AllowIpV6(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, hi, lo uint64) bool {

 func (al *RemoteAllowList) getInsideAllowList(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *AllowList {
 	if al.insideAllowLists != nil {
-		inside := al.insideAllowLists.MostSpecificContainsIpV4(vpnIp)
-		if inside != nil {
-			return inside.(*AllowList)
+		ok, inside := al.insideAllowLists.MostSpecificContainsIpV4(vpnIp)
+		if ok {
+			return inside
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
--- a/allow_list_test.go
+++ b/allow_list_test.go
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ func TestNewAllowListFromConfig(t *testing.T) {
 func TestAllowList_Allow(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, true, ((*AllowList)(nil)).Allow(net.ParseIP("1.1.1.1")))

-	tree := cidr.NewTree6()
+	tree := cidr.NewTree6[bool]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("0.0.0.0/0"), true)
 	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("10.0.0.0/8"), false)
 	tree.AddCIDR(cidr.Parse("10.42.42.42/32"), true)
--- a/calculated_remote.go
+++ b/calculated_remote.go
@@ -51,13 +51,13 @@ func (c *calculatedRemote) Apply(ip iputil.VpnIp) *Ip4AndPort {
 	return &Ip4AndPort{Ip: uint32(masked), Port: c.port}
 }

-func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*cidr.Tree4, error) {
+func NewCalculatedRemotesFromConfig(c *config.C, k string) (*cidr.Tree4[[]*calculatedRemote], error) {
 	value := c.Get(k)
 	if value == nil {
 		return nil, nil
 	}

-	calculatedRemotes := cidr.NewTree4()
+	calculatedRemotes := cidr.NewTree4[[]*calculatedRemote]()

 	rawMap, ok := value.(map[any]any)
 	if !ok {
--- a/cert.go
+++ b/cert.go
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-package nebula
-
-import (
-	"errors"
-	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
-	"strings"
-	"time"
-
-	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
-)
-
-type CertState struct {
-	certificate         *cert.NebulaCertificate
-	rawCertificate      []byte
-	rawCertificateNoKey []byte
-	publicKey           []byte
-	privateKey          []byte
-}
-
-func NewCertState(certificate *cert.NebulaCertificate, privateKey []byte) (*CertState, error) {
-	// Marshal the certificate to ensure it is valid
-	rawCertificate, err := certificate.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid nebula certificate on interface: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	publicKey := certificate.Details.PublicKey
-	cs := &CertState{
-		rawCertificate: rawCertificate,
-		certificate:    certificate, // PublicKey has been set to nil above
-		privateKey:     privateKey,
-		publicKey:      publicKey,
-	}
-
-	cs.certificate.Details.PublicKey = nil
-	rawCertNoKey, err := cs.certificate.Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error marshalling certificate no key: %s", err)
-	}
-	cs.rawCertificateNoKey = rawCertNoKey
-	// put public key back
-	cs.certificate.Details.PublicKey = cs.publicKey
-	return cs, nil
-}
-
-func NewCertStateFromConfig(c *config.C) (*CertState, error) {
-	var pemPrivateKey []byte
-	var err error
-
-	privPathOrPEM := c.GetString("pki.key", "")
-
-	if privPathOrPEM == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("no pki.key path or PEM data provided")
-	}
-
-	if strings.Contains(privPathOrPEM, "-----BEGIN") {
-		pemPrivateKey = []byte(privPathOrPEM)
-		privPathOrPEM = "<inline>"
-	} else {
-		pemPrivateKey, err = ioutil.ReadFile(privPathOrPEM)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to read pki.key file %s: %s", privPathOrPEM, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	rawKey, _, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKey(pemPrivateKey)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while unmarshaling pki.key %s: %s", privPathOrPEM, err)
-	}
-
-	var rawCert []byte
-
-	pubPathOrPEM := c.GetString("pki.cert", "")
-
-	if pubPathOrPEM == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("no pki.cert path or PEM data provided")
-	}
-
-	if strings.Contains(pubPathOrPEM, "-----BEGIN") {
-		rawCert = []byte(pubPathOrPEM)
-		pubPathOrPEM = "<inline>"
-	} else {
-		rawCert, err = ioutil.ReadFile(pubPathOrPEM)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to read pki.cert file %s: %s", pubPathOrPEM, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	nebulaCert, _, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while unmarshaling pki.cert %s: %s", pubPathOrPEM, err)
-	}
-
-	if nebulaCert.Expired(time.Now()) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nebula certificate for this host is expired")
-	}
-
-	if len(nebulaCert.Details.Ips) == 0 {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no IPs encoded in certificate")
-	}
-
-	if err = nebulaCert.VerifyPrivateKey(curve, rawKey); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("private key is not a pair with public key in nebula cert")
-	}
-
-	return NewCertState(nebulaCert, rawKey)
-}
-
-func loadCAFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) (*cert.NebulaCAPool, error) {
-	var rawCA []byte
-	var err error
-
-	caPathOrPEM := c.GetString("pki.ca", "")
-	if caPathOrPEM == "" {
-		return nil, errors.New("no pki.ca path or PEM data provided")
-	}
-
-	if strings.Contains(caPathOrPEM, "-----BEGIN") {
-		rawCA = []byte(caPathOrPEM)
-
-	} else {
-		rawCA, err = ioutil.ReadFile(caPathOrPEM)
-		if err != nil {
-			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to read pki.ca file %s: %s", caPathOrPEM, err)
-		}
-	}
-
-	CAs, err := cert.NewCAPoolFromBytes(rawCA)
-	if errors.Is(err, cert.ErrExpired) {
-		var expired int
-		for _, cert := range CAs.CAs {
-			if cert.Expired(time.Now()) {
-				expired++
-				l.WithField("cert", cert).Warn("expired certificate present in CA pool")
-			}
-		}
-
-		if expired >= len(CAs.CAs) {
-			return nil, errors.New("no valid CA certificates present")
-		}
-
-	} else if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while adding CA certificate to CA trust store: %s", err)
-	}
-
-	for _, fp := range c.GetStringSlice("pki.blocklist", []string{}) {
-		l.WithField("fingerprint", fp).Info("Blocklisting cert")
-		CAs.BlocklistFingerprint(fp)
-	}
-
-	// Support deprecated config for at least one minor release to allow for migrations
-	//TODO: remove in 2022 or later
-	for _, fp := range c.GetStringSlice("pki.blacklist", []string{}) {
-		l.WithField("fingerprint", fp).Info("Blocklisting cert")
-		l.Warn("pki.blacklist is deprecated and will not be supported in a future release. Please migrate your config to use pki.blocklist")
-		CAs.BlocklistFingerprint(fp)
-	}
-
-	return CAs, nil
-}
--- a/cert/cert.go
+++ b/cert/cert.go
@@ -272,6 +272,9 @@ func EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve Curve, b []byte, passphrase []byte
 		},
 		Ciphertext: ciphertext,
 	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}

 	switch curve {
 	case Curve_CURVE25519:
--- a/cert/crypto.go
+++ b/cert/crypto.go
@@ -77,6 +77,9 @@ func aes256Decrypt(passphrase []byte, kdfParams *Argon2Parameters, data []byte)
 	}

 	gcm, err := cipher.NewGCM(block)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}

 	nonce, ciphertext, err := splitNonceCiphertext(data, gcm.NonceSize())
 	if err != nil {
--- a/cidr/tree4.go
+++ b/cidr/tree4.go
@@ -6,35 +6,36 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 )

-type Node struct {
-	left   *Node
-	right  *Node
-	parent *Node
-	value  interface{}
+type Node[T any] struct {
+	left     *Node[T]
+	right    *Node[T]
+	parent   *Node[T]
+	hasValue bool
+	value    T
 }

-type entry struct {
+type entry[T any] struct {
 	CIDR  *net.IPNet
-	Value *interface{}
+	Value T
 }

-type Tree4 struct {
-	root *Node
-	list []entry
+type Tree4[T any] struct {
+	root *Node[T]
+	list []entry[T]
 }

 const (
 	startbit = iputil.VpnIp(0x80000000)
 )

-func NewTree4() *Tree4 {
-	tree := new(Tree4)
-	tree.root = &Node{}
-	tree.list = []entry{}
+func NewTree4[T any]() *Tree4[T] {
+	tree := new(Tree4[T])
+	tree.root = &Node[T]{}
+	tree.list = []entry[T]{}
 	return tree
 }

-func (tree *Tree4) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val interface{}) {
+func (tree *Tree4[T]) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val T) {
 	bit := startbit
 	node := tree.root
 	next := tree.root
@@ -68,14 +69,15 @@ func (tree *Tree4) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val interface{}) {
 			}
 		}

-		tree.list = append(tree.list, entry{CIDR: cidr, Value: &val})
+		tree.list = append(tree.list, entry[T]{CIDR: cidr, Value: val})
 		node.value = val
+		node.hasValue = true
 		return
 	}

 	// Build up the rest of the tree we don't already have
 	for bit&mask != 0 {
-		next = &Node{}
+		next = &Node[T]{}
 		next.parent = node

 		if ip&bit != 0 {
@@ -90,17 +92,18 @@ func (tree *Tree4) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val interface{}) {

 	// Final node marks our cidr, set the value
 	node.value = val
-	tree.list = append(tree.list, entry{CIDR: cidr, Value: &val})
+	node.hasValue = true
+	tree.list = append(tree.list, entry[T]{CIDR: cidr, Value: val})
 }

 // Contains finds the first match, which may be the least specific
-func (tree *Tree4) Contains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{}) {
+func (tree *Tree4[T]) Contains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
 	bit := startbit
 	node := tree.root

 	for node != nil {
-		if node.value != nil {
-			return node.value
+		if node.hasValue {
+			return true, node.value
 		}

 		if ip&bit != 0 {
@@ -113,17 +116,18 @@ func (tree *Tree4) Contains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{}) {

 	}

-	return value
+	return false, value
 }

 // MostSpecificContains finds the most specific match
-func (tree *Tree4) MostSpecificContains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{}) {
+func (tree *Tree4[T]) MostSpecificContains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
 	bit := startbit
 	node := tree.root

 	for node != nil {
-		if node.value != nil {
+		if node.hasValue {
 			value = node.value
+			ok = true
 		}

 		if ip&bit != 0 {
@@ -135,11 +139,12 @@ func (tree *Tree4) MostSpecificContains(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{}) {
 		bit >>= 1
 	}

-	return value
+	return ok, value
 }

 // Match finds the most specific match
-func (tree *Tree4) Match(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{}) {
+// TODO this is exact match
+func (tree *Tree4[T]) Match(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
 	bit := startbit
 	node := tree.root
 	lastNode := node
@@ -157,11 +162,12 @@ func (tree *Tree4) Match(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{}) {

 	if bit == 0 && lastNode != nil {
 		value = lastNode.value
+		ok = true
 	}
-	return value
+	return ok, value
 }

 // List will return all CIDRs and their current values. Do not modify the contents!
-func (tree *Tree4) List() []entry {
+func (tree *Tree4[T]) List() []entry[T] {
 	return tree.list
 }
--- a/cidr/tree4_test.go
+++ b/cidr/tree4_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 )

 func TestCIDRTree_List(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4()
+	tree := NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/16"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "2")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/16"), "3")
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ func TestCIDRTree_List(t *testing.T) {
 	list := tree.List()
 	assert.Len(t, list, 2)
 	assert.Equal(t, "1.0.0.0/8", list[0].CIDR.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "2", *list[0].Value)
+	assert.Equal(t, "2", list[0].Value)
 	assert.Equal(t, "1.0.0.0/16", list[1].CIDR.String())
-	assert.Equal(t, "4", *list[1].Value)
+	assert.Equal(t, "4", list[1].Value)
 }

 func TestCIDRTree_Contains(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4()
+	tree := NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("2.1.0.0/16"), "2")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("3.1.1.0/24"), "3")
@@ -33,35 +33,43 @@ func TestCIDRTree_Contains(t *testing.T) {
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("254.0.0.0/4"), "5")

 	tests := []struct {
+		Found  bool
 		Result interface{}
 		IP     string
 	}{
-		{"1", "1.0.0.0"},
-		{"1", "1.255.255.255"},
-		{"2", "2.1.0.0"},
-		{"2", "2.1.255.255"},
-		{"3", "3.1.1.0"},
-		{"3", "3.1.1.255"},
-		{"4a", "4.1.1.255"},
-		{"4a", "4.1.1.1"},
-		{"5", "240.0.0.0"},
-		{"5", "255.255.255.255"},
-		{nil, "239.0.0.0"},
-		{nil, "4.1.2.2"},
+		{true, "1", "1.0.0.0"},
+		{true, "1", "1.255.255.255"},
+		{true, "2", "2.1.0.0"},
+		{true, "2", "2.1.255.255"},
+		{true, "3", "3.1.1.0"},
+		{true, "3", "3.1.1.255"},
+		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.255"},
+		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.1"},
+		{true, "5", "240.0.0.0"},
+		{true, "5", "255.255.255.255"},
+		{false, "", "239.0.0.0"},
+		{false, "", "4.1.2.2"},
 	}

 	for _, tt := range tests {
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP))))
+		ok, r := tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP)))
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
 	}

-	tree = NewTree4()
+	tree = NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"))))
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255"))))
+	ok, r := tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
+
+	ok, r = tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
 }

 func TestCIDRTree_MostSpecificContains(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4()
+	tree := NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("2.1.0.0/16"), "2")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("3.1.1.0/24"), "3")
@@ -71,59 +79,75 @@ func TestCIDRTree_MostSpecificContains(t *testing.T) {
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("254.0.0.0/4"), "5")

 	tests := []struct {
+		Found  bool
 		Result interface{}
 		IP     string
 	}{
-		{"1", "1.0.0.0"},
-		{"1", "1.255.255.255"},
-		{"2", "2.1.0.0"},
-		{"2", "2.1.255.255"},
-		{"3", "3.1.1.0"},
-		{"3", "3.1.1.255"},
-		{"4a", "4.1.1.255"},
-		{"4b", "4.1.1.2"},
-		{"4c", "4.1.1.1"},
-		{"5", "240.0.0.0"},
-		{"5", "255.255.255.255"},
-		{nil, "239.0.0.0"},
-		{nil, "4.1.2.2"},
+		{true, "1", "1.0.0.0"},
+		{true, "1", "1.255.255.255"},
+		{true, "2", "2.1.0.0"},
+		{true, "2", "2.1.255.255"},
+		{true, "3", "3.1.1.0"},
+		{true, "3", "3.1.1.255"},
+		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.255"},
+		{true, "4b", "4.1.1.2"},
+		{true, "4c", "4.1.1.1"},
+		{true, "5", "240.0.0.0"},
+		{true, "5", "255.255.255.255"},
+		{false, "", "239.0.0.0"},
+		{false, "", "4.1.2.2"},
 	}

 	for _, tt := range tests {
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP))))
+		ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP)))
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
 	}

-	tree = NewTree4()
+	tree = NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"))))
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255"))))
+	ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
+
+	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
 }

 func TestCIDRTree_Match(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree4()
+	tree := NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.0/32"), "1a")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("4.1.1.1/32"), "1b")

 	tests := []struct {
+		Found  bool
 		Result interface{}
 		IP     string
 	}{
-		{"1a", "4.1.1.0"},
-		{"1b", "4.1.1.1"},
+		{true, "1a", "4.1.1.0"},
+		{true, "1b", "4.1.1.1"},
 	}

 	for _, tt := range tests {
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, tree.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP))))
+		ok, r := tree.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP(tt.IP)))
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
 	}

-	tree = NewTree4()
+	tree = NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"))))
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255"))))
+	ok, r := tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
+
+	ok, r = tree.Contains(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
 }

 func BenchmarkCIDRTree_Contains(b *testing.B) {
-	tree := NewTree4()
+	tree := NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.0.0/16"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.2.1.1/32"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("192.2.1.1/32"), "1")
@@ -145,7 +169,7 @@ func BenchmarkCIDRTree_Contains(b *testing.B) {
 }

 func BenchmarkCIDRTree_Match(b *testing.B) {
-	tree := NewTree4()
+	tree := NewTree4[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.0.0/16"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.2.1.1/32"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("192.2.1.1/32"), "1")
--- a/cidr/tree6.go
+++ b/cidr/tree6.go
@@ -8,20 +8,20 @@ import (

 const startbit6 = uint64(1 << 63)

-type Tree6 struct {
-	root4 *Node
-	root6 *Node
+type Tree6[T any] struct {
+	root4 *Node[T]
+	root6 *Node[T]
 }

-func NewTree6() *Tree6 {
-	tree := new(Tree6)
-	tree.root4 = &Node{}
-	tree.root6 = &Node{}
+func NewTree6[T any]() *Tree6[T] {
+	tree := new(Tree6[T])
+	tree.root4 = &Node[T]{}
+	tree.root6 = &Node[T]{}
 	return tree
 }

-func (tree *Tree6) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val interface{}) {
-	var node, next *Node
+func (tree *Tree6[T]) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val T) {
+	var node, next *Node[T]

 	cidrIP, ipv4 := isIPV4(cidr.IP)
 	if ipv4 {
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ func (tree *Tree6) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val interface{}) {

 		// Build up the rest of the tree we don't already have
 		for bit&mask != 0 {
-			next = &Node{}
+			next = &Node[T]{}
 			next.parent = node

 			if ip&bit != 0 {
@@ -72,11 +72,12 @@ func (tree *Tree6) AddCIDR(cidr *net.IPNet, val interface{}) {

 	// Final node marks our cidr, set the value
 	node.value = val
+	node.hasValue = true
 }

 // Finds the most specific match
-func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContains(ip net.IP) (value interface{}) {
-	var node *Node
+func (tree *Tree6[T]) MostSpecificContains(ip net.IP) (ok bool, value T) {
+	var node *Node[T]

 	wholeIP, ipv4 := isIPV4(ip)
 	if ipv4 {
@@ -90,8 +91,9 @@ func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContains(ip net.IP) (value interface{}) {
 		bit := startbit

 		for node != nil {
-			if node.value != nil {
+			if node.hasValue {
 				value = node.value
+				ok = true
 			}

 			if bit == 0 {
@@ -108,16 +110,17 @@ func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContains(ip net.IP) (value interface{}) {
 		}
 	}

-	return value
+	return ok, value
 }

-func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContainsIpV4(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{}) {
+func (tree *Tree6[T]) MostSpecificContainsIpV4(ip iputil.VpnIp) (ok bool, value T) {
 	bit := startbit
 	node := tree.root4

 	for node != nil {
-		if node.value != nil {
+		if node.hasValue {
 			value = node.value
+			ok = true
 		}

 		if ip&bit != 0 {
@@ -129,10 +132,10 @@ func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContainsIpV4(ip iputil.VpnIp) (value interface{})
 		bit >>= 1
 	}

-	return value
+	return ok, value
 }

-func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo uint64) (value interface{}) {
+func (tree *Tree6[T]) MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo uint64) (ok bool, value T) {
 	ip := hi
 	node := tree.root6

@@ -140,8 +143,9 @@ func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo uint64) (value interface{}) {
 		bit := startbit6

 		for node != nil {
-			if node.value != nil {
+			if node.hasValue {
 				value = node.value
+				ok = true
 			}

 			if bit == 0 {
@@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ func (tree *Tree6) MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo uint64) (value interface{}) {
 		ip = lo
 	}

-	return value
+	return ok, value
 }

 func isIPV4(ip net.IP) (net.IP, bool) {
--- a/cidr/tree6_test.go
+++ b/cidr/tree6_test.go
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 )

 func TestCIDR6Tree_MostSpecificContains(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree6()
+	tree := NewTree6[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.0.0.0/8"), "1")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("2.1.0.0/16"), "2")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("3.1.1.0/24"), "3")
@@ -22,53 +22,68 @@ func TestCIDR6Tree_MostSpecificContains(t *testing.T) {
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/96"), "6c")

 	tests := []struct {
+		Found  bool
 		Result interface{}
 		IP     string
 	}{
-		{"1", "1.0.0.0"},
-		{"1", "1.255.255.255"},
-		{"2", "2.1.0.0"},
-		{"2", "2.1.255.255"},
-		{"3", "3.1.1.0"},
-		{"3", "3.1.1.255"},
-		{"4a", "4.1.1.255"},
-		{"4b", "4.1.1.2"},
-		{"4c", "4.1.1.1"},
-		{"5", "240.0.0.0"},
-		{"5", "255.255.255.255"},
-		{"6a", "1:2:0:4:1:1:1:1"},
-		{"6b", "1:2:0:4:5:1:1:1"},
-		{"6c", "1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0"},
-		{nil, "239.0.0.0"},
-		{nil, "4.1.2.2"},
+		{true, "1", "1.0.0.0"},
+		{true, "1", "1.255.255.255"},
+		{true, "2", "2.1.0.0"},
+		{true, "2", "2.1.255.255"},
+		{true, "3", "3.1.1.0"},
+		{true, "3", "3.1.1.255"},
+		{true, "4a", "4.1.1.255"},
+		{true, "4b", "4.1.1.2"},
+		{true, "4c", "4.1.1.1"},
+		{true, "5", "240.0.0.0"},
+		{true, "5", "255.255.255.255"},
+		{true, "6a", "1:2:0:4:1:1:1:1"},
+		{true, "6b", "1:2:0:4:5:1:1:1"},
+		{true, "6c", "1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0"},
+		{false, "", "239.0.0.0"},
+		{false, "", "4.1.2.2"},
 	}

 	for _, tt := range tests {
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP(tt.IP)))
+		ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP(tt.IP))
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
 	}

-	tree = NewTree6()
+	tree = NewTree6[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1.1.1.1/0"), "cool")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("::/0"), "cool6")
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0")))
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool", tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255")))
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool6", tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("::")))
-	assert.Equal(t, "cool6", tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8")))
+	ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.0"))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
+
+	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("255.255.255.255"))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool", r)
+
+	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("::"))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool6", r)
+
+	ok, r = tree.MostSpecificContains(net.ParseIP("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8"))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, "cool6", r)
 }

 func TestCIDR6Tree_MostSpecificContainsIpV6(t *testing.T) {
-	tree := NewTree6()
+	tree := NewTree6[string]()
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/64"), "6a")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/80"), "6b")
 	tree.AddCIDR(Parse("1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0/96"), "6c")

 	tests := []struct {
+		Found  bool
 		Result interface{}
 		IP     string
 	}{
-		{"6a", "1:2:0:4:1:1:1:1"},
-		{"6b", "1:2:0:4:5:1:1:1"},
-		{"6c", "1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0"},
+		{true, "6a", "1:2:0:4:1:1:1:1"},
+		{true, "6b", "1:2:0:4:5:1:1:1"},
+		{true, "6c", "1:2:0:4:5:0:0:0"},
 	}

 	for _, tt := range tests {
@@ -76,6 +91,8 @@ func TestCIDR6Tree_MostSpecificContainsIpV6(t *testing.T) {
 		hi := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(ip[:8])
 		lo := binary.BigEndian.Uint64(ip[8:])

-		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, tree.MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo))
+		ok, r := tree.MostSpecificContainsIpV6(hi, lo)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Found, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, tt.Result, r)
 	}
 }
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/ca.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/ca.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"math"
 	"net"
 	"os"
@@ -213,27 +212,27 @@ func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while signing: %s", err)
 	}

+	var b []byte
 	if *cf.encryption {
-		b, err := cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
+		b, err = cert.EncryptAndMarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv, passphrase, kdfParams)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while encrypting out-key: %s", err)
 		}
-
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, b, 0600)
 	} else {
-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
+		b = cert.MarshalSigningPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv)
 	}

+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, b, 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
 	}

-	b, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
+	b, err = nc.MarshalToPEM()
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
 	}

-	err = ioutil.WriteFile(*cf.outCertPath, b, 0600)
+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outCertPath, b, 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-crt: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -244,7 +243,7 @@ func ca(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader) error
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while generating qr code: %s", err)
 		}

-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(*cf.outQRPath, b, 0600)
+		err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outQRPath, b, 0600)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-qr: %s", err)
 		}
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/ca_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/ca_test.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/pem"
 	"errors"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -107,7 +106,7 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
-	keyF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "test.key")
+	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

@@ -120,7 +119,7 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp cert file
-	crtF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "test.crt")
+	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())
@@ -134,13 +133,13 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
-	rb, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
+	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalEd25519PrivateKey(rb)
 	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 64)

-	rb, _ = ioutil.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
+	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
 	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
 	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -166,7 +165,7 @@ func Test_ca(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read encrypted key file and verify default params
-	rb, _ = ioutil.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
+	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	k, _ := pem.Decode(rb)
 	ned, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaEncryptedData(k.Bytes)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"

 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
@@ -54,12 +53,12 @@ func keygen(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", *cf.curve)
 	}

-	err = ioutil.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
 	}

-	err = ioutil.WriteFile(*cf.outPubPath, cert.MarshalPublicKey(curve, pub), 0600)
+	err = os.WriteFile(*cf.outPubPath, cert.MarshalPublicKey(curve, pub), 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-pub: %s", err)
 	}
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/keygen_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package main

 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"

@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ func Test_keygen(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
-	keyF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "test.key")
+	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(keyF.Name())

@@ -67,7 +66,7 @@ func Test_keygen(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// create temp pub file
-	pubF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "test.pub")
+	pubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.pub")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(pubF.Name())

@@ -80,13 +79,13 @@ func Test_keygen(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Equal(t, "", eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
-	rb, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
+	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PrivateKey(rb)
 	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)

-	rb, _ = ioutil.ReadFile(pubF.Name())
+	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(pubF.Name())
 	lPub, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PublicKey(rb)
 	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/print.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/print.go
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"strings"

@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	rawCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(*pf.path)
+	rawCert, err := os.ReadFile(*pf.path)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read cert; %s", err)
 	}
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ func printCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while generating qr code: %s", err)
 		}

-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(*pf.outQRPath, b, 0600)
+		err = os.WriteFile(*pf.outQRPath, b, 0600)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-qr: %s", err)
 		}
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/print_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/print_test.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package main

 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -54,7 +53,7 @@ func Test_printCert(t *testing.T) {
 	// invalid cert at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	tf, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "print-cert")
+	tf, err := os.CreateTemp("", "print-cert")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(tf.Name())

--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/sign.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/sign.go
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return newHelpErrorf("cannot set both -in-pub and -out-key")
 	}

-	rawCAKey, err := ioutil.ReadFile(*sf.caKeyPath)
+	rawCAKey, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caKeyPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-key: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while parsing ca-key: %s", err)
 	}

-	rawCACert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(*sf.caCertPath)
+	rawCACert, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.caCertPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca-crt: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)

 	var pub, rawPriv []byte
 	if *sf.inPubPath != "" {
-		rawPub, err := ioutil.ReadFile(*sf.inPubPath)
+		rawPub, err := os.ReadFile(*sf.inPubPath)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while reading in-pub: %s", err)
 		}
@@ -235,7 +234,7 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 			return fmt.Errorf("refusing to overwrite existing key: %s", *sf.outKeyPath)
 		}

-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(*sf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
+		err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outKeyPath, cert.MarshalPrivateKey(curve, rawPriv), 0600)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-key: %s", err)
 		}
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while marshalling certificate: %s", err)
 	}

-	err = ioutil.WriteFile(*sf.outCertPath, b, 0600)
+	err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outCertPath, b, 0600)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-crt: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -257,7 +256,7 @@ func signCert(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer, pr PasswordReader)
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while generating qr code: %s", err)
 		}

-		err = ioutil.WriteFile(*sf.outQRPath, b, 0600)
+		err = os.WriteFile(*sf.outQRPath, b, 0600)
 		if err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("error while writing out-qr: %s", err)
 		}
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/sign_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/sign_test.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"errors"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	// failed to unmarshal key
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	caKeyF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "sign-cert.key")
+	caKeyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())

@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	// failed to unmarshal cert
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	caCrtF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "sign-cert.crt")
+	caCrtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())

@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	// failed to unmarshal pub
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	inPubF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "in.pub")
+	inPubF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "in.pub")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(inPubF.Name())

@@ -206,7 +205,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {

 	// mismatched ca key
 	_, caPriv2, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	caKeyF2, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "sign-cert-2.key")
+	caKeyF2, err := os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert-2.key")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF2.Name())
 	caKeyF2.Write(cert.MarshalEd25519PrivateKey(caPriv2))
@@ -227,7 +226,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// create temp key file
-	keyF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "test.key")
+	keyF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.key")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

@@ -241,7 +240,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	os.Remove(keyF.Name())

 	// create temp cert file
-	crtF, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "test.crt")
+	crtF, err := os.CreateTemp("", "test.crt")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	os.Remove(crtF.Name())

@@ -254,13 +253,13 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// read cert and key files
-	rb, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
+	rb, _ := os.ReadFile(keyF.Name())
 	lKey, b, err := cert.UnmarshalX25519PrivateKey(rb)
 	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	assert.Len(t, lKey, 32)

-	rb, _ = ioutil.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
+	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
 	lCrt, b, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
 	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -296,7 +295,7 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, eb.String())

 	// read cert file and check pub key matches in-pub
-	rb, _ = ioutil.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
+	rb, _ = os.ReadFile(crtF.Name())
 	lCrt, b, err = cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rb)
 	assert.Len(t, b, 0)
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
@@ -348,11 +347,11 @@ func Test_signCert(t *testing.T) {
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()

-	caKeyF, err = ioutil.TempFile("", "sign-cert.key")
+	caKeyF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.key")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caKeyF.Name())

-	caCrtF, err = ioutil.TempFile("", "sign-cert.crt")
+	caCrtF, err = os.CreateTemp("", "sign-cert.crt")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caCrtF.Name())

--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/verify.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/verify.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
@@ -40,7 +39,7 @@ func verify(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		return err
 	}

-	rawCACert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(*vf.caPath)
+	rawCACert, err := os.ReadFile(*vf.caPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("error while reading ca: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ func verify(args []string, out io.Writer, errOut io.Writer) error {
 		}
 	}

-	rawCert, err := ioutil.ReadFile(*vf.certPath)
+	rawCert, err := os.ReadFile(*vf.certPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to read crt; %s", err)
 	}
--- a/cmd/nebula-cert/verify_test.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-cert/verify_test.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package main
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"crypto/rand"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {
 	// invalid ca at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	caFile, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "verify-ca")
+	caFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-ca")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(caFile.Name())

@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ func Test_verify(t *testing.T) {
 	// invalid crt at path
 	ob.Reset()
 	eb.Reset()
-	certFile, err := ioutil.TempFile("", "verify-cert")
+	certFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "verify-cert")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
 	defer os.Remove(certFile.Name())

--- a/cmd/nebula-service/main.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula-service/main.go
@@ -59,13 +59,8 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(c, *configTest, Build, l, nil)
-
-	switch v := err.(type) {
-	case util.ContextualError:
-		v.Log(l)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	case error:
-		l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to start")
+	if err != nil {
+		util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to start", err, l)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

--- a/cmd/nebula/main.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula/main.go
@@ -53,18 +53,14 @@ func main() {
 	}

 	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(c, *configTest, Build, l, nil)
-
-	switch v := err.(type) {
-	case util.ContextualError:
-		v.Log(l)
-		os.Exit(1)
-	case error:
-		l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to start")
+	if err != nil {
+		util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to start", err, l)
 		os.Exit(1)
 	}

 	if !*configTest {
 		ctrl.Start()
+		notifyReady(l)
 		ctrl.ShutdownBlock()
 	}

--- a/cmd/nebula/notify_linux.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula/notify_linux.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+// SdNotifyReady tells systemd the service is ready and dependent services can now be started
+// https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/sd_notify.html
+// https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.service.html
+const SdNotifyReady = "READY=1"
+
+func notifyReady(l *logrus.Logger) {
+	sockName := os.Getenv("NOTIFY_SOCKET")
+	if sockName == "" {
+		l.Debugln("NOTIFY_SOCKET systemd env var not set, not sending ready signal")
+		return
+	}
+
+	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("unixgram", sockName, time.Second)
+	if err != nil {
+		l.WithError(err).Error("failed to connect to systemd notification socket")
+		return
+	}
+	defer conn.Close()
+
+	err = conn.SetWriteDeadline(time.Now().Add(time.Second))
+	if err != nil {
+		l.WithError(err).Error("failed to set the write deadline for the systemd notification socket")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if _, err = conn.Write([]byte(SdNotifyReady)); err != nil {
+		l.WithError(err).Error("failed to signal the systemd notification socket")
+		return
+	}
+
+	l.Debugln("notified systemd the service is ready")
+}
--- a/cmd/nebula/notify_notlinux.go
+++ b/cmd/nebula/notify_notlinux.go
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+//go:build !linux
+// +build !linux
+
+package main
+
+import "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+func notifyReady(_ *logrus.Logger) {
+	// No init service to notify
+}
--- a/config/config.go
+++ b/config/config.go
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"math"
 	"os"
 	"os/signal"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/imdario/mergo"
+	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )
@@ -121,6 +121,10 @@ func (c *C) HasChanged(k string) bool {
 // CatchHUP will listen for the HUP signal in a go routine and reload all configs found in the
 // original path provided to Load. The old settings are shallow copied for change detection after the reload.
 func (c *C) CatchHUP(ctx context.Context) {
+	if c.path == "" {
+		return
+	}
+
 	ch := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
 	signal.Notify(ch, syscall.SIGHUP)

@@ -236,6 +240,15 @@ func (c *C) GetInt(k string, d int) int {
 	return v
 }

+// GetUint32 will get the uint32 for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
+func (c *C) GetUint32(k string, d uint32) uint32 {
+	r := c.GetInt(k, int(d))
+	if uint64(r) > uint64(math.MaxUint32) {
+		return d
+	}
+	return uint32(r)
+}
+
 // GetBool will get the bool for k or return the default d if not found or invalid
 func (c *C) GetBool(k string, d bool) bool {
 	r := strings.ToLower(c.GetString(k, fmt.Sprintf("%v", d)))
@@ -348,7 +361,7 @@ func (c *C) parse() error {
 	var m map[interface{}]interface{}

 	for _, path := range c.files {
-		b, err := ioutil.ReadFile(path)
+		b, err := os.ReadFile(path)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
--- a/config/config_test.go
+++ b/config/config_test.go
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 package config

 import (
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

-	"github.com/imdario/mergo"
+	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -16,10 +15,10 @@ import (

 func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "config-test")
+	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "config-test")
 	// invalid yaml
 	c := NewC(l)
-	ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte(" invalid yaml"), 0644)
+	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte(" invalid yaml"), 0644)
 	assert.EqualError(t, c.Load(dir), "yaml: unmarshal errors:\n  line 1: cannot unmarshal !!str `invalid...` into map[interface {}]interface {}")

 	// simple multi config merge
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@ func TestConfig_Load(t *testing.T) {

 	assert.Nil(t, err)

-	ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)
-	ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "02.yml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: override\nnew: hi"), 0644)
+	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)
+	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "02.yml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: override\nnew: hi"), 0644)
 	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))
 	expected := map[interface{}]interface{}{
 		"outer": map[interface{}]interface{}{
@@ -120,9 +119,9 @@ func TestConfig_HasChanged(t *testing.T) {
 func TestConfig_ReloadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	done := make(chan bool, 1)
-	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "config-test")
+	dir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "config-test")
 	assert.Nil(t, err)
-	ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)
+	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: hi"), 0644)

 	c := NewC(l)
 	assert.Nil(t, c.Load(dir))
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ func TestConfig_ReloadConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged("outer"))
 	assert.False(t, c.HasChanged(""))

-	ioutil.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: ho"), 0644)
+	os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "01.yaml"), []byte("outer:\n  inner: ho"), 0644)

 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *C) {
 		done <- true
--- a/connection_manager.go
+++ b/connection_manager.go
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ const (
 	swapPrimary    trafficDecision = 3
 	migrateRelays  trafficDecision = 4
 	tryRehandshake trafficDecision = 5
+	sendTestPacket trafficDecision = 6
 )

 type connectionManager struct {
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
 }

 func (n *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) {
-	decision, hostinfo, primary := n.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, p, nb, out, now)
+	decision, hostinfo, primary := n.makeTrafficDecision(localIndex, now)

 	switch decision {
 	case deleteTunnel:
@@ -197,6 +198,9 @@ func (n *connectionManager) doTrafficCheck(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte,

 	case tryRehandshake:
 		n.tryRehandshake(hostinfo)
+
+	case sendTestPacket:
+		n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
 	}

 	n.resetRelayTrafficCheck(hostinfo)
@@ -231,7 +235,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 			index = existing.LocalIndex
 			switch r.Type {
 			case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = newhostinfo.vpnIp
+				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnIp
 				relayTo = existing.PeerIp
 			case ForwardingType:
 				relayFrom = existing.PeerIp
@@ -256,7 +260,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 			}
 			switch r.Type {
 			case TerminalType:
-				relayFrom = newhostinfo.vpnIp
+				relayFrom = n.intf.myVpnIp
 				relayTo = r.PeerIp
 			case ForwardingType:
 				relayFrom = r.PeerIp
@@ -289,7 +293,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) migrateRelayUsed(oldhostinfo, newhostinfo *HostInfo)
 	}
 }

-func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []byte, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
+func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, now time.Time) (trafficDecision, *HostInfo, *HostInfo) {
 	n.hostMap.RLock()
 	defer n.hostMap.RUnlock()

@@ -356,6 +360,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []
 		return deleteTunnel, hostinfo, nil
 	}

+	decision := doNothing
 	if hostinfo != nil && hostinfo.ConnectionState != nil && mainHostInfo {
 		if !outTraffic {
 			// If we aren't sending or receiving traffic then its an unused tunnel and we don't to test the tunnel.
@@ -380,7 +385,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []
 		}

 		// Send a test packet to trigger an authenticated tunnel test, this should suss out any lingering tunnel issues
-		n.intf.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo, p, nb, out)
+		decision = sendTestPacket

 	} else {
 		if n.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
@@ -390,7 +395,7 @@ func (n *connectionManager) makeTrafficDecision(localIndex uint32, p, nb, out []

 	n.pendingDeletion[hostinfo.localIndexId] = struct{}{}
 	n.trafficTimer.Add(hostinfo.localIndexId, n.pendingDeletionInterval)
-	return doNothing, nil, nil
+	return decision, hostinfo, nil
 }

 func (n *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
@@ -405,8 +410,8 @@ func (n *connectionManager) shouldSwapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) bool {
 		return false
 	}

-	certState := n.intf.certState.Load()
-	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.certState.certificate.Signature, certState.certificate.Signature)
+	certState := n.intf.pki.GetCertState()
+	return bytes.Equal(current.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature, certState.Certificate.Signature)
 }

 func (n *connectionManager) swapPrimary(current, primary *HostInfo) {
@@ -427,12 +432,12 @@ func (n *connectionManager) isInvalidCertificate(now time.Time, hostinfo *HostIn
 		return false
 	}

-	valid, err := remoteCert.VerifyWithCache(now, n.intf.caPool)
+	valid, err := remoteCert.VerifyWithCache(now, n.intf.pki.GetCAPool())
 	if valid {
 		return false
 	}

-	if !n.intf.disconnectInvalid && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
+	if !n.intf.disconnectInvalid.Load() && err != cert.ErrBlockListed {
 		// Block listed certificates should always be disconnected
 		return false
 	}
@@ -464,8 +469,8 @@ func (n *connectionManager) sendPunch(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 }

 func (n *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	certState := n.intf.certState.Load()
-	if bytes.Equal(hostinfo.ConnectionState.certState.certificate.Signature, certState.certificate.Signature) {
+	certState := n.intf.pki.GetCertState()
+	if bytes.Equal(hostinfo.ConnectionState.myCert.Signature, certState.Certificate.Signature) {
 		return
 	}

@@ -473,18 +478,5 @@ func (n *connectionManager) tryRehandshake(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 		WithField("reason", "local certificate is not current").
 		Info("Re-handshaking with remote")

-	//TODO: this is copied from getOrHandshake to keep the extra checks out of the hot path, figure it out
-	newHostinfo := n.intf.handshakeManager.AddVpnIp(hostinfo.vpnIp, n.intf.initHostInfo)
-	if !newHostinfo.HandshakeReady {
-		ixHandshakeStage0(n.intf, newHostinfo.vpnIp, newHostinfo)
-	}
-
-	//If this is a static host, we don't need to wait for the HostQueryReply
-	//We can trigger the handshake right now
-	if _, ok := n.intf.lightHouse.GetStaticHostList()[hostinfo.vpnIp]; ok {
-		select {
-		case n.intf.handshakeManager.trigger <- hostinfo.vpnIp:
-		default:
-		}
-	}
+	n.intf.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnIp, nil)
 }
--- a/connection_manager_test.go
+++ b/connection_manager_test.go
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ var vpnIp iputil.VpnIp

 func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 	lh := &LightHouse{
-		l:       test.NewLogger(),
-		addrMap: map[iputil.VpnIp]*RemoteList{},
+		l:         test.NewLogger(),
+		addrMap:   map[iputil.VpnIp]*RemoteList{},
+		queryChan: make(chan iputil.VpnIp, 10),
 	}
 	lighthouses := map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{}
 	staticList := map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{}
@@ -42,25 +43,26 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 	preferredRanges := []*net.IPNet{localrange}

 	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, "test", vpncidr, preferredRanges)
+	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges)
 	cs := &CertState{
-		rawCertificate:      []byte{},
-		privateKey:          []byte{},
-		certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
-		rawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
 	ifce := &Interface{
 		hostMap:          hostMap,
 		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
-		outside:          &udp.Conn{},
+		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
 		firewall:         &Firewall{},
 		lightHouse:       lh,
-		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges, hostMap, lh, &udp.Conn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
+		pki:              &PKI{},
+		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, hostMap, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
 		l:                l,
 	}
-	ifce.certState.Store(cs)
+	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)

 	// Create manager
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -78,8 +80,8 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest(t *testing.T) {
 		remoteIndexId: 9901,
 	}
 	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		certState: cs,
-		H:         &noise.HandshakeState{},
+		myCert: &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

@@ -121,25 +123,26 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 	preferredRanges := []*net.IPNet{localrange}

 	// Very incomplete mock objects
-	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, "test", vpncidr, preferredRanges)
+	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges)
 	cs := &CertState{
-		rawCertificate:      []byte{},
-		privateKey:          []byte{},
-		certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
-		rawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
 	ifce := &Interface{
 		hostMap:          hostMap,
 		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
-		outside:          &udp.Conn{},
+		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
 		firewall:         &Firewall{},
 		lightHouse:       lh,
-		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges, hostMap, lh, &udp.Conn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
+		pki:              &PKI{},
+		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, hostMap, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
 		l:                l,
 	}
-	ifce.certState.Store(cs)
+	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)

 	// Create manager
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -157,8 +160,8 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest2(t *testing.T) {
 		remoteIndexId: 9901,
 	}
 	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		certState: cs,
-		H:         &noise.HandshakeState{},
+		myCert: &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		H:      &noise.HandshakeState{},
 	}
 	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

@@ -207,7 +210,7 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	_, vpncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("172.1.1.1/24")
 	_, localrange, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.1.1.1/24")
 	preferredRanges := []*net.IPNet{localrange}
-	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, "test", vpncidr, preferredRanges)
+	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges)

 	// Generate keys for CA and peer's cert.
 	pubCA, privCA, _ := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
@@ -220,7 +223,8 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 			PublicKey: pubCA,
 		},
 	}
-	caCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
+
+	assert.NoError(t, caCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA))
 	ncp := &cert.NebulaCAPool{
 		CAs: cert.NewCAPool().CAs,
 	}
@@ -239,28 +243,29 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 			Issuer:    "ca",
 		},
 	}
-	peerCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA)
+	assert.NoError(t, peerCert.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, privCA))

 	cs := &CertState{
-		rawCertificate:      []byte{},
-		privateKey:          []byte{},
-		certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
-		rawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

 	lh := newTestLighthouse()
 	ifce := &Interface{
-		hostMap:           hostMap,
-		inside:            &test.NoopTun{},
-		outside:           &udp.Conn{},
-		firewall:          &Firewall{},
-		lightHouse:        lh,
-		handshakeManager:  NewHandshakeManager(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges, hostMap, lh, &udp.Conn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
-		l:                 l,
-		disconnectInvalid: true,
-		caPool:            ncp,
+		hostMap:          hostMap,
+		inside:           &test.NoopTun{},
+		outside:          &udp.NoopConn{},
+		firewall:         &Firewall{},
+		lightHouse:       lh,
+		handshakeManager: NewHandshakeManager(l, hostMap, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig),
+		l:                l,
+		pki:              &PKI{},
 	}
-	ifce.certState.Store(cs)
+	ifce.pki.cs.Store(cs)
+	ifce.pki.caPool.Store(ncp)
+	ifce.disconnectInvalid.Store(true)

 	// Create manager
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
@@ -268,12 +273,16 @@ func Test_NewConnectionManagerTest_DisconnectInvalid(t *testing.T) {
 	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, config.NewC(l))
 	nc := newConnectionManager(ctx, l, ifce, 5, 10, punchy)
 	ifce.connectionManager = nc
-	hostinfo, _ := nc.hostMap.AddVpnIp(vpnIp, nil)
-	hostinfo.ConnectionState = &ConnectionState{
-		certState: cs,
-		peerCert:  &peerCert,
-		H:         &noise.HandshakeState{},
+
+	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
+		vpnIp: vpnIp,
+		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
+			myCert:   &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+			peerCert: &peerCert,
+			H:        &noise.HandshakeState{},
+		},
 	}
+	nc.hostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, ifce)

 	// Move ahead 45s.
 	// Check if to disconnect with invalid certificate.
--- a/connection_state.go
+++ b/connection_state.go
@@ -18,35 +18,34 @@ type ConnectionState struct {
 	eKey           *NebulaCipherState
 	dKey           *NebulaCipherState
 	H              *noise.HandshakeState
-	certState      *CertState
+	myCert         *cert.NebulaCertificate
 	peerCert       *cert.NebulaCertificate
 	initiator      bool
 	messageCounter atomic.Uint64
 	window         *Bits
-	queueLock      sync.Mutex
 	writeLock      sync.Mutex
-	ready          bool
 }

-func (f *Interface) newConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, initiator bool, pattern noise.HandshakePattern, psk []byte, pskStage int) *ConnectionState {
+func NewConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, cipher string, certState *CertState, initiator bool, pattern noise.HandshakePattern, psk []byte, pskStage int) *ConnectionState {
 	var dhFunc noise.DHFunc
-	curCertState := f.certState.Load()
-
-	switch curCertState.certificate.Details.Curve {
+	switch certState.Certificate.Details.Curve {
 	case cert.Curve_CURVE25519:
 		dhFunc = noise.DH25519
 	case cert.Curve_P256:
 		dhFunc = noiseutil.DHP256
 	default:
-		l.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", curCertState.certificate.Details.Curve)
+		l.Errorf("invalid curve: %s", certState.Certificate.Details.Curve)
 		return nil
 	}
-	cs := noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noiseutil.CipherAESGCM, noise.HashSHA256)
-	if f.cipher == "chachapoly" {
+
+	var cs noise.CipherSuite
+	if cipher == "chachapoly" {
 		cs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noise.CipherChaChaPoly, noise.HashSHA256)
+	} else {
+		cs = noise.NewCipherSuite(dhFunc, noiseutil.CipherAESGCM, noise.HashSHA256)
 	}

-	static := noise.DHKey{Private: curCertState.privateKey, Public: curCertState.publicKey}
+	static := noise.DHKey{Private: certState.PrivateKey, Public: certState.PublicKey}

 	b := NewBits(ReplayWindow)
 	// Clear out bit 0, we never transmit it and we don't want it showing as packet loss
@@ -71,8 +70,7 @@ func (f *Interface) newConnectionState(l *logrus.Logger, initiator bool, pattern
 		H:         hs,
 		initiator: initiator,
 		window:    b,
-		ready:     false,
-		certState: curCertState,
+		myCert:    certState.Certificate,
 	}

 	return ci
@@ -83,6 +81,5 @@ func (cs *ConnectionState) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 		"certificate":     cs.peerCert,
 		"initiator":       cs.initiator,
 		"message_counter": cs.messageCounter.Load(),
-		"ready":           cs.ready,
 	})
 }
--- a/control.go
+++ b/control.go
@@ -11,19 +11,31 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 )

 // Every interaction here needs to take extra care to copy memory and not return or use arguments "as is" when touching
 // core. This means copying IP objects, slices, de-referencing pointers and taking the actual value, etc

+type controlEach func(h *HostInfo)
+
+type controlHostLister interface {
+	QueryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *HostInfo
+	ForEachIndex(each controlEach)
+	ForEachVpnIp(each controlEach)
+	GetPreferredRanges() []*net.IPNet
+}
+
 type Control struct {
-	f          *Interface
-	l          *logrus.Logger
-	cancel     context.CancelFunc
-	sshStart   func()
-	statsStart func()
-	dnsStart   func()
+	f               *Interface
+	l               *logrus.Logger
+	ctx             context.Context
+	cancel          context.CancelFunc
+	sshStart        func()
+	statsStart      func()
+	dnsStart        func()
+	lighthouseStart func()
 }

 type ControlHostInfo struct {
@@ -31,7 +43,6 @@ type ControlHostInfo struct {
 	LocalIndex             uint32                  `json:"localIndex"`
 	RemoteIndex            uint32                  `json:"remoteIndex"`
 	RemoteAddrs            []*udp.Addr             `json:"remoteAddrs"`
-	CachedPackets          int                     `json:"cachedPackets"`
 	Cert                   *cert.NebulaCertificate `json:"cert"`
 	MessageCounter         uint64                  `json:"messageCounter"`
 	CurrentRemote          *udp.Addr               `json:"currentRemote"`
@@ -54,12 +65,19 @@ func (c *Control) Start() {
 	if c.dnsStart != nil {
 		go c.dnsStart()
 	}
+	if c.lighthouseStart != nil {
+		c.lighthouseStart()
+	}

 	// Start reading packets.
 	c.f.run()
 }

-// Stop signals nebula to shutdown, returns after the shutdown is complete
+func (c *Control) Context() context.Context {
+	return c.ctx
+}
+
+// Stop signals nebula to shutdown and close all tunnels, returns after the shutdown is complete
 func (c *Control) Stop() {
 	// Stop the handshakeManager (and other services), to prevent new tunnels from
 	// being created while we're shutting them all down.
@@ -89,7 +107,7 @@ func (c *Control) RebindUDPServer() {
 	_ = c.f.outside.Rebind()

 	// Trigger a lighthouse update, useful for mobile clients that should have an update interval of 0
-	c.f.lightHouse.SendUpdate(c.f)
+	c.f.lightHouse.SendUpdate()

 	// Let the main interface know that we rebound so that underlying tunnels know to trigger punches from their remotes
 	c.f.rebindCount++
@@ -98,7 +116,7 @@ func (c *Control) RebindUDPServer() {
 // ListHostmapHosts returns details about the actual or pending (handshaking) hostmap by vpn ip
 func (c *Control) ListHostmapHosts(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {
 	if pendingMap {
-		return listHostMapHosts(c.f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap)
+		return listHostMapHosts(c.f.handshakeManager)
 	} else {
 		return listHostMapHosts(c.f.hostMap)
 	}
@@ -107,7 +125,7 @@ func (c *Control) ListHostmapHosts(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {
 // ListHostmapIndexes returns details about the actual or pending (handshaking) hostmap by local index id
 func (c *Control) ListHostmapIndexes(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {
 	if pendingMap {
-		return listHostMapIndexes(c.f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap)
+		return listHostMapIndexes(c.f.handshakeManager)
 	} else {
 		return listHostMapIndexes(c.f.hostMap)
 	}
@@ -115,15 +133,15 @@ func (c *Control) ListHostmapIndexes(pendingMap bool) []ControlHostInfo {

 // GetHostInfoByVpnIp returns a single tunnels hostInfo, or nil if not found
 func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, pending bool) *ControlHostInfo {
-	var hm *HostMap
+	var hl controlHostLister
 	if pending {
-		hm = c.f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap
+		hl = c.f.handshakeManager
 	} else {
-		hm = c.f.hostMap
+		hl = c.f.hostMap
 	}

-	h, err := hm.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if err != nil {
+	h := hl.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if h == nil {
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -133,8 +151,8 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostInfoByVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, pending bool) *ControlH

 // SetRemoteForTunnel forces a tunnel to use a specific remote
 func (c *Control) SetRemoteForTunnel(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, addr udp.Addr) *ControlHostInfo {
-	hostInfo, err := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if err != nil {
+	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return nil
 	}

@@ -145,8 +163,8 @@ func (c *Control) SetRemoteForTunnel(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, addr udp.Addr) *Control

 // CloseTunnel closes a fully established tunnel. If localOnly is false it will notify the remote end as well.
 func (c *Control) CloseTunnel(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, localOnly bool) bool {
-	hostInfo, err := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if err != nil {
+	hostInfo := c.f.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return false
 	}

@@ -214,6 +232,10 @@ func (c *Control) CloseAllTunnels(excludeLighthouses bool) (closed int) {
 	return
 }

+func (c *Control) Device() overlay.Device {
+	return c.f.inside
+}
+
 func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) ControlHostInfo {

 	chi := ControlHostInfo{
@@ -221,7 +243,6 @@ func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) ControlHostInfo {
 		LocalIndex:             h.localIndexId,
 		RemoteIndex:            h.remoteIndexId,
 		RemoteAddrs:            h.remotes.CopyAddrs(preferredRanges),
-		CachedPackets:          len(h.packetStore),
 		CurrentRelaysToMe:      h.relayState.CopyRelayIps(),
 		CurrentRelaysThroughMe: h.relayState.CopyRelayForIps(),
 	}
@@ -241,28 +262,20 @@ func copyHostInfo(h *HostInfo, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) ControlHostInfo {
 	return chi
 }

-func listHostMapHosts(hm *HostMap) []ControlHostInfo {
-	hm.RLock()
-	hosts := make([]ControlHostInfo, len(hm.Hosts))
-	i := 0
-	for _, v := range hm.Hosts {
-		hosts[i] = copyHostInfo(v, hm.preferredRanges)
-		i++
-	}
-	hm.RUnlock()
-
+func listHostMapHosts(hl controlHostLister) []ControlHostInfo {
+	hosts := make([]ControlHostInfo, 0)
+	pr := hl.GetPreferredRanges()
+	hl.ForEachVpnIp(func(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+		hosts = append(hosts, copyHostInfo(hostinfo, pr))
+	})
 	return hosts
 }

-func listHostMapIndexes(hm *HostMap) []ControlHostInfo {
-	hm.RLock()
-	hosts := make([]ControlHostInfo, len(hm.Indexes))
-	i := 0
-	for _, v := range hm.Indexes {
-		hosts[i] = copyHostInfo(v, hm.preferredRanges)
-		i++
-	}
-	hm.RUnlock()
-
+func listHostMapIndexes(hl controlHostLister) []ControlHostInfo {
+	hosts := make([]ControlHostInfo, 0)
+	pr := hl.GetPreferredRanges()
+	hl.ForEachIndex(func(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+		hosts = append(hosts, copyHostInfo(hostinfo, pr))
+	})
 	return hosts
 }
--- a/control_test.go
+++ b/control_test.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	// Special care must be taken to re-use all objects provided to the hostmap and certificate in the expectedInfo object
 	// To properly ensure we are not exposing core memory to the caller
-	hm := NewHostMap(l, "test", &net.IPNet{}, make([]*net.IPNet, 0))
+	hm := NewHostMap(l, &net.IPNet{}, make([]*net.IPNet, 0))
 	remote1 := udp.NewAddr(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.100"), 4444)
 	remote2 := udp.NewAddr(net.ParseIP("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8"), 4444)
 	ipNet := net.IPNet{
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	remotes := NewRemoteList(nil)
 	remotes.unlockedPrependV4(0, NewIp4AndPort(remote1.IP, uint32(remote1.Port)))
 	remotes.unlockedPrependV6(0, NewIp6AndPort(remote2.IP, uint32(remote2.Port)))
-	hm.Add(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet.IP), &HostInfo{
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(&HostInfo{
 		remote:  remote1,
 		remotes: remotes,
 		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 			relayForByIp:  map[iputil.VpnIp]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
-	})
+	}, &Interface{})

-	hm.Add(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ipNet2.IP), &HostInfo{
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(&HostInfo{
 		remote:  remote1,
 		remotes: remotes,
 		ConnectionState: &ConnectionState{
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 			relayForByIp:  map[iputil.VpnIp]*Relay{},
 			relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
 		},
-	})
+	}, &Interface{})

 	c := Control{
 		f: &Interface{
@@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 		LocalIndex:             201,
 		RemoteIndex:            200,
 		RemoteAddrs:            []*udp.Addr{remote2, remote1},
-		CachedPackets:          0,
 		Cert:                   crt.Copy(),
 		MessageCounter:         0,
 		CurrentRemote:          udp.NewAddr(net.ParseIP("0.0.0.100"), 4444),
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ func TestControl_GetHostInfoByVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	}

 	// Make sure we don't have any unexpected fields
-	assertFields(t, []string{"VpnIp", "LocalIndex", "RemoteIndex", "RemoteAddrs", "CachedPackets", "Cert", "MessageCounter", "CurrentRemote", "CurrentRelaysToMe", "CurrentRelaysThroughMe"}, thi)
+	assertFields(t, []string{"VpnIp", "LocalIndex", "RemoteIndex", "RemoteAddrs", "Cert", "MessageCounter", "CurrentRemote", "CurrentRelaysToMe", "CurrentRelaysThroughMe"}, thi)
 	test.AssertDeepCopyEqual(t, &expectedInfo, thi)

 	// Make sure we don't panic if the host info doesn't have a cert yet
--- a/control_tester.go
+++ b/control_tester.go
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 func (c *Control) WaitForType(msgType header.MessageType, subType header.MessageSubType, pipeTo *Control) {
 	h := &header.H{}
 	for {
-		p := c.f.outside.Get(true)
+		p := c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Get(true)
 		if err := h.Parse(p.Data); err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (c *Control) WaitForType(msgType header.MessageType, subType header.Message
 func (c *Control) WaitForTypeByIndex(toIndex uint32, msgType header.MessageType, subType header.MessageSubType, pipeTo *Control) {
 	h := &header.H{}
 	for {
-		p := c.f.outside.Get(true)
+		p := c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Get(true)
 		if err := h.Parse(p.Data); err != nil {
 			panic(err)
 		}
@@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ func (c *Control) GetFromTun(block bool) []byte {

 // GetFromUDP will pull a udp packet off the udp side of nebula
 func (c *Control) GetFromUDP(block bool) *udp.Packet {
-	return c.f.outside.Get(block)
+	return c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Get(block)
 }

 func (c *Control) GetUDPTxChan() <-chan *udp.Packet {
-	return c.f.outside.TxPackets
+	return c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).TxPackets
 }

 func (c *Control) GetTunTxChan() <-chan []byte {
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func (c *Control) GetTunTxChan() <-chan []byte {

 // InjectUDPPacket will inject a packet into the udp side of nebula
 func (c *Control) InjectUDPPacket(p *udp.Packet) {
-	c.f.outside.Send(p)
+	c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Send(p)
 }

 // InjectTunUDPPacket puts a udp packet on the tun interface. Using UDP here because it's a simpler protocol
@@ -143,16 +143,16 @@ func (c *Control) GetVpnIp() iputil.VpnIp {
 }

 func (c *Control) GetUDPAddr() string {
-	return c.f.outside.Addr.String()
+	return c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Addr.String()
 }

 func (c *Control) KillPendingTunnel(vpnIp net.IP) bool {
-	hostinfo, ok := c.f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap.Hosts[iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIp)]
-	if !ok {
+	hostinfo := c.f.handshakeManager.QueryVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(vpnIp))
+	if hostinfo == nil {
 		return false
 	}

-	c.f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
+	c.f.handshakeManager.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
 	return true
 }

@@ -161,19 +161,9 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostmap() *HostMap {
 }

 func (c *Control) GetCert() *cert.NebulaCertificate {
-	return c.f.certState.Load().certificate
+	return c.f.pki.GetCertState().Certificate
 }

 func (c *Control) ReHandshake(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) {
-	hostinfo := c.f.handshakeManager.AddVpnIp(vpnIp, c.f.initHostInfo)
-	ixHandshakeStage0(c.f, vpnIp, hostinfo)
-
-	// If this is a static host, we don't need to wait for the HostQueryReply
-	// We can trigger the handshake right now
-	if _, ok := c.f.lightHouse.GetStaticHostList()[hostinfo.vpnIp]; ok {
-		select {
-		case c.f.handshakeManager.trigger <- hostinfo.vpnIp:
-		default:
-		}
-	}
+	c.f.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(vpnIp, nil)
 }
--- a/dist/arch/nebula.service
+++ b/dist/arch/nebula.service
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ Wants=basic.target network-online.target nss-lookup.target time-sync.target
 After=basic.target network.target network-online.target

 [Service]
+Type=notify
+NotifyAccess=main
 SyslogIdentifier=nebula
 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
 ExecStart=/usr/bin/nebula -config /etc/nebula/config.yml
--- a/dist/fedora/nebula.service
+++ b/dist/fedora/nebula.service
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ After=basic.target network.target network-online.target
 Before=sshd.service

 [Service]
+Type=notify
+NotifyAccess=main
 SyslogIdentifier=nebula
 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
 ExecStart=/usr/bin/nebula -config /etc/nebula/config.yml
--- a/dns_server.go
+++ b/dns_server.go
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ func (d *dnsRecords) QueryCert(data string) string {
 		return ""
 	}
 	iip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ip)
-	hostinfo, err := d.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(iip)
-	if err != nil {
+	hostinfo := d.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(iip)
+	if hostinfo == nil {
 		return ""
 	}
 	q := hostinfo.GetCert()
--- a/e2e/handshakes_test.go
+++ b/e2e/handshakes_test.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 )

 func BenchmarkHotPath(b *testing.B) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, _, _, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func BenchmarkHotPath(b *testing.B) {
 }

 func TestGoodHandshake(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)

@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func TestGoodHandshake(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestWrongResponderHandshake(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})

 	// The IPs here are chosen on purpose:
 	// The current remote handling will sort by preference, public, and then lexically.
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func TestStage1Race(t *testing.T) {
 	// This tests ensures that two hosts handshaking with each other at the same time will allow traffic to flow
 	// But will eventually collapse down to a single tunnel

-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)

@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ func TestStage1Race(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestUncleanShutdownRaceLoser(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)

@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ func TestUncleanShutdownRaceLoser(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestUncleanShutdownRaceWinner(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)

@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ func TestUncleanShutdownRaceWinner(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestRelays(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me     ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
 	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "relay  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 128}, m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them   ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ func TestRelays(t *testing.T) {

 func TestStage1RaceRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	//NOTE: this is a race between me and relay resulting in a full tunnel from me to them via relay
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me     ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
 	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "relay  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 128}, m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them   ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
@@ -410,6 +410,8 @@ func TestStage1RaceRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(myControl)
 	_ = p

+	r.FlushAll()
+
 	myControl.Stop()
 	theirControl.Stop()
 	relayControl.Stop()
@@ -419,7 +421,7 @@ func TestStage1RaceRelays(t *testing.T) {

 func TestStage1RaceRelays2(t *testing.T) {
 	//NOTE: this is a race between me and relay resulting in a full tunnel from me to them via relay
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me     ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
 	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "relay  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 128}, m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them   ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
@@ -506,7 +508,7 @@ func TestStage1RaceRelays2(t *testing.T) {
 	////TODO: assert hostmaps
 }
 func TestRehandshakingRelays(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me     ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
 	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, relayConfig := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "relay  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 128}, m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them   ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
@@ -536,7 +538,111 @@ func TestRehandshakingRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	// When I update the certificate for the relay, both me and them will have 2 host infos for the relay,
 	// and the main host infos will not have any relay state to handle the me<->relay<->them tunnel.
 	r.Log("Renew relay certificate and spin until me and them sees it")
-	_, _, myNextPrivKey, myNextPEM := newTestCert(ca, caKey, "relay", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), relayVpnIpNet, nil, []string{"new group"})
+	_, _, myNextPrivKey, myNextPEM := NewTestCert(ca, caKey, "relay", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), relayVpnIpNet, nil, []string{"new group"})
+
+	caB, err := ca.MarshalToPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	relayConfig.Settings["pki"] = m{
+		"ca":   string(caB),
+		"cert": string(myNextPEM),
+		"key":  string(myNextPrivKey),
+	}
+	rc, err := yaml.Marshal(relayConfig.Settings)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	relayConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))
+
+	for {
+		r.Log("Assert the tunnel works between myVpnIpNet and relayVpnIpNet")
+		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet.IP, relayVpnIpNet.IP, myControl, relayControl, r)
+		c := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(relayVpnIpNet.IP), false)
+		if len(c.Cert.Details.Groups) != 0 {
+			// We have a new certificate now
+			r.Log("Certificate between my and relay is updated!")
+			break
+		}
+
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	for {
+		r.Log("Assert the tunnel works between theirVpnIpNet and relayVpnIpNet")
+		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet.IP, relayVpnIpNet.IP, theirControl, relayControl, r)
+		c := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnIp(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(relayVpnIpNet.IP), false)
+		if len(c.Cert.Details.Groups) != 0 {
+			// We have a new certificate now
+			r.Log("Certificate between their and relay is updated!")
+			break
+		}
+
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
+	assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet.IP, myVpnIpNet.IP, theirControl, myControl, r)
+	r.RenderHostmaps("working hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+	// We should have two hostinfos on all sides
+	for len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for myControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
+		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet.IP, myVpnIpNet.IP, theirControl, myControl, r)
+		r.Log("yupitdoes")
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+	t.Logf("myControl hostinfos got cleaned up!")
+	for len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for theirControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
+		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet.IP, myVpnIpNet.IP, theirControl, myControl, r)
+		r.Log("yupitdoes")
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+	t.Logf("theirControl hostinfos got cleaned up!")
+	for len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for relayControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
+		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet.IP, myVpnIpNet.IP, theirControl, myControl, r)
+		r.Log("yupitdoes")
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+	t.Logf("relayControl hostinfos got cleaned up!")
+}
+
+func TestRehandshakingRelaysPrimary(t *testing.T) {
+	// This test is the same as TestRehandshakingRelays but one of the terminal types is a primary swap winner
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me     ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 128}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, relayConfig := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "relay  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them   ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+
+	// Teach my how to get to the relay and that their can be reached via the relay
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnIpNet.IP, relayUdpAddr)
+	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnIpNet.IP, []net.IP{relayVpnIpNet.IP})
+	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet.IP, theirUdpAddr)
+
+	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	relayControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	t.Log("Trigger a handshake from me to them via the relay")
+	myControl.InjectTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet.IP, 80, 80, []byte("Hi from me"))
+
+	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
+	r.Log("Assert the tunnel works")
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from me"), p, myVpnIpNet.IP, theirVpnIpNet.IP, 80, 80)
+	r.RenderHostmaps("working hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+
+	// When I update the certificate for the relay, both me and them will have 2 host infos for the relay,
+	// and the main host infos will not have any relay state to handle the me<->relay<->them tunnel.
+	r.Log("Renew relay certificate and spin until me and them sees it")
+	_, _, myNextPrivKey, myNextPEM := NewTestCert(ca, caKey, "relay", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), relayVpnIpNet, nil, []string{"new group"})

 	caB, err := ca.MarshalToPEM()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -609,7 +715,7 @@ func TestRehandshakingRelays(t *testing.T) {
 }

 func TestRehandshaking(t *testing.T) {
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, myConfig := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, theirConfig := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)

@@ -631,7 +737,7 @@ func TestRehandshaking(t *testing.T) {
 	r.RenderHostmaps("Starting hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)

 	r.Log("Renew my certificate and spin until their sees it")
-	_, _, myNextPrivKey, myNextPEM := newTestCert(ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), myVpnIpNet, nil, []string{"new group"})
+	_, _, myNextPrivKey, myNextPEM := NewTestCert(ca, caKey, "me", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), myVpnIpNet, nil, []string{"new group"})

 	caB, err := ca.MarshalToPEM()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -705,7 +811,7 @@ func TestRehandshaking(t *testing.T) {
 func TestRehandshakingLoser(t *testing.T) {
 	// The purpose of this test is that the race loser renews their certificate and rehandshakes. The final tunnel
 	// Should be the one with the new certificate
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, myConfig := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me  ", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, theirConfig := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)

@@ -731,7 +837,7 @@ func TestRehandshakingLoser(t *testing.T) {
 	r.RenderHostmaps("Starting hostmaps", myControl, theirControl)

 	r.Log("Renew their certificate and spin until mine sees it")
-	_, _, theirNextPrivKey, theirNextPEM := newTestCert(ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), theirVpnIpNet, nil, []string{"their new group"})
+	_, _, theirNextPrivKey, theirNextPEM := NewTestCert(ca, caKey, "them", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), theirVpnIpNet, nil, []string{"their new group"})

 	caB, err := ca.MarshalToPEM()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -806,7 +912,7 @@ func TestRaceRegression(t *testing.T) {
 	// This test forces stage 1, stage 2, stage 1 to be received by me from them
 	// We had a bug where we were not finding the duplicate handshake and responding to the final stage 1 which
 	// caused a cross-linked hostinfo
-	ca, _, caKey, _ := newTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
 	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "me", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, nil)
 	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(ca, caKey, "them", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, nil)

--- a/e2e/helpers.go
+++ b/e2e/helpers.go
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
+)
+
+// NewTestCaCert will generate a CA cert
+func NewTestCaCert(before, after time.Time, ips, subnets []*net.IPNet, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:           "test ca",
+			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+			PublicKey:      pub,
+			IsCA:           true,
+			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
+		},
+	}
+
+	if len(ips) > 0 {
+		nc.Details.Ips = ips
+	}
+
+	if len(subnets) > 0 {
+		nc.Details.Subnets = subnets
+	}
+
+	if len(groups) > 0 {
+		nc.Details.Groups = groups
+	}
+
+	err = nc.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return nc, pub, priv, pem
+}
+
+// NewTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
+// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
+func NewTestCert(ca *cert.NebulaCertificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, ip *net.IPNet, subnets []*net.IPNet, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
+	issuer, err := ca.Sha256Sum()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	if before.IsZero() {
+		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	if after.IsZero() {
+		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
+	}
+
+	pub, rawPriv := x25519Keypair()
+
+	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
+		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
+			Name:           name,
+			Ips:            []*net.IPNet{ip},
+			Subnets:        subnets,
+			Groups:         groups,
+			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
+			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
+			PublicKey:      pub,
+			IsCA:           false,
+			Issuer:         issuer,
+			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
+		},
+	}
+
+	err = nc.Sign(ca.Details.Curve, key)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return nc, pub, cert.MarshalX25519PrivateKey(rawPriv), pem
+}
+
+func x25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
+	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return pubkey, privkey
+}
--- a/e2e/helpers_test.go
+++ b/e2e/helpers_test.go
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 package e2e

 import (
-	"crypto/rand"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"net"
@@ -12,9 +11,9 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"dario.cat/mergo"
 	"github.com/google/gopacket"
 	"github.com/google/gopacket/layers"
-	"github.com/imdario/mergo"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
@@ -22,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/curve25519"
-	"golang.org/x/crypto/ed25519"
 	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

@@ -40,7 +37,7 @@ func newSimpleServer(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, u
 		IP:   udpIp,
 		Port: 4242,
 	}
-	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := newTestCert(caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnIpNet, nil, []string{})
+	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := NewTestCert(caCrt, caKey, name, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnIpNet, nil, []string{})

 	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalToPEM()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -108,112 +105,6 @@ func newSimpleServer(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, u
 	return control, vpnIpNet, &udpAddr, c
 }

-// newTestCaCert will generate a CA cert
-func newTestCaCert(before, after time.Time, ips, subnets []*net.IPNet, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	pub, priv, err := ed25519.GenerateKey(rand.Reader)
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:           "test ca",
-			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-			PublicKey:      pub,
-			IsCA:           true,
-			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		},
-	}
-
-	if len(ips) > 0 {
-		nc.Details.Ips = ips
-	}
-
-	if len(subnets) > 0 {
-		nc.Details.Subnets = subnets
-	}
-
-	if len(groups) > 0 {
-		nc.Details.Groups = groups
-	}
-
-	err = nc.Sign(cert.Curve_CURVE25519, priv)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return nc, pub, priv, pem
-}
-
-// newTestCert will generate a signed certificate with the provided details.
-// Expiry times are defaulted if you do not pass them in
-func newTestCert(ca *cert.NebulaCertificate, key []byte, name string, before, after time.Time, ip *net.IPNet, subnets []*net.IPNet, groups []string) (*cert.NebulaCertificate, []byte, []byte, []byte) {
-	issuer, err := ca.Sha256Sum()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	if before.IsZero() {
-		before = time.Now().Add(time.Second * -60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	if after.IsZero() {
-		after = time.Now().Add(time.Second * 60).Round(time.Second)
-	}
-
-	pub, rawPriv := x25519Keypair()
-
-	nc := &cert.NebulaCertificate{
-		Details: cert.NebulaCertificateDetails{
-			Name:           name,
-			Ips:            []*net.IPNet{ip},
-			Subnets:        subnets,
-			Groups:         groups,
-			NotBefore:      time.Unix(before.Unix(), 0),
-			NotAfter:       time.Unix(after.Unix(), 0),
-			PublicKey:      pub,
-			IsCA:           false,
-			Issuer:         issuer,
-			InvertedGroups: make(map[string]struct{}),
-		},
-	}
-
-	err = nc.Sign(ca.Details.Curve, key)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pem, err := nc.MarshalToPEM()
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return nc, pub, cert.MarshalX25519PrivateKey(rawPriv), pem
-}
-
-func x25519Keypair() ([]byte, []byte) {
-	privkey := make([]byte, 32)
-	if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand.Reader, privkey); err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	pubkey, err := curve25519.X25519(privkey, curve25519.Basepoint)
-	if err != nil {
-		panic(err)
-	}
-
-	return pubkey, privkey
-}
-
 type doneCb func()

 func deadline(t *testing.T, seconds time.Duration) doneCb {
--- a/examples/config.yml
+++ b/examples/config.yml
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ pki:
  #blocklist:
  #  - c99d4e650533b92061b09918e838a5a0a6aaee21eed1d12fd937682865936c72
  # disconnect_invalid is a toggle to force a client to be disconnected if the certificate is expired or invalid.
-  #disconnect_invalid: false
+  #disconnect_invalid: true

 # The static host map defines a set of hosts with fixed IP addresses on the internet (or any network).
 # A host can have multiple fixed IP addresses defined here, and nebula will try each when establishing a tunnel.
@@ -21,6 +21,19 @@ pki:
 static_host_map:
  "192.168.100.1": ["100.64.22.11:4242"]

+# The static_map config stanza can be used to configure how the static_host_map behaves.
+#static_map:
+  # cadence determines how frequently DNS is re-queried for updated IP addresses when a static_host_map entry contains
+  # a DNS name.
+  #cadence: 30s
+
+  # network determines the type of IP addresses to ask the DNS server for. The default is "ip4" because nodes typically
+  # do not know their public IPv4 address. Connecting to the Lighthouse via IPv4 allows the Lighthouse to detect the
+  # public address. Other valid options are "ip6" and "ip" (returns both.)
+  #network: ip4
+
+  # lookup_timeout is the DNS query timeout.
+  #lookup_timeout: 250ms

 lighthouse:
  # am_lighthouse is used to enable lighthouse functionality for a node. This should ONLY be true on nodes
@@ -158,7 +171,8 @@ punchy:
 # and has been deprecated for "preferred_ranges"
 #preferred_ranges: ["172.16.0.0/24"]

-# sshd can expose informational and administrative functions via ssh this is a
+# sshd can expose informational and administrative functions via ssh. This can expose informational and administrative
+# functions, and allows manual tweaking of various network settings when debugging or testing.
 #sshd:
  # Toggles the feature
  #enabled: true
@@ -194,7 +208,7 @@ tun:
  disabled: false
  # Name of the device. If not set, a default will be chosen by the OS.
  # For macOS: if set, must be in the form `utun[0-9]+`.
-  # For FreeBSD: Required to be set, must be in the form `tun[0-9]+`.
+  # For NetBSD: Required to be set, must be in the form `tun[0-9]+`
  dev: nebula1
  # Toggles forwarding of local broadcast packets, the address of which depends on the ip/mask encoded in pki.cert
  drop_local_broadcast: false
@@ -275,6 +289,10 @@ logging:
  # A 100ms interval with the default 10 retries will give a handshake 5.5 seconds to resolve before timing out
  #try_interval: 100ms
  #retries: 20
+
+  # query_buffer is the size of the buffer channel for querying lighthouses
+  #query_buffer: 64
+
  # trigger_buffer is the size of the buffer channel for quickly sending handshakes
  # after receiving the response for lighthouse queries
  #trigger_buffer: 64
--- a/examples/go_service/main.go
+++ b/examples/go_service/main.go
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/service"
+)
+
+func main() {
+	if err := run(); err != nil {
+		log.Fatalf("%+v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func run() error {
+	configStr := `
+tun:
+  user: true
+
+static_host_map:
+  '192.168.100.1': ['localhost:4242']
+
+listen:
+  host: 0.0.0.0
+  port: 4241
+
+lighthouse:
+  am_lighthouse: false
+  interval: 60
+  hosts:
+    - '192.168.100.1'
+
+firewall:
+  outbound:
+    # Allow all outbound traffic from this node
+    - port: any
+      proto: any
+      host: any
+
+  inbound:
+    # Allow icmp between any nebula hosts
+    - port: any
+      proto: icmp
+      host: any
+    - port: any
+      proto: any
+      host: any
+
+pki:
+  ca: /home/rice/Developer/nebula-config/ca.crt
+  cert: /home/rice/Developer/nebula-config/app.crt
+  key: /home/rice/Developer/nebula-config/app.key
+`
+	var config config.C
+	if err := config.LoadString(configStr); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	service, err := service.New(&config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	ln, err := service.Listen("tcp", ":1234")
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for {
+		conn, err := ln.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Printf("accept error: %s", err)
+			break
+		}
+		defer conn.Close()
+
+		log.Printf("got connection")
+
+		conn.Write([]byte("hello world\n"))
+
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(conn)
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			message := scanner.Text()
+			fmt.Fprintf(conn, "echo: %q\n", message)
+			log.Printf("got message %q", message)
+		}
+
+		if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+			log.Printf("scanner error: %s", err)
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	service.Close()
+	if err := service.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/examples/service_scripts/nebula.service
+++ b/examples/service_scripts/nebula.service
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ After=basic.target network.target network-online.target
 Before=sshd.service

 [Service]
+Type=notify
+NotifyAccess=main
 SyslogIdentifier=nebula
 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
 ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/nebula -config /etc/nebula/config.yml
--- a/firewall.go
+++ b/firewall.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"hash/fnv"
 	"net"
 	"reflect"
 	"strconv"
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ type Firewall struct {
 	DefaultTimeout time.Duration //linux: 600s

 	// Used to ensure we don't emit local packets for ips we don't own
-	localIps *cidr.Tree4
+	localIps *cidr.Tree4[struct{}]

 	rules        string
 	rulesVersion uint16
@@ -110,8 +111,8 @@ type FirewallRule struct {
 	Any       bool
 	Hosts     map[string]struct{}
 	Groups    [][]string
-	CIDR      *cidr.Tree4
-	LocalCIDR *cidr.Tree4
+	CIDR      *cidr.Tree4[struct{}]
+	LocalCIDR *cidr.Tree4[struct{}]
 }

 // Even though ports are uint16, int32 maps are faster for lookup
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ func NewFirewall(l *logrus.Logger, tcpTimeout, UDPTimeout, defaultTimeout time.D
 		max = defaultTimeout
 	}

-	localIps := cidr.NewTree4()
+	localIps := cidr.NewTree4[struct{}]()
 	for _, ip := range c.Details.Ips {
 		localIps.AddCIDR(&net.IPNet{IP: ip.IP, Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 255}}, struct{}{})
 	}
@@ -278,6 +279,18 @@ func (f *Firewall) GetRuleHash() string {
 	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])
 }

+// GetRuleHashFNV returns a uint32 FNV-1 hash representation the rules, for use as a metric value
+func (f *Firewall) GetRuleHashFNV() uint32 {
+	h := fnv.New32a()
+	h.Write([]byte(f.rules))
+	return h.Sum32()
+}
+
+// GetRuleHashes returns both the sha256 and FNV-1 hashes, suitable for logging
+func (f *Firewall) GetRuleHashes() string {
+	return "SHA:" + f.GetRuleHash() + ",FNV:" + strconv.FormatUint(uint64(f.GetRuleHashFNV()), 10)
+}
+
 func AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, inbound bool, c *config.C, fw FirewallInterface) error {
 	var table string
 	if inbound {
@@ -391,7 +404,8 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(packet []byte, fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *Hos

 	// Make sure remote address matches nebula certificate
 	if remoteCidr := h.remoteCidr; remoteCidr != nil {
-		if remoteCidr.Contains(fp.RemoteIP) == nil {
+		ok, _ := remoteCidr.Contains(fp.RemoteIP)
+		if !ok {
 			f.metrics(incoming).droppedRemoteIP.Inc(1)
 			return ErrInvalidRemoteIP
 		}
@@ -404,7 +418,8 @@ func (f *Firewall) Drop(packet []byte, fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *Hos
 	}

 	// Make sure we are supposed to be handling this local ip address
-	if f.localIps.Contains(fp.LocalIP) == nil {
+	ok, _ := f.localIps.Contains(fp.LocalIP)
+	if !ok {
 		f.metrics(incoming).droppedLocalIP.Inc(1)
 		return ErrInvalidLocalIP
 	}
@@ -447,6 +462,7 @@ func (f *Firewall) EmitStats() {
 	conntrack.Unlock()
 	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("firewall.conntrack.count", nil).Update(int64(conntrackCount))
 	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("firewall.rules.version", nil).Update(int64(f.rulesVersion))
+	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("firewall.rules.hash", nil).Update(int64(f.GetRuleHashFNV()))
 }

 func (f *Firewall) inConns(packet []byte, fp firewall.Packet, incoming bool, h *HostInfo, caPool *cert.NebulaCAPool, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) bool {
@@ -657,8 +673,8 @@ func (fc *FirewallCA) addRule(groups []string, host string, ip, localIp *net.IPN
 		return &FirewallRule{
 			Hosts:     make(map[string]struct{}),
 			Groups:    make([][]string, 0),
-			CIDR:      cidr.NewTree4(),
-			LocalCIDR: cidr.NewTree4(),
+			CIDR:      cidr.NewTree4[struct{}](),
+			LocalCIDR: cidr.NewTree4[struct{}](),
 		}
 	}

@@ -726,8 +742,8 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) addRule(groups []string, host string, ip *net.IPNet, loc
 		// If it's any we need to wipe out any pre-existing rules to save on memory
 		fr.Groups = make([][]string, 0)
 		fr.Hosts = make(map[string]struct{})
-		fr.CIDR = cidr.NewTree4()
-		fr.LocalCIDR = cidr.NewTree4()
+		fr.CIDR = cidr.NewTree4[struct{}]()
+		fr.LocalCIDR = cidr.NewTree4[struct{}]()
 	} else {
 		if len(groups) > 0 {
 			fr.Groups = append(fr.Groups, groups)
@@ -809,12 +825,18 @@ func (fr *FirewallRule) match(p firewall.Packet, c *cert.NebulaCertificate) bool
 		}
 	}

-	if fr.CIDR != nil && fr.CIDR.Contains(p.RemoteIP) != nil {
-		return true
+	if fr.CIDR != nil {
+		ok, _ := fr.CIDR.Contains(p.RemoteIP)
+		if ok {
+			return true
+		}
 	}

-	if fr.LocalCIDR != nil && fr.LocalCIDR.Contains(p.LocalIP) != nil {
-		return true
+	if fr.LocalCIDR != nil {
+		ok, _ := fr.LocalCIDR.Contains(p.LocalIP)
+		if ok {
+			return true
+		}
 	}

 	// No host, group, or cidr matched, bye bye
--- a/firewall_test.go
+++ b/firewall_test.go
@@ -92,14 +92,16 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.False(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Groups)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Hosts)
-	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP)))
+	ok, _ := fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.CIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP))
+	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 1, 1, []string{}, "", nil, ti, "", ""))
 	assert.False(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Any)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Groups)
 	assert.Empty(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.Hosts)
-	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.LocalCIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP)))
+	ok, _ = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[1].Any.LocalCIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP))
+	assert.True(t, ok)

 	fw = NewFirewall(l, time.Second, time.Minute, time.Hour, c)
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(true, firewall.ProtoUDP, 1, 1, []string{"g1"}, "", nil, nil, "ca-name", ""))
@@ -114,8 +116,10 @@ func TestFirewall_AddRule(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, fw.AddRule(false, firewall.ProtoAny, 0, 0, []string{"g1", "g2"}, "h1", ti, ti, "", ""))
 	assert.Equal(t, []string{"g1", "g2"}, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Groups[0])
 	assert.Contains(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.Hosts, "h1")
-	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.CIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP)))
-	assert.NotNil(t, fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.LocalCIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP)))
+	ok, _ = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.CIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP))
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	ok, _ = fw.OutRules.AnyProto[0].Any.LocalCIDR.Match(iputil.Ip2VpnIp(ti.IP))
+	assert.True(t, ok)

 	// run twice just to make sure
 	//TODO: these ANY rules should clear the CA firewall portion
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -3,32 +3,35 @@ module github.com/slackhq/nebula
 go 1.20

 require (
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.0
 	github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be
 	github.com/armon/go-radix v1.0.0
 	github.com/cyberdelia/go-metrics-graphite v0.0.0-20161219230853-39f87cc3b432
 	github.com/flynn/noise v1.0.0
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2
 	github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19
-	github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.15
 	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.2
-	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.54
+	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.56
 	github.com/nbrownus/go-metrics-prometheus v0.0.0-20210712211119-974a6260965f
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.15.1
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.17.0
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475
-	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.0
+	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/songgao/water v0.0.0-20200317203138-2b4b6d7c09d8
-	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.2
-	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.1.0
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.8.0
+	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.4
+	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.1.1-0.20211118161826-650dca95af54
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.17.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230425010034-47ecfdc1ba53
-	golang.org/x/net v0.9.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.8.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.19.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.5.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.15.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.15.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2
+	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0
+	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230504175454-7b0a1988a28f
 )

 require (
@@ -36,14 +39,15 @@ require (
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/btree v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.42.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0 // indirect
-	github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.4.1-0.20230718164431-9a2bf3000d16 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.44.0 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.11.1 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.10.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.8.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.12.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20220210224613-90d013bbcef8 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.13.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 cloud.google.com/go v0.34.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.0 h1:AGCNq9Evsj31mOgNPcLyXc+4PNABt905YmuqPYYpBWk=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.0/go.mod h1:uNxQE+84aUszobStD9th8a29P2fMDhsBdgRYvZOxGmk=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20160405071501-a0175ee3bccc/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/template v0.0.0-20190718012654-fb15b899a751/go.mod h1:LOuyumcjzFXgccqObfd/Ljyb9UuFJ6TxHnclSeseNhc=
 github.com/alecthomas/units v0.0.0-20151022065526-2efee857e7cf/go.mod h1:ybxpYRFXyAe+OPACYpWeL0wqObRcbAqCMya13uyzqw0=
@@ -45,6 +47,8 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.3/go.mod h1:oDoupMAO8OvCJWAcko0GGGIgR6R6ocIYbsSw
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.0/go.mod h1:FsONVRAS9T7sI+LIUmWTfcYkHO4aIWwzhcaSAoJOfIk=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3 h1:KhyjKVUg7Usr/dYsdSqoFveMYd5ko72D+zANwlG1mmg=
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.3/go.mod h1:XVQd3VNwM+JqD3oG2Ue2ip4fOMUkwXdXDdiuN0vRsmY=
+github.com/google/btree v1.0.1 h1:gK4Kx5IaGY9CD5sPJ36FHiBJ6ZXl0kilRiiCj+jdYp4=
+github.com/google/btree v1.0.1/go.mod h1:xXMiIv4Fb/0kKde4SpL7qlzvu5cMJDRkFDxJfI9uaxA=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.4.0/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
@@ -54,8 +58,6 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9 h1:O2Tfq5qg4qc4AmwVlvv0oLiVAGB7enBSJ2x2DqQFi38=
 github.com/google/gofuzz v1.0.0/go.mod h1:dBl0BpW6vV/+mYPU4Po3pmUjxk6FQPldtuIdl/M65Eg=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19 h1:ves8RnFZPGiFnTS0uPQStjwru6uO6h+nlr9j6fL7kF8=
 github.com/google/gopacket v1.1.19/go.mod h1:iJ8V8n6KS+z2U1A8pUwu8bW5SyEMkXJB8Yo/Vo+TKTo=
-github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.15 h1:M8XP7IuFNsqUx6VPK2P9OSmsYsI/YFaGil0uD21V3dM=
-github.com/imdario/mergo v0.3.15/go.mod h1:WBLT9ZmE3lPoWsEzCh9LPo3TiwVN+ZKEjmz+hD27ysY=
 github.com/jpillora/backoff v1.0.0/go.mod h1:J/6gKK9jxlEcS3zixgDgUAsiuZ7yrSoa/FX5e0EB2j4=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.6/go.mod h1:+SdeFBvtyEkXs7REEP0seUULqWtbJapLOCVDaaPEHmU=
 github.com/json-iterator/go v1.1.10/go.mod h1:KdQUCv79m/52Kvf8AW2vK1V8akMuk1QjK/uOdHXbAo4=
@@ -78,8 +80,8 @@ github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.1/go.mod h1:D8He9yQNgCq6Z5Ld7szi9bcBfOoFv/3dc6xSMkL2PC0=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4 h1:mmDVorXM7PCGKw94cs5zkfA9PSy5pEvNWRP0ET0TIVo=
 github.com/matttproud/golang_protobuf_extensions v1.0.4/go.mod h1:BSXmuO+STAnVfrANrmjBb36TMTDstsz7MSK+HVaYKv4=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.54 h1:5jon9mWcb0sFJGpnI99tOMhCPyJ+RPVz5b63MQG0VWI=
-github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.54/go.mod h1:uInx36IzPl7FYnDcMeVWxj9byh7DutNykX4G9Sj60FY=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.56 h1:5imZaSeoRNvpM9SzWNhEcP9QliKiz20/dA2QabIGVnE=
+github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.56/go.mod h1:cRm6Oo2C8TY9ZS/TqsSrseAcncm74lfK5G+ikN2SWWY=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180228061459-e0a39a4cb421/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
 github.com/modern-go/concurrent v0.0.0-20180306012644-bacd9c7ef1dd/go.mod h1:6dJC0mAP4ikYIbvyc7fijjWJddQyLn8Ig3JB5CqoB9Q=
 github.com/modern-go/reflect2 v0.0.0-20180701023420-4b7aa43c6742/go.mod h1:bx2lNnkwVCuqBIxFjflWJWanXIb3RllmbCylyMrvgv0=
@@ -97,52 +99,47 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.15.1 h1:8tXpTmJbyH5lydzFPoxSIJ0J46jdh3tylbvM1xCv0LI=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.15.1/go.mod h1:e9yaBhRPU2pPNsZwE+JdQl0KEt1N9XgF6zxWmaC0xOk=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.17.0 h1:rl2sfwZMtSthVU752MqfjQozy7blglC+1SOtjMAMh+Q=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.17.0/go.mod h1:VeL+gMmOAxkS2IqfCq0ZmHSL+LjWfWDUmp1mBz9JgUY=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.4.0 h1:5lQXD3cAg1OXBf4Wq03gTrXHeaV0TQvGfUooCfx1yqY=
-github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.4.0/go.mod h1:oMQmHW1/JoDwqLtg57MGgP/Fb1CJEYF2imWWhWtMkYU=
+github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.4.1-0.20230718164431-9a2bf3000d16 h1:v7DLqVdK4VrYkVD5diGdl4sxJurKJEMnODWRJlxV9oM=
+github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.4.1-0.20230718164431-9a2bf3000d16/go.mod h1:oMQmHW1/JoDwqLtg57MGgP/Fb1CJEYF2imWWhWtMkYU=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.4.1/go.mod h1:TNfzLD0ON7rHzMJeJkieUDPYmFC7Snx/y86RQel1bk4=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Tlit/dnDKsSWFlCLTWaA1cyBgKHSMdTB80sz/V91rCo=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.26.0/go.mod h1:M7rCNAaPfAosfx8veZJCuw84e35h3Cfd9VFqTh1DIvc=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.42.0 h1:EKsfXEYo4JpWMHH5cg+KOUWeuJSov1Id8zGR8eeI1YM=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.42.0/go.mod h1:xBwqVerjNdUDjgODMpudtOMwlOwf2SaTr1yjz4b7Zbc=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.44.0 h1:+5BrQJwiBB9xsMygAB3TNvpQKOwlkc25LbISbrdOOfY=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.44.0/go.mod h1:ofAIvZbQ1e/nugmZGz4/qCb9Ap1VoSTIO7x0VV9VvuY=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181005140218-185b4288413d/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.2/go.mod h1:TjEm7ze935MbeOT/UhFTIMYKhuLP4wbCsTZCD3I8kEA=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.1.3/go.mod h1:lV6e/gmhEcM9IjHGsFOCxxuZ+z1YqCvr4OA4YeYWdaU=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.6.0/go.mod h1:cz+aTbrPOrUb4q7XlbU9ygM+/jj0fzG6c1xBZuNvfVA=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0 h1:wzCHvIvM5SxWqYvwgVL7yJY8Lz3PKn49KQtpgMYJfhI=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.9.0/go.mod h1:+pB4zwohETzFnmlpe6yd2lSc+0/46IYZRB/chUwxUZY=
+github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.11.1 h1:xRC8Iq1yyca5ypa9n1EZnWZkt7dwcoRPQwX/5gwaUuI=
+github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.11.1/go.mod h1:eesXgaPo1q7lBpVMoMy0ZOFTth9hBn4W/y0/p/ScXhY=
 github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475 h1:N/ElC8H3+5XpJzTSTfLsJV/mx9Q9g7kxmchpfZyxgzM=
 github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475/go.mod h1:bCqnVzQkZxMG4s8nGwiZ5l3QUCyqpo9Y+/ZMZ9VjZe4=
 github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 h1:TMyTOH3F/DB16zRVcYyreMH6GnZZrwQVAoYjRBZyWFQ=
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 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3/go.mod h1:9TEe8TJmtwyQebdFwAkEWOPr3prrtqm+REGFifP60hI=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
@@ -230,8 +233,8 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.21.0/go.mod h1:47Nbq4nVaFHyn7ilMalzfO3qCViNmqZ2kzi
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0-rc.1/go.mod h1:jlhhOSvTdKEhbULTjvd4ARK9grFBp09yW+WbY/TyQbw=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.26.0/go.mod h1:9q0QmTI4eRPtz6boOQmLYwt+qCgq0jsYwAQnmE0givc=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0 h1:kPPoIgf3TsEvrm0PFe15JQ+570QVxYzEvvHqChK+cng=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.30.0/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0 h1:g0LDEJHgrBl9N9r17Ru3sqWhkIx2NB67okBHPwC7hs8=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.31.0/go.mod h1:HV8QOd/L58Z+nl8r43ehVNZIU/HEI6OcFqwMG9pJV4I=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6/go.mod h1:FMv+mEhP44yOT+4EoQTLFTRgOQ1FBLkstjWtayDeSgw=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20190902080502-41f04d3bba15/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
@@ -247,3 +250,5 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230504175454-7b0a1988a28f h1:8GE2MRjGiFmfpon8dekPI08jEuNMQzSffVHgdupcO4E=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20230504175454-7b0a1988a28f/go.mod h1:pzr6sy8gDLfVmDAg8OYrlKvGEHw5C3PGTiBXBTCx76Q=
--- a/handshake.go
+++ b/handshake.go
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-package nebula
-
-import (
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
-)
-
-func HandleIncomingHandshake(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H, hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	// First remote allow list check before we know the vpnIp
-	if addr != nil {
-		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowUnknownVpnIp(addr.IP) {
-			f.l.WithField("udpAddr", addr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
-			return
-		}
-	}
-
-	switch h.Subtype {
-	case header.HandshakeIXPSK0:
-		switch h.MessageCounter {
-		case 1:
-			ixHandshakeStage1(f, addr, via, packet, h)
-		case 2:
-			newHostinfo, _ := f.handshakeManager.QueryIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
-			tearDown := ixHandshakeStage2(f, addr, via, newHostinfo, packet, h)
-			if tearDown && newHostinfo != nil {
-				f.handshakeManager.DeleteHostInfo(newHostinfo)
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-}
--- a/handshake_ix.go
+++ b/handshake_ix.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/flynn/noise"
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
@@ -13,27 +14,22 @@ import (

 // This function constructs a handshake packet, but does not actually send it
 // Sending is done by the handshake manager
-func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	// This queries the lighthouse if we don't know a remote for the host
-	// We do it here to provoke the lighthouse to preempt our timer wheel and trigger the stage 1 packet to send
-	// more quickly, effect is a quicker handshake.
-	if hostinfo.remote == nil {
-		f.lightHouse.QueryServer(vpnIp, f)
-	}
-
-	err := f.handshakeManager.AddIndexHostInfo(hostinfo)
+func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, hh *HandshakeHostInfo) bool {
+	err := f.handshakeManager.allocateIndex(hh)
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", hh.hostinfo.vpnIp).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to generate index")
-		return
+		return false
 	}

-	ci := hostinfo.ConnectionState
+	certState := f.pki.GetCertState()
+	ci := NewConnectionState(f.l, f.cipher, certState, true, noise.HandshakeIX, []byte{}, 0)
+	hh.hostinfo.ConnectionState = ci

 	hsProto := &NebulaHandshakeDetails{
-		InitiatorIndex: hostinfo.localIndexId,
+		InitiatorIndex: hh.hostinfo.localIndexId,
 		Time:           uint64(time.Now().UnixNano()),
-		Cert:           ci.certState.rawCertificateNoKey,
+		Cert:           certState.RawCertificateNoKey,
 	}

 	hsBytes := []byte{}
@@ -44,9 +40,9 @@ func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	hsBytes, err = hs.Marshal()

 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", hh.hostinfo.vpnIp).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to marshal handshake message")
-		return
+		return false
 	}

 	h := header.Encode(make([]byte, header.Len), header.Version, header.Handshake, header.HandshakeIXPSK0, 0, 1)
@@ -54,22 +50,23 @@ func ixHandshakeStage0(f *Interface, vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, hostinfo *HostInfo) {

 	msg, _, _, err := ci.H.WriteMessage(h, hsBytes)
 	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).
+		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", hh.hostinfo.vpnIp).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 0, "style": "ix_psk0"}).Error("Failed to call noise.WriteMessage")
-		return
+		return false
 	}

 	// We are sending handshake packet 1, so we don't expect to receive
 	// handshake packet 1 from the responder
 	ci.window.Update(f.l, 1)

-	hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0] = msg
-	hostinfo.HandshakeReady = true
-	hostinfo.handshakeStart = time.Now()
+	hh.hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0] = msg
+	hh.ready = true
+	return true
 }

 func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H) {
-	ci := f.newConnectionState(f.l, false, noise.HandshakeIX, []byte{}, 0)
+	certState := f.pki.GetCertState()
+	ci := NewConnectionState(f.l, f.cipher, certState, false, noise.HandshakeIX, []byte{}, 0)
 	// Mark packet 1 as seen so it doesn't show up as missed
 	ci.window.Update(f.l, 1)

@@ -91,7 +88,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []by
 		return
 	}

-	remoteCert, err := RecombineCertAndValidate(ci.H, hs.Details.Cert, f.caPool)
+	remoteCert, err := RecombineCertAndValidate(ci.H, hs.Details.Cert, f.pki.GetCAPool())
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).WithField("cert", remoteCert).
@@ -143,9 +140,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []by
 		},
 	}

-	hostinfo.Lock()
-	defer hostinfo.Unlock()
-
 	f.l.WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 		WithField("certName", certName).
 		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -155,7 +149,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []by
 		Info("Handshake message received")

 	hs.Details.ResponderIndex = myIndex
-	hs.Details.Cert = ci.certState.rawCertificateNoKey
+	hs.Details.Cert = certState.RawCertificateNoKey
 	// Update the time in case their clock is way off from ours
 	hs.Details.Time = uint64(time.Now().UnixNano())

@@ -211,19 +205,12 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []by
 	if err != nil {
 		switch err {
 		case ErrAlreadySeen:
-			// Update remote if preferred (Note we have to switch to locking
-			// the existing hostinfo, and then switch back so the defer Unlock
-			// higher in this function still works)
-			hostinfo.Unlock()
-			existing.Lock()
 			// Update remote if preferred
 			if existing.SetRemoteIfPreferred(f.hostMap, addr) {
 				// Send a test packet to ensure the other side has also switched to
 				// the preferred remote
 				f.SendMessageToVpnIp(header.Test, header.TestRequest, vpnIp, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
 			}
-			existing.Unlock()
-			hostinfo.Lock()

 			msg = existing.HandshakePacket[2]
 			f.messageMetrics.Tx(header.Handshake, header.MessageSubType(msg[1]), 1)
@@ -310,7 +297,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []by
 				WithField("issuer", issuer).
 				WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
 				WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-				WithField("sentCachedPackets", len(hostinfo.packetStore)).
 				Info("Handshake message sent")
 		}
 	} else {
@@ -326,25 +312,26 @@ func ixHandshakeStage1(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []by
 			WithField("issuer", issuer).
 			WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
 			WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			WithField("sentCachedPackets", len(hostinfo.packetStore)).
 			Info("Handshake message sent")
 	}

 	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	hostinfo.handshakeComplete(f.l, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
+	hostinfo.ConnectionState.messageCounter.Store(2)
+	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()

 	return
 }

-func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hostinfo *HostInfo, packet []byte, h *header.H) bool {
-	if hostinfo == nil {
+func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hh *HandshakeHostInfo, packet []byte, h *header.H) bool {
+	if hh == nil {
 		// Nothing here to tear down, got a bogus stage 2 packet
 		return true
 	}

-	hostinfo.Lock()
-	defer hostinfo.Unlock()
+	hh.Lock()
+	defer hh.Unlock()

+	hostinfo := hh.hostinfo
 	if addr != nil {
 		if !f.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().Allow(hostinfo.vpnIp, addr.IP) {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnIp", hostinfo.vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", addr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
@@ -353,22 +340,6 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hostinfo *H
 	}

 	ci := hostinfo.ConnectionState
-	if ci.ready {
-		f.l.WithField("vpnIp", hostinfo.vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).WithField("header", h).
-			Info("Handshake is already complete")
-
-		// Update remote if preferred
-		if hostinfo.SetRemoteIfPreferred(f.hostMap, addr) {
-			// Send a test packet to ensure the other side has also switched to
-			// the preferred remote
-			f.SendMessageToVpnIp(header.Test, header.TestRequest, hostinfo.vpnIp, []byte(""), make([]byte, 12, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
-		}
-
-		// We already have a complete tunnel, there is nothing that can be done by processing further stage 1 packets
-		return false
-	}
-
 	msg, eKey, dKey, err := ci.H.ReadMessage(nil, packet[header.Len:])
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", hostinfo.vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
@@ -399,7 +370,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hostinfo *H
 		return true
 	}

-	remoteCert, err := RecombineCertAndValidate(ci.H, hs.Details.Cert, f.caPool)
+	remoteCert, err := RecombineCertAndValidate(ci.H, hs.Details.Cert, f.pki.GetCAPool())
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", hostinfo.vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 			WithField("cert", remoteCert).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
@@ -422,34 +393,30 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hostinfo *H
 			Info("Incorrect host responded to handshake")

 		// Release our old handshake from pending, it should not continue
-		f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
+		f.handshakeManager.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)

 		// Create a new hostinfo/handshake for the intended vpn ip
-		//TODO: this adds it to the timer wheel in a way that aggressively retries
-		newHostInfo := f.getOrHandshake(hostinfo.vpnIp)
-		newHostInfo.Lock()
+		f.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(hostinfo.vpnIp, func(newHH *HandshakeHostInfo) {
+			//TODO: this doesnt know if its being added or is being used for caching a packet
+			// Block the current used address
+			newHH.hostinfo.remotes = hostinfo.remotes
+			newHH.hostinfo.remotes.BlockRemote(addr)

-		// Block the current used address
-		newHostInfo.remotes = hostinfo.remotes
-		newHostInfo.remotes.BlockRemote(addr)
+			// Get the correct remote list for the host we did handshake with
+			hostinfo.remotes = f.lightHouse.QueryCache(vpnIp)

-		// Get the correct remote list for the host we did handshake with
-		hostinfo.remotes = f.lightHouse.QueryCache(vpnIp)
+			f.l.WithField("blockedUdpAddrs", newHH.hostinfo.remotes.CopyBlockedRemotes()).WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).
+				WithField("remotes", newHH.hostinfo.remotes.CopyAddrs(f.hostMap.preferredRanges)).
+				Info("Blocked addresses for handshakes")

-		f.l.WithField("blockedUdpAddrs", newHostInfo.remotes.CopyBlockedRemotes()).WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).
-			WithField("remotes", newHostInfo.remotes.CopyAddrs(f.hostMap.preferredRanges)).
-			Info("Blocked addresses for handshakes")
+			// Swap the packet store to benefit the original intended recipient
+			newHH.packetStore = hh.packetStore
+			hh.packetStore = []*cachedPacket{}

-		// Swap the packet store to benefit the original intended recipient
-		hostinfo.ConnectionState.queueLock.Lock()
-		newHostInfo.packetStore = hostinfo.packetStore
-		hostinfo.packetStore = []*cachedPacket{}
-		hostinfo.ConnectionState.queueLock.Unlock()
-
-		// Finally, put the correct vpn ip in the host info, tell them to close the tunnel, and return true to tear down
-		hostinfo.vpnIp = vpnIp
-		f.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
-		newHostInfo.Unlock()
+			// Finally, put the correct vpn ip in the host info, tell them to close the tunnel, and return true to tear down
+			hostinfo.vpnIp = vpnIp
+			f.sendCloseTunnel(hostinfo)
+		})

 		return true
 	}
@@ -457,7 +424,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hostinfo *H
 	// Mark packet 2 as seen so it doesn't show up as missed
 	ci.window.Update(f.l, 2)

-	duration := time.Since(hostinfo.handshakeStart).Nanoseconds()
+	duration := time.Since(hh.startTime).Nanoseconds()
 	f.l.WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 		WithField("certName", certName).
 		WithField("fingerprint", fingerprint).
@@ -465,7 +432,7 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hostinfo *H
 		WithField("initiatorIndex", hs.Details.InitiatorIndex).WithField("responderIndex", hs.Details.ResponderIndex).
 		WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 2, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 		WithField("durationNs", duration).
-		WithField("sentCachedPackets", len(hostinfo.packetStore)).
+		WithField("sentCachedPackets", len(hh.packetStore)).
 		Info("Handshake message received")

 	hostinfo.remoteIndexId = hs.Details.ResponderIndex
@@ -489,7 +456,23 @@ func ixHandshakeStage2(f *Interface, addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, hostinfo *H
 	// Complete our handshake and update metrics, this will replace any existing tunnels for this vpnIp
 	f.handshakeManager.Complete(hostinfo, f)
 	f.connectionManager.AddTrafficWatch(hostinfo.localIndexId)
-	hostinfo.handshakeComplete(f.l, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
+
+	hostinfo.ConnectionState.messageCounter.Store(2)
+
+	if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+		hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debugf("Sending %d stored packets", len(hh.packetStore))
+	}
+
+	if len(hh.packetStore) > 0 {
+		nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+		out := make([]byte, mtu)
+		for _, cp := range hh.packetStore {
+			cp.callback(cp.messageType, cp.messageSubType, hostinfo, cp.packet, nb, out)
+		}
+		f.cachedPacketMetrics.sent.Inc(int64(len(hh.packetStore)))
+	}
+
+	hostinfo.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
 	f.metricHandshakes.Update(duration)

 	return false
--- a/handshake_manager.go
+++ b/handshake_manager.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"net"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
@@ -42,24 +43,68 @@ type HandshakeConfig struct {
 }

 type HandshakeManager struct {
-	pendingHostMap         *HostMap
+	// Mutex for interacting with the vpnIps and indexes maps
+	sync.RWMutex
+
+	vpnIps  map[iputil.VpnIp]*HandshakeHostInfo
+	indexes map[uint32]*HandshakeHostInfo
+
 	mainHostMap            *HostMap
 	lightHouse             *LightHouse
-	outside                *udp.Conn
+	outside                udp.Conn
 	config                 HandshakeConfig
 	OutboundHandshakeTimer *LockingTimerWheel[iputil.VpnIp]
 	messageMetrics         *MessageMetrics
 	metricInitiated        metrics.Counter
 	metricTimedOut         metrics.Counter
+	f                      *Interface
 	l                      *logrus.Logger

 	// can be used to trigger outbound handshake for the given vpnIp
 	trigger chan iputil.VpnIp
 }

-func NewHandshakeManager(l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet, mainHostMap *HostMap, lightHouse *LightHouse, outside *udp.Conn, config HandshakeConfig) *HandshakeManager {
+type HandshakeHostInfo struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+
+	startTime   time.Time       // Time that we first started trying with this handshake
+	ready       bool            // Is the handshake ready
+	counter     int             // How many attempts have we made so far
+	lastRemotes []*udp.Addr     // Remotes that we sent to during the previous attempt
+	packetStore []*cachedPacket // A set of packets to be transmitted once the handshake completes
+
+	hostinfo *HostInfo
+}
+
+func (hh *HandshakeHostInfo) cachePacket(l *logrus.Logger, t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, packet []byte, f packetCallback, m *cachedPacketMetrics) {
+	if len(hh.packetStore) < 100 {
+		tempPacket := make([]byte, len(packet))
+		copy(tempPacket, packet)
+
+		hh.packetStore = append(hh.packetStore, &cachedPacket{t, st, f, tempPacket})
+		if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hh.hostinfo.logger(l).
+				WithField("length", len(hh.packetStore)).
+				WithField("stored", true).
+				Debugf("Packet store")
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		m.dropped.Inc(1)
+
+		if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+			hh.hostinfo.logger(l).
+				WithField("length", len(hh.packetStore)).
+				WithField("stored", false).
+				Debugf("Packet store")
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func NewHandshakeManager(l *logrus.Logger, mainHostMap *HostMap, lightHouse *LightHouse, outside udp.Conn, config HandshakeConfig) *HandshakeManager {
 	return &HandshakeManager{
-		pendingHostMap:         NewHostMap(l, "pending", tunCidr, preferredRanges),
+		vpnIps:                 map[iputil.VpnIp]*HandshakeHostInfo{},
+		indexes:                map[uint32]*HandshakeHostInfo{},
 		mainHostMap:            mainHostMap,
 		lightHouse:             lightHouse,
 		outside:                outside,
@@ -73,7 +118,7 @@ func NewHandshakeManager(l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, preferredRanges [
 	}
 }

-func (c *HandshakeManager) Run(ctx context.Context, f EncWriter) {
+func (c *HandshakeManager) Run(ctx context.Context) {
 	clockSource := time.NewTicker(c.config.tryInterval)
 	defer clockSource.Stop()

@@ -82,58 +127,80 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) Run(ctx context.Context, f EncWriter) {
 		case <-ctx.Done():
 			return
 		case vpnIP := <-c.trigger:
-			c.handleOutbound(vpnIP, f, true)
+			c.handleOutbound(vpnIP, true)
 		case now := <-clockSource.C:
-			c.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now, f)
+			c.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now)
 		}
 	}
 }

-func (c *HandshakeManager) NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now time.Time, f EncWriter) {
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) HandleIncoming(addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, packet []byte, h *header.H) {
+	// First remote allow list check before we know the vpnIp
+	if addr != nil {
+		if !hm.lightHouse.GetRemoteAllowList().AllowUnknownVpnIp(addr.IP) {
+			hm.l.WithField("udpAddr", addr).Debug("lighthouse.remote_allow_list denied incoming handshake")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	switch h.Subtype {
+	case header.HandshakeIXPSK0:
+		switch h.MessageCounter {
+		case 1:
+			ixHandshakeStage1(hm.f, addr, via, packet, h)
+
+		case 2:
+			newHostinfo := hm.queryIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
+			tearDown := ixHandshakeStage2(hm.f, addr, via, newHostinfo, packet, h)
+			if tearDown && newHostinfo != nil {
+				hm.DeleteHostInfo(newHostinfo.hostinfo)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *HandshakeManager) NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now time.Time) {
 	c.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Advance(now)
 	for {
 		vpnIp, has := c.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Purge()
 		if !has {
 			break
 		}
-		c.handleOutbound(vpnIp, f, false)
+		c.handleOutbound(vpnIp, false)
 	}
 }

-func (c *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter, lighthouseTriggered bool) {
-	hostinfo, err := c.pendingHostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if err != nil {
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, lighthouseTriggered bool) {
+	hh := hm.queryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if hh == nil {
 		return
 	}
-	hostinfo.Lock()
-	defer hostinfo.Unlock()
+	hh.Lock()
+	defer hh.Unlock()

-	// We may have raced to completion but now that we have a lock we should ensure we have not yet completed.
-	if hostinfo.HandshakeComplete {
-		// Ensure we don't exist in the pending hostmap anymore since we have completed
-		c.pendingHostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
+	hostinfo := hh.hostinfo
+	// If we are out of time, clean up
+	if hh.counter >= hm.config.retries {
+		hh.hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("udpAddrs", hh.hostinfo.remotes.CopyAddrs(hm.mainHostMap.preferredRanges)).
+			WithField("initiatorIndex", hh.hostinfo.localIndexId).
+			WithField("remoteIndex", hh.hostinfo.remoteIndexId).
+			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
+			WithField("durationNs", time.Since(hh.startTime).Nanoseconds()).
+			Info("Handshake timed out")
+		hm.metricTimedOut.Inc(1)
+		hm.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
 		return
 	}

+	// Increment the counter to increase our delay, linear backoff
+	hh.counter++
+
 	// Check if we have a handshake packet to transmit yet
-	if !hostinfo.HandshakeReady {
-		// There is currently a slight race in getOrHandshake due to ConnectionState not being part of the HostInfo directly
-		// Our hostinfo here was added to the pending map and the wheel may have ticked to us before we created ConnectionState
-		c.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Add(vpnIp, c.config.tryInterval*time.Duration(hostinfo.HandshakeCounter))
-		return
-	}
-
-	// If we are out of time, clean up
-	if hostinfo.HandshakeCounter >= c.config.retries {
-		hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("udpAddrs", hostinfo.remotes.CopyAddrs(c.pendingHostMap.preferredRanges)).
-			WithField("initiatorIndex", hostinfo.localIndexId).
-			WithField("remoteIndex", hostinfo.remoteIndexId).
-			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
-			WithField("durationNs", time.Since(hostinfo.handshakeStart).Nanoseconds()).
-			Info("Handshake timed out")
-		c.metricTimedOut.Inc(1)
-		c.pendingHostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
-		return
+	if !hh.ready {
+		if !ixHandshakeStage0(hm.f, hh) {
+			hm.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Add(vpnIp, hm.config.tryInterval*time.Duration(hh.counter))
+			return
+		}
 	}

 	// Get a remotes object if we don't already have one.
@@ -141,11 +208,11 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter, light
 	// NB ^ This comment doesn't jive. It's how the thing gets initialized.
 	// It's the common path. Should it update every time, in case a future LH query/queries give us more info?
 	if hostinfo.remotes == nil {
-		hostinfo.remotes = c.lightHouse.QueryCache(vpnIp)
+		hostinfo.remotes = hm.lightHouse.QueryCache(vpnIp)
 	}

-	remotes := hostinfo.remotes.CopyAddrs(c.pendingHostMap.preferredRanges)
-	remotesHaveChanged := !udp.AddrSlice(remotes).Equal(hostinfo.HandshakeLastRemotes)
+	remotes := hostinfo.remotes.CopyAddrs(hm.mainHostMap.preferredRanges)
+	remotesHaveChanged := !udp.AddrSlice(remotes).Equal(hh.lastRemotes)

 	// We only care about a lighthouse trigger if we have new remotes to send to.
 	// This is a very specific optimization for a fast lighthouse reply.
@@ -154,25 +221,25 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter, light
 		return
 	}

-	hostinfo.HandshakeLastRemotes = remotes
+	hh.lastRemotes = remotes

 	// TODO: this will generate a load of queries for hosts with only 1 ip
 	// (such as ones registered to the lighthouse with only a private IP)
 	// So we only do it one time after attempting 5 handshakes already.
-	if len(remotes) <= 1 && hostinfo.HandshakeCounter == 5 {
+	if len(remotes) <= 1 && hh.counter == 5 {
 		// If we only have 1 remote it is highly likely our query raced with the other host registered within the lighthouse
 		// Our vpnIp here has a tunnel with a lighthouse but has yet to send a host update packet there so we only know about
 		// the learned public ip for them. Query again to short circuit the promotion counter
-		c.lightHouse.QueryServer(vpnIp, f)
+		hm.lightHouse.QueryServer(vpnIp)
 	}

 	// Send the handshake to all known ips, stage 2 takes care of assigning the hostinfo.remote based on the first to reply
 	var sentTo []*udp.Addr
-	hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(c.pendingHostMap.preferredRanges, func(addr *udp.Addr, _ bool) {
-		c.messageMetrics.Tx(header.Handshake, header.MessageSubType(hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0][1]), 1)
-		err = c.outside.WriteTo(hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0], addr)
+	hostinfo.remotes.ForEach(hm.mainHostMap.preferredRanges, func(addr *udp.Addr, _ bool) {
+		hm.messageMetrics.Tx(header.Handshake, header.MessageSubType(hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0][1]), 1)
+		err := hm.outside.WriteTo(hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0], addr)
 		if err != nil {
-			hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
+			hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("udpAddr", addr).
 				WithField("initiatorIndex", hostinfo.localIndexId).
 				WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 				WithError(err).Error("Failed to send handshake message")
@@ -185,63 +252,63 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter, light
 	// Don't be too noisy or confusing if we fail to send a handshake - if we don't get through we'll eventually log a timeout,
 	// so only log when the list of remotes has changed
 	if remotesHaveChanged {
-		hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("udpAddrs", sentTo).
+		hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("udpAddrs", sentTo).
 			WithField("initiatorIndex", hostinfo.localIndexId).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Info("Handshake message sent")
-	} else if c.l.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.DebugLevel) {
-		hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("udpAddrs", sentTo).
+	} else if hm.l.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.DebugLevel) {
+		hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("udpAddrs", sentTo).
 			WithField("initiatorIndex", hostinfo.localIndexId).
 			WithField("handshake", m{"stage": 1, "style": "ix_psk0"}).
 			Debug("Handshake message sent")
 	}

-	if c.config.useRelays && len(hostinfo.remotes.relays) > 0 {
-		hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("relays", hostinfo.remotes.relays).Info("Attempt to relay through hosts")
+	if hm.config.useRelays && len(hostinfo.remotes.relays) > 0 {
+		hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("relays", hostinfo.remotes.relays).Info("Attempt to relay through hosts")
 		// Send a RelayRequest to all known Relay IP's
 		for _, relay := range hostinfo.remotes.relays {
 			// Don't relay to myself, and don't relay through the host I'm trying to connect to
-			if *relay == vpnIp || *relay == c.lightHouse.myVpnIp {
+			if *relay == vpnIp || *relay == hm.lightHouse.myVpnIp {
 				continue
 			}
-			relayHostInfo, err := c.mainHostMap.QueryVpnIp(*relay)
-			if err != nil || relayHostInfo.remote == nil {
-				hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithError(err).WithField("relay", relay.String()).Info("Establish tunnel to relay target")
-				f.Handshake(*relay)
+			relayHostInfo := hm.mainHostMap.QueryVpnIp(*relay)
+			if relayHostInfo == nil || relayHostInfo.remote == nil {
+				hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).Info("Establish tunnel to relay target")
+				hm.f.Handshake(*relay)
 				continue
 			}
 			// Check the relay HostInfo to see if we already established a relay through it
 			if existingRelay, ok := relayHostInfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(vpnIp); ok {
 				switch existingRelay.State {
 				case Established:
-					hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).Info("Send handshake via relay")
-					f.SendVia(relayHostInfo, existingRelay, hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0], make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu), false)
+					hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).Info("Send handshake via relay")
+					hm.f.SendVia(relayHostInfo, existingRelay, hostinfo.HandshakePacket[0], make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu), false)
 				case Requested:
-					hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).Info("Re-send CreateRelay request")
+					hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).Info("Re-send CreateRelay request")
 					// Re-send the CreateRelay request, in case the previous one was lost.
 					m := NebulaControl{
 						Type:                NebulaControl_CreateRelayRequest,
 						InitiatorRelayIndex: existingRelay.LocalIndex,
-						RelayFromIp:         uint32(c.lightHouse.myVpnIp),
+						RelayFromIp:         uint32(hm.lightHouse.myVpnIp),
 						RelayToIp:           uint32(vpnIp),
 					}
 					msg, err := m.Marshal()
 					if err != nil {
-						hostinfo.logger(c.l).
+						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).
 							WithError(err).
 							Error("Failed to marshal Control message to create relay")
 					} else {
 						// This must send over the hostinfo, not over hm.Hosts[ip]
-						f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, relayHostInfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
-						c.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-							"relayFrom":           c.lightHouse.myVpnIp,
+						hm.f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, relayHostInfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+						hm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+							"relayFrom":           hm.lightHouse.myVpnIp,
 							"relayTo":             vpnIp,
 							"initiatorRelayIndex": existingRelay.LocalIndex,
 							"relay":               *relay}).
 							Info("send CreateRelayRequest")
 					}
 				default:
-					hostinfo.logger(c.l).
+					hostinfo.logger(hm.l).
 						WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).
 						WithField("state", existingRelay.State).
 						WithField("relay", relayHostInfo.vpnIp).
@@ -250,26 +317,26 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter, light
 			} else {
 				// No relays exist or requested yet.
 				if relayHostInfo.remote != nil {
-					idx, err := AddRelay(c.l, relayHostInfo, c.mainHostMap, vpnIp, nil, TerminalType, Requested)
+					idx, err := AddRelay(hm.l, relayHostInfo, hm.mainHostMap, vpnIp, nil, TerminalType, Requested)
 					if err != nil {
-						hostinfo.logger(c.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).WithError(err).Info("Failed to add relay to hostmap")
+						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).WithField("relay", relay.String()).WithError(err).Info("Failed to add relay to hostmap")
 					}

 					m := NebulaControl{
 						Type:                NebulaControl_CreateRelayRequest,
 						InitiatorRelayIndex: idx,
-						RelayFromIp:         uint32(c.lightHouse.myVpnIp),
+						RelayFromIp:         uint32(hm.lightHouse.myVpnIp),
 						RelayToIp:           uint32(vpnIp),
 					}
 					msg, err := m.Marshal()
 					if err != nil {
-						hostinfo.logger(c.l).
+						hostinfo.logger(hm.l).
 							WithError(err).
 							Error("Failed to marshal Control message to create relay")
 					} else {
-						f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, relayHostInfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
-						c.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
-							"relayFrom":           c.lightHouse.myVpnIp,
+						hm.f.SendMessageToHostInfo(header.Control, 0, relayHostInfo, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu))
+						hm.l.WithFields(logrus.Fields{
+							"relayFrom":           hm.lightHouse.myVpnIp,
 							"relayTo":             vpnIp,
 							"initiatorRelayIndex": idx,
 							"relay":               *relay}).
@@ -280,23 +347,81 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter, light
 		}
 	}

-	// Increment the counter to increase our delay, linear backoff
-	hostinfo.HandshakeCounter++
-
 	// If a lighthouse triggered this attempt then we are still in the timer wheel and do not need to re-add
 	if !lighthouseTriggered {
-		c.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Add(vpnIp, c.config.tryInterval*time.Duration(hostinfo.HandshakeCounter))
+		hm.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Add(vpnIp, hm.config.tryInterval*time.Duration(hh.counter))
 	}
 }

-func (c *HandshakeManager) AddVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, init func(*HostInfo)) *HostInfo {
-	hostinfo, created := c.pendingHostMap.AddVpnIp(vpnIp, init)
-
-	if created {
-		c.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Add(vpnIp, c.config.tryInterval)
-		c.metricInitiated.Inc(1)
+// GetOrHandshake will try to find a hostinfo with a fully formed tunnel or start a new handshake if one is not present
+// The 2nd argument will be true if the hostinfo is ready to transmit traffic
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) GetOrHandshake(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, cacheCb func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
+	// Check the main hostmap and maintain a read lock if our host is not there
+	hm.mainHostMap.RLock()
+	if h, ok := hm.mainHostMap.Hosts[vpnIp]; ok {
+		hm.mainHostMap.RUnlock()
+		// Do not attempt promotion if you are a lighthouse
+		if !hm.lightHouse.amLighthouse {
+			h.TryPromoteBest(hm.mainHostMap.preferredRanges, hm.f)
+		}
+		return h, true
 	}

+	defer hm.mainHostMap.RUnlock()
+	return hm.StartHandshake(vpnIp, cacheCb), false
+}
+
+// StartHandshake will ensure a handshake is currently being attempted for the provided vpn ip
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) StartHandshake(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, cacheCb func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) *HostInfo {
+	hm.Lock()
+	defer hm.Unlock()
+
+	if hh, ok := hm.vpnIps[vpnIp]; ok {
+		// We are already trying to handshake with this vpn ip
+		if cacheCb != nil {
+			cacheCb(hh)
+		}
+		return hh.hostinfo
+	}
+
+	hostinfo := &HostInfo{
+		vpnIp:           vpnIp,
+		HandshakePacket: make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
+		relayState: RelayState{
+			relays:        map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{},
+			relayForByIp:  map[iputil.VpnIp]*Relay{},
+			relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
+		},
+	}
+
+	hh := &HandshakeHostInfo{
+		hostinfo:  hostinfo,
+		startTime: time.Now(),
+	}
+	hm.vpnIps[vpnIp] = hh
+	hm.metricInitiated.Inc(1)
+	hm.OutboundHandshakeTimer.Add(vpnIp, hm.config.tryInterval)
+
+	if cacheCb != nil {
+		cacheCb(hh)
+	}
+
+	// If this is a static host, we don't need to wait for the HostQueryReply
+	// We can trigger the handshake right now
+	_, doTrigger := hm.lightHouse.GetStaticHostList()[vpnIp]
+	if !doTrigger {
+		// Add any calculated remotes, and trigger early handshake if one found
+		doTrigger = hm.lightHouse.addCalculatedRemotes(vpnIp)
+	}
+
+	if doTrigger {
+		select {
+		case hm.trigger <- vpnIp:
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+
+	hm.lightHouse.QueryServer(vpnIp)
 	return hostinfo
 }

@@ -318,10 +443,10 @@ var (
 // ErrLocalIndexCollision if we already have an entry in the main or pending
 // hostmap for the hostinfo.localIndexId.
 func (c *HandshakeManager) CheckAndComplete(hostinfo *HostInfo, handshakePacket uint8, f *Interface) (*HostInfo, error) {
-	c.pendingHostMap.Lock()
-	defer c.pendingHostMap.Unlock()
 	c.mainHostMap.Lock()
 	defer c.mainHostMap.Unlock()
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()

 	// Check if we already have a tunnel with this vpn ip
 	existingHostInfo, found := c.mainHostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnIp]
@@ -350,8 +475,8 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) CheckAndComplete(hostinfo *HostInfo, handshakePacket
 		return existingIndex, ErrLocalIndexCollision
 	}

-	existingIndex, found = c.pendingHostMap.Indexes[hostinfo.localIndexId]
-	if found && existingIndex != hostinfo {
+	existingPendingIndex, found := c.indexes[hostinfo.localIndexId]
+	if found && existingPendingIndex.hostinfo != hostinfo {
 		// We have a collision, but for a different hostinfo
 		return existingIndex, ErrLocalIndexCollision
 	}
@@ -372,47 +497,47 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) CheckAndComplete(hostinfo *HostInfo, handshakePacket
 // Complete is a simpler version of CheckAndComplete when we already know we
 // won't have a localIndexId collision because we already have an entry in the
 // pendingHostMap. An existing hostinfo is returned if there was one.
-func (c *HandshakeManager) Complete(hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
-	c.pendingHostMap.Lock()
-	defer c.pendingHostMap.Unlock()
-	c.mainHostMap.Lock()
-	defer c.mainHostMap.Unlock()
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) Complete(hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
+	hm.mainHostMap.Lock()
+	defer hm.mainHostMap.Unlock()
+	hm.Lock()
+	defer hm.Unlock()

-	existingRemoteIndex, found := c.mainHostMap.RemoteIndexes[hostinfo.remoteIndexId]
+	existingRemoteIndex, found := hm.mainHostMap.RemoteIndexes[hostinfo.remoteIndexId]
 	if found && existingRemoteIndex != nil {
 		// We have a collision, but this can happen since we can't control
 		// the remote ID. Just log about the situation as a note.
-		hostinfo.logger(c.l).
+		hostinfo.logger(hm.l).
 			WithField("remoteIndex", hostinfo.remoteIndexId).WithField("collision", existingRemoteIndex.vpnIp).
 			Info("New host shadows existing host remoteIndex")
 	}

 	// We need to remove from the pending hostmap first to avoid undoing work when after to the main hostmap.
-	c.pendingHostMap.unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
-	c.mainHostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, f)
+	hm.unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
+	hm.mainHostMap.unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo, f)
 }

-// AddIndexHostInfo generates a unique localIndexId for this HostInfo
+// allocateIndex generates a unique localIndexId for this HostInfo
 // and adds it to the pendingHostMap. Will error if we are unable to generate
 // a unique localIndexId
-func (c *HandshakeManager) AddIndexHostInfo(h *HostInfo) error {
-	c.pendingHostMap.Lock()
-	defer c.pendingHostMap.Unlock()
-	c.mainHostMap.RLock()
-	defer c.mainHostMap.RUnlock()
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) allocateIndex(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) error {
+	hm.mainHostMap.RLock()
+	defer hm.mainHostMap.RUnlock()
+	hm.Lock()
+	defer hm.Unlock()

 	for i := 0; i < 32; i++ {
-		index, err := generateIndex(c.l)
+		index, err := generateIndex(hm.l)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}

-		_, inPending := c.pendingHostMap.Indexes[index]
-		_, inMain := c.mainHostMap.Indexes[index]
+		_, inPending := hm.indexes[index]
+		_, inMain := hm.mainHostMap.Indexes[index]

 		if !inMain && !inPending {
-			h.localIndexId = index
-			c.pendingHostMap.Indexes[index] = h
+			hh.hostinfo.localIndexId = index
+			hm.indexes[index] = hh
 			return nil
 		}
 	}
@@ -420,22 +545,90 @@ func (c *HandshakeManager) AddIndexHostInfo(h *HostInfo) error {
 	return errors.New("failed to generate unique localIndexId")
 }

-func (c *HandshakeManager) addRemoteIndexHostInfo(index uint32, h *HostInfo) {
-	c.pendingHostMap.addRemoteIndexHostInfo(index, h)
-}
-
 func (c *HandshakeManager) DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	//l.Debugln("Deleting pending hostinfo :", hostinfo)
-	c.pendingHostMap.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
+	c.Lock()
+	defer c.Unlock()
+	c.unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
 }

-func (c *HandshakeManager) QueryIndex(index uint32) (*HostInfo, error) {
-	return c.pendingHostMap.QueryIndex(index)
+func (c *HandshakeManager) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
+	delete(c.vpnIps, hostinfo.vpnIp)
+	if len(c.vpnIps) == 0 {
+		c.vpnIps = map[iputil.VpnIp]*HandshakeHostInfo{}
+	}
+
+	delete(c.indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
+	if len(c.vpnIps) == 0 {
+		c.indexes = map[uint32]*HandshakeHostInfo{}
+	}
+
+	if c.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
+		c.l.WithField("hostMap", m{"mapTotalSize": len(c.vpnIps),
+			"vpnIp": hostinfo.vpnIp, "indexNumber": hostinfo.localIndexId, "remoteIndexNumber": hostinfo.remoteIndexId}).
+			Debug("Pending hostmap hostInfo deleted")
+	}
+}
+
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) QueryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *HostInfo {
+	hh := hm.queryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if hh != nil {
+		return hh.hostinfo
+	}
+	return nil
+
+}
+
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) queryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *HandshakeHostInfo {
+	hm.RLock()
+	defer hm.RUnlock()
+	return hm.vpnIps[vpnIp]
+}
+
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) QueryIndex(index uint32) *HostInfo {
+	hh := hm.queryIndex(index)
+	if hh != nil {
+		return hh.hostinfo
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (hm *HandshakeManager) queryIndex(index uint32) *HandshakeHostInfo {
+	hm.RLock()
+	defer hm.RUnlock()
+	return hm.indexes[index]
+}
+
+func (c *HandshakeManager) GetPreferredRanges() []*net.IPNet {
+	return c.mainHostMap.preferredRanges
+}
+
+func (c *HandshakeManager) ForEachVpnIp(f controlEach) {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, v := range c.vpnIps {
+		f(v.hostinfo)
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *HandshakeManager) ForEachIndex(f controlEach) {
+	c.RLock()
+	defer c.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, v := range c.indexes {
+		f(v.hostinfo)
+	}
 }

 func (c *HandshakeManager) EmitStats() {
-	c.pendingHostMap.EmitStats("pending")
-	c.mainHostMap.EmitStats("main")
+	c.RLock()
+	hostLen := len(c.vpnIps)
+	indexLen := len(c.indexes)
+	c.RUnlock()
+
+	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap.pending.hosts", nil).Update(int64(hostLen))
+	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap.pending.indexes", nil).Update(int64(indexLen))
+	c.mainHostMap.EmitStats()
 }

 // Utility functions below
--- a/handshake_manager_test.go
+++ b/handshake_manager_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
@@ -14,56 +15,53 @@ import (

 func Test_NewHandshakeManagerVpnIp(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
-	_, tuncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("172.1.1.1/24")
 	_, vpncidr, _ := net.ParseCIDR("172.1.1.1/24")
 	_, localrange, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.1.1.1/24")
 	ip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("172.1.1.2"))
 	preferredRanges := []*net.IPNet{localrange}
-	mw := &mockEncWriter{}
-	mainHM := NewHostMap(l, "test", vpncidr, preferredRanges)
+	mainHM := NewHostMap(l, vpncidr, preferredRanges)
 	lh := newTestLighthouse()

-	blah := NewHandshakeManager(l, tuncidr, preferredRanges, mainHM, lh, &udp.Conn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig)
-
-	now := time.Now()
-	blah.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now, mw)
-
-	var initCalled bool
-	initFunc := func(*HostInfo) {
-		initCalled = true
+	cs := &CertState{
+		RawCertificate:      []byte{},
+		PrivateKey:          []byte{},
+		Certificate:         &cert.NebulaCertificate{},
+		RawCertificateNoKey: []byte{},
 	}

-	i := blah.AddVpnIp(ip, initFunc)
-	assert.True(t, initCalled)
+	blah := NewHandshakeManager(l, mainHM, lh, &udp.NoopConn{}, defaultHandshakeConfig)
+	blah.f = &Interface{handshakeManager: blah, pki: &PKI{}, l: l}
+	blah.f.pki.cs.Store(cs)

-	initCalled = false
-	i2 := blah.AddVpnIp(ip, initFunc)
-	assert.False(t, initCalled)
+	now := time.Now()
+	blah.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now)
+
+	i := blah.StartHandshake(ip, nil)
+	i2 := blah.StartHandshake(ip, nil)
 	assert.Same(t, i, i2)

 	i.remotes = NewRemoteList(nil)
-	i.HandshakeReady = true

 	// Adding something to pending should not affect the main hostmap
 	assert.Len(t, mainHM.Hosts, 0)

 	// Confirm they are in the pending index list
-	assert.Contains(t, blah.pendingHostMap.Hosts, ip)
+	assert.Contains(t, blah.vpnIps, ip)

 	// Jump ahead `HandshakeRetries` ticks, offset by one to get the sleep logic right
 	for i := 1; i <= DefaultHandshakeRetries+1; i++ {
 		now = now.Add(time.Duration(i) * DefaultHandshakeTryInterval)
-		blah.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now, mw)
+		blah.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now)
 	}

 	// Confirm they are still in the pending index list
-	assert.Contains(t, blah.pendingHostMap.Hosts, ip)
+	assert.Contains(t, blah.vpnIps, ip)

 	// Tick 1 more time, a minute will certainly flush it out
-	blah.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now.Add(time.Minute), mw)
+	blah.NextOutboundHandshakeTimerTick(now.Add(time.Minute))

 	// Confirm they have been removed
-	assert.NotContains(t, blah.pendingHostMap.Hosts, ip)
+	assert.NotContains(t, blah.vpnIps, ip)
 }

 func testCountTimerWheelEntries(tw *LockingTimerWheel[iputil.VpnIp]) (c int) {
--- a/hostmap.go
+++ b/hostmap.go
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package nebula

 import (
 	"errors"
-	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
@@ -18,9 +17,11 @@ import (
 )

 // const ProbeLen = 100
-const PromoteEvery = 1000
-const ReQueryEvery = 5000
+const defaultPromoteEvery = 1000       // Count of packets sent before we try moving a tunnel to a preferred underlay ip address
+const defaultReQueryEvery = 5000       // Count of packets sent before re-querying a hostinfo to the lighthouse
+const defaultReQueryWait = time.Minute // Minimum amount of seconds to wait before re-querying a hostinfo the lighthouse. Evaluated every ReQueryEvery
 const MaxRemotes = 10
+const maxRecvError = 4

 // MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp is the max number of hostinfos we will track for a given vpn ip
 // 5 allows for an initial handshake and each host pair re-handshaking twice
@@ -52,7 +53,6 @@ type Relay struct {

 type HostMap struct {
 	sync.RWMutex    //Because we concurrently read and write to our maps
-	name            string
 	Indexes         map[uint32]*HostInfo
 	Relays          map[uint32]*HostInfo // Maps a Relay IDX to a Relay HostInfo object
 	RemoteIndexes   map[uint32]*HostInfo
@@ -197,25 +197,24 @@ func (rs *RelayState) InsertRelay(ip iputil.VpnIp, idx uint32, r *Relay) {
 }

 type HostInfo struct {
-	sync.RWMutex
+	remote          *udp.Addr
+	remotes         *RemoteList
+	promoteCounter  atomic.Uint32
+	ConnectionState *ConnectionState
+	remoteIndexId   uint32
+	localIndexId    uint32
+	vpnIp           iputil.VpnIp
+	recvError       atomic.Uint32
+	remoteCidr      *cidr.Tree4[struct{}]
+	relayState      RelayState

-	remote               *udp.Addr
-	remotes              *RemoteList
-	promoteCounter       atomic.Uint32
-	ConnectionState      *ConnectionState
-	handshakeStart       time.Time        //todo: this an entry in the handshake manager
-	HandshakeReady       bool             //todo: being in the manager means you are ready
-	HandshakeCounter     int              //todo: another handshake manager entry
-	HandshakeLastRemotes []*udp.Addr      //todo: another handshake manager entry, which remotes we sent to last time
-	HandshakeComplete    bool             //todo: this should go away in favor of ConnectionState.ready
-	HandshakePacket      map[uint8][]byte //todo: this is other handshake manager entry
-	packetStore          []*cachedPacket  //todo: this is other handshake manager entry
-	remoteIndexId        uint32
-	localIndexId         uint32
-	vpnIp                iputil.VpnIp
-	recvError            int
-	remoteCidr           *cidr.Tree4
-	relayState           RelayState
+	// HandshakePacket records the packets used to create this hostinfo
+	// We need these to avoid replayed handshake packets creating new hostinfos which causes churn
+	HandshakePacket map[uint8][]byte
+
+	// nextLHQuery is the earliest we can ask the lighthouse for new information.
+	// This is used to limit lighthouse re-queries in chatty clients
+	nextLHQuery atomic.Int64

 	// lastRebindCount is the other side of Interface.rebindCount, if these values don't match then we need to ask LH
 	// for a punch from the remote end of this tunnel. The goal being to prime their conntrack for our traffic just like
@@ -255,13 +254,12 @@ type cachedPacketMetrics struct {
 	dropped metrics.Counter
 }

-func NewHostMap(l *logrus.Logger, name string, vpnCIDR *net.IPNet, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) *HostMap {
+func NewHostMap(l *logrus.Logger, vpnCIDR *net.IPNet, preferredRanges []*net.IPNet) *HostMap {
 	h := map[iputil.VpnIp]*HostInfo{}
 	i := map[uint32]*HostInfo{}
 	r := map[uint32]*HostInfo{}
 	relays := map[uint32]*HostInfo{}
 	m := HostMap{
-		name:            name,
 		Indexes:         i,
 		Relays:          relays,
 		RemoteIndexes:   r,
@@ -273,8 +271,8 @@ func NewHostMap(l *logrus.Logger, name string, vpnCIDR *net.IPNet, preferredRang
 	return &m
 }

-// UpdateStats takes a name and reports host and index counts to the stats collection system
-func (hm *HostMap) EmitStats(name string) {
+// EmitStats reports host, index, and relay counts to the stats collection system
+func (hm *HostMap) EmitStats() {
 	hm.RLock()
 	hostLen := len(hm.Hosts)
 	indexLen := len(hm.Indexes)
@@ -282,10 +280,10 @@ func (hm *HostMap) EmitStats(name string) {
 	relaysLen := len(hm.Relays)
 	hm.RUnlock()

-	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap."+name+".hosts", nil).Update(int64(hostLen))
-	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap."+name+".indexes", nil).Update(int64(indexLen))
-	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap."+name+".remoteIndexes", nil).Update(int64(remoteIndexLen))
-	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap."+name+".relayIndexes", nil).Update(int64(relaysLen))
+	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap.main.hosts", nil).Update(int64(hostLen))
+	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap.main.indexes", nil).Update(int64(indexLen))
+	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap.main.remoteIndexes", nil).Update(int64(remoteIndexLen))
+	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap.main.relayIndexes", nil).Update(int64(relaysLen))
 }

 func (hm *HostMap) RemoveRelay(localIdx uint32) {
@@ -299,88 +297,6 @@ func (hm *HostMap) RemoveRelay(localIdx uint32) {
 	hm.Unlock()
 }

-func (hm *HostMap) GetIndexByVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) (uint32, error) {
-	hm.RLock()
-	if i, ok := hm.Hosts[vpnIp]; ok {
-		index := i.localIndexId
-		hm.RUnlock()
-		return index, nil
-	}
-	hm.RUnlock()
-	return 0, errors.New("vpn IP not found")
-}
-
-func (hm *HostMap) Add(ip iputil.VpnIp, hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	hm.Lock()
-	hm.Hosts[ip] = hostinfo
-	hm.Unlock()
-}
-
-func (hm *HostMap) AddVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, init func(hostinfo *HostInfo)) (hostinfo *HostInfo, created bool) {
-	hm.RLock()
-	if h, ok := hm.Hosts[vpnIp]; !ok {
-		hm.RUnlock()
-		h = &HostInfo{
-			vpnIp:           vpnIp,
-			HandshakePacket: make(map[uint8][]byte, 0),
-			relayState: RelayState{
-				relays:        map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}{},
-				relayForByIp:  map[iputil.VpnIp]*Relay{},
-				relayForByIdx: map[uint32]*Relay{},
-			},
-		}
-		if init != nil {
-			init(h)
-		}
-		hm.Lock()
-		hm.Hosts[vpnIp] = h
-		hm.Unlock()
-		return h, true
-	} else {
-		hm.RUnlock()
-		return h, false
-	}
-}
-
-// Only used by pendingHostMap when the remote index is not initially known
-func (hm *HostMap) addRemoteIndexHostInfo(index uint32, h *HostInfo) {
-	hm.Lock()
-	h.remoteIndexId = index
-	hm.RemoteIndexes[index] = h
-	hm.Unlock()
-
-	if hm.l.Level > logrus.DebugLevel {
-		hm.l.WithField("hostMap", m{"mapName": hm.name, "indexNumber": index, "mapTotalSize": len(hm.Indexes),
-			"hostinfo": m{"existing": true, "localIndexId": h.localIndexId, "hostId": h.vpnIp}}).
-			Debug("Hostmap remoteIndex added")
-	}
-}
-
-// DeleteReverseIndex is used to clean up on recv_error
-// This function should only ever be called on the pending hostmap
-func (hm *HostMap) DeleteReverseIndex(index uint32) {
-	hm.Lock()
-	hostinfo, ok := hm.RemoteIndexes[index]
-	if ok {
-		delete(hm.Indexes, hostinfo.localIndexId)
-		delete(hm.RemoteIndexes, index)
-
-		// Check if we have an entry under hostId that matches the same hostinfo
-		// instance. Clean it up as well if we do (they might not match in pendingHostmap)
-		var hostinfo2 *HostInfo
-		hostinfo2, ok = hm.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnIp]
-		if ok && hostinfo2 == hostinfo {
-			delete(hm.Hosts, hostinfo.vpnIp)
-		}
-	}
-	hm.Unlock()
-
-	if hm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-		hm.l.WithField("hostMap", m{"mapName": hm.name, "indexNumber": index, "mapTotalSize": len(hm.Indexes)}).
-			Debug("Hostmap remote index deleted")
-	}
-}
-
 // DeleteHostInfo will fully unlink the hostinfo and return true if it was the final hostinfo for this vpn ip
 func (hm *HostMap) DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
 	// Delete the host itself, ensuring it's not modified anymore
@@ -393,12 +309,6 @@ func (hm *HostMap) DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
 	return final
 }

-func (hm *HostMap) DeleteRelayIdx(localIdx uint32) {
-	hm.Lock()
-	defer hm.Unlock()
-	delete(hm.RemoteIndexes, localIdx)
-}
-
 func (hm *HostMap) MakePrimary(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	hm.Lock()
 	defer hm.Unlock()
@@ -476,7 +386,7 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	}

 	if hm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-		hm.l.WithField("hostMap", m{"mapName": hm.name, "mapTotalSize": len(hm.Hosts),
+		hm.l.WithField("hostMap", m{"mapTotalSize": len(hm.Hosts),
 			"vpnIp": hostinfo.vpnIp, "indexNumber": hostinfo.localIndexId, "remoteIndexNumber": hostinfo.remoteIndexId}).
 			Debug("Hostmap hostInfo deleted")
 	}
@@ -486,55 +396,40 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	}
 }

-func (hm *HostMap) QueryIndex(index uint32) (*HostInfo, error) {
-	//TODO: we probably just want to return bool instead of error, or at least a static error
+func (hm *HostMap) QueryIndex(index uint32) *HostInfo {
 	hm.RLock()
 	if h, ok := hm.Indexes[index]; ok {
 		hm.RUnlock()
-		return h, nil
+		return h
 	} else {
 		hm.RUnlock()
-		return nil, errors.New("unable to find index")
+		return nil
 	}
 }

-// Retrieves a HostInfo by Index. Returns whether the HostInfo is primary at time of query.
-// This helper exists so that the hostinfo.prev pointer can be read while the hostmap lock is held.
-func (hm *HostMap) QueryIndexIsPrimary(index uint32) (*HostInfo, bool, error) {
-	//TODO: we probably just want to return bool instead of error, or at least a static error
-	hm.RLock()
-	if h, ok := hm.Indexes[index]; ok {
-		hm.RUnlock()
-		return h, h.prev == nil, nil
-	} else {
-		hm.RUnlock()
-		return nil, false, errors.New("unable to find index")
-	}
-}
-func (hm *HostMap) QueryRelayIndex(index uint32) (*HostInfo, error) {
-	//TODO: we probably just want to return bool instead of error, or at least a static error
+func (hm *HostMap) QueryRelayIndex(index uint32) *HostInfo {
 	hm.RLock()
 	if h, ok := hm.Relays[index]; ok {
 		hm.RUnlock()
-		return h, nil
+		return h
 	} else {
 		hm.RUnlock()
-		return nil, errors.New("unable to find index")
+		return nil
 	}
 }

-func (hm *HostMap) QueryReverseIndex(index uint32) (*HostInfo, error) {
+func (hm *HostMap) QueryReverseIndex(index uint32) *HostInfo {
 	hm.RLock()
 	if h, ok := hm.RemoteIndexes[index]; ok {
 		hm.RUnlock()
-		return h, nil
+		return h
 	} else {
 		hm.RUnlock()
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to find reverse index or connectionstate nil in %s hostmap", hm.name)
+		return nil
 	}
 }

-func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) (*HostInfo, error) {
+func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *HostInfo {
 	return hm.queryVpnIp(vpnIp, nil)
 }

@@ -556,13 +451,7 @@ func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnIpRelayFor(targetIp, relayHostIp iputil.VpnIp) (*Host
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("unable to find host with relay")
 }

-// PromoteBestQueryVpnIp will attempt to lazily switch to the best remote every
-// `PromoteEvery` calls to this function for a given host.
-func (hm *HostMap) PromoteBestQueryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, ifce *Interface) (*HostInfo, error) {
-	return hm.queryVpnIp(vpnIp, ifce)
-}
-
-func (hm *HostMap) queryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, promoteIfce *Interface) (*HostInfo, error) {
+func (hm *HostMap) queryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, promoteIfce *Interface) *HostInfo {
 	hm.RLock()
 	if h, ok := hm.Hosts[vpnIp]; ok {
 		hm.RUnlock()
@@ -570,12 +459,12 @@ func (hm *HostMap) queryVpnIp(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, promoteIfce *Interface) (*Host
 		if promoteIfce != nil && !promoteIfce.lightHouse.amLighthouse {
 			h.TryPromoteBest(hm.preferredRanges, promoteIfce)
 		}
-		return h, nil
+		return h

 	}

 	hm.RUnlock()
-	return nil, errors.New("unable to find host")
+	return nil
 }

 // unlockedAddHostInfo assumes you have a write-lock and will add a hostinfo object to the hostmap Indexes and RemoteIndexes maps.
@@ -598,7 +487,7 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
 	hm.RemoteIndexes[hostinfo.remoteIndexId] = hostinfo

 	if hm.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-		hm.l.WithField("hostMap", m{"mapName": hm.name, "vpnIp": hostinfo.vpnIp, "mapTotalSize": len(hm.Hosts),
+		hm.l.WithField("hostMap", m{"vpnIp": hostinfo.vpnIp, "mapTotalSize": len(hm.Hosts),
 			"hostinfo": m{"existing": true, "localIndexId": hostinfo.localIndexId, "hostId": hostinfo.vpnIp}}).
 			Debug("Hostmap vpnIp added")
 	}
@@ -614,15 +503,34 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
 	}
 }

+func (hm *HostMap) GetPreferredRanges() []*net.IPNet {
+	return hm.preferredRanges
+}
+
+func (hm *HostMap) ForEachVpnIp(f controlEach) {
+	hm.RLock()
+	defer hm.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, v := range hm.Hosts {
+		f(v)
+	}
+}
+
+func (hm *HostMap) ForEachIndex(f controlEach) {
+	hm.RLock()
+	defer hm.RUnlock()
+
+	for _, v := range hm.Indexes {
+		f(v)
+	}
+}
+
 // TryPromoteBest handles re-querying lighthouses and probing for better paths
 // NOTE: It is an error to call this if you are a lighthouse since they should not roam clients!
 func (i *HostInfo) TryPromoteBest(preferredRanges []*net.IPNet, ifce *Interface) {
 	c := i.promoteCounter.Add(1)
-	if c%PromoteEvery == 0 {
-		// The lock here is currently protecting i.remote access
-		i.RLock()
+	if c%ifce.tryPromoteEvery.Load() == 0 {
 		remote := i.remote
-		i.RUnlock()

 		// return early if we are already on a preferred remote
 		if remote != nil {
@@ -646,65 +554,17 @@ func (i *HostInfo) TryPromoteBest(preferredRanges []*net.IPNet, ifce *Interface)
 	}

 	// Re query our lighthouses for new remotes occasionally
-	if c%ReQueryEvery == 0 && ifce.lightHouse != nil {
-		ifce.lightHouse.QueryServer(i.vpnIp, ifce)
-	}
-}
-
-func (i *HostInfo) cachePacket(l *logrus.Logger, t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, packet []byte, f packetCallback, m *cachedPacketMetrics) {
-	//TODO: return the error so we can log with more context
-	if len(i.packetStore) < 100 {
-		tempPacket := make([]byte, len(packet))
-		copy(tempPacket, packet)
-		//l.WithField("trace", string(debug.Stack())).Error("Caching packet", tempPacket)
-		i.packetStore = append(i.packetStore, &cachedPacket{t, st, f, tempPacket})
-		if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-			i.logger(l).
-				WithField("length", len(i.packetStore)).
-				WithField("stored", true).
-				Debugf("Packet store")
+	if c%ifce.reQueryEvery.Load() == 0 && ifce.lightHouse != nil {
+		now := time.Now().UnixNano()
+		if now < i.nextLHQuery.Load() {
+			return
 		}

-	} else if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-		m.dropped.Inc(1)
-		i.logger(l).
-			WithField("length", len(i.packetStore)).
-			WithField("stored", false).
-			Debugf("Packet store")
+		i.nextLHQuery.Store(now + ifce.reQueryWait.Load())
+		ifce.lightHouse.QueryServer(i.vpnIp)
 	}
 }

-// handshakeComplete will set the connection as ready to communicate, as well as flush any stored packets
-func (i *HostInfo) handshakeComplete(l *logrus.Logger, m *cachedPacketMetrics) {
-	//TODO: I'm not certain the distinction between handshake complete and ConnectionState being ready matters because:
-	//TODO: HandshakeComplete means send stored packets and ConnectionState.ready means we are ready to send
-	//TODO: if the transition from HandhsakeComplete to ConnectionState.ready happens all within this function they are identical
-
-	i.ConnectionState.queueLock.Lock()
-	i.HandshakeComplete = true
-	//TODO: this should be managed by the handshake state machine to set it based on how many handshake were seen.
-	// Clamping it to 2 gets us out of the woods for now
-	i.ConnectionState.messageCounter.Store(2)
-
-	if l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
-		i.logger(l).Debugf("Sending %d stored packets", len(i.packetStore))
-	}
-
-	if len(i.packetStore) > 0 {
-		nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
-		out := make([]byte, mtu)
-		for _, cp := range i.packetStore {
-			cp.callback(cp.messageType, cp.messageSubType, i, cp.packet, nb, out)
-		}
-		m.sent.Inc(int64(len(i.packetStore)))
-	}
-
-	i.remotes.ResetBlockedRemotes()
-	i.packetStore = make([]*cachedPacket, 0)
-	i.ConnectionState.ready = true
-	i.ConnectionState.queueLock.Unlock()
-}
-
 func (i *HostInfo) GetCert() *cert.NebulaCertificate {
 	if i.ConnectionState != nil {
 		return i.ConnectionState.peerCert
@@ -761,9 +621,8 @@ func (i *HostInfo) SetRemoteIfPreferred(hm *HostMap, newRemote *udp.Addr) bool {
 }

 func (i *HostInfo) RecvErrorExceeded() bool {
-	if i.recvError < 3 {
-		i.recvError += 1
-		return false
+	if i.recvError.Add(1) >= maxRecvError {
+		return true
 	}
 	return true
 }
@@ -774,7 +633,7 @@ func (i *HostInfo) CreateRemoteCIDR(c *cert.NebulaCertificate) {
 		return
 	}

-	remoteCidr := cidr.NewTree4()
+	remoteCidr := cidr.NewTree4[struct{}]()
 	for _, ip := range c.Details.Ips {
 		remoteCidr.AddCIDR(&net.IPNet{IP: ip.IP, Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 255}}, struct{}{})
 	}
--- a/hostmap_test.go
+++ b/hostmap_test.go
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import (
 func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	hm := NewHostMap(
-		l, "test",
+		l,
 		&net.IPNet{
 			IP:   net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1},
 			Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h1, f)

 	// Make sure we go h1 -> h2 -> h3 -> h4
-	prim, _ := hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim := hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
 	hm.MakePrimary(h3)

 	// Make sure we go h3 -> h1 -> h2 -> h4
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
 	hm.MakePrimary(h4)

 	// Make sure we go h4 -> h3 -> h1 -> h2
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
 	hm.MakePrimary(h4)

 	// Make sure we go h4 -> h3 -> h1 -> h2
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
 func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	hm := NewHostMap(
-		l, "test",
+		l,
 		&net.IPNet{
 			IP:   net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1},
 			Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0},
@@ -119,11 +119,11 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	// h6 should be deleted
 	assert.Nil(t, h6.next)
 	assert.Nil(t, h6.prev)
-	_, err := hm.QueryIndex(h6.localIndexId)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	h := hm.QueryIndex(h6.localIndexId)
+	assert.Nil(t, h)

 	// Make sure we go h1 -> h2 -> h3 -> h4 -> h5
-	prim, _ := hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim := hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, h1.next)

 	// Make sure we go h2 -> h3 -> h4 -> h5
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, h3.next)

 	// Make sure we go h2 -> h4 -> h5
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, h5.next)

 	// Make sure we go h2 -> h4
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, h2.next)

 	// Make sure we only have h4
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim.next)
@@ -202,6 +202,6 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Nil(t, h4.next)

 	// Make sure we have nil
-	prim, _ = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
+	prim = hm.QueryVpnIp(1)
 	assert.Nil(t, prim)
 }
--- a/inside.go
+++ b/inside.go
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 package nebula

 import (
-	"github.com/flynn/noise"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
@@ -45,7 +44,10 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 		return
 	}

-	hostinfo := f.getOrHandshake(fwPacket.RemoteIP)
+	hostinfo, ready := f.getOrHandshake(fwPacket.RemoteIP, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
+		hh.cachePacket(f.l, header.Message, 0, packet, f.sendMessageNow, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
+	})
+
 	if hostinfo == nil {
 		f.rejectInside(packet, out, q)
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
@@ -55,23 +57,14 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 		}
 		return
 	}
-	ci := hostinfo.ConnectionState

-	if !ci.ready {
-		// Because we might be sending stored packets, lock here to stop new things going to
-		// the packet queue.
-		ci.queueLock.Lock()
-		if !ci.ready {
-			hostinfo.cachePacket(f.l, header.Message, 0, packet, f.sendMessageNow, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
-			ci.queueLock.Unlock()
-			return
-		}
-		ci.queueLock.Unlock()
+	if !ready {
+		return
 	}

-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(packet, *fwPacket, false, hostinfo, f.caPool, localCache)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(packet, *fwPacket, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
 	if dropReason == nil {
-		f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, 0, ci, hostinfo, nil, packet, nb, out, q)
+		f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, 0, hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, nil, packet, nb, out, q)

 	} else {
 		f.rejectInside(packet, out, q)
@@ -90,6 +83,10 @@ func (f *Interface) rejectInside(packet []byte, out []byte, q int) {
 	}

 	out = iputil.CreateRejectPacket(packet, out)
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
 	_, err := f.readers[q].Write(out)
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to write to tun")
@@ -101,80 +98,39 @@ func (f *Interface) rejectOutside(packet []byte, ci *ConnectionState, hostinfo *
 		return
 	}

-	// Use some out buffer space to build the packet before encryption
-	// Need 40 bytes for the reject packet (20 byte ipv4 header, 20 byte tcp rst packet)
-	// Leave 100 bytes for the encrypted packet (60 byte Nebula header, 40 byte reject packet)
-	out = out[:140]
-	outPacket := iputil.CreateRejectPacket(packet, out[100:])
-	f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, 0, ci, hostinfo, nil, outPacket, nb, out, q)
+	out = iputil.CreateRejectPacket(packet, out)
+	if len(out) == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if len(out) > iputil.MaxRejectPacketSize {
+		if f.l.GetLevel() >= logrus.InfoLevel {
+			f.l.
+				WithField("packet", packet).
+				WithField("outPacket", out).
+				Info("rejectOutside: packet too big, not sending")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	f.sendNoMetrics(header.Message, 0, ci, hostinfo, nil, out, nb, packet, q)
 }

 func (f *Interface) Handshake(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) {
-	f.getOrHandshake(vpnIp)
+	f.getOrHandshake(vpnIp, nil)
 }

-// getOrHandshake returns nil if the vpnIp is not routable
-func (f *Interface) getOrHandshake(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) *HostInfo {
+// getOrHandshake returns nil if the vpnIp is not routable.
+// If the 2nd return var is false then the hostinfo is not ready to be used in a tunnel
+func (f *Interface) getOrHandshake(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, cacheCallback func(*HandshakeHostInfo)) (*HostInfo, bool) {
 	if !ipMaskContains(f.lightHouse.myVpnIp, f.lightHouse.myVpnZeros, vpnIp) {
 		vpnIp = f.inside.RouteFor(vpnIp)
 		if vpnIp == 0 {
-			return nil
-		}
-	}
-	hostinfo, err := f.hostMap.PromoteBestQueryVpnIp(vpnIp, f)
-
-	//if err != nil || hostinfo.ConnectionState == nil {
-	if err != nil {
-		hostinfo, err = f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-		if err != nil {
-			hostinfo = f.handshakeManager.AddVpnIp(vpnIp, f.initHostInfo)
-		}
-	}
-	ci := hostinfo.ConnectionState
-
-	if ci != nil && ci.eKey != nil && ci.ready {
-		return hostinfo
-	}
-
-	// Handshake is not ready, we need to grab the lock now before we start the handshake process
-	hostinfo.Lock()
-	defer hostinfo.Unlock()
-
-	// Double check, now that we have the lock
-	ci = hostinfo.ConnectionState
-	if ci != nil && ci.eKey != nil && ci.ready {
-		return hostinfo
-	}
-
-	// If we have already created the handshake packet, we don't want to call the function at all.
-	if !hostinfo.HandshakeReady {
-		ixHandshakeStage0(f, vpnIp, hostinfo)
-		// FIXME: Maybe make XX selectable, but probably not since psk makes it nearly pointless for us.
-		//xx_handshakeStage0(f, ip, hostinfo)
-
-		// If this is a static host, we don't need to wait for the HostQueryReply
-		// We can trigger the handshake right now
-		_, doTrigger := f.lightHouse.GetStaticHostList()[vpnIp]
-		if !doTrigger {
-			// Add any calculated remotes, and trigger early handshake if one found
-			doTrigger = f.lightHouse.addCalculatedRemotes(vpnIp)
-		}
-
-		if doTrigger {
-			select {
-			case f.handshakeManager.trigger <- vpnIp:
-			default:
-			}
+			return nil, false
 		}
 	}

-	return hostinfo
-}
-
-// initHostInfo is the init function to pass to (*HandshakeManager).AddVpnIP that
-// will create the initial Noise ConnectionState
-func (f *Interface) initHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	hostinfo.ConnectionState = f.newConnectionState(f.l, true, noise.HandshakeIX, []byte{}, 0)
+	return f.handshakeManager.GetOrHandshake(vpnIp, cacheCallback)
 }

 func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, hostinfo *HostInfo, p, nb, out []byte) {
@@ -186,7 +142,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubTyp
 	}

 	// check if packet is in outbound fw rules
-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(p, *fp, false, hostinfo, f.caPool, nil)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(p, *fp, false, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), nil)
 	if dropReason != nil {
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			f.l.WithField("fwPacket", fp).
@@ -201,7 +157,10 @@ func (f *Interface) sendMessageNow(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubTyp

 // SendMessageToVpnIp handles real ip:port lookup and sends to the current best known address for vpnIp
 func (f *Interface) SendMessageToVpnIp(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, vpnIp iputil.VpnIp, p, nb, out []byte) {
-	hostInfo := f.getOrHandshake(vpnIp)
+	hostInfo, ready := f.getOrHandshake(vpnIp, func(hh *HandshakeHostInfo) {
+		hh.cachePacket(f.l, t, st, p, f.SendMessageToHostInfo, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
+	})
+
 	if hostInfo == nil {
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnIp", vpnIp).
@@ -210,16 +169,8 @@ func (f *Interface) SendMessageToVpnIp(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSu
 		return
 	}

-	if !hostInfo.ConnectionState.ready {
-		// Because we might be sending stored packets, lock here to stop new things going to
-		// the packet queue.
-		hostInfo.ConnectionState.queueLock.Lock()
-		if !hostInfo.ConnectionState.ready {
-			hostInfo.cachePacket(f.l, t, st, p, f.SendMessageToHostInfo, f.cachedPacketMetrics)
-			hostInfo.ConnectionState.queueLock.Unlock()
-			return
-		}
-		hostInfo.ConnectionState.queueLock.Unlock()
+	if !ready {
+		return
 	}

 	f.SendMessageToHostInfo(t, st, hostInfo, p, nb, out)
@@ -239,7 +190,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendTo(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType, ci *C
 	f.sendNoMetrics(t, st, ci, hostinfo, remote, p, nb, out, 0)
 }

-// sendVia sends a payload through a Relay tunnel. No authentication or encryption is done
+// SendVia sends a payload through a Relay tunnel. No authentication or encryption is done
 // to the payload for the ultimate target host, making this a useful method for sending
 // handshake messages to peers through relay tunnels.
 // via is the HostInfo through which the message is relayed.
@@ -337,7 +288,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendNoMetrics(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType
 	if t != header.CloseTunnel && hostinfo.lastRebindCount != f.rebindCount {
 		//NOTE: there is an update hole if a tunnel isn't used and exactly 256 rebinds occur before the tunnel is
 		// finally used again. This tunnel would eventually be torn down and recreated if this action didn't help.
-		f.lightHouse.QueryServer(hostinfo.vpnIp, f)
+		f.lightHouse.QueryServer(hostinfo.vpnIp)
 		hostinfo.lastRebindCount = f.rebindCount
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			f.l.WithField("vpnIp", hostinfo.vpnIp).Debug("Lighthouse update triggered for punch due to rebind counter")
--- a/interface.go
+++ b/interface.go
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ import (

 	"github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics"
 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
@@ -26,9 +25,9 @@ const mtu = 9001

 type InterfaceConfig struct {
 	HostMap                 *HostMap
-	Outside                 *udp.Conn
+	Outside                 udp.Conn
 	Inside                  overlay.Device
-	certState               *CertState
+	pki                     *PKI
 	Cipher                  string
 	Firewall                *Firewall
 	ServeDns                bool
@@ -41,20 +40,22 @@ type InterfaceConfig struct {
 	routines                int
 	MessageMetrics          *MessageMetrics
 	version                 string
-	caPool                  *cert.NebulaCAPool
-	disconnectInvalid       bool
 	relayManager            *relayManager
 	punchy                  *Punchy

+	tryPromoteEvery uint32
+	reQueryEvery    uint32
+	reQueryWait     time.Duration
+
 	ConntrackCacheTimeout time.Duration
 	l                     *logrus.Logger
 }

 type Interface struct {
 	hostMap            *HostMap
-	outside            *udp.Conn
+	outside            udp.Conn
 	inside             overlay.Device
-	certState          atomic.Pointer[CertState]
+	pki                *PKI
 	cipher             string
 	firewall           *Firewall
 	connectionManager  *connectionManager
@@ -67,11 +68,14 @@ type Interface struct {
 	dropLocalBroadcast bool
 	dropMulticast      bool
 	routines           int
-	caPool             *cert.NebulaCAPool
-	disconnectInvalid  bool
+	disconnectInvalid  atomic.Bool
 	closed             atomic.Bool
 	relayManager       *relayManager

+	tryPromoteEvery atomic.Uint32
+	reQueryEvery    atomic.Uint32
+	reQueryWait     atomic.Int64
+
 	sendRecvErrorConfig sendRecvErrorConfig

 	// rebindCount is used to decide if an active tunnel should trigger a punch notification through a lighthouse
@@ -80,7 +84,7 @@ type Interface struct {

 	conntrackCacheTimeout time.Duration

-	writers []*udp.Conn
+	writers []udp.Conn
 	readers []io.ReadWriteCloser

 	metricHandshakes    metrics.Histogram
@@ -144,15 +148,17 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 	if c.Inside == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("no inside interface (tun)")
 	}
-	if c.certState == nil {
+	if c.pki == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("no certificate state")
 	}
 	if c.Firewall == nil {
 		return nil, errors.New("no firewall rules")
 	}

-	myVpnIp := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(c.certState.certificate.Details.Ips[0].IP)
+	certificate := c.pki.GetCertState().Certificate
+	myVpnIp := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(certificate.Details.Ips[0].IP)
 	ifce := &Interface{
+		pki:                c.pki,
 		hostMap:            c.HostMap,
 		outside:            c.Outside,
 		inside:             c.Inside,
@@ -162,15 +168,13 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 		handshakeManager:   c.HandshakeManager,
 		createTime:         time.Now(),
 		lightHouse:         c.lightHouse,
-		localBroadcast:     myVpnIp | ^iputil.Ip2VpnIp(c.certState.certificate.Details.Ips[0].Mask),
+		localBroadcast:     myVpnIp | ^iputil.Ip2VpnIp(certificate.Details.Ips[0].Mask),
 		dropLocalBroadcast: c.DropLocalBroadcast,
 		dropMulticast:      c.DropMulticast,
 		routines:           c.routines,
 		version:            c.version,
-		writers:            make([]*udp.Conn, c.routines),
+		writers:            make([]udp.Conn, c.routines),
 		readers:            make([]io.ReadWriteCloser, c.routines),
-		caPool:             c.caPool,
-		disconnectInvalid:  c.disconnectInvalid,
 		myVpnIp:            myVpnIp,
 		relayManager:       c.relayManager,

@@ -186,7 +190,10 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 		l: c.l,
 	}

-	ifce.certState.Store(c.certState)
+	ifce.tryPromoteEvery.Store(c.tryPromoteEvery)
+	ifce.reQueryEvery.Store(c.reQueryEvery)
+	ifce.reQueryWait.Store(int64(c.reQueryWait))
+
 	ifce.connectionManager = newConnectionManager(ctx, c.l, ifce, c.checkInterval, c.pendingDeletionInterval, c.punchy)

 	return ifce, nil
@@ -243,7 +250,7 @@ func (f *Interface) run() {
 func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 	runtime.LockOSThread()

-	var li *udp.Conn
+	var li udp.Conn
 	// TODO clean this up with a coherent interface for each outside connection
 	if i > 0 {
 		li = f.writers[i]
@@ -283,47 +290,24 @@ func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader io.ReadWriteCloser, i int) {
 }

 func (f *Interface) RegisterConfigChangeCallbacks(c *config.C) {
-	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadCA)
-	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadCertKey)
 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadFirewall)
 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadSendRecvError)
+	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadDisconnectInvalid)
+	c.RegisterReloadCallback(f.reloadMisc)
+
 	for _, udpConn := range f.writers {
 		c.RegisterReloadCallback(udpConn.ReloadConfig)
 	}
 }

-func (f *Interface) reloadCA(c *config.C) {
-	// reload and check regardless
-	// todo: need mutex?
-	newCAs, err := loadCAFromConfig(f.l, c)
-	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).Error("Could not refresh trusted CA certificates")
-		return
+func (f *Interface) reloadDisconnectInvalid(c *config.C) {
+	initial := c.InitialLoad()
+	if initial || c.HasChanged("pki.disconnect_invalid") {
+		f.disconnectInvalid.Store(c.GetBool("pki.disconnect_invalid", true))
+		if !initial {
+			f.l.Infof("pki.disconnect_invalid changed to %v", f.disconnectInvalid.Load())
+		}
 	}
-
-	f.caPool = newCAs
-	f.l.WithField("fingerprints", f.caPool.GetFingerprints()).Info("Trusted CA certificates refreshed")
-}
-
-func (f *Interface) reloadCertKey(c *config.C) {
-	// reload and check in all cases
-	cs, err := NewCertStateFromConfig(c)
-	if err != nil {
-		f.l.WithError(err).Error("Could not refresh client cert")
-		return
-	}
-
-	// did IP in cert change? if so, don't set
-	currentCert := f.certState.Load().certificate
-	oldIPs := currentCert.Details.Ips
-	newIPs := cs.certificate.Details.Ips
-	if len(oldIPs) > 0 && len(newIPs) > 0 && oldIPs[0].String() != newIPs[0].String() {
-		f.l.WithField("new_ip", newIPs[0]).WithField("old_ip", oldIPs[0]).Error("IP in new cert was different from old")
-		return
-	}
-
-	f.certState.Store(cs)
-	f.l.WithField("cert", cs.certificate).Info("Client cert refreshed from disk")
 }

 func (f *Interface) reloadFirewall(c *config.C) {
@@ -333,7 +317,7 @@ func (f *Interface) reloadFirewall(c *config.C) {
 		return
 	}

-	fw, err := NewFirewallFromConfig(f.l, f.certState.Load().certificate, c)
+	fw, err := NewFirewallFromConfig(f.l, f.pki.GetCertState().Certificate, c)
 	if err != nil {
 		f.l.WithError(err).Error("Error while creating firewall during reload")
 		return
@@ -348,8 +332,8 @@ func (f *Interface) reloadFirewall(c *config.C) {
 	// If rulesVersion is back to zero, we have wrapped all the way around. Be
 	// safe and just reset conntrack in this case.
 	if fw.rulesVersion == 0 {
-		f.l.WithField("firewallHash", fw.GetRuleHash()).
-			WithField("oldFirewallHash", oldFw.GetRuleHash()).
+		f.l.WithField("firewallHashes", fw.GetRuleHashes()).
+			WithField("oldFirewallHashes", oldFw.GetRuleHashes()).
 			WithField("rulesVersion", fw.rulesVersion).
 			Warn("firewall rulesVersion has overflowed, resetting conntrack")
 	} else {
@@ -359,8 +343,8 @@ func (f *Interface) reloadFirewall(c *config.C) {
 	f.firewall = fw

 	oldFw.Destroy()
-	f.l.WithField("firewallHash", fw.GetRuleHash()).
-		WithField("oldFirewallHash", oldFw.GetRuleHash()).
+	f.l.WithField("firewallHashes", fw.GetRuleHashes()).
+		WithField("oldFirewallHashes", oldFw.GetRuleHashes()).
 		WithField("rulesVersion", fw.rulesVersion).
 		Info("New firewall has been installed")
 }
@@ -389,6 +373,26 @@ func (f *Interface) reloadSendRecvError(c *config.C) {
 	}
 }

+func (f *Interface) reloadMisc(c *config.C) {
+	if c.HasChanged("counters.try_promote") {
+		n := c.GetUint32("counters.try_promote", defaultPromoteEvery)
+		f.tryPromoteEvery.Store(n)
+		f.l.Info("counters.try_promote has changed")
+	}
+
+	if c.HasChanged("counters.requery_every_packets") {
+		n := c.GetUint32("counters.requery_every_packets", defaultReQueryEvery)
+		f.reQueryEvery.Store(n)
+		f.l.Info("counters.requery_every_packets has changed")
+	}
+
+	if c.HasChanged("timers.requery_wait_duration") {
+		n := c.GetDuration("timers.requery_wait_duration", defaultReQueryWait)
+		f.reQueryWait.Store(int64(n))
+		f.l.Info("timers.requery_wait_duration has changed")
+	}
+}
+
 func (f *Interface) emitStats(ctx context.Context, i time.Duration) {
 	ticker := time.NewTicker(i)
 	defer ticker.Stop()
@@ -405,7 +409,7 @@ func (f *Interface) emitStats(ctx context.Context, i time.Duration) {
 			f.firewall.EmitStats()
 			f.handshakeManager.EmitStats()
 			udpStats()
-			certExpirationGauge.Update(int64(f.certState.Load().certificate.Details.NotAfter.Sub(time.Now()) / time.Second))
+			certExpirationGauge.Update(int64(f.pki.GetCertState().Certificate.Details.NotAfter.Sub(time.Now()) / time.Second))
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -413,6 +417,13 @@ func (f *Interface) emitStats(ctx context.Context, i time.Duration) {
 func (f *Interface) Close() error {
 	f.closed.Store(true)

+	for _, u := range f.writers {
+		err := u.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			f.l.WithError(err).Error("Error while closing udp socket")
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Release the tun device
 	return f.inside.Close()
 }
--- a/iputil/packet.go
+++ b/iputil/packet.go
@@ -6,8 +6,19 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
 )

+const (
+	// Need 96 bytes for the largest reject packet:
+	// - 20 byte ipv4 header
+	// - 8 byte icmpv4 header
+	// - 68 byte body (60 byte max orig ipv4 header + 8 byte orig icmpv4 header)
+	MaxRejectPacketSize = ipv4.HeaderLen + 8 + 60 + 8
+)
+
 func CreateRejectPacket(packet []byte, out []byte) []byte {
-	// TODO ipv4 only, need to fix when inside supports ipv6
+	if len(packet) < ipv4.HeaderLen || int(packet[0]>>4) != ipv4.Version {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	switch packet[9] {
 	case 6: // tcp
 		return ipv4CreateRejectTCPPacket(packet, out)
@@ -19,20 +30,28 @@ func CreateRejectPacket(packet []byte, out []byte) []byte {
 func ipv4CreateRejectICMPPacket(packet []byte, out []byte) []byte {
 	ihl := int(packet[0]&0x0f) << 2

-	// ICMP reply includes header and first 8 bytes of the packet
+	if len(packet) < ihl {
+		// We need at least this many bytes for this to be a valid packet
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// ICMP reply includes original header and first 8 bytes of the packet
 	packetLen := len(packet)
 	if packetLen > ihl+8 {
 		packetLen = ihl + 8
 	}

 	outLen := ipv4.HeaderLen + 8 + packetLen
+	if outLen > cap(out) {
+		return nil
+	}

-	out = out[:(outLen)]
+	out = out[:outLen]

 	ipHdr := out[0:ipv4.HeaderLen]
-	ipHdr[0] = ipv4.Version<<4 | (ipv4.HeaderLen >> 2)                        // version, ihl
-	ipHdr[1] = 0                                                              // DSCP, ECN
-	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(ipHdr[2:], uint16(ipv4.HeaderLen+8+packetLen)) // Total Length
+	ipHdr[0] = ipv4.Version<<4 | (ipv4.HeaderLen >> 2)    // version, ihl
+	ipHdr[1] = 0                                          // DSCP, ECN
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16(ipHdr[2:], uint16(outLen)) // Total Length

 	ipHdr[4] = 0  // id
 	ipHdr[5] = 0  //  .
@@ -76,7 +95,15 @@ func ipv4CreateRejectTCPPacket(packet []byte, out []byte) []byte {
 	ihl := int(packet[0]&0x0f) << 2
 	outLen := ipv4.HeaderLen + tcpLen

-	out = out[:(outLen)]
+	if len(packet) < ihl+tcpLen {
+		// We need at least this many bytes for this to be a valid packet
+		return nil
+	}
+	if outLen > cap(out) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	out = out[:outLen]

 	ipHdr := out[0:ipv4.HeaderLen]
 	ipHdr[0] = ipv4.Version<<4 | (ipv4.HeaderLen >> 2)    // version, ihl
--- a/iputil/packet_test.go
+++ b/iputil/packet_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package iputil
+
+import (
+	"net"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"golang.org/x/net/ipv4"
+)
+
+func Test_CreateRejectPacket(t *testing.T) {
+	h := ipv4.Header{
+		Len:      20,
+		Src:      net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 1),
+		Dst:      net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 2),
+		Protocol: 1, // ICMP
+	}
+
+	b, err := h.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("h.Marhshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	b = append(b, []byte{0, 3, 0, 4}...)
+
+	expectedLen := ipv4.HeaderLen + 8 + h.Len + 4
+	out := make([]byte, expectedLen)
+	rejectPacket := CreateRejectPacket(b, out)
+	assert.NotNil(t, rejectPacket)
+	assert.Len(t, rejectPacket, expectedLen)
+
+	// ICMP with max header len
+	h = ipv4.Header{
+		Len:      60,
+		Src:      net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 1),
+		Dst:      net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 2),
+		Protocol: 1, // ICMP
+		Options:  make([]byte, 40),
+	}
+
+	b, err = h.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("h.Marhshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	b = append(b, []byte{0, 3, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0}...)
+
+	expectedLen = MaxRejectPacketSize
+	out = make([]byte, MaxRejectPacketSize)
+	rejectPacket = CreateRejectPacket(b, out)
+	assert.NotNil(t, rejectPacket)
+	assert.Len(t, rejectPacket, expectedLen)
+
+	// TCP with max header len
+	h = ipv4.Header{
+		Len:      60,
+		Src:      net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 1),
+		Dst:      net.IPv4(10, 0, 0, 2),
+		Protocol: 6, // TCP
+		Options:  make([]byte, 40),
+	}
+
+	b, err = h.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("h.Marhshal: %v", err)
+	}
+	b = append(b, []byte{0, 3, 0, 4}...)
+	b = append(b, make([]byte, 16)...)
+
+	expectedLen = ipv4.HeaderLen + 20
+	out = make([]byte, expectedLen)
+	rejectPacket = CreateRejectPacket(b, out)
+	assert.NotNil(t, rejectPacket)
+	assert.Len(t, rejectPacket, expectedLen)
+}
--- a/lighthouse.go
+++ b/lighthouse.go
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	myVpnIp      iputil.VpnIp
 	myVpnZeros   iputil.VpnIp
 	myVpnNet     *net.IPNet
-	punchConn    *udp.Conn
+	punchConn    udp.Conn
 	punchy       *Punchy

 	// Local cache of answers from light houses
@@ -64,18 +64,19 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	staticList  atomic.Pointer[map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}]
 	lighthouses atomic.Pointer[map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{}]

-	interval        atomic.Int64
-	updateCancel    context.CancelFunc
-	updateParentCtx context.Context
-	updateUdp       EncWriter
-	nebulaPort      uint32 // 32 bits because protobuf does not have a uint16
+	interval     atomic.Int64
+	updateCancel context.CancelFunc
+	ifce         EncWriter
+	nebulaPort   uint32 // 32 bits because protobuf does not have a uint16

 	advertiseAddrs atomic.Pointer[[]netIpAndPort]

 	// IP's of relays that can be used by peers to access me
 	relaysForMe atomic.Pointer[[]iputil.VpnIp]

-	calculatedRemotes atomic.Pointer[cidr.Tree4] // Maps VpnIp to []*calculatedRemote
+	queryChan chan iputil.VpnIp
+
+	calculatedRemotes atomic.Pointer[cidr.Tree4[[]*calculatedRemote]] // Maps VpnIp to []*calculatedRemote

 	metrics           *MessageMetrics
 	metricHolepunchTx metrics.Counter
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ type LightHouse struct {

 // NewLightHouseFromConfig will build a Lighthouse struct from the values provided in the config object
 // addrMap should be nil unless this is during a config reload
-func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, myVpnNet *net.IPNet, pc *udp.Conn, p *Punchy) (*LightHouse, error) {
+func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, myVpnNet *net.IPNet, pc udp.Conn, p *Punchy) (*LightHouse, error) {
 	amLighthouse := c.GetBool("lighthouse.am_lighthouse", false)
 	nebulaPort := uint32(c.GetInt("listen.port", 0))
 	if amLighthouse && nebulaPort == 0 {
@@ -111,6 +112,7 @@ func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C,
 		nebulaPort:   nebulaPort,
 		punchConn:    pc,
 		punchy:       p,
+		queryChan:    make(chan iputil.VpnIp, c.GetUint32("handshakes.query_buffer", 64)),
 		l:            l,
 	}
 	lighthouses := make(map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{})
@@ -133,13 +135,15 @@ func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C,
 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
 		err := h.reload(c, false)
 		switch v := err.(type) {
-		case util.ContextualError:
+		case *util.ContextualError:
 			v.Log(l)
 		case error:
 			l.WithError(err).Error("failed to reload lighthouse")
 		}
 	})

+	h.startQueryWorker()
+
 	return &h, nil
 }

@@ -167,7 +171,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) GetRelaysForMe() []iputil.VpnIp {
 	return *lh.relaysForMe.Load()
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) getCalculatedRemotes() *cidr.Tree4 {
+func (lh *LightHouse) getCalculatedRemotes() *cidr.Tree4[[]*calculatedRemote] {
 	return lh.calculatedRemotes.Load()
 }

@@ -217,7 +221,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 				lh.updateCancel()
 			}

-			lh.LhUpdateWorker(lh.updateParentCtx, lh.updateUdp)
+			lh.StartUpdateWorker()
 		}
 	}

@@ -262,6 +266,18 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {

 	//NOTE: many things will get much simpler when we combine static_host_map and lighthouse.hosts in config
 	if initial || c.HasChanged("static_host_map") || c.HasChanged("static_map.cadence") || c.HasChanged("static_map.network") || c.HasChanged("static_map.lookup_timeout") {
+		// Clean up. Entries still in the static_host_map will be re-built.
+		// Entries no longer present must have their (possible) background DNS goroutines stopped.
+		if existingStaticList := lh.staticList.Load(); existingStaticList != nil {
+			lh.RLock()
+			for staticVpnIp := range *existingStaticList {
+				if am, ok := lh.addrMap[staticVpnIp]; ok && am != nil {
+					am.hr.Cancel()
+				}
+			}
+			lh.RUnlock()
+		}
+		// Build a new list based on current config.
 		staticList := make(map[iputil.VpnIp]struct{})
 		err := lh.loadStaticMap(c, lh.myVpnNet, staticList)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -432,9 +448,9 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) loadStaticMap(c *config.C, tunCidr *net.IPNet, staticList
 	return nil
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) Query(ip iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter) *RemoteList {
+func (lh *LightHouse) Query(ip iputil.VpnIp) *RemoteList {
 	if !lh.IsLighthouseIP(ip) {
-		lh.QueryServer(ip, f)
+		lh.QueryServer(ip)
 	}
 	lh.RLock()
 	if v, ok := lh.addrMap[ip]; ok {
@@ -445,30 +461,14 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) Query(ip iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter) *RemoteList {
 	return nil
 }

-// This is asynchronous so no reply should be expected
-func (lh *LightHouse) QueryServer(ip iputil.VpnIp, f EncWriter) {
-	if lh.amLighthouse {
+// QueryServer is asynchronous so no reply should be expected
+func (lh *LightHouse) QueryServer(ip iputil.VpnIp) {
+	// Don't put lighthouse ips in the query channel because we can't query lighthouses about lighthouses
+	if lh.amLighthouse || lh.IsLighthouseIP(ip) {
 		return
 	}

-	if lh.IsLighthouseIP(ip) {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Send a query to the lighthouses and hope for the best next time
-	query, err := NewLhQueryByInt(ip).Marshal()
-	if err != nil {
-		lh.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", ip).Error("Failed to marshal lighthouse query payload")
-		return
-	}
-
-	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()
-	lh.metricTx(NebulaMeta_HostQuery, int64(len(lighthouses)))
-	nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
-	out := make([]byte, mtu)
-	for n := range lighthouses {
-		f.SendMessageToVpnIp(header.LightHouse, 0, n, query, nb, out)
-	}
+	lh.queryChan <- ip
 }

 func (lh *LightHouse) QueryCache(ip iputil.VpnIp) *RemoteList {
@@ -583,11 +583,10 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) addCalculatedRemotes(vpnIp iputil.VpnIp) bool {
 	if tree == nil {
 		return false
 	}
-	value := tree.MostSpecificContains(vpnIp)
-	if value == nil {
+	ok, calculatedRemotes := tree.MostSpecificContains(vpnIp)
+	if !ok {
 		return false
 	}
-	calculatedRemotes := value.([]*calculatedRemote)

 	var calculated []*Ip4AndPort
 	for _, cr := range calculatedRemotes {
@@ -742,33 +741,73 @@ func NewUDPAddrFromLH6(ipp *Ip6AndPort) *udp.Addr {
 	return udp.NewAddr(lhIp6ToIp(ipp), uint16(ipp.Port))
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) LhUpdateWorker(ctx context.Context, f EncWriter) {
-	lh.updateParentCtx = ctx
-	lh.updateUdp = f
+func (lh *LightHouse) startQueryWorker() {
+	if lh.amLighthouse {
+		return
+	}

+	go func() {
+		nb := make([]byte, 12, 12)
+		out := make([]byte, mtu)
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-lh.ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case ip := <-lh.queryChan:
+				lh.innerQueryServer(ip, nb, out)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (lh *LightHouse) innerQueryServer(ip iputil.VpnIp, nb, out []byte) {
+	if lh.IsLighthouseIP(ip) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Send a query to the lighthouses and hope for the best next time
+	query, err := NewLhQueryByInt(ip).Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		lh.l.WithError(err).WithField("vpnIp", ip).Error("Failed to marshal lighthouse query payload")
+		return
+	}
+
+	lighthouses := lh.GetLighthouses()
+	lh.metricTx(NebulaMeta_HostQuery, int64(len(lighthouses)))
+
+	for n := range lighthouses {
+		lh.ifce.SendMessageToVpnIp(header.LightHouse, 0, n, query, nb, out)
+	}
+}
+
+func (lh *LightHouse) StartUpdateWorker() {
 	interval := lh.GetUpdateInterval()
 	if lh.amLighthouse || interval == 0 {
 		return
 	}

 	clockSource := time.NewTicker(time.Second * time.Duration(interval))
-	updateCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	updateCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(lh.ctx)
 	lh.updateCancel = cancel
-	defer clockSource.Stop()

-	for {
-		lh.SendUpdate(f)
+	go func() {
+		defer clockSource.Stop()

-		select {
-		case <-updateCtx.Done():
-			return
-		case <-clockSource.C:
-			continue
+		for {
+			lh.SendUpdate()
+
+			select {
+			case <-updateCtx.Done():
+				return
+			case <-clockSource.C:
+				continue
+			}
 		}
-	}
+	}()
 }

-func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate(f EncWriter) {
+func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 	var v4 []*Ip4AndPort
 	var v6 []*Ip6AndPort

@@ -821,7 +860,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate(f EncWriter) {
 	}

 	for vpnIp := range lighthouses {
-		f.SendMessageToVpnIp(header.LightHouse, 0, vpnIp, mm, nb, out)
+		lh.ifce.SendMessageToVpnIp(header.LightHouse, 0, vpnIp, mm, nb, out)
 	}
 }

--- a/lighthouse_test.go
+++ b/lighthouse_test.go
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
 )

 //TODO: Add a test to ensure udpAddr is copied and not reused
@@ -65,6 +66,35 @@ func Test_lhStaticMapping(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.EqualError(t, err, "lighthouse 10.128.0.3 does not have a static_host_map entry")
 }

+func TestReloadLighthouseInterval(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	_, myVpnNet, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.128.0.1/16")
+	lh1 := "10.128.0.2"
+
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	c.Settings["lighthouse"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"hosts":    []interface{}{lh1},
+		"interval": "1s",
+	}
+
+	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{lh1: []interface{}{"1.1.1.1:4242"}}
+	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, myVpnNet, nil, nil)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	lh.ifce = &mockEncWriter{}
+
+	// The first one routine is kicked off by main.go currently, lets make sure that one dies
+	c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 5")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(5), lh.interval.Load())
+
+	// Subsequent calls are killed off by the LightHouse.Reload function
+	c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 10")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(10), lh.interval.Load())
+
+	// If this completes then nothing is stealing our reload routine
+	c.ReloadConfigString("lighthouse:\n  interval: 11")
+	assert.Equal(t, int64(11), lh.interval.Load())
+}
+
 func BenchmarkLighthouseHandleRequest(b *testing.B) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	_, myVpnNet, _ := net.ParseCIDR("10.128.0.1/0")
@@ -242,8 +272,17 @@ func TestLighthouse_reload(t *testing.T) {
 	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(context.Background(), l, c, &net.IPNet{IP: net.IP{10, 128, 0, 1}, Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0}}, nil, nil)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

-	c.Settings["static_host_map"] = map[interface{}]interface{}{"10.128.0.2": []interface{}{"1.1.1.1:4242"}}
-	lh.reload(c, false)
+	nc := map[interface{}]interface{}{
+		"static_host_map": map[interface{}]interface{}{
+			"10.128.0.2": []interface{}{"1.1.1.1:4242"},
+		},
+	}
+	rc, err := yaml.Marshal(nc)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	c.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))
+
+	err = lh.reload(c, false)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
 }

 func newLHHostRequest(fromAddr *udp.Addr, myVpnIp, queryVpnIp iputil.VpnIp, lhh *LightHouseHandler) testLhReply {
--- a/main.go
+++ b/main.go
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package nebula
 import (
 	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"time"
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ import (

 type m map[string]interface{}

-func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logger, tunFd *int) (retcon *Control, reterr error) {
+func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logger, deviceFactory overlay.DeviceFactory) (retcon *Control, reterr error) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	// Automatically cancel the context if Main returns an error, to signal all created goroutines to quit.
 	defer func() {
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg

 	err := configLogger(l, c)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to configure the logger", nil, err)
+		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to configure the logger", err)
 	}

 	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
@@ -56,36 +55,31 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		}
 	})

-	caPool, err := loadCAFromConfig(l, c)
+	pki, err := NewPKIFromConfig(l, c)
 	if err != nil {
-		//The errors coming out of loadCA are already nicely formatted
-		return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to load ca from config", nil, err)
+		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to load PKI from config", err)
 	}
-	l.WithField("fingerprints", caPool.GetFingerprints()).Debug("Trusted CA fingerprints")

-	cs, err := NewCertStateFromConfig(c)
+	certificate := pki.GetCertState().Certificate
+	fw, err := NewFirewallFromConfig(l, certificate, c)
 	if err != nil {
-		//The errors coming out of NewCertStateFromConfig are already nicely formatted
-		return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to load certificate from config", nil, err)
+		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Error while loading firewall rules", err)
 	}
-	l.WithField("cert", cs.certificate).Debug("Client nebula certificate")
-
-	fw, err := NewFirewallFromConfig(l, cs.certificate, c)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, util.NewContextualError("Error while loading firewall rules", nil, err)
-	}
-	l.WithField("firewallHash", fw.GetRuleHash()).Info("Firewall started")
+	l.WithField("firewallHashes", fw.GetRuleHashes()).Info("Firewall started")

 	// TODO: make sure mask is 4 bytes
-	tunCidr := cs.certificate.Details.Ips[0]
+	tunCidr := certificate.Details.Ips[0]

 	ssh, err := sshd.NewSSHServer(l.WithField("subsystem", "sshd"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Error while creating SSH server", err)
+	}
 	wireSSHReload(l, ssh, c)
 	var sshStart func()
 	if c.GetBool("sshd.enabled", false) {
 		sshStart, err = configSSH(l, ssh, c)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Error while configuring the sshd", nil, err)
+			return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Error while configuring the sshd", err)
 		}
 	}

@@ -134,9 +128,13 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 	if !configTest {
 		c.CatchHUP(ctx)

-		tun, err = overlay.NewDeviceFromConfig(c, l, tunCidr, tunFd, routines)
+		if deviceFactory == nil {
+			deviceFactory = overlay.NewDeviceFromConfig
+		}
+
+		tun, err = deviceFactory(c, l, tunCidr, routines)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to get a tun/tap device", nil, err)
+			return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to get a tun/tap device", err)
 		}

 		defer func() {
@@ -147,7 +145,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 	}

 	// set up our UDP listener
-	udpConns := make([]*udp.Conn, routines)
+	udpConns := make([]udp.Conn, routines)
 	port := c.GetInt("listen.port", 0)

 	if !configTest {
@@ -160,11 +158,12 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		} else {
 			listenHost, err = net.ResolveIPAddr("ip", rawListenHost)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to resolve listen.host", nil, err)
+				return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to resolve listen.host", err)
 			}
 		}

 		for i := 0; i < routines; i++ {
+			l.Infof("listening %q %d", listenHost.IP, port)
 			udpServer, err := udp.NewListener(l, listenHost.IP, port, routines > 1, c.GetInt("listen.batch", 64))
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to open udp listener", m{"queue": i}, err)
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		for _, rawPreferredRange := range rawPreferredRanges {
 			_, preferredRange, err := net.ParseCIDR(rawPreferredRange)
 			if err != nil {
-				return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to parse preferred ranges", nil, err)
+				return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to parse preferred ranges", err)
 			}
 			preferredRanges = append(preferredRanges, preferredRange)
 		}
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 	if rawLocalRange != "" {
 		_, localRange, err := net.ParseCIDR(rawLocalRange)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to parse local_range", nil, err)
+			return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to parse local_range", err)
 		}

 		// Check if the entry for local_range was already specified in
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		}
 	}

-	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, "main", tunCidr, preferredRanges)
+	hostMap := NewHostMap(l, tunCidr, preferredRanges)
 	hostMap.metricsEnabled = c.GetBool("stats.message_metrics", false)

 	l.
@@ -220,18 +219,10 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		WithField("preferredRanges", hostMap.preferredRanges).
 		Info("Main HostMap created")

-	/*
-		config.SetDefault("promoter.interval", 10)
-		go hostMap.Promoter(config.GetInt("promoter.interval"))
-	*/
-
 	punchy := NewPunchyFromConfig(l, c)
 	lightHouse, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx, l, c, tunCidr, udpConns[0], punchy)
-	switch {
-	case errors.As(err, &util.ContextualError{}):
-		return nil, err
-	case err != nil:
-		return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to initialize lighthouse handler", nil, err)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to initialize lighthouse handler", err)
 	}

 	var messageMetrics *MessageMetrics
@@ -252,13 +243,9 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		messageMetrics: messageMetrics,
 	}

-	handshakeManager := NewHandshakeManager(l, tunCidr, preferredRanges, hostMap, lightHouse, udpConns[0], handshakeConfig)
+	handshakeManager := NewHandshakeManager(l, hostMap, lightHouse, udpConns[0], handshakeConfig)
 	lightHouse.handshakeTrigger = handshakeManager.trigger

-	//TODO: These will be reused for psk
-	//handshakeMACKey := config.GetString("handshake_mac.key", "")
-	//handshakeAcceptedMACKeys := config.GetStringSlice("handshake_mac.accepted_keys", []string{})
-
 	serveDns := false
 	if c.GetBool("lighthouse.serve_dns", false) {
 		if c.GetBool("lighthouse.am_lighthouse", false) {
@@ -270,11 +257,12 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg

 	checkInterval := c.GetInt("timers.connection_alive_interval", 5)
 	pendingDeletionInterval := c.GetInt("timers.pending_deletion_interval", 10)
+
 	ifConfig := &InterfaceConfig{
 		HostMap:                 hostMap,
 		Inside:                  tun,
 		Outside:                 udpConns[0],
-		certState:               cs,
+		pki:                     pki,
 		Cipher:                  c.GetString("cipher", "aes"),
 		Firewall:                fw,
 		ServeDns:                serveDns,
@@ -282,13 +270,14 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		lightHouse:              lightHouse,
 		checkInterval:           time.Second * time.Duration(checkInterval),
 		pendingDeletionInterval: time.Second * time.Duration(pendingDeletionInterval),
+		tryPromoteEvery:         c.GetUint32("counters.try_promote", defaultPromoteEvery),
+		reQueryEvery:            c.GetUint32("counters.requery_every_packets", defaultReQueryEvery),
+		reQueryWait:             c.GetDuration("timers.requery_wait_duration", defaultReQueryWait),
 		DropLocalBroadcast:      c.GetBool("tun.drop_local_broadcast", false),
 		DropMulticast:           c.GetBool("tun.drop_multicast", false),
 		routines:                routines,
 		MessageMetrics:          messageMetrics,
 		version:                 buildVersion,
-		caPool:                  caPool,
-		disconnectInvalid:       c.GetBool("pki.disconnect_invalid", false),
 		relayManager:            NewRelayManager(ctx, l, hostMap, c),
 		punchy:                  punchy,

@@ -315,21 +304,21 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		// TODO: Better way to attach these, probably want a new interface in InterfaceConfig
 		// I don't want to make this initial commit too far-reaching though
 		ifce.writers = udpConns
+		lightHouse.ifce = ifce

 		ifce.RegisterConfigChangeCallbacks(c)
-
+		ifce.reloadDisconnectInvalid(c)
 		ifce.reloadSendRecvError(c)

-		go handshakeManager.Run(ctx, ifce)
-		go lightHouse.LhUpdateWorker(ctx, ifce)
+		handshakeManager.f = ifce
+		go handshakeManager.Run(ctx)
 	}

 	// TODO - stats third-party modules start uncancellable goroutines. Update those libs to accept
 	// a context so that they can exit when the context is Done.
 	statsStart, err := startStats(l, c, buildVersion, configTest)
-
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, util.NewContextualError("Failed to start stats emitter", nil, err)
+		return nil, util.ContextualizeIfNeeded("Failed to start stats emitter", err)
 	}

 	if configTest {
@@ -339,7 +328,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 	//TODO: check if we _should_ be emitting stats
 	go ifce.emitStats(ctx, c.GetDuration("stats.interval", time.Second*10))

-	attachCommands(l, c, ssh, hostMap, handshakeManager.pendingHostMap, lightHouse, ifce)
+	attachCommands(l, c, ssh, ifce)

 	// Start DNS server last to allow using the nebula IP as lighthouse.dns.host
 	var dnsStart func()
@@ -348,5 +337,14 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, logger *logrus.Logg
 		dnsStart = dnsMain(l, hostMap, c)
 	}

-	return &Control{ifce, l, cancel, sshStart, statsStart, dnsStart}, nil
+	return &Control{
+		ifce,
+		l,
+		ctx,
+		cancel,
+		sshStart,
+		statsStart,
+		dnsStart,
+		lightHouse.StartUpdateWorker,
+	}, nil
 }
--- a/outside.go
+++ b/outside.go
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, out []byt
 	var hostinfo *HostInfo
 	// verify if we've seen this index before, otherwise respond to the handshake initiation
 	if h.Type == header.Message && h.Subtype == header.MessageRelay {
-		hostinfo, _ = f.hostMap.QueryRelayIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
+		hostinfo = f.hostMap.QueryRelayIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
 	} else {
-		hostinfo, _ = f.hostMap.QueryIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
+		hostinfo = f.hostMap.QueryIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
 	}

 	var ci *ConnectionState
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(addr *udp.Addr, via *ViaSender, out []byt

 	case header.Handshake:
 		f.messageMetrics.Rx(h.Type, h.Subtype, 1)
-		HandleIncomingHandshake(f, addr, via, packet, h, hostinfo)
+		f.handshakeManager.HandleIncoming(addr, via, packet, h)
 		return

 	case header.RecvError:
@@ -404,9 +404,11 @@ func (f *Interface) decryptToTun(hostinfo *HostInfo, messageCounter uint64, out
 		return false
 	}

-	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(out, *fwPacket, true, hostinfo, f.caPool, localCache)
+	dropReason := f.firewall.Drop(out, *fwPacket, true, hostinfo, f.pki.GetCAPool(), localCache)
 	if dropReason != nil {
-		f.rejectOutside(out, hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, nb, out, q)
+		// NOTE: We give `packet` as the `out` here since we already decrypted from it and we don't need it anymore
+		// This gives us a buffer to build the reject packet in
+		f.rejectOutside(out, hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, nb, packet, q)
 		if f.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 			hostinfo.logger(f.l).WithField("fwPacket", fwPacket).
 				WithField("reason", dropReason).
@@ -449,29 +451,23 @@ func (f *Interface) handleRecvError(addr *udp.Addr, h *header.H) {
 			Debug("Recv error received")
 	}

-	// First, clean up in the pending hostmap
-	f.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap.DeleteReverseIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
-
-	hostinfo, err := f.hostMap.QueryReverseIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
-	if err != nil {
-		f.l.Debugln(err, ": ", h.RemoteIndex)
+	hostinfo := f.hostMap.QueryReverseIndex(h.RemoteIndex)
+	if hostinfo == nil {
+		f.l.WithField("remoteIndex", h.RemoteIndex).Debugln("Did not find remote index in main hostmap")
 		return
 	}

-	hostinfo.Lock()
-	defer hostinfo.Unlock()
-
 	if !hostinfo.RecvErrorExceeded() {
 		return
 	}
+
 	if hostinfo.remote != nil && !hostinfo.remote.Equals(addr) {
 		f.l.Infoln("Someone spoofing recv_errors? ", addr, hostinfo.remote)
 		return
 	}

 	f.closeTunnel(hostinfo)
-	// We also delete it from pending hostmap to allow for
-	// fast reconnect.
+	// We also delete it from pending hostmap to allow for fast reconnect.
 	f.handshakeManager.DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
 }

--- a/overlay/route.go
+++ b/overlay/route.go
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ type Route struct {
 	Install bool
 }

-func makeRouteTree(l *logrus.Logger, routes []Route, allowMTU bool) (*cidr.Tree4, error) {
-	routeTree := cidr.NewTree4()
+func makeRouteTree(l *logrus.Logger, routes []Route, allowMTU bool) (*cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp], error) {
+	routeTree := cidr.NewTree4[iputil.VpnIp]()
 	for _, r := range routes {
 		if !allowMTU && r.MTU > 0 {
 			l.WithField("route", r).Warnf("route MTU is not supported in %s", runtime.GOOS)
--- a/overlay/route_test.go
+++ b/overlay/route_test.go
@@ -265,18 +265,16 @@ func Test_makeRouteTree(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)

 	ip := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("1.0.0.2"))
-	r := routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	assert.NotNil(t, r)
-	assert.IsType(t, iputil.VpnIp(0), r)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("192.168.0.1")), r)
+	ok, r := routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("192.168.0.1")), r)

 	ip = iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("1.0.0.1"))
-	r = routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	assert.NotNil(t, r)
-	assert.IsType(t, iputil.VpnIp(0), r)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("192.168.0.2")), r)
+	ok, r = routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	assert.True(t, ok)
+	assert.Equal(t, iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("192.168.0.2")), r)

 	ip = iputil.Ip2VpnIp(net.ParseIP("1.1.0.1"))
-	r = routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	assert.Nil(t, r)
+	ok, r = routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	assert.False(t, ok)
 }
--- a/overlay/tun.go
+++ b/overlay/tun.go
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ import (

 const DefaultMTU = 1300

-func NewDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, fd *int, routines int) (Device, error) {
+type DeviceFactory func(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, routines int) (Device, error)
+
+func NewDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, routines int) (Device, error) {
 	routes, err := parseRoutes(c, tunCidr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, util.NewContextualError("Could not parse tun.routes", nil, err)
@@ -27,17 +29,6 @@ func NewDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, fd *
 		tun := newDisabledTun(tunCidr, c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500), c.GetBool("stats.message_metrics", false), l)
 		return tun, nil

-	case fd != nil:
-		return newTunFromFd(
-			l,
-			*fd,
-			tunCidr,
-			c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
-			routes,
-			c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
-			c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
-		)
-
 	default:
 		return newTun(
 			l,
@@ -51,3 +42,28 @@ func NewDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, fd *
 		)
 	}
 }
+
+func NewFdDeviceFromConfig(fd *int) DeviceFactory {
+	return func(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, routines int) (Device, error) {
+		routes, err := parseRoutes(c, tunCidr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Could not parse tun.routes", nil, err)
+		}
+
+		unsafeRoutes, err := parseUnsafeRoutes(c, tunCidr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, util.NewContextualError("Could not parse tun.unsafe_routes", nil, err)
+		}
+		routes = append(routes, unsafeRoutes...)
+		return newTunFromFd(
+			l,
+			*fd,
+			tunCidr,
+			c.GetInt("tun.mtu", DefaultMTU),
+			routes,
+			c.GetInt("tun.tx_queue", 500),
+			c.GetBool("tun.use_system_route_table", false),
+		)
+
+	}
+}
--- a/overlay/tun_android.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_android.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	io.ReadWriteCloser
 	fd        int
 	cidr      *net.IPNet
-	routeTree *cidr.Tree4
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]
 	l         *logrus.Logger
 }

@@ -46,12 +46,8 @@ func newTun(_ *logrus.Logger, _ string, _ *net.IPNet, _ int, _ []Route, _ int, _
 }

 func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
-	}
-
-	return 0
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
 }

 func (t tun) Activate() error {
--- a/overlay/tun_darwin.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_darwin.go
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	cidr       *net.IPNet
 	DefaultMTU int
 	Routes     []Route
-	routeTree  *cidr.Tree4
+	routeTree  *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]
 	l          *logrus.Logger

 	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
@@ -47,14 +47,6 @@ type ifReq struct {
 	pad   [8]byte
 }

-func ioctl(a1, a2, a3 uintptr) error {
-	_, _, errno := unix.Syscall(unix.SYS_IOCTL, a1, a2, a3)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		return errno
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 var sockaddrCtlSize uintptr = 32

 const (
@@ -194,10 +186,10 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 		unix.SOCK_DGRAM,
 		unix.IPPROTO_IP,
 	)
-
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	defer unix.Close(s)

 	fd := uintptr(s)

@@ -312,9 +304,9 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 }

 func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
+	ok, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	if ok {
+		return r
 	}

 	return 0
--- a/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_freebsd.go
@@ -4,28 +4,51 @@
 package overlay

 import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
+	"io/fs"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
-	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cidr"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
 )

-var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
+const (
+	// FIODGNAME is defined in sys/sys/filio.h on FreeBSD
+	// For 32-bit systems, use FIODGNAME_32 (not defined in this file: 0x80086678)
+	FIODGNAME = 0x80106678
+)
+
+type fiodgnameArg struct {
+	length int32
+	pad    [4]byte
+	buf    unsafe.Pointer
+}
+
+type ifreqRename struct {
+	Name [16]byte
+	Data uintptr
+}
+
+type ifreqDestroy struct {
+	Name [16]byte
+	pad  [16]byte
+}

 type tun struct {
 	Device    string
 	cidr      *net.IPNet
 	MTU       int
 	Routes    []Route
-	routeTree *cidr.Tree4
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]
 	l         *logrus.Logger

 	io.ReadWriteCloser
@@ -33,8 +56,23 @@ type tun struct {

 func (t *tun) Close() error {
 	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
-		return t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
+		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
+
+		// Destroy the interface
+		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
+		return err
 	}
+
 	return nil
 }

@@ -43,34 +81,87 @@ func newTunFromFd(_ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ *net.IPNet, _ int, _ []Route, _ int
 }

 func newTun(l *logrus.Logger, deviceName string, cidr *net.IPNet, defaultMTU int, routes []Route, _ int, _ bool, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
+	// Try to open existing tun device
+	var file *os.File
+	var err error
+	if deviceName != "" {
+		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist) || deviceName == "" {
+		// If the device doesn't already exist, request a new one and rename it
+		file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	rawConn, err := file.SyscallConn()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SyscallConn: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var name [16]byte
+	var ctrlErr error
+	rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+		// Read the name of the interface
+		arg := fiodgnameArg{length: 16, buf: unsafe.Pointer(&name)}
+		ctrlErr = ioctl(fd, FIODGNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&arg)))
+	})
+	if ctrlErr != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	ifName := string(bytes.TrimRight(name[:], "\x00"))
+	if deviceName == "" {
+		deviceName = ifName
+	}
+
+	// If the name doesn't match the desired interface name, rename it now
+	if ifName != deviceName {
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(
+			syscall.AF_INET,
+			syscall.SOCK_DGRAM,
+			syscall.IPPROTO_IP,
+		)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		fd := uintptr(s)
+
+		var fromName [16]byte
+		var toName [16]byte
+		copy(fromName[:], ifName)
+		copy(toName[:], deviceName)
+
+		ifrr := ifreqRename{
+			Name: fromName,
+			Data: uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&toName)),
+		}
+
+		// Set the device name
+		ioctl(fd, syscall.SIOCSIFNAME, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifrr)))
+	}
+
 	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(l, routes, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}

-	if strings.HasPrefix(deviceName, "/dev/") {
-		deviceName = strings.TrimPrefix(deviceName, "/dev/")
-	}
-	if !deviceNameRE.MatchString(deviceName) {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("tun.dev must match `tun[0-9]+`")
-	}
 	return &tun{
-		Device:    deviceName,
-		cidr:      cidr,
-		MTU:       defaultMTU,
-		Routes:    routes,
-		routeTree: routeTree,
-		l:         l,
+		ReadWriteCloser: file,
+		Device:          deviceName,
+		cidr:            cidr,
+		MTU:             defaultMTU,
+		Routes:          routes,
+		routeTree:       routeTree,
+		l:               l,
 	}, nil
 }

 func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 	var err error
-	t.ReadWriteCloser, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+t.Device, os.O_RDWR, 0)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("activate failed: %v", err)
-	}
-
 	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
 	t.l.Debug("command: ifconfig", t.Device, t.cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String())
 	if err = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, t.cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String()).Run(); err != nil {
@@ -101,12 +192,8 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 }

 func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
-	}
-
-	return 0
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
 }

 func (t *tun) Cidr() *net.IPNet {
@@ -120,3 +207,10 @@ func (t *tun) Name() string {
 func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for freebsd")
 }
+
+func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
+	for i, c := range t.Device {
+		o[i] = byte(c)
+	}
+	return
+}
--- a/overlay/tun_ios.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_ios.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (
 type tun struct {
 	io.ReadWriteCloser
 	cidr      *net.IPNet
-	routeTree *cidr.Tree4
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]
 }

 func newTun(_ *logrus.Logger, _ string, _ *net.IPNet, _ int, _ []Route, _ int, _ bool, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
@@ -46,12 +46,8 @@ func (t *tun) Activate() error {
 }

 func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
-	}
-
-	return 0
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
 }

 // The following is hoisted up from water, we do this so we can inject our own fd on iOS
--- a/overlay/tun_linux.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_linux.go
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ type tun struct {
 	TXQueueLen int

 	Routes          []Route
-	routeTree       atomic.Pointer[cidr.Tree4]
+	routeTree       atomic.Pointer[cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]]
 	routeChan       chan struct{}
 	useSystemRoutes bool

@@ -43,14 +43,6 @@ type ifReq struct {
 	pad   [8]byte
 }

-func ioctl(a1, a2, a3 uintptr) error {
-	_, _, errno := unix.Syscall(unix.SYS_IOCTL, a1, a2, a3)
-	if errno != 0 {
-		return errno
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 type ifreqAddr struct {
 	Name [16]byte
 	Addr unix.RawSockaddrInet4
@@ -162,12 +154,8 @@ func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
 }

 func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.Load().MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
-	}
-
-	return 0
+	_, r := t.routeTree.Load().MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
 }

 func (t *tun) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
@@ -388,7 +376,7 @@ func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
 		return
 	}

-	newTree := cidr.NewTree4()
+	newTree := cidr.NewTree4[iputil.VpnIp]()
 	if r.Type == unix.RTM_NEWROUTE {
 		for _, oldR := range t.routeTree.Load().List() {
 			newTree.AddCIDR(oldR.CIDR, oldR.Value)
@@ -400,7 +388,7 @@ func (t *tun) updateRoutes(r netlink.RouteUpdate) {
 	} else {
 		gw := iputil.Ip2VpnIp(r.Gw)
 		for _, oldR := range t.routeTree.Load().List() {
-			if bytes.Equal(oldR.CIDR.IP, r.Dst.IP) && bytes.Equal(oldR.CIDR.Mask, r.Dst.Mask) && *oldR.Value != nil && (*oldR.Value).(iputil.VpnIp) == gw {
+			if bytes.Equal(oldR.CIDR.IP, r.Dst.IP) && bytes.Equal(oldR.CIDR.Mask, r.Dst.Mask) && oldR.Value == gw {
 				// This is the record to delete
 				t.l.WithField("destination", r.Dst).WithField("via", r.Gw).Info("Removing route")
 				continue
--- a/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_netbsd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+//go:build !e2e_testing
+// +build !e2e_testing
+
+package overlay
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cidr"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
+)
+
+type ifreqDestroy struct {
+	Name [16]byte
+	pad  [16]byte
+}
+
+type tun struct {
+	Device    string
+	cidr      *net.IPNet
+	MTU       int
+	Routes    []Route
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]
+	l         *logrus.Logger
+
+	io.ReadWriteCloser
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Close() error {
+	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
+		if err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Close(); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		s, err := syscall.Socket(syscall.AF_INET, syscall.SOCK_DGRAM, syscall.IPPROTO_IP)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer syscall.Close(s)
+
+		ifreq := ifreqDestroy{Name: t.deviceBytes()}
+
+		err = ioctl(uintptr(s), syscall.SIOCIFDESTROY, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&ifreq)))
+
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newTunFromFd(_ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ *net.IPNet, _ int, _ []Route, _ int, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in NetBSD")
+}
+
+var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
+
+func newTun(l *logrus.Logger, deviceName string, cidr *net.IPNet, defaultMTU int, routes []Route, _ int, _ bool, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
+	// Try to open tun device
+	var file *os.File
+	var err error
+	if deviceName == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
+	}
+	if !deviceNameRE.MatchString(deviceName) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of /dev/tunN must be specified")
+	}
+	file, err = os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(l, routes, false)
+
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &tun{
+		ReadWriteCloser: file,
+		Device:          deviceName,
+		cidr:            cidr,
+		MTU:             defaultMTU,
+		Routes:          routes,
+		routeTree:       routeTree,
+		l:               l,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	var err error
+
+	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, t.cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", t.cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	}
+	// Unsafe path routes
+	for _, r := range t.Routes {
+		if r.Via == nil || !r.Install {
+			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
+			continue
+		}
+
+		cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-net", r.Cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route %s: %s", r.Cidr.String(), err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Cidr() *net.IPNet {
+	return t.cidr
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Name() string {
+	return t.Device
+}
+
+func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for netbsd")
+}
+
+func (t *tun) deviceBytes() (o [16]byte) {
+	for i, c := range t.Device {
+		o[i] = byte(c)
+	}
+	return
+}
--- a/overlay/tun_notwin.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_notwin.go
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//go:build !windows
+// +build !windows
+
+package overlay
+
+import "syscall"
+
+func ioctl(a1, a2, a3 uintptr) error {
+	_, _, errno := syscall.Syscall(syscall.SYS_IOCTL, a1, a2, a3)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		return errno
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_openbsd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+//go:build !e2e_testing
+// +build !e2e_testing
+
+package overlay
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"os/exec"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cidr"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
+)
+
+type tun struct {
+	Device    string
+	cidr      *net.IPNet
+	MTU       int
+	Routes    []Route
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]
+	l         *logrus.Logger
+
+	io.ReadWriteCloser
+
+	// cache out buffer since we need to prepend 4 bytes for tun metadata
+	out []byte
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Close() error {
+	if t.ReadWriteCloser != nil {
+		return t.ReadWriteCloser.Close()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newTunFromFd(_ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ *net.IPNet, _ int, _ []Route, _ int, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("newTunFromFd not supported in OpenBSD")
+}
+
+var deviceNameRE = regexp.MustCompile(`^tun[0-9]+$`)
+
+func newTun(l *logrus.Logger, deviceName string, cidr *net.IPNet, defaultMTU int, routes []Route, _ int, _ bool, _ bool) (*tun, error) {
+	if deviceName == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
+	}
+
+	if !deviceNameRE.MatchString(deviceName) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("a device name in the format of tunN must be specified")
+	}
+
+	file, err := os.OpenFile("/dev/"+deviceName, os.O_RDWR, 0)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(l, routes, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &tun{
+		ReadWriteCloser: file,
+		Device:          deviceName,
+		cidr:            cidr,
+		MTU:             defaultMTU,
+		Routes:          routes,
+		routeTree:       routeTree,
+		l:               l,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Activate() error {
+	var err error
+	// TODO use syscalls instead of exec.Command
+	cmd := exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, t.cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/ifconfig", t.Device, "mtu", strconv.Itoa(t.MTU))
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'ifconfig': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", t.cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String())
+	t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+	if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add': %s", err)
+	}
+
+	// Unsafe path routes
+	for _, r := range t.Routes {
+		if r.Via == nil || !r.Install {
+			// We don't allow route MTUs so only install routes with a via
+			continue
+		}
+
+		cmd = exec.Command("/sbin/route", "-n", "add", "-inet", r.Cidr.String(), t.cidr.IP.String())
+		t.l.Debug("command: ", cmd.String())
+		if err = cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to run 'route add' for unsafe_route %s: %s", r.Cidr.String(), err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (t *tun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Cidr() *net.IPNet {
+	return t.cidr
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Name() string {
+	return t.Device
+}
+
+func (t *tun) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	return nil, fmt.Errorf("TODO: multiqueue not implemented for freebsd")
+}
+
+func (t *tun) Read(to []byte) (int, error) {
+	buf := make([]byte, len(to)+4)
+
+	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Read(buf)
+
+	copy(to, buf[4:])
+	return n - 4, err
+}
+
+// Write is only valid for single threaded use
+func (t *tun) Write(from []byte) (int, error) {
+	buf := t.out
+	if cap(buf) < len(from)+4 {
+		buf = make([]byte, len(from)+4)
+		t.out = buf
+	}
+	buf = buf[:len(from)+4]
+
+	if len(from) == 0 {
+		return 0, syscall.EIO
+	}
+
+	// Determine the IP Family for the NULL L2 Header
+	ipVer := from[0] >> 4
+	if ipVer == 4 {
+		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET
+	} else if ipVer == 6 {
+		buf[3] = syscall.AF_INET6
+	} else {
+		return 0, fmt.Errorf("unable to determine IP version from packet")
+	}
+
+	copy(buf[4:], from)
+
+	n, err := t.ReadWriteCloser.Write(buf)
+	return n - 4, err
+}
--- a/overlay/tun_tester.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_tester.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net"
 	"os"
+	"sync/atomic"

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cidr"
@@ -18,9 +19,10 @@ type TestTun struct {
 	Device    string
 	cidr      *net.IPNet
 	Routes    []Route
-	routeTree *cidr.Tree4
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]
 	l         *logrus.Logger

+	closed    atomic.Bool
 	rxPackets chan []byte // Packets to receive into nebula
 	TxPackets chan []byte // Packets transmitted outside by nebula
 }
@@ -50,6 +52,10 @@ func newTunFromFd(_ *logrus.Logger, _ int, _ *net.IPNet, _ int, _ []Route, _ int
 // These are unencrypted ip layer frames destined for another nebula node.
 // packets should exit the udp side, capture them with udpConn.Get
 func (t *TestTun) Send(packet []byte) {
+	if t.closed.Load() {
+		return
+	}
+
 	if t.l.Level >= logrus.DebugLevel {
 		t.l.WithField("dataLen", len(packet)).Debug("Tun receiving injected packet")
 	}
@@ -77,12 +83,8 @@ func (t *TestTun) Get(block bool) []byte {
 //********************************************************************************************************************//

 func (t *TestTun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
-	}
-
-	return 0
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
 }

 func (t *TestTun) Activate() error {
@@ -98,6 +100,10 @@ func (t *TestTun) Name() string {
 }

 func (t *TestTun) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if t.closed.Load() {
+		return 0, io.ErrClosedPipe
+	}
+
 	packet := make([]byte, len(b), len(b))
 	copy(packet, b)
 	t.TxPackets <- packet
@@ -105,7 +111,10 @@ func (t *TestTun) Write(b []byte) (n int, err error) {
 }

 func (t *TestTun) Close() error {
-	close(t.rxPackets)
+	if t.closed.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+		close(t.rxPackets)
+		close(t.TxPackets)
+	}
 	return nil
 }

--- a/overlay/tun_water_windows.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_water_windows.go
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ type waterTun struct {
 	cidr      *net.IPNet
 	MTU       int
 	Routes    []Route
-	routeTree *cidr.Tree4
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]

 	*water.Interface
 }
@@ -97,12 +97,8 @@ func (t *waterTun) Activate() error {
 }

 func (t *waterTun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
-	}
-
-	return 0
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
 }

 func (t *waterTun) Cidr() *net.IPNet {
--- a/overlay/tun_wintun_windows.go
+++ b/overlay/tun_wintun_windows.go
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ type winTun struct {
 	prefix    netip.Prefix
 	MTU       int
 	Routes    []Route
-	routeTree *cidr.Tree4
+	routeTree *cidr.Tree4[iputil.VpnIp]

 	tun *wintun.NativeTun
 }
@@ -54,9 +54,16 @@ func newWinTun(l *logrus.Logger, deviceName string, cidr *net.IPNet, defaultMTU
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("generate GUID failed: %w", err)
 	}

-	tunDevice, err := wintun.CreateTUNWithRequestedGUID(deviceName, guid, defaultMTU)
+	var tunDevice wintun.Device
+	tunDevice, err = wintun.CreateTUNWithRequestedGUID(deviceName, guid, defaultMTU)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create TUN device failed: %w", err)
+		// Windows 10 has an issue with unclean shutdowns not fully cleaning up the wintun device.
+		// Trying a second time resolves the issue.
+		l.WithError(err).Debug("Failed to create wintun device, retrying")
+		tunDevice, err = wintun.CreateTUNWithRequestedGUID(deviceName, guid, defaultMTU)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("create TUN device failed: %w", err)
+		}
 	}

 	routeTree, err := makeRouteTree(l, routes, false)
@@ -139,12 +146,8 @@ func (t *winTun) Activate() error {
 }

 func (t *winTun) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp {
-	r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
-	if r != nil {
-		return r.(iputil.VpnIp)
-	}
-
-	return 0
+	_, r := t.routeTree.MostSpecificContains(ip)
+	return r
 }

 func (t *winTun) Cidr() *net.IPNet {
--- a/overlay/user.go
+++ b/overlay/user.go
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package overlay
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/iputil"
+)
+
+func NewUserDeviceFromConfig(c *config.C, l *logrus.Logger, tunCidr *net.IPNet, routines int) (Device, error) {
+	return NewUserDevice(tunCidr)
+}
+
+func NewUserDevice(tunCidr *net.IPNet) (Device, error) {
+	// these pipes guarantee each write/read will match 1:1
+	or, ow := io.Pipe()
+	ir, iw := io.Pipe()
+	return &UserDevice{
+		tunCidr:        tunCidr,
+		outboundReader: or,
+		outboundWriter: ow,
+		inboundReader:  ir,
+		inboundWriter:  iw,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+type UserDevice struct {
+	tunCidr *net.IPNet
+
+	outboundReader *io.PipeReader
+	outboundWriter *io.PipeWriter
+
+	inboundReader *io.PipeReader
+	inboundWriter *io.PipeWriter
+}
+
+func (d *UserDevice) Activate() error {
+	return nil
+}
+func (d *UserDevice) Cidr() *net.IPNet                      { return d.tunCidr }
+func (d *UserDevice) Name() string                          { return "faketun0" }
+func (d *UserDevice) RouteFor(ip iputil.VpnIp) iputil.VpnIp { return ip }
+func (d *UserDevice) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	return d, nil
+}
+
+func (d *UserDevice) Pipe() (*io.PipeReader, *io.PipeWriter) {
+	return d.inboundReader, d.outboundWriter
+}
+
+func (d *UserDevice) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	return d.outboundReader.Read(p)
+}
+func (d *UserDevice) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	return d.inboundWriter.Write(p)
+}
+func (d *UserDevice) Close() error {
+	d.inboundWriter.Close()
+	d.outboundWriter.Close()
+	return nil
+}
--- a/pki.go
+++ b/pki.go
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package nebula
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+)
+
+type PKI struct {
+	cs     atomic.Pointer[CertState]
+	caPool atomic.Pointer[cert.NebulaCAPool]
+	l      *logrus.Logger
+}
+
+type CertState struct {
+	Certificate         *cert.NebulaCertificate
+	RawCertificate      []byte
+	RawCertificateNoKey []byte
+	PublicKey           []byte
+	PrivateKey          []byte
+}
+
+func NewPKIFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) (*PKI, error) {
+	pki := &PKI{l: l}
+	err := pki.reload(c, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	c.RegisterReloadCallback(func(c *config.C) {
+		rErr := pki.reload(c, false)
+		if rErr != nil {
+			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Failed to reload PKI from config", rErr, l)
+		}
+	})
+
+	return pki, nil
+}
+
+func (p *PKI) GetCertState() *CertState {
+	return p.cs.Load()
+}
+
+func (p *PKI) GetCAPool() *cert.NebulaCAPool {
+	return p.caPool.Load()
+}
+
+func (p *PKI) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
+	err := p.reloadCert(c, initial)
+	if err != nil {
+		if initial {
+			return err
+		}
+		err.Log(p.l)
+	}
+
+	err = p.reloadCAPool(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		if initial {
+			return err
+		}
+		err.Log(p.l)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *PKI) reloadCert(c *config.C, initial bool) *util.ContextualError {
+	cs, err := newCertStateFromConfig(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return util.NewContextualError("Could not load client cert", nil, err)
+	}
+
+	if !initial {
+		// did IP in cert change? if so, don't set
+		currentCert := p.cs.Load().Certificate
+		oldIPs := currentCert.Details.Ips
+		newIPs := cs.Certificate.Details.Ips
+		if len(oldIPs) > 0 && len(newIPs) > 0 && oldIPs[0].String() != newIPs[0].String() {
+			return util.NewContextualError(
+				"IP in new cert was different from old",
+				m{"new_ip": newIPs[0], "old_ip": oldIPs[0]},
+				nil,
+			)
+		}
+	}
+
+	p.cs.Store(cs)
+	if initial {
+		p.l.WithField("cert", cs.Certificate).Debug("Client nebula certificate")
+	} else {
+		p.l.WithField("cert", cs.Certificate).Info("Client cert refreshed from disk")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *PKI) reloadCAPool(c *config.C) *util.ContextualError {
+	caPool, err := loadCAPoolFromConfig(p.l, c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return util.NewContextualError("Failed to load ca from config", nil, err)
+	}
+
+	p.caPool.Store(caPool)
+	p.l.WithField("fingerprints", caPool.GetFingerprints()).Debug("Trusted CA fingerprints")
+	return nil
+}
+
+func newCertState(certificate *cert.NebulaCertificate, privateKey []byte) (*CertState, error) {
+	// Marshal the certificate to ensure it is valid
+	rawCertificate, err := certificate.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid nebula certificate on interface: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	publicKey := certificate.Details.PublicKey
+	cs := &CertState{
+		RawCertificate: rawCertificate,
+		Certificate:    certificate,
+		PrivateKey:     privateKey,
+		PublicKey:      publicKey,
+	}
+
+	cs.Certificate.Details.PublicKey = nil
+	rawCertNoKey, err := cs.Certificate.Marshal()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error marshalling certificate no key: %s", err)
+	}
+	cs.RawCertificateNoKey = rawCertNoKey
+	// put public key back
+	cs.Certificate.Details.PublicKey = cs.PublicKey
+	return cs, nil
+}
+
+func newCertStateFromConfig(c *config.C) (*CertState, error) {
+	var pemPrivateKey []byte
+	var err error
+
+	privPathOrPEM := c.GetString("pki.key", "")
+	if privPathOrPEM == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("no pki.key path or PEM data provided")
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(privPathOrPEM, "-----BEGIN") {
+		pemPrivateKey = []byte(privPathOrPEM)
+		privPathOrPEM = "<inline>"
+
+	} else {
+		pemPrivateKey, err = os.ReadFile(privPathOrPEM)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to read pki.key file %s: %s", privPathOrPEM, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	rawKey, _, curve, err := cert.UnmarshalPrivateKey(pemPrivateKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while unmarshaling pki.key %s: %s", privPathOrPEM, err)
+	}
+
+	var rawCert []byte
+
+	pubPathOrPEM := c.GetString("pki.cert", "")
+	if pubPathOrPEM == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("no pki.cert path or PEM data provided")
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(pubPathOrPEM, "-----BEGIN") {
+		rawCert = []byte(pubPathOrPEM)
+		pubPathOrPEM = "<inline>"
+
+	} else {
+		rawCert, err = os.ReadFile(pubPathOrPEM)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to read pki.cert file %s: %s", pubPathOrPEM, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	nebulaCert, _, err := cert.UnmarshalNebulaCertificateFromPEM(rawCert)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while unmarshaling pki.cert %s: %s", pubPathOrPEM, err)
+	}
+
+	if nebulaCert.Expired(time.Now()) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nebula certificate for this host is expired")
+	}
+
+	if len(nebulaCert.Details.Ips) == 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("no IPs encoded in certificate")
+	}
+
+	if err = nebulaCert.VerifyPrivateKey(curve, rawKey); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("private key is not a pair with public key in nebula cert")
+	}
+
+	return newCertState(nebulaCert, rawKey)
+}
+
+func loadCAPoolFromConfig(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C) (*cert.NebulaCAPool, error) {
+	var rawCA []byte
+	var err error
+
+	caPathOrPEM := c.GetString("pki.ca", "")
+	if caPathOrPEM == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("no pki.ca path or PEM data provided")
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(caPathOrPEM, "-----BEGIN") {
+		rawCA = []byte(caPathOrPEM)
+
+	} else {
+		rawCA, err = os.ReadFile(caPathOrPEM)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to read pki.ca file %s: %s", caPathOrPEM, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	caPool, err := cert.NewCAPoolFromBytes(rawCA)
+	if errors.Is(err, cert.ErrExpired) {
+		var expired int
+		for _, crt := range caPool.CAs {
+			if crt.Expired(time.Now()) {
+				expired++
+				l.WithField("cert", crt).Warn("expired certificate present in CA pool")
+			}
+		}
+
+		if expired >= len(caPool.CAs) {
+			return nil, errors.New("no valid CA certificates present")
+		}
+
+	} else if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while adding CA certificate to CA trust store: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	for _, fp := range c.GetStringSlice("pki.blocklist", []string{}) {
+		l.WithField("fingerprint", fp).Info("Blocklisting cert")
+		caPool.BlocklistFingerprint(fp)
+	}
+
+	return caPool, nil
+}
--- a/relay_manager.go
+++ b/relay_manager.go
@@ -131,9 +131,9 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayResponse(h *HostInfo, f *Interface, m *
 		return
 	}
 	// I'm the middle man. Let the initiator know that the I've established the relay they requested.
-	peerHostInfo, err := rm.hostmap.QueryVpnIp(relay.PeerIp)
-	if err != nil {
-		rm.l.WithError(err).WithField("relayTo", relay.PeerIp).Error("Can't find a HostInfo for peer")
+	peerHostInfo := rm.hostmap.QueryVpnIp(relay.PeerIp)
+	if peerHostInfo == nil {
+		rm.l.WithField("relayTo", relay.PeerIp).Error("Can't find a HostInfo for peer")
 		return
 	}
 	peerRelay, ok := peerHostInfo.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(target)
@@ -179,6 +179,12 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(h *HostInfo, f *Interface, m *N
 		"vpnIp":               h.vpnIp})

 	logMsg.Info("handleCreateRelayRequest")
+	// Is the source of the relay me? This should never happen, but did happen due to
+	// an issue migrating relays over to newly re-handshaked host info objects.
+	if from == f.myVpnIp {
+		logMsg.WithField("myIP", f.myVpnIp).Error("Discarding relay request from myself")
+		return
+	}
 	// Is the target of the relay me?
 	if target == f.myVpnIp {
 		existingRelay, ok := h.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(from)
@@ -240,11 +246,11 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(h *HostInfo, f *Interface, m *N
 		if !rm.GetAmRelay() {
 			return
 		}
-		peer, err := rm.hostmap.QueryVpnIp(target)
-		if err != nil {
+		peer := rm.hostmap.QueryVpnIp(target)
+		if peer == nil {
 			// Try to establish a connection to this host. If we get a future relay request,
 			// we'll be ready!
-			f.getOrHandshake(target)
+			f.Handshake(target)
 			return
 		}
 		if peer.remote == nil {
@@ -253,6 +259,7 @@ func (rm *relayManager) handleCreateRelayRequest(h *HostInfo, f *Interface, m *N
 		}
 		sendCreateRequest := false
 		var index uint32
+		var err error
 		targetRelay, ok := peer.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(from)
 		if ok {
 			index = targetRelay.LocalIndex
--- a/remote_list.go
+++ b/remote_list.go
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ type hostnamesResults struct {
 	hostnames     []hostnamePort
 	network       string
 	lookupTimeout time.Duration
-	stop          chan struct{}
+	cancelFn      func()
 	l             *logrus.Logger
 	ips           atomic.Pointer[map[netip.AddrPort]struct{}]
 }
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ func NewHostnameResults(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, d time.Duration,
 		hostnames:     make([]hostnamePort, len(hostPorts)),
 		network:       network,
 		lookupTimeout: timeout,
-		stop:          make(chan (struct{})),
 		l:             l,
 	}

@@ -115,6 +114,8 @@ func NewHostnameResults(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, d time.Duration,

 	// Time for the DNS lookup goroutine
 	if performBackgroundLookup {
+		newCtx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+		r.cancelFn = cancel
 		ticker := time.NewTicker(d)
 		go func() {
 			defer ticker.Stop()
@@ -154,9 +155,7 @@ func NewHostnameResults(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, d time.Duration,
 					onUpdate()
 				}
 				select {
-				case <-ctx.Done():
-					return
-				case <-r.stop:
+				case <-newCtx.Done():
 					return
 				case <-ticker.C:
 					continue
@@ -169,8 +168,8 @@ func NewHostnameResults(ctx context.Context, l *logrus.Logger, d time.Duration,
 }

 func (hr *hostnamesResults) Cancel() {
-	if hr != nil {
-		hr.stop <- struct{}{}
+	if hr != nil && hr.cancelFn != nil {
+		hr.cancelFn()
 	}
 }

@@ -582,20 +581,11 @@ func (r *RemoteList) unlockedCollect() {
 	dnsAddrs := r.hr.GetIPs()
 	for _, addr := range dnsAddrs {
 		if r.shouldAdd == nil || r.shouldAdd(addr.Addr()) {
-			switch {
-			case addr.Addr().Is4():
-				v4 := addr.Addr().As4()
-				addrs = append(addrs, &udp.Addr{
-					IP:   v4[:],
-					Port: addr.Port(),
-				})
-			case addr.Addr().Is6():
-				v6 := addr.Addr().As16()
-				addrs = append(addrs, &udp.Addr{
-					IP:   v6[:],
-					Port: addr.Port(),
-				})
-			}
+			v6 := addr.Addr().As16()
+			addrs = append(addrs, &udp.Addr{
+				IP:   v6[:],
+				Port: addr.Port(),
+			})
 		}
 	}

--- a/service/listener.go
+++ b/service/listener.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"net"
+)
+
+type tcpListener struct {
+	port   uint16
+	s      *Service
+	addr   *net.TCPAddr
+	accept chan net.Conn
+}
+
+func (l *tcpListener) Accept() (net.Conn, error) {
+	conn, ok := <-l.accept
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, io.EOF
+	}
+	return conn, nil
+}
+
+func (l *tcpListener) Close() error {
+	l.s.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.s.mu.Unlock()
+	delete(l.s.mu.listeners, uint16(l.addr.Port))
+
+	close(l.accept)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Addr returns the listener's network address.
+func (l *tcpListener) Addr() net.Addr {
+	return l.addr
+}
--- a/service/service.go
+++ b/service/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log"
+	"math"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/overlay"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/bufferv2"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/adapters/gonet"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/link/channel"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/network/ipv4"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/network/ipv6"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/icmp"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/tcp"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/udp"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/waiter"
+)
+
+const nicID = 1
+
+type Service struct {
+	eg      *errgroup.Group
+	control *nebula.Control
+	ipstack *stack.Stack
+
+	mu struct {
+		sync.Mutex
+
+		listeners map[uint16]*tcpListener
+	}
+}
+
+func New(config *config.C) (*Service, error) {
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	logger.Out = os.Stdout
+
+	control, err := nebula.Main(config, false, "custom-app", logger, overlay.NewUserDeviceFromConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	control.Start()
+
+	ctx := control.Context()
+	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	s := Service{
+		eg:      eg,
+		control: control,
+	}
+	s.mu.listeners = map[uint16]*tcpListener{}
+
+	device, ok := control.Device().(*overlay.UserDevice)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("must be using user device")
+	}
+
+	s.ipstack = stack.New(stack.Options{
+		NetworkProtocols:   []stack.NetworkProtocolFactory{ipv4.NewProtocol, ipv6.NewProtocol},
+		TransportProtocols: []stack.TransportProtocolFactory{tcp.NewProtocol, udp.NewProtocol, icmp.NewProtocol4, icmp.NewProtocol6},
+	})
+	sackEnabledOpt := tcpip.TCPSACKEnabled(true) // TCP SACK is disabled by default
+	tcpipErr := s.ipstack.SetTransportProtocolOption(tcp.ProtocolNumber, &sackEnabledOpt)
+	if tcpipErr != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not enable TCP SACK: %v", tcpipErr)
+	}
+	linkEP := channel.New( /*size*/ 512 /*mtu*/, 1280, "")
+	if tcpipProblem := s.ipstack.CreateNIC(nicID, linkEP); tcpipProblem != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not create netstack NIC: %v", tcpipProblem)
+	}
+	ipv4Subnet, _ := tcpip.NewSubnet(tcpip.Address(strings.Repeat("\x00", 4)), tcpip.AddressMask(strings.Repeat("\x00", 4)))
+	s.ipstack.SetRouteTable([]tcpip.Route{
+		{
+			Destination: ipv4Subnet,
+			NIC:         nicID,
+		},
+	})
+
+	ipNet := device.Cidr()
+	pa := tcpip.ProtocolAddress{
+		AddressWithPrefix: tcpip.Address(ipNet.IP).WithPrefix(),
+		Protocol:          ipv4.ProtocolNumber,
+	}
+	if err := s.ipstack.AddProtocolAddress(nicID, pa, stack.AddressProperties{
+		PEB:        stack.CanBePrimaryEndpoint, // zero value default
+		ConfigType: stack.AddressConfigStatic,  // zero value default
+	}); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error creating IP: %s", err)
+	}
+
+	const tcpReceiveBufferSize = 0
+	const maxInFlightConnectionAttempts = 1024
+	tcpFwd := tcp.NewForwarder(s.ipstack, tcpReceiveBufferSize, maxInFlightConnectionAttempts, s.tcpHandler)
+	s.ipstack.SetTransportProtocolHandler(tcp.ProtocolNumber, tcpFwd.HandlePacket)
+
+	reader, writer := device.Pipe()
+
+	go func() {
+		<-ctx.Done()
+		reader.Close()
+		writer.Close()
+	}()
+
+	// create Goroutines to forward packets between Nebula and Gvisor
+	eg.Go(func() error {
+		buf := make([]byte, header.IPv4MaximumHeaderSize+header.IPv4MaximumPayloadSize)
+		for {
+			// this will read exactly one packet
+			n, err := reader.Read(buf)
+			if err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			packetBuf := stack.NewPacketBuffer(stack.PacketBufferOptions{
+				Payload: bufferv2.MakeWithData(bytes.Clone(buf[:n])),
+			})
+			linkEP.InjectInbound(header.IPv4ProtocolNumber, packetBuf)
+
+			if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	eg.Go(func() error {
+		for {
+			packet := linkEP.ReadContext(ctx)
+			if packet.IsNil() {
+				if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			bufView := packet.ToView()
+			if _, err := bufView.WriteTo(writer); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			bufView.Release()
+		}
+	})
+
+	return &s, nil
+}
+
+// DialContext dials the provided address. Currently only TCP is supported.
+func (s *Service) DialContext(ctx context.Context, network, address string) (net.Conn, error) {
+	if network != "tcp" && network != "tcp4" {
+		return nil, errors.New("only tcp is supported")
+	}
+
+	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr(network, address)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	fullAddr := tcpip.FullAddress{
+		NIC:  nicID,
+		Addr: tcpip.Address(addr.IP),
+		Port: uint16(addr.Port),
+	}
+
+	return gonet.DialContextTCP(ctx, s.ipstack, fullAddr, ipv4.ProtocolNumber)
+}
+
+// Listen listens on the provided address. Currently only TCP with wildcard
+// addresses are supported.
+func (s *Service) Listen(network, address string) (net.Listener, error) {
+	if network != "tcp" && network != "tcp4" {
+		return nil, errors.New("only tcp is supported")
+	}
+	addr, err := net.ResolveTCPAddr(network, address)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if addr.IP != nil && !bytes.Equal(addr.IP, []byte{0, 0, 0, 0}) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("only wildcard address supported, got %q %v", address, addr.IP)
+	}
+	if addr.Port == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("specific port required, got 0")
+	}
+	if addr.Port < 0 || addr.Port >= math.MaxUint16 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port %d", addr.Port)
+	}
+	port := uint16(addr.Port)
+
+	l := &tcpListener{
+		port:   port,
+		s:      s,
+		addr:   addr,
+		accept: make(chan net.Conn),
+	}
+
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if _, ok := s.mu.listeners[port]; ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("already listening on port %d", port)
+	}
+	s.mu.listeners[port] = l
+
+	return l, nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) Wait() error {
+	return s.eg.Wait()
+}
+
+func (s *Service) Close() error {
+	s.control.Stop()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Service) tcpHandler(r *tcp.ForwarderRequest) {
+	endpointID := r.ID()
+
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	l, ok := s.mu.listeners[endpointID.LocalPort]
+	if !ok {
+		r.Complete(true)
+		return
+	}
+
+	var wq waiter.Queue
+	ep, err := r.CreateEndpoint(&wq)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("got error creating endpoint %q", err)
+		r.Complete(true)
+		return
+	}
+	r.Complete(false)
+	ep.SocketOptions().SetKeepAlive(true)
+
+	conn := gonet.NewTCPConn(&wq, ep)
+	l.accept <- conn
+}
--- a/service/service_test.go
+++ b/service/service_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"dario.cat/mergo"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v2"
+)
+
+type m map[string]interface{}
+
+func newSimpleService(caCrt *cert.NebulaCertificate, caKey []byte, name string, udpIp net.IP, overrides m) *Service {
+
+	vpnIpNet := &net.IPNet{IP: make([]byte, len(udpIp)), Mask: net.IPMask{255, 255, 255, 0}}
+	copy(vpnIpNet.IP, udpIp)
+
+	_, _, myPrivKey, myPEM := e2e.NewTestCert(caCrt, caKey, "a", time.Now(), time.Now().Add(5*time.Minute), vpnIpNet, nil, []string{})
+	caB, err := caCrt.MarshalToPEM()
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	mc := m{
+		"pki": m{
+			"ca":   string(caB),
+			"cert": string(myPEM),
+			"key":  string(myPrivKey),
+		},
+		//"tun": m{"disabled": true},
+		"firewall": m{
+			"outbound": []m{{
+				"proto": "any",
+				"port":  "any",
+				"host":  "any",
+			}},
+			"inbound": []m{{
+				"proto": "any",
+				"port":  "any",
+				"host":  "any",
+			}},
+		},
+		"timers": m{
+			"pending_deletion_interval": 2,
+			"connection_alive_interval": 2,
+		},
+		"handshakes": m{
+			"try_interval": "200ms",
+		},
+	}
+
+	if overrides != nil {
+		err = mergo.Merge(&overrides, mc, mergo.WithAppendSlice)
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+		mc = overrides
+	}
+
+	cb, err := yaml.Marshal(mc)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	var c config.C
+	if err := c.LoadString(string(cb)); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	s, err := New(&c)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func TestService(t *testing.T) {
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := e2e.NewTestCaCert(time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), []*net.IPNet{}, []*net.IPNet{}, []string{})
+	a := newSimpleService(ca, caKey, "a", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 1}, m{
+		"static_host_map": m{},
+		"lighthouse": m{
+			"am_lighthouse": true,
+		},
+		"listen": m{
+			"host": "0.0.0.0",
+			"port": 4243,
+		},
+	})
+	b := newSimpleService(ca, caKey, "b", net.IP{10, 0, 0, 2}, m{
+		"static_host_map": m{
+			"10.0.0.1": []string{"localhost:4243"},
+		},
+		"lighthouse": m{
+			"hosts":    []string{"10.0.0.1"},
+			"interval": 1,
+		},
+	})
+
+	ln, err := a.Listen("tcp", ":1234")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	var eg errgroup.Group
+	eg.Go(func() error {
+		conn, err := ln.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		defer conn.Close()
+
+		t.Log("accepted connection")
+
+		if _, err := conn.Write([]byte("server msg")); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		t.Log("server: wrote message")
+
+		data := make([]byte, 100)
+		n, err := conn.Read(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		data = data[:n]
+		if !bytes.Equal(data, []byte("client msg")) {
+			return errors.New("got invalid message from client")
+		}
+		t.Log("server: read message")
+		return conn.Close()
+	})
+
+	c, err := b.DialContext(context.Background(), "tcp", "10.0.0.1:1234")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := c.Write([]byte("client msg")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	data := make([]byte, 100)
+	n, err := c.Read(data)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	data = data[:n]
+	if !bytes.Equal(data, []byte("server msg")) {
+		t.Fatal("got invalid message from client")
+	}
+
+	if err := c.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	if err := eg.Wait(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
--- a/ssh.go
+++ b/ssh.go
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ package nebula
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"flag"
 	"fmt"
-	"io/ioutil"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"reflect"
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func configSSH(l *logrus.Logger, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, c *config.C) (func(), erro
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("sshd.host_key must be provided")
 	}

-	hostKeyBytes, err := ioutil.ReadFile(hostKeyFile)
+	hostKeyBytes, err := os.ReadFile(hostKeyFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error while loading sshd.host_key file: %s", err)
 	}
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ func configSSH(l *logrus.Logger, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, c *config.C) (func(), erro
 	return runner, nil
 }

-func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap *HostMap, pendingHostMap *HostMap, lightHouse *LightHouse, ifce *Interface) {
+func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, f *Interface) {
 	ssh.RegisterCommand(&sshd.Command{
 		Name:             "list-hostmap",
 		ShortDescription: "List all known previously connected hosts",
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshListHostMap(hostMap, fs, w)
+			return sshListHostMap(f.hostMap, fs, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshListHostMap(pendingHostMap, fs, w)
+			return sshListHostMap(f.handshakeManager, fs, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshListLighthouseMap(lightHouse, fs, w)
+			return sshListLighthouseMap(f.lightHouse, fs, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 		Name:             "version",
 		ShortDescription: "Prints the currently running version of nebula",
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshVersion(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshVersion(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshPrintCert(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshPrintCert(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshPrintTunnel(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshPrintTunnel(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshPrintRelays(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshPrintRelays(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshChangeRemote(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshChangeRemote(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshCloseTunnel(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshCloseTunnel(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 			return fl, &s
 		},
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshCreateTunnel(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshCreateTunnel(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})

@@ -373,12 +373,12 @@ func attachCommands(l *logrus.Logger, c *config.C, ssh *sshd.SSHServer, hostMap
 		ShortDescription: "Query the lighthouses for the provided vpn ip",
 		Help:             "This command is asynchronous. Only currently known udp ips will be printed.",
 		Callback: func(fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
-			return sshQueryLighthouse(ifce, fs, a, w)
+			return sshQueryLighthouse(f, fs, a, w)
 		},
 	})
 }

-func sshListHostMap(hostMap *HostMap, a interface{}, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
+func sshListHostMap(hl controlHostLister, a interface{}, w sshd.StringWriter) error {
 	fs, ok := a.(*sshListHostMapFlags)
 	if !ok {
 		//TODO: error
@@ -387,9 +387,9 @@ func sshListHostMap(hostMap *HostMap, a interface{}, w sshd.StringWriter) error

 	var hm []ControlHostInfo
 	if fs.ByIndex {
-		hm = listHostMapIndexes(hostMap)
+		hm = listHostMapIndexes(hl)
 	} else {
-		hm = listHostMapHosts(hostMap)
+		hm = listHostMapHosts(hl)
 	}

 	sort.Slice(hm, func(i, j int) bool {
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@ func sshQueryLighthouse(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.Stri
 	}

 	var cm *CacheMap
-	rl := ifce.lightHouse.Query(vpnIp, ifce)
+	rl := ifce.lightHouse.Query(vpnIp)
 	if rl != nil {
 		cm = rl.CopyCache()
 	}
@@ -546,8 +546,8 @@ func sshCloseTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWr
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("The provided vpn ip could not be parsed: %s", a[0]))
 	}

-	hostInfo, err := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if err != nil {
+	hostInfo := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Could not find tunnel for vpn ip: %v", a[0]))
 	}

@@ -588,12 +588,12 @@ func sshCreateTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringW
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("The provided vpn ip could not be parsed: %s", a[0]))
 	}

-	hostInfo, _ := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	hostInfo := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if hostInfo != nil {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Tunnel already exists"))
 	}

-	hostInfo, _ = ifce.handshakeManager.pendingHostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	hostInfo = ifce.handshakeManager.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
 	if hostInfo != nil {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Tunnel already handshaking"))
 	}
@@ -606,11 +606,10 @@ func sshCreateTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringW
 		}
 	}

-	hostInfo = ifce.handshakeManager.AddVpnIp(vpnIp, ifce.initHostInfo)
+	hostInfo = ifce.handshakeManager.StartHandshake(vpnIp, nil)
 	if addr != nil {
 		hostInfo.SetRemote(addr)
 	}
-	ifce.getOrHandshake(vpnIp)

 	return w.WriteLine("Created")
 }
@@ -645,8 +644,8 @@ func sshChangeRemote(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringW
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("The provided vpn ip could not be parsed: %s", a[0]))
 	}

-	hostInfo, err := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if err != nil {
+	hostInfo := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Could not find tunnel for vpn ip: %v", a[0]))
 	}

@@ -753,7 +752,7 @@ func sshPrintCert(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWrit
 		return nil
 	}

-	cert := ifce.certState.Load().certificate
+	cert := ifce.pki.GetCertState().Certificate
 	if len(a) > 0 {
 		parsedIp := net.ParseIP(a[0])
 		if parsedIp == nil {
@@ -765,8 +764,8 @@ func sshPrintCert(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWrit
 			return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("The provided vpn ip could not be parsed: %s", a[0]))
 		}

-		hostInfo, err := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-		if err != nil {
+		hostInfo := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+		if hostInfo == nil {
 			return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Could not find tunnel for vpn ip: %v", a[0]))
 		}

@@ -851,9 +850,9 @@ func sshPrintRelays(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWr
 	for k, v := range relays {
 		ro := RelayOutput{NebulaIp: v.vpnIp}
 		co.Relays = append(co.Relays, &ro)
-		relayHI, err := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(v.vpnIp)
-		if err != nil {
-			ro.RelayForIps = append(ro.RelayForIps, RelayFor{Error: err})
+		relayHI := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(v.vpnIp)
+		if relayHI == nil {
+			ro.RelayForIps = append(ro.RelayForIps, RelayFor{Error: errors.New("could not find hostinfo")})
 			continue
 		}
 		for _, vpnIp := range relayHI.relayState.CopyRelayForIps() {
@@ -889,8 +888,8 @@ func sshPrintRelays(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWr
 					rf.Error = fmt.Errorf("hostmap LocalIndex '%v' does not match RelayState LocalIndex", k)
 				}
 			}
-			relayedHI, err := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-			if err == nil {
+			relayedHI := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+			if relayedHI != nil {
 				rf.RelayedThrough = append(rf.RelayedThrough, relayedHI.relayState.CopyRelayIps()...)
 			}

@@ -925,8 +924,8 @@ func sshPrintTunnel(ifce *Interface, fs interface{}, a []string, w sshd.StringWr
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("The provided vpn ip could not be parsed: %s", a[0]))
 	}

-	hostInfo, err := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
-	if err != nil {
+	hostInfo := ifce.hostMap.QueryVpnIp(vpnIp)
+	if hostInfo == nil {
 		return w.WriteLine(fmt.Sprintf("Could not find tunnel for vpn ip: %v", a[0]))
 	}

--- a/test/logger.go
+++ b/test/logger.go
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package test

 import (
-	"io/ioutil"
+	"io"
 	"os"

 	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ func NewLogger() *logrus.Logger {

 	v := os.Getenv("TEST_LOGS")
 	if v == "" {
-		l.SetOutput(ioutil.Discard)
+		l.SetOutput(io.Discard)
 		return l
 	}

--- a/udp/conn.go
+++ b/udp/conn.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package udp

 import (
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/firewall"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 )
@@ -18,3 +19,33 @@ type EncReader func(
 	q int,
 	localCache firewall.ConntrackCache,
 )
+
+type Conn interface {
+	Rebind() error
+	LocalAddr() (*Addr, error)
+	ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall.ConntrackCacheTicker, q int)
+	WriteTo(b []byte, addr *Addr) error
+	ReloadConfig(c *config.C)
+	Close() error
+}
+
+type NoopConn struct{}
+
+func (NoopConn) Rebind() error {
+	return nil
+}
+func (NoopConn) LocalAddr() (*Addr, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}
+func (NoopConn) ListenOut(_ EncReader, _ LightHouseHandlerFunc, _ *firewall.ConntrackCacheTicker, _ int) {
+	return
+}
+func (NoopConn) WriteTo(_ []byte, _ *Addr) error {
+	return nil
+}
+func (NoopConn) ReloadConfig(_ *config.C) {
+	return
+}
+func (NoopConn) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
--- a/udp/udp_android.go
+++ b/udp/udp_android.go
@@ -8,9 +8,14 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"syscall"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

+func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (Conn, error) {
+	return NewGenericListener(l, ip, port, multi, batch)
+}
+
 func NewListenConfig(multi bool) net.ListenConfig {
 	return net.ListenConfig{
 		Control: func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
@@ -34,6 +39,6 @@ func NewListenConfig(multi bool) net.ListenConfig {
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) Rebind() error {
+func (u *GenericConn) Rebind() error {
 	return nil
 }
--- a/udp/udp_bsd.go
+++ b/udp/udp_bsd.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+//go:build (openbsd || freebsd) && !e2e_testing
+// +build openbsd freebsd
+// +build !e2e_testing
+
+package udp
+
+// FreeBSD support is primarily implemented in udp_generic, besides NewListenConfig
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (Conn, error) {
+	return NewGenericListener(l, ip, port, multi, batch)
+}
+
+func NewListenConfig(multi bool) net.ListenConfig {
+	return net.ListenConfig{
+		Control: func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+			if multi {
+				var controlErr error
+				err := c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+					if err := syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), syscall.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_REUSEPORT, 1); err != nil {
+						controlErr = fmt.Errorf("SO_REUSEPORT failed: %v", err)
+						return
+					}
+				})
+				if err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				if controlErr != nil {
+					return controlErr
+				}
+			}
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func (u *GenericConn) Rebind() error {
+	return nil
+}
--- a/udp/udp_darwin.go
+++ b/udp/udp_darwin.go
@@ -10,9 +10,14 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"syscall"

+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

+func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (Conn, error) {
+	return NewGenericListener(l, ip, port, multi, batch)
+}
+
 func NewListenConfig(multi bool) net.ListenConfig {
 	return net.ListenConfig{
 		Control: func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
@@ -37,11 +42,16 @@ func NewListenConfig(multi bool) net.ListenConfig {
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) Rebind() error {
-	file, err := u.File()
+func (u *GenericConn) Rebind() error {
+	rc, err := u.UDPConn.SyscallConn()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

-	return syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(file.Fd()), unix.IPPROTO_IPV6, unix.IPV6_BOUND_IF, 0)
+	return rc.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+		err := syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.IPPROTO_IPV6, unix.IPV6_BOUND_IF, 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			u.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to rebind udp socket")
+		}
+	})
 }
--- a/udp/udp_generic.go
+++ b/udp/udp_generic.go
@@ -18,30 +18,32 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 )

-type Conn struct {
+type GenericConn struct {
 	*net.UDPConn
 	l *logrus.Logger
 }

-func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (*Conn, error) {
+var _ Conn = &GenericConn{}
+
+func NewGenericListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (Conn, error) {
 	lc := NewListenConfig(multi)
 	pc, err := lc.ListenPacket(context.TODO(), "udp", net.JoinHostPort(ip.String(), fmt.Sprintf("%v", port)))
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 	if uc, ok := pc.(*net.UDPConn); ok {
-		return &Conn{UDPConn: uc, l: l}, nil
+		return &GenericConn{UDPConn: uc, l: l}, nil
 	}
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("Unexpected PacketConn: %T %#v", pc, pc)
 }

-func (uc *Conn) WriteTo(b []byte, addr *Addr) error {
-	_, err := uc.UDPConn.WriteToUDP(b, &net.UDPAddr{IP: addr.IP, Port: int(addr.Port)})
+func (u *GenericConn) WriteTo(b []byte, addr *Addr) error {
+	_, err := u.UDPConn.WriteToUDP(b, &net.UDPAddr{IP: addr.IP, Port: int(addr.Port)})
 	return err
 }

-func (uc *Conn) LocalAddr() (*Addr, error) {
-	a := uc.UDPConn.LocalAddr()
+func (u *GenericConn) LocalAddr() (*Addr, error) {
+	a := u.UDPConn.LocalAddr()

 	switch v := a.(type) {
 	case *net.UDPAddr:
@@ -55,11 +57,11 @@ func (uc *Conn) LocalAddr() (*Addr, error) {
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
+func (u *GenericConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 	// TODO
 }

-func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []*Conn) func() {
+func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []Conn) func() {
 	// No UDP stats for non-linux
 	return func() {}
 }
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ type rawMessage struct {
 	Len uint32
 }

-func (u *Conn) ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall.ConntrackCacheTicker, q int) {
+func (u *GenericConn) ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall.ConntrackCacheTicker, q int) {
 	plaintext := make([]byte, MTU)
 	buffer := make([]byte, MTU)
 	h := &header.H{}
@@ -80,8 +82,8 @@ func (u *Conn) ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall
 		// Just read one packet at a time
 		n, rua, err := u.ReadFromUDP(buffer)
 		if err != nil {
-			u.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to read packets")
-			continue
+			u.l.WithError(err).Debug("udp socket is closed, exiting read loop")
+			return
 		}

 		udpAddr.IP = rua.IP
--- a/udp/udp_linux.go
+++ b/udp/udp_linux.go
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import (

 //TODO: make it support reload as best you can!

-type Conn struct {
+type StdConn struct {
 	sysFd int
 	l     *logrus.Logger
 	batch int
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ const (

 type _SK_MEMINFO [_SK_MEMINFO_VARS]uint32

-func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (*Conn, error) {
+func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (Conn, error) {
 	syscall.ForkLock.RLock()
 	fd, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_INET6, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_UDP)
 	if err == nil {
@@ -77,30 +77,30 @@ func NewListener(l *logrus.Logger, ip net.IP, port int, multi bool, batch int) (
 	//v, err := unix.GetsockoptInt(fd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_INCOMING_CPU)
 	//l.Println(v, err)

-	return &Conn{sysFd: fd, l: l, batch: batch}, err
+	return &StdConn{sysFd: fd, l: l, batch: batch}, err
 }

-func (u *Conn) Rebind() error {
+func (u *StdConn) Rebind() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func (u *Conn) SetRecvBuffer(n int) error {
+func (u *StdConn) SetRecvBuffer(n int) error {
 	return unix.SetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_RCVBUFFORCE, n)
 }

-func (u *Conn) SetSendBuffer(n int) error {
+func (u *StdConn) SetSendBuffer(n int) error {
 	return unix.SetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_SNDBUFFORCE, n)
 }

-func (u *Conn) GetRecvBuffer() (int, error) {
+func (u *StdConn) GetRecvBuffer() (int, error) {
 	return unix.GetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_RCVBUF)
 }

-func (u *Conn) GetSendBuffer() (int, error) {
+func (u *StdConn) GetSendBuffer() (int, error) {
 	return unix.GetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_SNDBUF)
 }

-func (u *Conn) LocalAddr() (*Addr, error) {
+func (u *StdConn) LocalAddr() (*Addr, error) {
 	sa, err := unix.Getsockname(u.sysFd)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ func (u *Conn) LocalAddr() (*Addr, error) {
 	return addr, nil
 }

-func (u *Conn) ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall.ConntrackCacheTicker, q int) {
+func (u *StdConn) ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall.ConntrackCacheTicker, q int) {
 	plaintext := make([]byte, MTU)
 	h := &header.H{}
 	fwPacket := &firewall.Packet{}
@@ -137,8 +137,8 @@ func (u *Conn) ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall
 	for {
 		n, err := read(msgs)
 		if err != nil {
-			u.l.WithError(err).Error("Failed to read packets")
-			continue
+			u.l.WithError(err).Debug("udp socket is closed, exiting read loop")
+			return
 		}

 		//metric.Update(int64(n))
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ func (u *Conn) ListenOut(r EncReader, lhf LightHouseHandlerFunc, cache *firewall
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) ReadSingle(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
+func (u *StdConn) ReadSingle(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
 	for {
 		n, _, err := unix.Syscall6(
 			unix.SYS_RECVMSG,
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ func (u *Conn) ReadSingle(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) ReadMulti(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
+func (u *StdConn) ReadMulti(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
 	for {
 		n, _, err := unix.Syscall6(
 			unix.SYS_RECVMMSG,
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func (u *Conn) ReadMulti(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) WriteTo(b []byte, addr *Addr) error {
+func (u *StdConn) WriteTo(b []byte, addr *Addr) error {

 	var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet6
 	rsa.Family = unix.AF_INET6
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ func (u *Conn) WriteTo(b []byte, addr *Addr) error {
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
+func (u *StdConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 	b := c.GetInt("listen.read_buffer", 0)
 	if b > 0 {
 		err := u.SetRecvBuffer(b)
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ func (u *Conn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 	}
 }

-func (u *Conn) getMemInfo(meminfo *_SK_MEMINFO) error {
+func (u *StdConn) getMemInfo(meminfo *_SK_MEMINFO) error {
 	var vallen uint32 = 4 * _SK_MEMINFO_VARS
 	_, _, err := unix.Syscall6(unix.SYS_GETSOCKOPT, uintptr(u.sysFd), uintptr(unix.SOL_SOCKET), uintptr(unix.SO_MEMINFO), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(meminfo)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&vallen)), 0)
 	if err != 0 {
@@ -262,11 +262,16 @@ func (u *Conn) getMemInfo(meminfo *_SK_MEMINFO) error {
 	return nil
 }

-func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []*Conn) func() {
+func (u *StdConn) Close() error {
+	//TODO: this will not interrupt the read loop
+	return syscall.Close(u.sysFd)
+}
+
+func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []Conn) func() {
 	// Check if our kernel supports SO_MEMINFO before registering the gauges
 	var udpGauges [][_SK_MEMINFO_VARS]metrics.Gauge
 	var meminfo _SK_MEMINFO
-	if err := udpConns[0].getMemInfo(&meminfo); err == nil {
+	if err := udpConns[0].(*StdConn).getMemInfo(&meminfo); err == nil {
 		udpGauges = make([][_SK_MEMINFO_VARS]metrics.Gauge, len(udpConns))
 		for i := range udpConns {
 			udpGauges[i] = [_SK_MEMINFO_VARS]metrics.Gauge{
@@ -285,7 +290,7 @@ func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []*Conn) func() {

 	return func() {
 		for i, gauges := range udpGauges {
-			if err := udpConns[i].getMemInfo(&meminfo); err == nil {
+			if err := udpConns[i].(*StdConn).getMemInfo(&meminfo); err == nil {
 				for j := 0; j < _SK_MEMINFO_VARS; j++ {
 					gauges[j].Update(int64(meminfo[j]))
 				}
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More