Bump github.com/prometheus/client_golang from 1.23.2 to 1.24.1

Bumps [github.com/prometheus/client_golang](https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang) from 1.23.2 to 1.24.1.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/blob/v1.24.1/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/prometheus/client_golang/compare/v1.23.2...v1.24.1)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: github.com/prometheus/client_golang
  dependency-version: 1.24.1
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-minor
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

.github/actions/code-sign/action.yml

@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ inputs:
     required: false
     default: "code-signer"
   key-prefix:
-    description: "S3 key prefix the caller is authorized to write under"
+    description: "S3 key prefix to write under; defaults to code-signing/<owner>/<repo> of the calling repo"
     required: false
-    default: "code-signing/slackhq/nebula"
+    default: ""
 
 runs:
   using: composite
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ runs:
         KEY_PREFIX: ${{ inputs.key-prefix }}
       run: |
         set -eu
+        # Default the prefix to this repo so the S3 key attributes the sign correctly.
+        # nebula-nightly runs this same action but writes under its own repo's prefix.
+        KEY_PREFIX="${KEY_PREFIX:-code-signing/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY}"
         RUN="${GITHUB_RUN_ID}-${GITHUB_RUN_ATTEMPT}"
 
         find "$SIGN_PATH" -name '*.exe' -print | while read -r path

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
         with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.26'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
         with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.26'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Build
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-      - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
         with:
-          go-version: '1.25'
+          go-version: '1.26'
           check-latest: true
 
       - name: Import certificates

.github/workflows/smoke-extra.yml

@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
       with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.26'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: add hashicorp source
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
       with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.26'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: add hashicorp source
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
       with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.26'
         check-latest: true
 
     # WSL2 + Ubuntu so the smoke can run a real linux peer with its own

.github/workflows/smoke.yml

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
       with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.26'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: build

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
       with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.26'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Install goimports
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
     - name: golangci-lint
       uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v9
       with:
-        version: v2.5
+        version: v2.12
 
   test:
     name: Test ${{ matrix.name }}
@@ -80,9 +80,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
       with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.26'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build
@@ -125,9 +125,9 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: actions/checkout@v7
 
-    - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
+    - uses: actions/setup-go@v7
       with:
-        go-version: '1.25'
+        go-version: '1.26'
         check-latest: true
 
     - name: Build ${{ matrix.name }}

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -7,6 +7,88 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+## [1.11.0] - 2026-07-23
+
+See the [v1.11.0](https://github.com/slackhq/nebula/milestone/25?closed=1) milestone for a complete list of changes.
+
+### Breaking
+
+- Logging has switched from logrus to Go's structured `slog`. Log output changes: levels are upper case
+  (`level=INFO`), trace prints as `level=DEBUG-4`, timestamps are always RFC3339Nano and `logging.timestamp_format`
+  is ignored, and some messages were reworded. Review any log parsing before upgrading. This is also an API break
+  for embedders, as constructors now take a `*slog.Logger`. (#1672, #1734, #1621)
+- `firewall.inbound_action` and `firewall.outbound_action` (used to set reject vs. drop policy) were each being
+  applied to the opposite direction, that is now corrected. This only affects how blocked packets are answered, not
+  which packets the firewall allows or denies. If you set either of these you are getting the behavior of the other
+  one today and likely want to swap them before upgrading. (#1798)
+- On Windows, Nebula now installs WFP PERMIT filters for the nebula adapter and the listener port by default. WFP
+  sits below Windows Defender Firewall, so any WDF inbound rules you rely on for either will no longer apply. Set
+  `tun.windows_bypass_wdf` and `listen.windows_bypass_wdf` to false to leave WDF in charge. (#1710)
+- On Windows, the nebula device is now set to the `private` network category instead of whatever Windows decided,
+  which is usually `Public`. This makes the host firewall less restrictive on the overlay. Set
+  `tun.network_category` to `unset` to keep the old behavior. (#1710)
+- Reject packets for non-TCP now use ICMP code 13, communication administratively prohibited, instead of code 3,
+  port unreachable. Anything keying off the old code needs updating. (#1766, #1768)
+- The SSH debug server's profiling commands are now confined to `sshd.sandbox_dir`, which defaults to
+  `$TMP/nebula-debug`. Relative paths resolve inside it and absolute paths outside it are rejected, so anything
+  scripting `start-cpu-profile`, `save-heap-profile`, or `save-mutex-profile` with a path elsewhere needs the
+  directory set. The directory is not created for you. (#1622)
+
+### Added
+
+- Sign the Windows release binaries. (#1718)
+- Generate IPv6 reject packets, matching the existing IPv4 behavior. (#1766, #1767, #1768)
+- Accept `-` in `nebula-cert` to read from stdin or write to stdout. (#1714)
+- Search for both `config.yml` and `config.yaml` in service and command line modes. (#1717)
+- Add version labels to the Docker/OCI images. (#1772)
+- Rebind the listener and re-query lighthouses on macOS when the underlay network changes, so devices moving
+  between wifi and wired or between networks recover without waiting for dead tunnel detection. Controlled by
+  `listen.rebind_on_network_change` (default `true`, not reloadable). (#1816)
+
+### Changed
+
+- Reload the firewall when the unsafe networks in the certificate change. (#1719)
+- Reconfigure, start, and stop the stats listener on a config reload instead of requiring a restart. (#1670)
+- Update a static host's addresses when they change on reload. (#1713)
+- Don't require a port on ICMP firewall rules. (#1609)
+- Connection track ICMP traffic. (#1602)
+- Return `NODATA` instead of `NXDOMAIN` from the DNS server for a name that exists but has no record of the
+  requested type, so clients that query `AAAA` first (busybox/Alpine) fall through to `A`. (#1668)
+- Record the local host's details in the DNS server. (#1716)
+- Install Windows unsafe routes as link routes. (#1709)
+- Reduce relay handshake log spam, and only log a handshake send error at error level when the remote list
+  changes. (#1733, #1765, #1810)
+- Start, stop, and reload subsystems (DNS, stats, conntrack, ssh, punchy) cleanly without leaking goroutines. (#1640, #1654, #1661, #1667, #1669, #1708, #1806, #1815)
+- `Control` is now safe to stop and wait on from any lifecycle state, and a new `Control.Wait` blocks until nebula
+  has fully stopped and returns the first fatal reader error. Failed starts release the udp sockets and tun fd
+  instead of leaking them. (#1794)
+- Trigger an immediate lighthouse update when reconnecting to or adding a lighthouse instead of waiting for the next update tick. (#1645)
+- Bring the Darwin and OpenBSD tun implementations in line with the other BSDs. (#1703)
+- Update to build against go v1.26. (#1818)
+- Various dependency updates. (#1586, #1587, #1604, #1617, #1618, #1627, #1628, #1629, #1652, #1664, #1665, #1697, #1721, #1732, #1742, #1743, #1750, #1763, #1771, #1782, #1800, #1807)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix a data race on a host's remote address that could send packets to the wrong address during a roam. (#1773)
+- Fix tunnels that could permanently escape connection manager monitoring. (#1752)
+- Fix a crash when reloading the SSH server's trusted keys. (#1787)
+- Fix hostmap corruption when a host has multiple overlay addresses. Each address now gets its own list instead of
+  a single shared chain, which also fixes two latent bugs on the add and makePrimary paths. (#1788, #1790)
+- Apply `remote_allow_list` IPv4 rules to 4-in-6 mapped addresses. (#1786)
+- Don't panic in the DNS server on a short or empty query name. (#1635)
+- Advance the replay window on relayed packets so a relay drops replayed frames instead of re-forwarding them. (#1751)
+- Fix a race in relay state handling. (#1753)
+- Lock replay window updates so concurrent readers can't corrupt it. (#1802)
+- Reject malformed handshakes more reliably, including invalid ed25519 key lengths. (#1601, #1756)
+- Properly handle `closetunnel` packets. (#1638)
+- Fix an IPv6 extension-header length overflow that could make the firewall parse the wrong protocol and ports. (#1789)
+- Fix relay re-establishment when a handshake arrives over a relay entry that a one-sided teardown left
+  `Disestablished`, which silently dropped every send until dead tunnel detection forced a re-handshake. (#1805)
+- Don't build new relay state on a tunnel that was just discarded. (#1796)
+- Don't delete the wrong pending hostinfo in the handshake manager. (#1811)
+- Don't call the packet reader after a UDP error on Darwin. (#1755)
+- Open the FreeBSD tun device non blocking. (#1666)
+
 ## [1.10.3] - 2026-02-06
 
 ### Security

cmd/nebula-service/main.go

@@ -53,7 +53,12 @@ func main() {
 	l := logging.NewLogger(os.Stdout)
 
 	if *serviceFlag != "" {
-		if err := doService(configPath, configTest, Build, serviceFlag); err != nil {
+		if *configTest {
+			fmt.Println("-test is not supported with -service, run the config test without -service")
+			os.Exit(1)
+		}
+
+		if err := doService(configPath, Build, serviceFlag); err != nil {
 			l.Error("Service command failed", "error", err)
 			os.Exit(1)
 		}
@@ -93,15 +98,14 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	if !*configTest {
-		wait, err := ctrl.Start()
-		if err != nil {
+		if err := ctrl.Start(); err != nil {
 			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Error while running", err, l)
 			os.Exit(1)
 		}
 
 		go ctrl.ShutdownBlock()
 
-		if err := wait(); err != nil {
+		if err := ctrl.Wait(); err != nil {
 			l.Error("Nebula stopped due to fatal error", "error", err)
 			os.Exit(2)
 		}

cmd/nebula-service/service.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package main
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
+	"os"
 
 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
@@ -14,7 +15,6 @@ var logger service.Logger
 
 type program struct {
 	configPath *string
-	configTest *bool
 	build      string
 	control    *nebula.Control
 }
@@ -40,22 +40,41 @@ func (p *program) Start(s service.Service) error {
 		}
 	})
 
-	p.control, err = nebula.Main(c, *p.configTest, Build, l, nil)
+	p.control, err = nebula.Main(c, false, Build, l, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	p.control.Start()
+	if err := p.control.Start(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	// Nebula can stop itself on a fatal packet reader error, make sure to log it if it happens.
+	go func() {
+		if err := p.control.Wait(); err != nil {
+			logger.Error(fmt.Sprintf("Nebula stopped due to fatal error: %v", err))
+			os.Exit(2)
+		}
+	}()
+
 	return nil
 }
 
 func (p *program) Stop(s service.Service) error {
 	logger.Info("Nebula service stopping.")
+	if p.control == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	p.control.Stop()
+
+	// block until nebula has fully drained before reporting stopped.
+	// error logging is handled by Start.
+	_ = p.control.Wait()
 	return nil
 }
 
-func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *string) error {
+func doService(configPath *string, build string, serviceFlag *string) error {
 	if *configPath == "" {
 		p, err := config.DefaultPath()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -73,7 +92,6 @@ func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *
 
 	prg := &program{
 		configPath: configPath,
-		configTest: configTest,
 		build:      build,
 	}
 
@@ -105,8 +123,9 @@ func doService(configPath *string, configTest *bool, build string, serviceFlag *
 	switch *serviceFlag {
 	case "run":
 		if err := s.Run(); err != nil {
-			// Route any errors to the system logger
+			// Route any errors to the system logger and report the failure
 			logger.Error(err)
+			return err
 		}
 	default:
 		if err := service.Control(s, *serviceFlag); err != nil {

cmd/nebula/close_on_timer_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//go:build linux && !android && !e2e_testing
+
+package main
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"runtime"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	cert_test "github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// TestControlStopClosesOnTimer reproduces the dnclient lifecycle: nebula runs as
+// a library, and on a config update dnclient calls Stop() in-process to tear the
+// old instance down before starting a new one. This boots a real nebula (real
+// blocking UDP sockets, tun disabled), lets it run, then Stop()s it on a timer
+// and asserts it actually closes. If the reader goroutines parked in recvmmsg
+// don't wake on Close(), Wait() blocks forever and this fails with a goroutine
+// dump instead of relying on a process signal to unstick them.
+func TestControlStopClosesOnTimer(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	dir := t.TempDir()
+
+	before := time.Now().Add(-time.Hour)
+	after := time.Now().Add(time.Hour)
+	ca, _, caKey, caPEM := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, before, after, nil, nil, nil)
+	networks := []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("10.0.0.1/24")}
+	_, _, keyPEM, certPEM := cert_test.NewTestCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, ca, caKey, "close-on-timer", before, after, networks, nil, nil)
+
+	caPath := filepath.Join(dir, "ca.pem")
+	certPath := filepath.Join(dir, "cert.pem")
+	keyPath := filepath.Join(dir, "key.pem")
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(caPath, caPEM, 0o600))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(certPath, certPEM, 0o600))
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(keyPath, keyPEM, 0o600))
+
+	// tun disabled so no device/root is needed; routines: 2 so we exercise the
+	// multi-socket (SO_REUSEPORT) teardown, which is where dnclient runs.
+	configBody := fmt.Sprintf(`
+pki:
+  ca: %s
+  cert: %s
+  key: %s
+listen:
+  host: 127.0.0.1
+  port: 0
+tun:
+  disabled: true
+firewall:
+  outbound:
+    - port: any
+      proto: any
+      host: any
+  inbound:
+    - port: any
+      proto: any
+      host: any
+routines: 2
+`, caPath, certPath, keyPath)
+	require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(filepath.Join(dir, "config.yml"), []byte(configBody), 0o600))
+
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	require.NoError(t, c.Load(dir))
+
+	ctrl, err := nebula.Main(c, false, "close-on-timer", l, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, ctrl.Start())
+
+	// Run like a live nebula, then close on a timer, exactly as dnclient does.
+	<-time.NewTimer(5 * time.Second).C
+
+	stopped := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		ctrl.Stop() // closes the udp sockets (shutdown(2)) and the tun
+		ctrl.Wait() // blocks until every reader goroutine has returned
+		close(stopped)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-stopped:
+		t.Log("nebula closed cleanly on timer")
+	case <-time.After(10 * time.Second):
+		buf := make([]byte, 1<<20)
+		n := runtime.Stack(buf, true)
+		t.Fatalf("nebula did NOT close within 10s of Stop(): a blocking reader never woke\n%s", buf[:n])
+	}
+}

cmd/nebula/main.go

@@ -84,8 +84,7 @@ func main() {
 	}
 
 	if !*configTest {
-		wait, err := ctrl.Start()
-		if err != nil {
+		if err := ctrl.Start(); err != nil {
 			util.LogWithContextIfNeeded("Error while running", err, l)
 			os.Exit(1)
 		}
@@ -93,7 +92,7 @@ func main() {
 		go ctrl.ShutdownBlock()
 		notifyReady(l)
 
-		if err := wait(); err != nil {
+		if err := ctrl.Wait(); err != nil {
 			l.Error("Nebula stopped due to fatal error", "error", err)
 			os.Exit(2)
 		}

connection_manager_test.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ func newTestLighthouse() *LightHouse {
 	lighthouses := []netip.Addr{}
 	staticList := map[netip.Addr]struct{}{}
 
+	lh.localAddrsFn = func(*LocalAllowList) []netip.Addr { return nil }
 	lh.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
 	lh.staticList.Store(&staticList)
 

connection_state.go

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"encoding/json"
+	"log/slog"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/handshake"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/noiseutil"
 )
 
@@ -20,6 +22,7 @@ type ConnectionState struct {
 	initiator      bool
 	messageCounter atomic.Uint64
 	window         *Bits
+	decryptLock    sync.Mutex
 	writeLock      sync.Mutex
 }
 
@@ -54,3 +57,52 @@ func (cs *ConnectionState) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 func (cs *ConnectionState) Curve() cert.Curve {
 	return cs.myCert.Curve()
 }
+
+func (cs *ConnectionState) Decrypt(l *slog.Logger, messageCounter uint64, out []byte, packet []byte, nb []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	var err error
+	cs.decryptLock.Lock()
+	result := cs.window.Check(l, messageCounter)
+	cs.decryptLock.Unlock()
+	if !result {
+		return nil, ErrAlreadySeen
+	}
+
+	out, err = cs.dKey.DecryptDanger(out, packet[:header.Len], packet[header.Len:], messageCounter, nb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	cs.decryptLock.Lock()
+	result = cs.window.Update(l, messageCounter)
+	cs.decryptLock.Unlock()
+	if !result {
+		return nil, ErrAlreadySeen
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
+// VerifyRelay verifies AEAD protected (but not encrypted) relay frames. packet must be length-checked by the caller.
+func (cs *ConnectionState) VerifyRelay(l *slog.Logger, messageCounter uint64, packet []byte, nb []byte) error {
+	cs.decryptLock.Lock()
+	result := cs.window.Check(l, messageCounter)
+	cs.decryptLock.Unlock()
+	if !result {
+		return ErrAlreadySeen
+	}
+
+	signedPayload := packet[:len(packet)-cs.dKey.Overhead()]
+	signatureValue := packet[len(packet)-cs.dKey.Overhead():]
+	_, err := cs.dKey.DecryptDanger(nil, signedPayload, signatureValue, messageCounter, nb)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	cs.decryptLock.Lock()
+	result = cs.window.Update(l, messageCounter)
+	cs.decryptLock.Unlock()
+	if !result {
+		return ErrAlreadySeen
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}

control.go

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ type Control struct {
 	statsStart             func()
 	dnsStart               func()
 	lighthouseStart        func()
+	networkChangeStart     func(rebind func())
 	connectionManagerStart func(context.Context)
 }
 
@@ -69,29 +70,29 @@ type ControlHostInfo struct {
 }
 
 // Start actually runs nebula, this is a nonblocking call.
-// The returned function blocks until nebula has fully stopped and returns the
-// first fatal reader error (if any). A nil error means nebula shut down
-// gracefully; a non-nil error means a reader hit an unexpected failure that
-// triggered the shutdown.
-func (c *Control) Start() (func() error, error) {
+// Use Wait to block until nebula has fully stopped and to learn whether a fatal reader error caused the shutdown.
+func (c *Control) Start() error {
 	c.stateLock.Lock()
 	defer c.stateLock.Unlock()
 	switch c.state {
 	case StateReady:
 		//yay!
 	case StateStopped, StateStopping:
-		return nil, ErrAlreadyStopped
+		return ErrAlreadyStopped
 	case StateStarted:
-		return nil, ErrAlreadyStarted
+		return ErrAlreadyStarted
 	default:
-		return nil, ErrUnknownState
+		return ErrUnknownState
 	}
 
 	// Activate the interface
 	err := c.f.activate()
 	if err != nil {
+		// Cancel before Close so a caller returning from Wait always observes a dead Context
+		c.cancel()
+		_ = c.f.Close()
 		c.state = StateStopped
-		return nil, err
+		return err
 	}
 
 	// Call all the delayed funcs that waited patiently for the interface to be created.
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ func (c *Control) Start() (func() error, error) {
 	if c.dnsStart != nil {
 		go c.dnsStart()
 	}
+	if c.networkChangeStart != nil {
+		go c.networkChangeStart(c.RebindUDPServer)
+	}
 	if c.connectionManagerStart != nil {
 		go c.connectionManagerStart(c.ctx)
 	}
@@ -114,13 +118,9 @@ func (c *Control) Start() (func() error, error) {
 	c.f.triggerShutdown = c.Stop
 
 	// Start reading packets.
-	out, err := c.f.run()
-	if err != nil {
-		c.state = StateStopped
-		return nil, err
-	}
+	c.f.run()
 	c.state = StateStarted
-	return out, nil
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (c *Control) State() RunState {
@@ -133,10 +133,26 @@ func (c *Control) Context() context.Context {
 	return c.ctx
 }
 
-// Stop is a non-blocking call that signals nebula to close all tunnels and shut down
+// Stop tears nebula down, closing all tunnels and releasing everything it holds.
+// Use Wait to block until the shutdown has completed.
+// A Control that has been stopped cannot be started again, Start will return ErrAlreadyStopped.
 func (c *Control) Stop() {
 	c.stateLock.Lock()
-	if c.state != StateStarted {
+	switch c.state {
+	case StateStarted:
+		// Fall through to the full teardown below
+
+	case StateReady:
+		// Never started
+		c.cancel()
+		c.state = StateStopped
+		if err := c.f.Close(); err != nil {
+			c.l.Error("Close interface failed", "error", err)
+		}
+		c.stateLock.Unlock()
+		return
+
+	default:
 		c.stateLock.Unlock()
 		// We are stopping or stopped already
 		return
@@ -145,19 +161,26 @@ func (c *Control) Stop() {
 	c.state = StateStopping
 	c.stateLock.Unlock()
 
-	// Stop the handshakeManager (and other services), to prevent new tunnels from
-	// being created while we're shutting them all down.
+	// Closing tunnels can be slow with a large hostmap, don't hold the lock for it
 	c.cancel()
-
 	c.CloseAllTunnels(false)
+
+	c.stateLock.Lock()
+	c.state = StateStopped
 	if err := c.f.Close(); err != nil {
 		c.l.Error("Close interface failed", "error", err)
 	}
-	c.stateLock.Lock()
-	c.state = StateStopped
 	c.stateLock.Unlock()
 }
 
+// Wait blocks until nebula has fully stopped, either via Stop or an internal fatal error,
+// and returns the first fatal packet reader error if there was one.
+// It is safe to call from multiple goroutines and at any point in the lifecycle,
+// but a Wait on a Control that is never started and never stopped will block forever.
+func (c *Control) Wait() error {
+	return c.f.wait()
+}
+
 // ShutdownBlock will listen for and block on term and interrupt signals, calling Control.Stop() once signalled
 func (c *Control) ShutdownBlock() {
 	sigChan := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
@@ -170,9 +193,20 @@ func (c *Control) ShutdownBlock() {
 	c.Stop()
 }
 
-// RebindUDPServer asks the UDP listener to rebind it's listener. Mainly used on mobile clients when interfaces change
+// RebindUDPServer asks the UDP listener to rebind it's listener. Mainly used on mobile clients when interfaces change.
 func (c *Control) RebindUDPServer() {
-	_ = c.f.outside.Rebind()
+	c.stateLock.Lock()
+	defer c.stateLock.Unlock()
+
+	if c.state != StateStarted {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// A failure here means we are likely still pinned to the interface we came up on, so the rest of this is
+	// unlikely to help. Say so instead of silently carrying on as if we rebound.
+	if err := c.f.outside.Rebind(); err != nil {
+		c.l.Error("Failed to rebind udp socket", "error", err)
+	}
 
 	// Trigger a lighthouse update, useful for mobile clients that should have an update interval of 0
 	c.f.lightHouse.SendUpdate()

control_lifecycle_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+package nebula
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net/netip"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/gaissmai/bart"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+type fakeDevice struct {
+	closeOnce sync.Once
+	closedCh  chan struct{}
+	closed    bool
+}
+
+func newFakeDevice() *fakeDevice {
+	return &fakeDevice{closedCh: make(chan struct{})}
+}
+
+// Read blocks until Close like a real tun with no traffic, then reports EOF
+// the same way a closed device does
+func (d *fakeDevice) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	<-d.closedCh
+	return 0, io.EOF
+}
+
+func (d *fakeDevice) Write(p []byte) (int, error) { return len(p), nil }
+
+func (d *fakeDevice) Close() error {
+	d.closeOnce.Do(func() {
+		d.closed = true
+		close(d.closedCh)
+	})
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (d *fakeDevice) Activate() error                       { return nil }
+func (d *fakeDevice) Networks() []netip.Prefix              { return nil }
+func (d *fakeDevice) Name() string                          { return "fake" }
+func (d *fakeDevice) RoutesFor(netip.Addr) routing.Gateways { return nil }
+func (d *fakeDevice) SupportsMultiqueue() bool              { return false }
+func (d *fakeDevice) NewMultiQueueReader() (io.ReadWriteCloser, error) {
+	return nil, errors.New("unsupported")
+}
+
+// newReadyControl hand-builds the minimum Control that Main would have
+// produced right before Start, including the construction token NewInterface
+// takes so waiters block until Close releases the resources
+func newReadyControl(t *testing.T) (*Control, *fakeDevice, *fakeConn) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	dev := newFakeDevice()
+	conn := &fakeConn{}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	myVpnNet := netip.MustParsePrefix("10.128.0.1/16")
+	nt := new(bart.Lite)
+	nt.Insert(myVpnNet)
+	cs := &CertState{
+		myVpnNetworks:      []netip.Prefix{myVpnNet},
+		myVpnNetworksTable: nt,
+	}
+	lh, err := NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx, l, config.NewC(l), cs, nil, nil)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	f := &Interface{
+		ctx:        ctx,
+		inside:     dev,
+		outside:    conn,
+		writers:    []udp.Conn{conn},
+		readers:    make([]io.ReadWriteCloser, 1),
+		routines:   1,
+		hostMap:    newHostMap(l),
+		lightHouse: lh,
+		l:          l,
+	}
+	f.wg.Add(1)
+
+	return &Control{
+		state:  StateReady,
+		f:      f,
+		l:      l,
+		ctx:    ctx,
+		cancel: cancel,
+	}, dev, conn
+}
+
+func TestControl_StopBeforeStart(t *testing.T) {
+	c, dev, conn := newReadyControl(t)
+
+	// A Stop on a never started control must release everything Main acquired
+	c.Stop()
+	assert.Equal(t, StateStopped, c.State())
+	assert.True(t, dev.closed, "the tun device should have been closed")
+	assert.True(t, conn.closed, "the udp socket should have been closed")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.ctx.Err(), context.Canceled, "the service context should have been cancelled")
+
+	// Wait must return promptly now that the resources are released
+	require.NoError(t, c.Wait())
+
+	// A stopped control can never be started
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.Start(), ErrAlreadyStopped)
+
+	// A second Stop is a harmless no-op
+	c.Stop()
+	assert.Equal(t, StateStopped, c.State())
+	require.NoError(t, c.Wait())
+}
+
+func TestControl_WaitBlocksUntilStop(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _, _ := newReadyControl(t)
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() { done <- c.Wait() }()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		t.Fatal("Wait returned before Stop")
+	case <-time.After(50 * time.Millisecond):
+	}
+
+	c.Stop()
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	case <-time.After(time.Second):
+		t.Fatal("Wait did not return after Stop")
+	}
+}
+
+type fakeConn struct {
+	closed  bool
+	rebinds int
+}
+
+func (c *fakeConn) Rebind() error                            { c.rebinds++; return nil }
+func (c *fakeConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error)       { return netip.AddrPort{}, nil }
+func (c *fakeConn) ListenOut(_ udp.EncReader) error          { return nil }
+func (c *fakeConn) WriteTo(_ []byte, _ netip.AddrPort) error { return nil }
+func (c *fakeConn) ReloadConfig(_ *config.C)                 {}
+func (c *fakeConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool            { return true }
+func (c *fakeConn) Close() error                             { c.closed = true; return nil }
+
+type multiqueueDevice struct {
+	*fakeDevice
+}
+
+func (d *multiqueueDevice) SupportsMultiqueue() bool { return true }
+
+func TestControl_StartMultiqueueFailureReleases(t *testing.T) {
+	dev := &multiqueueDevice{fakeDevice: newFakeDevice()}
+	conn := &fakeConn{}
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	f := &Interface{
+		ctx:      ctx,
+		inside:   dev,
+		outside:  conn,
+		writers:  []udp.Conn{conn},
+		readers:  make([]io.ReadWriteCloser, 2),
+		routines: 2,
+		l:        test.NewLogger(),
+	}
+	f.wg.Add(1)
+
+	c := &Control{
+		state:  StateReady,
+		f:      f,
+		l:      test.NewLogger(),
+		ctx:    ctx,
+		cancel: cancel,
+	}
+
+	// The second reader fails to open, everything must be released
+	require.Error(t, c.Start())
+	assert.Equal(t, StateStopped, c.State())
+	assert.True(t, dev.closed, "the tun device should have been closed")
+	assert.True(t, conn.closed, "the udp socket should have been closed")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.ctx.Err(), context.Canceled)
+
+	// And Wait must not hang on the construction token
+	require.NoError(t, c.Wait())
+}
+
+func TestInterface_CloseIsIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	dev := newFakeDevice()
+	f := &Interface{
+		inside: dev,
+		l:      test.NewLogger(),
+	}
+	f.wg.Add(1)
+
+	require.NoError(t, f.Close())
+	assert.True(t, dev.closed)
+
+	// A second Close must not double release the wg token or the device
+	require.NoError(t, f.Close())
+	require.NoError(t, f.wait())
+}
+
+func TestControl_FatalErrorReportsThroughWait(t *testing.T) {
+	c, dev, conn := newReadyControl(t)
+
+	// Mirror what Start wires up, without needing real packet readers
+	c.f.triggerShutdown = c.Stop
+	c.state = StateStarted
+
+	boom := errors.New("boom")
+	c.f.onFatal(boom)
+
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.Wait(), boom)
+	assert.Equal(t, StateStopped, c.State())
+	assert.True(t, dev.closed)
+	assert.True(t, conn.closed)
+
+	// A second fatal error must not fire the shutdown again or replace the first
+	c.f.onFatal(errors.New("later"))
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.Wait(), boom)
+
+	// Wait stays factual, a Stop after the death does not mask the error
+	c.Stop()
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.Wait(), boom)
+}
+
+func TestControl_ConcurrentStopAndStart(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _, _ := newReadyControl(t)
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		wg.Go(func() { c.Stop() })
+	}
+	wg.Go(func() { _ = c.Start() })
+	wg.Go(func() {
+		_ = c.Wait()
+		// A returned Wait must always observe the final state, no matter how
+		// the race resolved
+		assert.Equal(t, StateStopped, c.State())
+	})
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	// However the race resolves, the control must end fully stopped with no
+	// panic and Wait must observe the final state
+	require.NoError(t, c.Wait())
+	assert.Equal(t, StateStopped, c.State())
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.Start(), ErrAlreadyStopped)
+}
+
+func TestControl_StartStopLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
+	c, dev, conn := newReadyControl(t)
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.Start())
+	assert.Equal(t, StateStarted, c.State())
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.Start(), ErrAlreadyStarted)
+
+	// Stop must unpark the reader blocked in the device and release everything
+	c.Stop()
+	assert.Equal(t, StateStopped, c.State())
+	assert.True(t, dev.closed, "the tun device should have been closed")
+	assert.True(t, conn.closed, "the udp socket should have been closed")
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.ctx.Err(), context.Canceled)
+
+	// The reader drained off a closed device, that is not a fatal error
+	require.NoError(t, c.Wait())
+	require.ErrorIs(t, c.Start(), ErrAlreadyStopped)
+}
+
+func TestControl_RebindIsGatedByState(t *testing.T) {
+	c, _, conn := newReadyControl(t)
+
+	// A rebind before Start reaches nothing, the interface is not up
+	c.RebindUDPServer()
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, conn.rebinds, "rebind before start must be a no-op")
+
+	require.NoError(t, c.Start())
+	c.RebindUDPServer()
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, conn.rebinds, "rebind while started must reach the conn")
+
+	// A rebind racing a completed stop must not touch the closed conn
+	c.Stop()
+	require.NoError(t, c.Wait())
+	c.RebindUDPServer()
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, conn.rebinds, "rebind after stop must be a no-op")
+}

control_tester.go

@@ -108,7 +108,19 @@ func (c *Control) GetVpnAddrs() []netip.Addr {
 }
 
 func (c *Control) GetUDPAddr() netip.AddrPort {
-	return c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).Addr
+	return c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).GetAddr()
+}
+
+// SetUDPAddr moves this node to a new underlay address, standing in for a laptop waking up on a different
+// network. Register the new address with the router as well or nothing will route back.
+func (c *Control) SetUDPAddr(addr netip.AddrPort) {
+	c.f.outside.(*udp.TesterConn).SetAddr(addr)
+}
+
+// SetLocalAddrsFn replaces underlay address discovery so a test can advertise its simulated address instead of
+// whatever this machine's NICs happen to be. Call it before Start, SendUpdate reads it from the update worker.
+func (c *Control) SetLocalAddrsFn(fn func(*LocalAllowList) []netip.Addr) {
+	c.f.lightHouse.localAddrsFn = fn
 }
 
 func (c *Control) KillPendingTunnel(vpnIp netip.Addr) bool {
@@ -125,6 +137,14 @@ func (c *Control) GetHostmap() *HostMap {
 	return c.f.hostMap
 }
 
+// GetHostmapIndexCount returns the number of entries in the main hostmap Indexes table, holding
+// the hostmap read lock so tests can poll it while connection manager churns tunnels.
+func (c *Control) GetHostmapIndexCount() int {
+	c.f.hostMap.RLock()
+	defer c.f.hostMap.RUnlock()
+	return len(c.f.hostMap.Indexes)
+}
+
 func (c *Control) GetF() *Interface {
 	return c.f
 }

dns_server.go

@@ -97,8 +97,7 @@ func (d *dnsServer) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	newAddr := getDnsServerAddr(c)
 
 	d.serverMu.Lock()
-	running := d.server
-	runningStarted := d.started
+	running := d.server != nil
 	sameAddr := d.addr == newAddr
 	d.addr = newAddr
 	d.enabled.Store(enabled)
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ func (d *dnsServer) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 	}
 
 	if !enabled {
-		if running != nil {
+		if running {
 			d.Stop()
 		}
 		// Drop any records that accumulated while enabled; a later re-enable
@@ -121,12 +120,12 @@ func (d *dnsServer) reload(c *config.C, initial bool) error {
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	if running == nil {
+	if !running {
 		// Was disabled (or never started); bring it up now.
 		go d.Start()
 	} else if !sameAddr {
-		d.shutdownServer(running, runningStarted, "reload")
-		// Old Start goroutine has now exited; bring up a fresh listener on the new address.
+		// Stop clears the slot before shutting down, otherwise the Start below can find the dying server and refuse
+		d.Stop()
 		go d.Start()
 	}
 
@@ -162,7 +161,9 @@ func (d *dnsServer) Start() {
 
 	started := make(chan struct{})
 	d.serverMu.Lock()
-	if d.ctx.Err() != nil {
+	// Re-check enabled under the lock, a disable that raced our check above snapshots the slot under it too.
+	// Two reloads in quick succession can both spawn a Start, the loser would orphan the live listener past Stop
+	if d.ctx.Err() != nil || d.server != nil || !d.enabled.Load() {
 		d.serverMu.Unlock()
 		return
 	}
@@ -200,6 +201,14 @@ func (d *dnsServer) Start() {
 		close(started)
 	}
 
+	// Release our slot, unless a reload already replaced us, so a dead listener can't block a future Start
+	d.serverMu.Lock()
+	if d.server == server {
+		d.server = nil
+		d.started = nil
+	}
+	d.serverMu.Unlock()
+
 	if err != nil {
 		d.l.Warn("Failed to run the DNS responder", "error", err)
 	}

dns_server_test.go

@@ -194,14 +194,51 @@ func TestDnsServer_reload_initial_serveDnsWithoutLighthouse(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestDnsServer_reload_sameAddr_noOp(t *testing.T) {
+	port := freeUDPPort(t)
 	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
-	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", "0", true, true)
-
+	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, true)
 	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
-	// No server running yet, no addr change. Reload should not spawn anything.
+
+	go ds.Start()
+	waitForBind(t, ds)
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	before := ds.server
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+	require.NotNil(t, before)
+
+	// Same address, so the running listener must be left alone rather than rebuilt under live queries
 	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, false))
 	assert.True(t, ds.enabled.Load())
-	assert.Nil(t, ds.server)
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	after := ds.server
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+	assert.Same(t, before, after, "a same-address reload must not restart the listener")
+
+	ds.Stop()
+}
+
+// The branch the old sameAddr test was accidentally hitting: enabled with nothing running means reload starts it.
+func TestDnsServer_reload_whenNotRunning_starts(t *testing.T) {
+	port := freeUDPPort(t)
+	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
+	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, true)
+
+	// initial only records config, it never starts anything
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	assert.Nil(t, ds.server, "the initial reload must not start a listener")
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, false))
+	waitForBind(t, ds)
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	assert.NotNil(t, ds.server, "a reload with nothing running should bring DNS up")
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+
+	ds.Stop()
 }
 
 func TestDnsServer_StartStop_lifecycle(t *testing.T) {
@@ -427,3 +464,168 @@ func waitFor(t *testing.T, cond func() bool) {
 	}
 	t.Fatal("timed out waiting for condition")
 }
+
+// Two reloads in quick succession, or a HUP before Control.Start, can race two Starts at the same listener.
+func TestDnsServer_Start_isIdempotent(t *testing.T) {
+	port := freeUDPPort(t)
+	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
+	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, true)
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
+
+	go ds.Start()
+	waitForBind(t, ds)
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	first := ds.server
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+	require.NotNil(t, first)
+
+	// If the second Start replaces the tracked server, Stop kills the wrong one and the port leaks
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		ds.Start()
+		close(done)
+	}()
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 5):
+		t.Fatal("second Start never returned")
+	}
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	second := ds.server
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+	assert.Same(t, first, second, "a second Start must not replace the running server")
+
+	// The real proof, after Stop the port must actually be free
+	ds.Stop()
+	waitFor(t, func() bool {
+		pc, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:"+port)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		_ = pc.Close()
+		return true
+	})
+}
+
+// An address change must actually end up listening on the new port. Start's guard refuses when a server is already
+// installed, so reload has to clear the slot before shutting the old one down.
+func TestDnsServer_reload_addrChange_restarts(t *testing.T) {
+	first := freeUDPPort(t)
+	second := freeUDPPort(t)
+
+	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
+	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", first, true, true)
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
+
+	go ds.Start()
+	waitForBind(t, ds)
+
+	// Cycle a few times, the failure this guards against depends on which goroutine wins serverMu
+	for i := range 8 {
+		want := second
+		if i%2 == 1 {
+			want = first
+		}
+		setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", want, true, true)
+		require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, false))
+		waitForBind(t, ds)
+
+		ds.serverMu.Lock()
+		srv := ds.server
+		ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+		require.NotNil(t, srv, "reload left DNS down instead of restarting it")
+		require.Equal(t, "127.0.0.1:"+want, srv.Addr, "reload should be serving the new address")
+	}
+
+	// Land back on second so the port assertions below are meaningful
+	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", second, true, true)
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, false))
+	waitForBind(t, ds)
+
+	// The old port must be released and the new one actually held
+	waitFor(t, func() bool {
+		pc, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:"+first)
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		_ = pc.Close()
+		return true
+	})
+	_, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:"+second)
+	require.Error(t, err, "the new address should be bound by the DNS responder")
+
+	ds.Stop()
+}
+
+// A listener that dies on its own must release the slot, or a later same-addr reload sees it as running and no-ops.
+func TestDnsServer_Start_bindFailure_releasesSlot(t *testing.T) {
+	port := freeUDPPort(t)
+	blocker, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:"+port)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
+	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, true)
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
+
+	ds.Start() // returns once the bind fails
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	assert.Nil(t, ds.server, "a listener that failed to bind must not stay parked in the slot")
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+
+	// With the slot released, a reload can retry once the port frees up
+	require.NoError(t, blocker.Close())
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, false))
+	waitForBind(t, ds)
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	assert.NotNil(t, ds.server, "a same-addr reload should retry after a failed bind")
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+
+	ds.Stop()
+}
+
+// A disable that lands while Start is between its unlocked check and the guard must not leave a listener behind.
+func TestDnsServer_Start_refusesWhenDisabledUnderLock(t *testing.T) {
+	port := freeUDPPort(t)
+	ds, c := newTestDnsServer(t)
+	setDnsConfig(c, "127.0.0.1", port, true, true)
+	require.NoError(t, ds.reload(c, true))
+	require.True(t, ds.enabled.Load())
+
+	// Holding serverMu parks Start on the lock, the only way to land the disable in that window on purpose
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		ds.Start()
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+		t.Fatal("Start returned early, the test never exercised the window")
+	case <-time.After(time.Millisecond * 100):
+	}
+
+	// The disable reload's critical section. It sees nothing running, so it never calls Stop.
+	ds.enabled.Store(false)
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 5):
+		t.Fatal("Start never returned")
+	}
+
+	ds.serverMu.Lock()
+	assert.Nil(t, ds.server, "Start must not install a listener a disable already cancelled")
+	ds.serverMu.Unlock()
+
+	pc, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:"+port)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "an orphaned listener is still holding the port")
+	_ = pc.Close()
+}

e2e/handshakes_test.go

@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ func TestStage1Race(t *testing.T) {
 
 	r.Log("Spin until connection manager tears down a tunnel")
 
-	for len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)+len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) > 2 {
+	for myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()+theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() > 2 {
 		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
 		t.Log("Connection manager hasn't ticked yet")
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
@@ -453,9 +453,11 @@ func TestUncleanShutdownRaceLoser(t *testing.T) {
 
 	r.Log("Nuke my hostmap")
 	myHostmap := myControl.GetHostmap()
+	myHostmap.Lock()
 	myHostmap.Hosts = map[netip.Addr]*nebula.HostInfo{}
 	myHostmap.Indexes = map[uint32]*nebula.HostInfo{}
 	myHostmap.RemoteIndexes = map[uint32]*nebula.HostInfo{}
+	myHostmap.Unlock()
 
 	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me again")))
 	p = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
@@ -465,10 +467,10 @@ func TestUncleanShutdownRaceLoser(t *testing.T) {
 	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
 
 	r.Log("Wait for the dead index to go away")
-	start := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+	start := theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 	for {
 		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-		if len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) < start {
+		if theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() < start {
 			break
 		}
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
@@ -504,9 +506,11 @@ func TestUncleanShutdownRaceWinner(t *testing.T) {
 
 	r.Log("Nuke my hostmap")
 	theirHostmap := theirControl.GetHostmap()
+	theirHostmap.Lock()
 	theirHostmap.Hosts = map[netip.Addr]*nebula.HostInfo{}
 	theirHostmap.Indexes = map[uint32]*nebula.HostInfo{}
 	theirHostmap.RemoteIndexes = map[uint32]*nebula.HostInfo{}
+	theirHostmap.Unlock()
 
 	theirControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from them again")))
 	p = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(myControl)
@@ -517,10 +521,10 @@ func TestUncleanShutdownRaceWinner(t *testing.T) {
 	assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
 
 	r.Log("Wait for the dead index to go away")
-	start := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+	start := myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 	for {
 		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
-		if len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) < start {
+		if myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() < start {
 			break
 		}
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
@@ -628,10 +632,10 @@ func TestReestablishRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	r.Log("Close the tunnel")
 	relayControl.CloseTunnel(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), true)
 
-	start := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-	curIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+	start := myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
+	curIndexes := myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 	for curIndexes >= start {
-		curIndexes = len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		curIndexes = myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 		r.Logf("Wait for the dead index to go away:start=%v indexes, current=%v indexes", start, curIndexes)
 		myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me should fail")))
 
@@ -721,6 +725,70 @@ func TestReestablishRelays(t *testing.T) {
 
 }
 
+func TestRelayHandshakeOverDisestablishedEntry(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	// If them tears down the tunnel while me keeps Established relay state, me's next
+	// handshake flows through the relay with no fresh CreateRelayRequest and lands on
+	// them's Disestablished terminal relay entry. them must re-establish that entry, or
+	// its first transmit deletes its only relay and the tunnel is born transmit-dead:
+	// them can receive but every send is silently dropped.
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version1, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "me     ", "10.128.0.1/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+	relayControl, relayVpnIpNet, relayUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "relay  ", "10.128.0.128/24", m{"relay": m{"am_relay": true}})
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version1, ca, caKey, "them   ", "10.128.0.2/24", m{"relay": m{"use_relays": true}})
+
+	// Teach my how to get to the relay and that their can be reached via the relay
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), relayUdpAddr)
+	myControl.InjectRelays(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), []netip.Addr{relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr()})
+	relayControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+
+	// Build a router so we don't have to reason who gets which packet
+	r := router.NewR(t, myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	// Start the servers
+	myControl.Start()
+	relayControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+
+	t.Log("Trigger a handshake from me to them via the relay")
+	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from me")))
+
+	p := r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(theirControl)
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from me"), p, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
+	oldIdx := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false).LocalIndex
+
+	t.Log("Close the tunnel on them only, marking their relay entry Disestablished")
+	theirControl.CloseTunnel(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), true)
+
+	t.Log("Re-handshake from me, riding the still-Established relay state")
+	myControl.ReHandshake(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr())
+	for {
+		h := myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+		if h != nil && h.LocalIndex != oldIdx && h.RemoteIndex != 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		r.RouteForAllExitFunc(func(*udp.Packet, *nebula.Control) router.ExitType {
+			return router.RouteAndExit
+		})
+	}
+
+	hAtThem := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+	require.NotNil(t, hAtThem, "them should have completed the relayed handshake")
+	require.Equal(t, []netip.Addr{relayVpnIpNet[0].Addr()}, hAtThem.CurrentRelaysToMe, "them should know a relay for the new tunnel")
+
+	t.Log("Send from them to me; their only relay entry must survive the transmit")
+	theirControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("Hi from them")))
+	require.Never(t, func() bool {
+		h := theirControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false)
+		return h == nil || len(h.CurrentRelaysToMe) == 0
+	}, time.Second, 10*time.Millisecond, "them deleted its only relay entry; the tunnel is permanently transmit-dead")
+
+	p = r.RouteForAllUntilTxTun(myControl)
+	assertUdpPacket(t, []byte("Hi from them"), p, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, 80)
+	r.RenderHostmaps("Final hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
+}
+
 func TestStage1RaceRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 	//NOTE: this is a race between me and relay resulting in a full tunnel from me to them via relay
@@ -819,18 +887,18 @@ func TestStage1RaceRelays2(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Log("Wait until we remove extra tunnels")
 	t.Logf("Waiting for hostinfos to be removed... myControl=%d theirControl=%d relayControl=%d",
-		len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes),
-		len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes),
-		len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes),
+		myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount(),
+		theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount(),
+		relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount(),
 	)
-	hostInfos := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) + len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) + len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+	hostInfos := myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() + theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() + relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 	retries := 60
 	for hostInfos > 6 && retries > 0 {
-		hostInfos = len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) + len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) + len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		hostInfos = myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() + theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() + relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 		t.Logf("Waiting for hostinfos to be removed... myControl=%d theirControl=%d relayControl=%d",
-			len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes),
-			len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes),
-			len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes),
+			myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount(),
+			theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount(),
+			relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount(),
 		)
 		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
 		t.Log("Connection manager hasn't ticked yet")
@@ -924,24 +992,24 @@ func TestRehandshakingRelays(t *testing.T) {
 	assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 	r.RenderHostmaps("working hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
 	// We should have two hostinfos on all sides
-	for len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
-		t.Logf("Waiting for myControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+	for myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for myControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount())
 		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
 		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 		r.Log("yupitdoes")
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
 	}
 	t.Logf("myControl hostinfos got cleaned up!")
-	for len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
-		t.Logf("Waiting for theirControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+	for theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for theirControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount())
 		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
 		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 		r.Log("yupitdoes")
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
 	}
 	t.Logf("theirControl hostinfos got cleaned up!")
-	for len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
-		t.Logf("Waiting for relayControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+	for relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for relayControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount())
 		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
 		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 		r.Log("yupitdoes")
@@ -1029,24 +1097,24 @@ func TestRehandshakingRelaysPrimary(t *testing.T) {
 	assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 	r.RenderHostmaps("working hostmaps", myControl, relayControl, theirControl)
 	// We should have two hostinfos on all sides
-	for len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
-		t.Logf("Waiting for myControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+	for myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for myControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount())
 		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
 		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 		r.Log("yupitdoes")
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
 	}
 	t.Logf("myControl hostinfos got cleaned up!")
-	for len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
-		t.Logf("Waiting for theirControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+	for theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for theirControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount())
 		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
 		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 		r.Log("yupitdoes")
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
 	}
 	t.Logf("theirControl hostinfos got cleaned up!")
-	for len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) != 2 {
-		t.Logf("Waiting for relayControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", len(relayControl.GetHostmap().Indexes))
+	for relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() != 2 {
+		t.Logf("Waiting for relayControl hostinfos (%v != 2) to get cleaned up from lack of use...", relayControl.GetHostmapIndexCount())
 		r.Log("Assert the relay tunnel still works")
 		assertTunnel(t, theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirControl, myControl, r)
 		r.Log("yupitdoes")
@@ -1123,7 +1191,7 @@ func TestRehandshaking(t *testing.T) {
 	theirConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))
 
 	r.Log("Spin until there is only 1 tunnel")
-	for len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)+len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) > 2 {
+	for myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()+theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() > 2 {
 		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
 		t.Log("Connection manager hasn't ticked yet")
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)
@@ -1223,7 +1291,7 @@ func TestRehandshakingLoser(t *testing.T) {
 	myConfig.ReloadConfigString(string(rc))
 
 	r.Log("Spin until there is only 1 tunnel")
-	for len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)+len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes) > 2 {
+	for myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()+theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount() > 2 {
 		assertTunnel(t, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myControl, theirControl, r)
 		t.Log("Connection manager hasn't ticked yet")
 		time.Sleep(time.Second)

e2e/rebind_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+//go:build e2e_testing
+// +build e2e_testing
+
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"net/netip"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+// reportedAddrs is what the lighthouse would hand a peer asking where vpnAddr is.
+func reportedAddrs(t *testing.T, lh *nebula.Control, vpnAddr netip.Addr) []netip.AddrPort {
+	t.Helper()
+	cm := lh.QueryLighthouse(vpnAddr)
+	if cm == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var out []netip.AddrPort
+	for _, c := range *cm {
+		out = append(out, c.Reported...)
+		out = append(out, c.Learned...)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// waitForLighthouseMsg routes until a lighthouse message lands on lh, or gives up. Reports whether one arrived.
+func waitForLighthouseMsg(t *testing.T, r *router.R, lh *nebula.Control, wait time.Duration) bool {
+	t.Helper()
+	h := &header.H{}
+	return r.RouteForAllExitFuncOrTimeout(wait, func(p *udp.Packet, c *nebula.Control) router.ExitType {
+		if c != lh {
+			return router.KeepRouting
+		}
+		// Punches are a single byte and never parse, they are just not what we are after
+		if err := h.Parse(p.Data); err != nil {
+			return router.KeepRouting
+		}
+		if h.Type == header.LightHouse {
+			return router.RouteAndExit
+		}
+		return router.KeepRouting
+	})
+}
+
+// A laptop that changes networks has to tell the lighthouse promptly, otherwise the lighthouse keeps handing peers
+// the old address and their punches land nowhere. On a long lighthouse interval the only thing that closes that
+// window is the rebind, which on darwin the network change monitor drives. The e2e build compiles the monitor out,
+// so we call RebindUDPServer directly, which is the same thing the monitor does.
+func TestRebindSendsLighthouseUpdate(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+
+	lhControl, lhVpnIpNet, lhUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "lh", "10.128.0.1/24", m{
+		"lighthouse": m{"am_lighthouse": true},
+	})
+
+	// 600s interval, so nothing scheduled can send an update during this test. A rebind is the only thing that can.
+	myControl, _, _, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.2/24", m{
+		"lighthouse": m{
+			"hosts":    []any{lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String()},
+			"interval": 600,
+		},
+		"static_host_map": m{
+			lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String(): []any{lhUdpAddr.String()},
+		},
+	})
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, lhControl, myControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	lhControl.Start()
+	myControl.Start()
+
+	// Let the startup registration finish, then clear everything it left behind
+	require.True(t, waitForLighthouseMsg(t, r, lhControl, time.Second*5), "expected an initial registration")
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 400)
+
+	// Nothing should be talking to the lighthouse on its own now
+	require.False(t, waitForLighthouseMsg(t, r, lhControl, time.Millisecond*200),
+		"nothing should reach the lighthouse before the rebind")
+
+	myControl.RebindUDPServer()
+
+	assert.True(t, waitForLighthouseMsg(t, r, lhControl, time.Second*5),
+		"a rebind should push an update to the lighthouse rather than waiting out the interval")
+
+	lhControl.Stop()
+	myControl.Stop()
+}
+
+// The other half of a rebind: every live tunnel requeries the lighthouse on its next send. That query is what makes
+// the lighthouse tell the peer to punch toward our new address, which is the part that actually revives a tunnel
+// whose remote NAT state died while we were on a different network.
+func TestRebindRequeriesPeersOnNextSend(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+
+	lhControl, lhVpnIpNet, lhUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "lh", "10.128.0.1/24", m{
+		"lighthouse": m{"am_lighthouse": true},
+	})
+
+	lhCfg := m{
+		"lighthouse": m{
+			"hosts":    []any{lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String()},
+			"interval": 600,
+			// Without this the peers advertise this machine's real addresses and then try to punch at them,
+			// which the router has no route for.
+			"local_allow_list": m{
+				"10.0.0.0/24": true,
+				"::/0":        false,
+			},
+		},
+		"static_host_map": m{
+			lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String(): []any{lhUdpAddr.String()},
+		},
+	}
+
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.2/24", lhCfg)
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.3/24", lhCfg)
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, lhControl, myControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	lhControl.Start()
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 500)
+
+	// Point the peers at each other directly, this test is about the rebind and not about lighthouse discovery
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+
+	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("initial")))
+	r.RouteFor(time.Second)
+	require.NotNil(t, myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false), "expected a tunnel to them")
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 300)
+
+	// Assert on what the peer sees rather than on lighthouse traffic. A query for them makes the lighthouse send
+	// them a punch notification, which is the whole point. Our own update to the lighthouse sends them nothing,
+	// so this cannot be satisfied by the update the rebind itself pushes.
+	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("quiet")))
+	require.False(t, waitForLighthouseMsg(t, r, theirControl, time.Millisecond*300),
+		"an ordinary send should not requery the lighthouse")
+
+	myControl.RebindUDPServer()
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 300) // let the update the rebind itself sends pass by
+
+	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("after rebind")))
+	assert.True(t, waitForLighthouseMsg(t, r, theirControl, time.Second*5),
+		"the first send after a rebind should requery the lighthouse, which then tells the peer to punch at us")
+
+	lhControl.Stop()
+	myControl.Stop()
+	theirControl.Stop()
+}
+
+// The scenario this whole thing exists for: a laptop sleeps at the office and wakes up at home on a new address.
+// Until it tells the lighthouse, the lighthouse keeps handing peers the office address, so their punches land
+// nowhere and the tunnel stays dead. On a long interval the rebind is the only thing that closes that window.
+func TestRebindAdvertisesNewAddressAfterMove(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+
+	lhControl, lhVpnIpNet, lhUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "lh", "10.128.0.1/24", m{
+		"lighthouse": m{"am_lighthouse": true},
+	})
+
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.2/24", m{
+		"lighthouse": m{
+			"hosts":    []any{lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String()},
+			"interval": 600,
+		},
+		"static_host_map": m{
+			lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String(): []any{lhUdpAddr.String()},
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Advertise wherever we currently are rather than this machine's real NICs, read fresh each time so a move
+	// is picked up.
+	myControl.SetLocalAddrsFn(func(*nebula.LocalAllowList) []netip.Addr {
+		return []netip.Addr{myControl.GetUDPAddr().Addr()}
+	})
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, lhControl, myControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+
+	lhControl.Start()
+	myControl.Start()
+
+	require.True(t, waitForLighthouseMsg(t, r, lhControl, time.Second*5), "expected an initial registration")
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 400)
+
+	require.Contains(t, reportedAddrs(t, lhControl, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr()), myUdpAddr,
+		"the lighthouse should know the address we started on")
+
+	// Wake up somewhere else
+	newAddr := netip.MustParseAddrPort("10.0.0.99:4242")
+	myControl.SetUDPAddr(newAddr)
+	r.AddRoute(newAddr.Addr(), newAddr.Port(), myControl)
+
+	// Nothing has told the lighthouse, and with interval 600 nothing scheduled will
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 400)
+	require.NotContains(t, reportedAddrs(t, lhControl, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr()), newAddr,
+		"the lighthouse should still be handing out the old address before the rebind")
+
+	myControl.RebindUDPServer()
+	require.True(t, waitForLighthouseMsg(t, r, lhControl, time.Second*5), "expected an update after the rebind")
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 400)
+
+	assert.Contains(t, reportedAddrs(t, lhControl, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr()), newAddr,
+		"after the rebind the lighthouse should hand peers our new address")
+
+	lhControl.Stop()
+	myControl.Stop()
+}

e2e/recovery_timing_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//go:build e2e_testing
+// +build e2e_testing
+
+package e2e
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/cert_test"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/e2e/router"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/udp"
+)
+
+// TestRecoveryTiming measures how long a tunnel takes to come back after the peer stops accepting our traffic,
+// which is what a laptop waking on a new network looks like from the peer's side: its NAT has no state for where
+// we are now, so everything we send disappears.
+//
+// It is a measurement, not a pass/fail assertion. Recovery is timed to the moment the peer punches back at us,
+// since that is when its NAT opens and the tunnel is usable again.
+//
+//	go test -tags e2e_testing -v -run TestRecoveryTiming ./e2e/
+func TestRecoveryTiming(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tc := range []struct {
+		name   string
+		rebind bool
+	}{
+		{"no trigger", false},
+		{"rebind counter", true},
+	} {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			d, lost := measureRecovery(t, tc.rebind)
+			t.Logf("RESULT %-16s recovered in %-9v (%d packets lost)", tc.name, d.Round(time.Millisecond), lost)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// measureRecovery returns how long until the peer punched back, and how many of our packets died meanwhile. When
+// rebind is true we call RebindUDPServer once the tunnel goes dark, which is what the darwin network change
+// monitor does and what iOS has always done. When false, nothing tells nebula anything is wrong.
+func measureRecovery(t *testing.T, rebind bool) (time.Duration, int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	ca, _, caKey, _ := cert_test.NewTestCaCert(cert.Version2, cert.Curve_CURVE25519, time.Now(), time.Now().Add(10*time.Minute), nil, nil, []string{})
+
+	lhControl, lhVpnIpNet, lhUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "lh", "10.128.0.1/24", m{
+		"lighthouse": m{"am_lighthouse": true},
+	})
+
+	peerCfg := m{
+		"lighthouse": m{
+			"hosts":    []any{lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String()},
+			"interval": 600,
+			"local_allow_list": m{
+				"10.0.0.0/24": true,
+				"::/0":        false,
+			},
+		},
+		"static_host_map": m{
+			lhVpnIpNet[0].Addr().String(): []any{lhUdpAddr.String()},
+		},
+	}
+
+	myControl, myVpnIpNet, myUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "me", "10.128.0.2/24", peerCfg)
+	theirControl, theirVpnIpNet, theirUdpAddr, _ := newSimpleServer(cert.Version2, ca, caKey, "them", "10.128.0.3/24", peerCfg)
+
+	r := router.NewR(t, lhControl, myControl, theirControl)
+	defer r.RenderFlow()
+	defer func() {
+		lhControl.Stop()
+		myControl.Stop()
+		theirControl.Stop()
+	}()
+
+	lhControl.Start()
+	myControl.Start()
+	theirControl.Start()
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 500)
+
+	myControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), theirUdpAddr)
+	theirControl.InjectLightHouseAddr(myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), myUdpAddr)
+
+	myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("establish")))
+	r.RouteFor(time.Second)
+	if myControl.GetHostInfoByVpnAddr(theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), false) == nil {
+		t.Fatal("failed to establish the tunnel we are measuring")
+	}
+	r.RouteFor(time.Millisecond * 500)
+
+	// From here the peer's NAT has no state for us, everything we send it disappears
+	start := time.Now()
+	blackholed := 0
+	var recovered time.Duration
+
+	if rebind {
+		myControl.RebindUDPServer()
+	}
+
+	// Keep the tun busy the way someone retrying a stalled connection would
+	stop := make(chan struct{})
+	defer close(stop)
+	go func() {
+		tick := time.NewTicker(time.Millisecond * 200)
+		defer tick.Stop()
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-stop:
+				return
+			case <-tick.C:
+				myControl.InjectTunPacket(BuildTunUDPPacket(
+					theirVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, myVpnIpNet[0].Addr(), 80, []byte("retry")))
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	r.RouteForAllExitFuncOrTimeout(time.Second*30, func(p *udp.Packet, c *nebula.Control) router.ExitType {
+		if c == theirControl && p.From == myControl.GetUDPAddr() {
+			blackholed++
+			return router.Drop
+		}
+
+		// The peer reaching us directly is the moment its NAT opened, whether that is a punch or a handshake
+		if c == myControl && p.From == theirUdpAddr {
+			recovered = time.Since(start)
+			return router.RouteAndExit
+		}
+
+		return router.KeepRouting
+	})
+
+	if recovered == 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("no recovery within 30s (%d packets blackholed)", blackholed)
+	}
+	return recovered, blackholed
+}

e2e/router/router.go

@@ -114,6 +114,28 @@ type packet struct {
 	packet *udp.Packet
 	tun    bool // a packet pulled off a tun device
 	rx     bool // the packet was received by a udp device
+
+	// h is the nebula header, parsed once when the packet is recorded. parseErr says why there isn't one, which
+	// the flow log reports rather than hiding. Punchy sends a single byte, so an unparseable packet is normal.
+	h        header.H
+	parseErr error
+}
+
+// fromAddr and toAddr are the addresses this packet actually travelled between. Reading them off the control
+// instead would misreport the whole history once a test moves a node. Tun packets are synthesized without
+// addresses, so they fall back to the control.
+func (p *packet) fromAddr() netip.AddrPort {
+	if p.tun || !p.packet.From.IsValid() {
+		return p.from.GetUDPAddr()
+	}
+	return p.packet.From
+}
+
+func (p *packet) toAddr() netip.AddrPort {
+	if p.tun || !p.packet.To.IsValid() {
+		return p.to.GetUDPAddr()
+	}
+	return p.packet.To
 }
 
 func (p *packet) WasReceived() {
@@ -131,6 +153,9 @@ const (
 	ExitNow ExitType = 1
 	// RouteAndExit routes this packet and exits immediately afterwards
 	RouteAndExit ExitType = 2
+	// Drop discards this packet without delivering it and keeps routing. Use it to simulate a blackhole, such as
+	// a restrictive NAT refusing traffic from an address it has not seen.
+	Drop ExitType = 3
 )
 
 type ExitFunc func(packet *udp.Packet, receiver *nebula.Control) ExitType
@@ -141,7 +166,9 @@ type ExitFunc func(packet *udp.Packet, receiver *nebula.Control) ExitType
 func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 
-	if err := os.MkdirAll("mermaid", 0755); err != nil {
+	// t.Name() contains a slash for subtests, so the flow log can land in a nested directory
+	fn := filepath.Join("mermaid", fmt.Sprintf("%s.md", t.Name()))
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(filepath.Dir(fn), 0755); err != nil {
 		panic(err)
 	}
 
@@ -152,7 +179,7 @@ func NewR(t testing.TB, controls ...*nebula.Control) *R {
 		outNat:       make(map[outNatKey]netip.AddrPort),
 		flow:         []flowEntry{},
 		ignoreFlows:  []ignoreFlow{},
-		fn:           filepath.Join("mermaid", fmt.Sprintf("%s.md", t.Name())),
+		fn:           fn,
 		t:            t,
 		cancelRender: cancel,
 	}
@@ -249,7 +276,7 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 			continue
 		}
 
-		addr := e.packet.from.GetUDPAddr()
+		addr := e.packet.fromAddr()
 		if _, ok := participants[addr]; ok {
 			continue
 		}
@@ -268,7 +295,6 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 	}
 
 	// Print packets
-	h := &header.H{}
 	for _, e := range r.flow {
 		if e.packet == nil {
 			//fmt.Fprintf(f, "    note over %s: %s\n", strings.Join(participantsVals, ", "), e.note)
@@ -280,21 +306,22 @@ func (r *R) renderFlow() {
 			fmt.Fprintln(f, r.formatUdpPacket(p))
 
 		} else {
-			if err := h.Parse(p.packet.Data); err != nil {
-				panic(err)
-			}
-
 			line := "--x"
 			if p.rx {
 				line = "->>"
 			}
 
-			fmt.Fprintf(f,
-				"    %s%s%s: %s(%s), index %v, counter: %v\n",
-				normalizeName(p.from.GetUDPAddr().String()),
+			detail := fmt.Sprintf("%s(%s), index %v, counter: %v",
+				p.h.TypeName(), p.h.SubTypeName(), p.h.RemoteIndex, p.h.MessageCounter)
+			if p.parseErr != nil {
+				detail = fmt.Sprintf("unparsed, %v (%d bytes)", p.parseErr, len(p.packet.Data))
+			}
+
+			fmt.Fprintf(f, "    %s%s%s: %s\n",
+				normalizeName(p.fromAddr().String()),
 				line,
-				normalizeName(p.to.GetUDPAddr().String()),
-				h.TypeName(), h.SubTypeName(), h.RemoteIndex, h.MessageCounter,
+				normalizeName(p.toAddr().String()),
+				detail,
 			)
 		}
 	}
@@ -408,29 +435,34 @@ func (r *R) unlockedInjectFlow(from, to *nebula.Control, p *udp.Packet, tun bool
 
 	r.renderHostmaps(fmt.Sprintf("Packet %v", len(r.flow)))
 
-	if len(r.ignoreFlows) > 0 {
-		var h header.H
-		err := h.Parse(p.Data)
-		if err != nil {
-			panic(err)
-		}
+	var h header.H
+	var parseErr error
+	if !tun {
+		parseErr = h.Parse(p.Data)
+	}
 
-		for _, i := range r.ignoreFlows {
-			if !tun {
-				if i.messageType == h.Type && i.subType == h.Subtype {
-					return nil
-				}
-			} else if i.tun.HasValue && i.tun.IsTrue {
+	// Decide before copying, the copy comes from a freelist and an ignored packet would never be released
+	for _, i := range r.ignoreFlows {
+		if tun {
+			if i.tun.HasValue && i.tun.IsTrue {
 				return nil
 			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// A packet we could not parse has no type to match against, so no rule can ignore it
+		if parseErr == nil && i.messageType == h.Type && i.subType == h.Subtype {
+			return nil
 		}
 	}
 
 	fp := &packet{
-		from:   from,
-		to:     to,
-		packet: p.Copy(),
-		tun:    tun,
+		from:     from,
+		to:       to,
+		packet:   p.Copy(),
+		tun:      tun,
+		h:        h,
+		parseErr: parseErr,
 	}
 
 	r.flow = append(r.flow, flowEntry{packet: fp})
@@ -660,6 +692,10 @@ func (r *R) RouteExitFunc(sender *nebula.Control, whatDo ExitFunc) {
 			p.Release()
 			return
 
+		case Drop:
+			// Record it so the flow log shows the attempt, but never hand it to the receiver
+			r.unlockedInjectFlow(sender, receiver, p, false)
+
 		case KeepRouting:
 			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(sender, receiver, p, false)
 			receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
@@ -690,6 +726,85 @@ func (r *R) RouteUntilAfterMsgType(sender *nebula.Control, msgType header.Messag
 	})
 }
 
+// RouteFor routes everything that shows up for the given duration and then returns. Use it to let a test settle
+// deterministically rather than sleeping and hoping: a single FlushAll races a completing handshake, which queues
+// more packets right behind it.
+func (r *R) RouteFor(d time.Duration) {
+	r.RouteForAllExitFuncOrTimeout(d, func(*udp.Packet, *nebula.Control) ExitType {
+		return KeepRouting
+	})
+}
+
+// RouteForAllExitFuncOrTimeout is RouteForAllExitFunc with a deadline, reporting whether whatDo asked to exit
+// before time ran out. The unbounded version blocks forever on a quiet network, so this is what a test needs to
+// assert that something does NOT happen, or to route for a fixed settling period.
+func (r *R) RouteForAllExitFuncOrTimeout(timeout time.Duration, whatDo ExitFunc) bool {
+	sc := make([]reflect.SelectCase, 0, len(r.controls)+1)
+	cm := make([]*nebula.Control, 0, len(r.controls))
+
+	for _, c := range r.controls {
+		sc = append(sc, reflect.SelectCase{
+			Dir:  reflect.SelectRecv,
+			Chan: reflect.ValueOf(c.GetUDPTxChan()),
+			Send: reflect.Value{},
+		})
+		cm = append(cm, c)
+	}
+
+	timer := time.NewTimer(timeout)
+	defer timer.Stop()
+	sc = append(sc, reflect.SelectCase{
+		Dir:  reflect.SelectRecv,
+		Chan: reflect.ValueOf(timer.C),
+		Send: reflect.Value{},
+	})
+
+	for {
+		x, rx, _ := reflect.Select(sc)
+		if x == len(cm) {
+			return false
+		}
+
+		r.Lock()
+		p := rx.Interface().(*udp.Packet)
+		receiver := r.getControl(cm[x].GetUDPAddr(), p.To, p)
+		if receiver == nil {
+			r.Unlock()
+			panic("Can't RouteForAllExitFuncOrTimeout for host: " + p.To.String())
+		}
+
+		e := whatDo(p, receiver)
+		switch e {
+		case ExitNow:
+			r.Unlock()
+			p.Release()
+			return true
+
+		case RouteAndExit:
+			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], receiver, p, false)
+			receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
+			fp.WasReceived()
+			r.Unlock()
+			p.Release()
+			return true
+
+		case Drop:
+			// Record it so the flow log shows the attempt, but never hand it to the receiver
+			r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], receiver, p, false)
+
+		case KeepRouting:
+			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], receiver, p, false)
+			receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)
+			fp.WasReceived()
+
+		default:
+			panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unknown exitFunc return: %v", e))
+		}
+		r.Unlock()
+		p.Release()
+	}
+}
+
 func (r *R) RouteForAllUntilAfterMsgTypeTo(receiver *nebula.Control, msgType header.MessageType, subType header.MessageSubType) {
 	h := &header.H{}
 	r.RouteForAllExitFunc(func(p *udp.Packet, r *nebula.Control) ExitType {
@@ -782,6 +897,10 @@ func (r *R) RouteForAllExitFunc(whatDo ExitFunc) {
 			p.Release()
 			return
 
+		case Drop:
+			// Record it so the flow log shows the attempt, but never hand it to the receiver
+			r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], receiver, p, false)
+
 		case KeepRouting:
 			fp := r.unlockedInjectFlow(cm[x], receiver, p, false)
 			receiver.InjectUDPPacket(p)

e2e/tunnels_test.go

@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ func TestDropInactiveTunnels(t *testing.T) {
 	r.Log("Go inactive and wait for the tunnels to get dropped")
 	waitStart := time.Now()
 	for {
-		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		myIndexes := myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
+		theirIndexes := theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 		if myIndexes == 0 && theirIndexes == 0 {
 			break
 		}
@@ -493,8 +493,8 @@ func TestCloseTunnelAuthenticated(t *testing.T) {
 
 	waitStart := time.Now()
 	for {
-		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		myIndexes := myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
+		theirIndexes := theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 		if myIndexes == 0 && theirIndexes == 0 {
 			break
 		}
@@ -548,8 +548,8 @@ func TestCloseTunnelAuthenticated(t *testing.T) {
 	r.Log("Injected bogus close tunnel. Let's see!")
 	waitStart = time.Now()
 	for {
-		myIndexes := len(myControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
-		theirIndexes := len(theirControl.GetHostmap().Indexes)
+		myIndexes := myControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
+		theirIndexes := theirControl.GetHostmapIndexCount()
 		if myIndexes == 0 {
 			t.Fatal("myIndexes should not be 0")
 		}

examples/config.yml

@@ -146,6 +146,14 @@ listen:
   # Default true; set to false to leave WDF in charge of inbound decisions on the listener port. Not reloadable.
   #windows_bypass_wdf: true
 
+  # On macOS only
+  # macOS scopes the udp socket to the interface it was created on, so moving between networks (wifi to wired,
+  # office to home) leaves Nebula sending out an interface that no longer has a route. When true, Nebula watches
+  # the routing socket and rebinds the listener once the change settles.
+  # iOS does not use this, the host app drives the same rebind itself.
+  # Default true. Not reloadable.
+  #rebind_on_network_change: true
+
   # By default, Nebula replies to packets it has no tunnel for with a "recv_error" packet. This packet helps speed up reconnection
   # in the case that Nebula on either side did not shut down cleanly. This response can be abused as a way to discover if Nebula is running
   # on a host though. This option lets you configure if you want to send "recv_error" packets always, never, or only to private network remotes.
@@ -242,10 +250,6 @@ tun:
   # When tun is disabled, a lighthouse can be started without a local tun interface (and therefore without root)
   disabled: false
   # Name of the device. If not set, a default will be chosen by the OS.
-  # For Linux: a single `%d` anywhere in the name is treated as a template and replaced with the
-  #   lowest number that yields an unused device name (e.g. `nebula%d` becomes `nebula0`, then `nebula1`, and so on, `neb%dprod` becomes `neb0prod`).
-  #   Only on Linux: `nebula%d` is the default if tun.dev is unset.
-  #   The name, both before and after %d substitution, must be shorter than the kernel limit of 16 characters.
   # For macOS: if set, must be in the form `utun[0-9]+`.
   # For NetBSD: Required to be set, must be in the form `tun[0-9]+`
   dev: nebula1

examples/service_scripts/nebula.service

@@ -8,6 +8,15 @@ Before=sshd.service
 Type=notify
 NotifyAccess=main
 SyslogIdentifier=nebula
+
+# Uncomment to run as an unprivileged user with only CAP_NET_ADMIN. Requires a
+# nebula user that owns the config directory. Add CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE to both
+# lines if any listener (lighthouse DNS, listen.port, stats, sshd) binds <1024.
+#User=nebula
+#Group=nebula
+#CapabilityBoundingSet=CAP_NET_ADMIN
+#AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_ADMIN
+
 ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
 ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/nebula -config /etc/nebula/config.yml
 Restart=always

firewall.go

@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ type Firewall struct {
 	InRules  *FirewallTable
 	OutRules *FirewallTable
 
-	InSendReject  bool
-	OutSendReject bool
+	InboundSendReject  bool
+	OutboundSendReject bool
 
 	//TODO: we should have many more options for TCP, an option for ICMP, and mimic the kernel a bit better
 	// https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/networking/nf_conntrack-sysctl.txt
@@ -216,23 +216,23 @@ func NewFirewallFromConfig(l *slog.Logger, cs *CertState, c *config.C) (*Firewal
 	inboundAction := c.GetString("firewall.inbound_action", "drop")
 	switch inboundAction {
 	case "reject":
-		fw.InSendReject = true
+		fw.InboundSendReject = true
 	case "drop":
-		fw.InSendReject = false
+		fw.InboundSendReject = false
 	default:
 		l.Warn("invalid firewall.inbound_action, defaulting to `drop`", "action", inboundAction)
-		fw.InSendReject = false
+		fw.InboundSendReject = false
 	}
 
 	outboundAction := c.GetString("firewall.outbound_action", "drop")
 	switch outboundAction {
 	case "reject":
-		fw.OutSendReject = true
+		fw.OutboundSendReject = true
 	case "drop":
-		fw.OutSendReject = false
+		fw.OutboundSendReject = false
 	default:
 		l.Warn("invalid firewall.outbound_action, defaulting to `drop`", "action", outboundAction)
-		fw.OutSendReject = false
+		fw.OutboundSendReject = false
 	}
 
 	err := AddFirewallRulesFromConfig(l, false, c, fw)

go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module github.com/slackhq/nebula
 
-go 1.25.0
+go 1.26.0
 
 require (
 	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.2
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/miekg/dns v1.1.72
 	github.com/miekg/pkcs11 v1.1.2
 	github.com/nbrownus/go-metrics-prometheus v0.0.0-20210712211119-974a6260965f
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.24.1
 	github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475
 	github.com/skip2/go-qrcode v0.0.0-20200617195104-da1b6568686e
 	github.com/stefanberger/go-pkcs11uri v0.0.0-20230803200340-78284954bff6
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ require (
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
 	go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0
 	go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090
-	golang.org/x/net v0.56.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.21.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.44.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.57.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.45.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230325221338-052af4a8072b
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v1.0.1
@@ -46,10 +46,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.70.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.21.1 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.5 // indirect
-	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.36.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.45.0 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -70,15 +70,14 @@ github.com/kardianos/service v1.3.0 h1:/LGy+xPP2TM+GLTiCZ2di7cy0Jd/qrawlTUfqKYFd
 github.com/kardianos/service v1.3.0/go.mod h1:E4V9ufUuY82F7Ztlu1eN9VXWIQxg8NoLQlmFe0MtrXc=
 github.com/kisielk/errcheck v1.5.0/go.mod h1:pFxgyoBC7bSaBwPgfKdkLd5X25qrDl4LWUI2bnpBCr8=
 github.com/kisielk/gotool v1.0.0/go.mod h1:XhKaO+MFFWcvkIS/tQcRk01m1F5IRFswLeQ+oQHNcck=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 h1:c/Cqfb0r+Yi+JtIEq73FWXVkRonBlf0CRNYc8Zttxdo=
-github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0/go.mod h1:2Pp+KzxcywXVXMr50+X0Q/Lsb43OQHYWRCY2AiWywWQ=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.19.1 h1:VsB4HPswih7mmZ8WleSFQ75c/Ui1M4trX5oAsJnhSlk=
+github.com/klauspost/compress v1.19.1/go.mod h1:cwPg85FWrGar70rWktvGQj8/hthj3wpl0PGDogxkrSQ=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.1/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/konsorten/go-windows-terminal-sequences v1.0.3/go.mod h1:T0+1ngSBFLxvqU3pZ+m/2kptfBszLMUkC4ZK/EgS/cQ=
 github.com/kr/logfmt v0.0.0-20140226030751-b84e30acd515/go.mod h1:+0opPa2QZZtGFBFZlji/RkVcI2GknAs/DXo4wKdlNEc=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.1.0/go.mod h1:dAy3ld7l9f0ibDNOQOHHMYYIIbhfbHSm3C4ZsoJORNo=
+github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1 h1:Fmg33tUaq4/8ym9TJN1x7sLJnHVwhP33CNkpYV/7rwI=
 github.com/kr/pretty v0.2.1/go.mod h1:ipq/a2n7PKx3OHsz4KJII5eveXtPO4qwEXGdVfWzfnI=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1 h1:flRD4NNwYAUpkphVc1HcthR4KEIFJ65n8Mw5qdRn3LE=
-github.com/kr/pretty v0.3.1/go.mod h1:hoEshYVHaxMs3cyo3Yncou5ZscifuDolrwPKZanG3xk=
 github.com/kr/pty v1.1.1/go.mod h1:pFQYn66WHrOpPYNljwOMqo10TkYh1fy3cYio2l3bCsQ=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0 h1:45sCR5RtlFHMR4UwH9sdQ5TC8v0qDQCHnXt+kaKSTVE=
 github.com/kr/text v0.1.0/go.mod h1:4Jbv+DJW3UT/LiOwJeYQe1efqtUx/iVham/4vfdArNI=
@@ -108,8 +107,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v0.9.1/go.mod h1:7SWBe2y4D6OKWSNQJUaRYU/AaXP
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.0.0/go.mod h1:db9x61etRT2tGnBNRi70OPL5FsnadC4Ky3P0J6CfImo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.7.1/go.mod h1:PY5Wy2awLA44sXw4AOSfFBetzPP4j5+D6mVACh+pe2M=
 github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.11.0/go.mod h1:Z6t4BnS23TR94PD6BsDNk8yVqroYurpAkEiz0P2BEV0=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2 h1:Je96obch5RDVy3FDMndoUsjAhG5Edi49h0RJWRi/o0o=
-github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2/go.mod h1:Tb1a6LWHB3/SPIzCoaDXI4I8UHKeFTEQ1YCr+0Gyqmg=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.24.1 h1:JnJkREXzWxUdCuPFpIWZiPispT9xVV59uiuyR2bPlnU=
+github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.24.1/go.mod h1:F+oSRECHg4sse5ucfYpYDeIv/hu68Zo0uoHKetWnzcE=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20180712105110-5c3871d89910/go.mod h1:MbSGuTsp3dbXC40dX6PRTWyKYBIrTGTE9sqQNg2J8bo=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.0.0-20190129233127-fd36f4220a90/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
 github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.2.0/go.mod h1:xMI15A0UPsDsEKsMN9yxemIoYk6Tm2C1GtYGdfGttqA=
@@ -118,18 +117,16 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2/go.mod h1:y3m2F6Gdpfy6Ut/GBsUqTWZqCUvM
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.4.1/go.mod h1:TNfzLD0ON7rHzMJeJkieUDPYmFC7Snx/y86RQel1bk4=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Tlit/dnDKsSWFlCLTWaA1cyBgKHSMdTB80sz/V91rCo=
 github.com/prometheus/common v0.26.0/go.mod h1:M7rCNAaPfAosfx8veZJCuw84e35h3Cfd9VFqTh1DIvc=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1 h1:h5E0h5/Y8niHc5DlaLlWLArTQI7tMrsfQjHV+d9ZoGs=
-github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1/go.mod h1:gcaUsgf3KfRSwHY4dIMXLPV0K/Wg1oZ8+SbZk/HH/dA=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.70.1 h1:1HvjP4D5oL3t8RsPlwxA9onvvStjtIHYE5XuuwOi/PY=
+github.com/prometheus/common v0.70.1/go.mod h1:VdFUQDMZK3VLkurFUVhia6uys/0suUp86TJz5qbJRhc=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.0-20181005140218-185b4288413d/go.mod h1:c3At6R/oaqEKCNdg8wHV1ftS6bRYblBhIjjI8uT2IGk=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.0.2/go.mod h1:TjEm7ze935MbeOT/UhFTIMYKhuLP4wbCsTZCD3I8kEA=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.1.3/go.mod h1:lV6e/gmhEcM9IjHGsFOCxxuZ+z1YqCvr4OA4YeYWdaU=
 github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.6.0/go.mod h1:cz+aTbrPOrUb4q7XlbU9ygM+/jj0fzG6c1xBZuNvfVA=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1 h1:hZ15bTNuirocR6u0JZ6BAHHmwS1p8B4P6MRqxtzMyRg=
-github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1/go.mod h1:teAbpZRB1iIAJYREa1LsoWUXykVXA1KlTmWl8x/U+Is=
+github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.21.1 h1:GljZCt+zSTS+NZq88cyQ1LjZ+RCHp3uVuabBWA5+OJI=
+github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.21.1/go.mod h1:aB55Cww9pdSJVHk0hUf0inxWyyjPogFIjmHKYgMKmtY=
 github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475 h1:N/ElC8H3+5XpJzTSTfLsJV/mx9Q9g7kxmchpfZyxgzM=
 github.com/rcrowley/go-metrics v0.0.0-20201227073835-cf1acfcdf475/go.mod h1:bCqnVzQkZxMG4s8nGwiZ5l3QUCyqpo9Y+/ZMZ9VjZe4=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0 h1:TMyTOH3F/DB16zRVcYyreMH6GnZZrwQVAoYjRBZyWFQ=
-github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.10.0/go.mod h1:UQnix2H7Ngw/k4C5ijL5+65zddjncjaFoBhdsK/akog=
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.2.0/go.mod h1:LxeOpSwHxABJmUn/MG1IvRgCAasNZTLOkJPxbbu5VWo=
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.4.2/go.mod h1:tLMulIdttU9McNUspp0xgXVQah82FyeX6MwdIuYE2rE=
 github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.6.0/go.mod h1:7uNnSEd1DgxDLC74fIahvMZmmYsHGZGEOFrfsX/uA88=
@@ -153,8 +150,8 @@ github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.1.27/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9de
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.2.1/go.mod h1:3hX8gzYuyVAZsxl0MRgGTJEmQBFcNTphYh9decYSb74=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0/go.mod h1:CoHD4mav9JJNrW/WLlf7HGZPjdw8EucARQHekz1X6bE=
-go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 h1:DzmwEr2rDGHl7lsFgAHxmNz/1NlQ7xLIrlN2h5d1eGI=
-go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2/go.mod h1:081UH+NErpNdqlCXm3TtEran0rJZGxAYx9hb/ELlsPU=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4 h1:tuyd0P+2Ont/d6e2rl3be67goVK4R6deVxCUX5vyPaQ=
+go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.4/go.mod h1:gMZqIpDtDqOfM0uNfy0SkpRhvUryYH0Z6wdMYcacYXQ=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4 h1:tfq32ie2Jv2UxXFdLJdh3jXuOzWiL1fo0bu/FbuKpbc=
 go.yaml.in/yaml/v3 v3.0.4/go.mod h1:DhzuOOF2ATzADvBadXxruRBLzYTpT36CKvDb3+aBEFg=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20180904163835-0709b304e793/go.mod h1:6SG95UA2DQfeDnfUPMdvaQW0Q7yPrPDi9nlGo2tz2b4=
@@ -162,8 +159,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACk
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210322153248-0c34fe9e7dc2/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0 h1:QZ4Muo8THX6CizN2vPPd5fBGHyogrdK9fG4wLPFUsto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.53.0/go.mod h1:DNLU434OwVakk9PzuwV8w62mAJpRJL3vsgcfp4Qnsio=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0 h1:YLIA59K4fiNzHzjnZt2tUJQjQtUWfWbeHBqKtk3eScw=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.54.0/go.mod h1:KWL8ny2AZdGR2cWmzeHrp2azQPGogOv+HeQaVEXC2dk=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090 h1:Di6/M8l0O2lCLc6VVRWhgCiApHV8MnQurBnFSHsQtNY=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230725093048-515e97ebf090/go.mod h1:FXUEEKJgO7OQYeo8N01OfiKP8RXMtf6e8aTskBGqWdc=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
@@ -182,8 +179,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLL
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200625001655-4c5254603344/go.mod h1:/O7V0waA8r7cgGh81Ro3o1hOxt32SMVPicZroKQ2sZA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
-golang.org/x/net v0.56.0 h1:Rw8j/hFzGvJUZwNBXnAtf5sVDVt+65SK2C7IxCxZt5o=
-golang.org/x/net v0.56.0/go.mod h1:D3Ku6r+V6JROoZK144D2XfMHFcMq/0zSfLelVTCFKec=
+golang.org/x/net v0.57.0 h1:K5+3DljvIuDG9/Jv9rvyMywYNFCQ9RSUY6OOTTkT+tE=
+golang.org/x/net v0.57.0/go.mod h1:KpXc8iv+r3XplLAG/f7Jsf9RPszJzdR0f58q9vGOuEU=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181221193216-37e7f081c4d4/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -191,8 +188,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201207232520-09787c993a3a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.21.0 h1:HLII4xRRTtCRkxYp4HNFF0Js/Og6q2i++KXbg0gHCwM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.21.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0 h1:SZjpbeLmrCk4xhRSZFNZW5gFUeCeFgjekvI/+gfScek=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.22.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180905080454-ebe1bf3edb33/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20181116152217-5ac8a444bdc5/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -208,11 +205,11 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210124154548-22da62e12c0c/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210603081109-ebe580a85c40/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.10.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0 h1:noSf2Fq6F8DBgS+LysIkx7rIExoNHJsxOAtPp4rthXw=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.46.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0 h1:o7XGOvZQCADBQQ4Y7VNq2dRWQR7JmOUW8Kxx4ZsNgWs=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.47.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
-golang.org/x/term v0.44.0 h1:0rLvDRCtNj0gZkyIXhCyOb2OAzEhLVqc4B+hrsBhrmc=
-golang.org/x/term v0.44.0/go.mod h1:7ze4MdzUzLXpSAoFP1H0bOI9aXDqveSvatT5vKcFh2Y=
+golang.org/x/term v0.45.0 h1:NwWyBmoJCbfTHpxrWoZ9C6/VxOf7ic219I8xZZFdrf0=
+golang.org/x/term v0.45.0/go.mod h1:9aqxs0blBcrm/n0L9QW0aRVD+ktan8ssZromtqJC43w=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=

handshake_manager.go

@@ -295,7 +295,13 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) handleOutbound(vpnIp netip.Addr, lighthouseTriggered
 		hm.messageMetrics.Tx(header.Handshake, hh.machine.Subtype(), 1)
 		err := hm.outside.WriteTo(stage0, addr)
 		if err != nil {
-			hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Error("Failed to send handshake message",
+			// These repeat every attempt, so match the success log below and only shout when the remotes changed
+			level := slog.LevelDebug
+			if remotesHaveChanged {
+				level = slog.LevelError
+			}
+
+			hostinfo.logger(hm.l).Log(context.Background(), level, "Failed to send handshake message",
 				"udpAddr", addr,
 				"initiatorIndex", hostinfo.localIndexId,
 				"handshake", hsFields,
@@ -430,14 +436,11 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) CheckAndComplete(hostinfo *HostInfo, handshakePacket
 	// Check if we already have a tunnel with this vpn ip
 	existingHostInfo, found := hm.mainHostMap.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
 	if found && existingHostInfo != nil {
-		testHostInfo := existingHostInfo
-		for testHostInfo != nil {
-			// Is it just a delayed handshake packet?
+		// Is it just a delayed handshake packet? Check every hostinfo we hold for this address.
+		for _, testHostInfo := range hm.mainHostMap.unlockedGetHostList(hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]) {
 			if bytes.Equal(hostinfo.HandshakePacket[handshakePacket], testHostInfo.HandshakePacket[handshakePacket]) {
 				return testHostInfo, ErrAlreadySeen
 			}
-
-			testHostInfo = testHostInfo.next
 		}
 
 		// Is this a newer handshake?
@@ -532,7 +535,9 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 
 func (hm *HandshakeManager) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	for _, addr := range hostinfo.vpnAddrs {
-		delete(hm.vpnIps, addr)
+		if cur, ok := hm.vpnIps[addr]; ok && cur.hostinfo == hostinfo {
+			delete(hm.vpnIps, addr)
+		}
 	}
 
 	if len(hm.vpnIps) == 0 {
@@ -1080,7 +1085,7 @@ func (hm *HandshakeManager) sendHandshakeResponse(via ViaSender, msg []byte, hos
 		hostinfo.relayState.InsertRelayTo(via.relayHI.vpnAddrs[0])
 		// We received a valid handshake on this relay, so make sure the relay
 		// state reflects that, in case it had been marked Disestablished.
-		via.relayHI.relayState.UpdateRelayForByIdxState(via.remoteIdx, Established)
+		via.relayHI.relayState.UpdateRelayForByIdxState(via.relay.LocalIndex, Established)
 		f.SendVia(via.relayHI, via.relay, msg, make([]byte, 12), make([]byte, mtu), false)
 		f.l.Info("Handshake message sent", append(logFields, "relay", via.relayHI.vpnAddrs[0])...)
 	}

hostmap.go

@@ -56,11 +56,20 @@ type Relay struct {
 }
 
 type HostMap struct {
-	sync.RWMutex    //Because we concurrently read and write to our maps
-	Indexes         map[uint32]*HostInfo
-	Relays          map[uint32]*HostInfo // Maps a Relay IDX to a Relay HostInfo object
-	RemoteIndexes   map[uint32]*HostInfo
+	sync.RWMutex  //Because we concurrently read and write to our maps
+	Indexes       map[uint32]*HostInfo
+	Relays        map[uint32]*HostInfo // Maps a Relay IDX to a Relay HostInfo object
+	RemoteIndexes map[uint32]*HostInfo
+	// Hosts maps a vpn address to its primary hostinfo, one entry per address we hold a tunnel
+	// for. moreHosts only has an entry while an address is held by 2 or more hostinfos and stores
+	// the full most-recent-first list; moreHosts[a][0] is always the same hostinfo as Hosts[a].
+	// Each address gets its own independent list, so a hostinfo owning multiple addresses can
+	// never corrupt another address's ordering the way the old shared next/prev chain could.
+	// Entries in moreHosts are only ever written by unlockedSetHostsForAddr; Hosts is written
+	// directly only in the single-hostinfo fast paths where moreHosts is known to have no entry,
+	// and unlockedDeleteHostInfo swaps either map for a fresh one when it fully drains.
 	Hosts           map[netip.Addr]*HostInfo
+	moreHosts       map[netip.Addr][]*HostInfo
 	preferredRanges atomic.Pointer[[]netip.Prefix]
 	l               *slog.Logger
 }
@@ -266,10 +275,6 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 	lastRoam       time.Time
 	lastRoamRemote netip.AddrPort
 
-	// Used to track other hostinfos for this vpn ip since only 1 can be primary
-	// Synchronised via hostmap lock and not the hostinfo lock.
-	next, prev *HostInfo
-
 	//TODO: in, out, and others might benefit from being an atomic.Int32. We could collapse connectionManager pendingDeletion, relayUsed, and in/out into this 1 thing
 	in, out, pendingDeletion atomic.Bool
 
@@ -282,7 +287,6 @@ type HostInfo struct {
 type ViaSender struct {
 	UdpAddr   netip.AddrPort
 	relayHI   *HostInfo // relayHI is the host info object of the relay
-	remoteIdx uint32    // remoteIdx is the index included in the header of the received packet
 	relay     *Relay    // relay contains the rest of the relay information, including the PeerIP of the host trying to communicate with us.
 	IsRelayed bool      // IsRelayed is true if the packet was sent through a relay
 }
@@ -334,6 +338,7 @@ func newHostMap(l *slog.Logger) *HostMap {
 		Relays:        map[uint32]*HostInfo{},
 		RemoteIndexes: map[uint32]*HostInfo{},
 		Hosts:         map[netip.Addr]*HostInfo{},
+		moreHosts:     map[netip.Addr][]*HostInfo{},
 		l:             l,
 	}
 }
@@ -382,13 +387,55 @@ func (hm *HostMap) EmitStats() {
 	metrics.GetOrRegisterGauge("hostmap.main.relayIndexes", nil).Update(int64(relaysLen))
 }
 
-// DeleteHostInfo will fully unlink the hostinfo and return true if it was the final hostinfo for this vpn ip
+// unlockedSetHostsForAddr stores the per-address hostinfo list (list[0] is the primary). An empty
+// list removes the address. This is the one place Hosts and moreHosts are written together, keep
+// it that way. Callers must hold the write lock.
+func (hm *HostMap) unlockedSetHostsForAddr(addr netip.Addr, list []*HostInfo) {
+	if len(list) == 0 {
+		delete(hm.Hosts, addr)
+		delete(hm.moreHosts, addr)
+		return
+	}
+	hm.Hosts[addr] = list[0]
+	if len(list) > 1 {
+		hm.moreHosts[addr] = list
+	} else {
+		delete(hm.moreHosts, addr)
+	}
+}
+
+// unlockedGetHostList returns every hostinfo holding addr, primary first, or nil if we have no
+// tunnel for addr. The common single-hostinfo case builds a fresh one element list, so keep this
+// off the packet hot path; the primary is a direct Hosts read. Callers must hold the lock (read
+// or write).
+func (hm *HostMap) unlockedGetHostList(addr netip.Addr) []*HostInfo {
+	if list, ok := hm.moreHosts[addr]; ok {
+		return list
+	}
+	if h, ok := hm.Hosts[addr]; ok {
+		return []*HostInfo{h}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// removeHostInfo returns list with hi removed (order preserved), or list unchanged if hi is
+// absent. It deletes in place: every mutator holds the hostmap write lock and no reader ever
+// retains a slice across a mutation (readers iterate under RLock), so there is no snapshot to
+// invalidate.
+func removeHostInfo(list []*HostInfo, hi *HostInfo) []*HostInfo {
+	idx := slices.Index(list, hi)
+	if idx < 0 {
+		return list
+	}
+	return slices.Delete(list, idx, idx+1)
+}
+
+// DeleteHostInfo will fully unlink the hostinfo and return true if no other hostinfo still holds
+// any of its vpn addrs, meaning we no longer have a tunnel to the peer
 func (hm *HostMap) DeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
 	// Delete the host itself, ensuring it's not modified anymore
 	hm.Lock()
-	// If we have a previous or next hostinfo then we are not the last one for this vpn ip
-	final := (hostinfo.next == nil && hostinfo.prev == nil)
-	hm.unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
+	final := hm.unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo)
 	hm.Unlock()
 
 	return final
@@ -400,71 +447,66 @@ func (hm *HostMap) MakePrimary(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	hm.unlockedMakePrimary(hostinfo)
 }
 
-func (hm *HostMap) unlockedMakePrimary(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	// Get the current primary, if it exists
-	oldHostinfo := hm.Hosts[hostinfo.vpnAddrs[0]]
-
-	// Every address in the hostinfo gets elevated to primary
-	for _, vpnAddr := range hostinfo.vpnAddrs {
-		//NOTE: It is possible that we leave a dangling hostinfo here but connection manager works on
-		// indexes so it should be fine.
-		hm.Hosts[vpnAddr] = hostinfo
+// unlockedMakePrimary reports whether hostinfo is (now) the primary for each of its addresses,
+// false only when it is no longer in the hostmap at all.
+func (hm *HostMap) unlockedMakePrimary(hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
+	// A hostinfo that is no longer in the hostmap must not be re-inserted here. Callers can race
+	// tunnel teardown, deciding to promote under the read lock and only taking the write lock
+	// after a delete fully unlinked the hostinfo (connection manager swapPrimary, AddRelay). Every
+	// live hostinfo is registered in Indexes by unlockedAddHostInfo, so this is a membership test.
+	if hm.Indexes[hostinfo.localIndexId] != hostinfo {
+		return false
 	}
 
-	// If we are already primary then we won't bother re-linking
-	if oldHostinfo == hostinfo {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Unlink this hostinfo
-	if hostinfo.prev != nil {
-		hostinfo.prev.next = hostinfo.next
-	}
-	if hostinfo.next != nil {
-		hostinfo.next.prev = hostinfo.prev
-	}
-
-	// If there wasn't a previous primary then clear out any links
-	if oldHostinfo == nil {
-		hostinfo.next = nil
-		hostinfo.prev = nil
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Relink the hostinfo as primary
-	hostinfo.next = oldHostinfo
-	oldHostinfo.prev = hostinfo
-	hostinfo.prev = nil
-}
-
-func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
-	isLastHostinfo := hostinfo.next == nil && hostinfo.prev == nil
-
+	// Move hostinfo to the front (primary) of each of its address lists. The lists are
+	// independent per address, so this can never leave a dangling entry the way promoting
+	// against a single shared chain could.
 	for _, addr := range hostinfo.vpnAddrs {
-		if hm.Hosts[addr] != hostinfo {
+		if hm.Hosts[addr] == hostinfo {
+			// Already primary for this address, the list is already in the right order
 			continue
 		}
-		if hostinfo.next != nil {
-			// Promote the next hostinfo in the shared chain to primary for this address
-			hm.Hosts[addr] = hostinfo.next
-		} else {
-			delete(hm.Hosts, addr)
+		list := removeHostInfo(hm.unlockedGetHostList(addr), hostinfo)
+		list = append([]*HostInfo{hostinfo}, list...)
+		hm.unlockedSetHostsForAddr(addr, list)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// unlockedDeleteHostInfo removes hostinfo from every one of its address lists and from the index
+// maps. It returns true if this was the last hostinfo for all of its addresses (we no longer have
+// any tunnel to the peer), which the caller uses to decide whether to clear learned lighthouse
+// state and disestablish relays.
+func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) bool {
+	// Remove this hostinfo from each of its address lists. The lists are independent, so a
+	// sibling is never promoted to an address it does not own and no other list is touched.
+	final := true
+	for _, addr := range hostinfo.vpnAddrs {
+		if list, ok := hm.moreHosts[addr]; ok {
+			list = removeHostInfo(list, hostinfo)
+			hm.unlockedSetHostsForAddr(addr, list)
+			if len(list) > 0 {
+				final = false
+			}
+		} else if existing, ok := hm.Hosts[addr]; ok {
+			if existing == hostinfo {
+				// Common case, the only hostinfo for this address. moreHosts has no entry to clean up.
+				delete(hm.Hosts, addr)
+			} else {
+				// We don't hold this address but another hostinfo does, we still have a tunnel to the peer
+				final = false
+			}
 		}
 	}
+
+	// Go maps never shrink their buckets, replace fully drained maps so a node that churned
+	// through a large peer count gives the memory back. Same idiom as the index maps below.
 	if len(hm.Hosts) == 0 {
 		hm.Hosts = map[netip.Addr]*HostInfo{}
 	}
-
-	// Splice this hostinfo out of the shared chain exactly once
-	if hostinfo.prev != nil {
-		hostinfo.prev.next = hostinfo.next
+	if len(hm.moreHosts) == 0 {
+		hm.moreHosts = map[netip.Addr][]*HostInfo{}
 	}
-	if hostinfo.next != nil {
-		hostinfo.next.prev = hostinfo.prev
-	}
-
-	hostinfo.next = nil
-	hostinfo.prev = nil
 
 	// The remote index uses index ids outside our control so lets make sure we are only removing
 	// the remote index pointer here if it points to the hostinfo we are deleting
@@ -488,7 +530,7 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 		)
 	}
 
-	if isLastHostinfo {
+	if final {
 		// I have lost connectivity to my peers. My relay tunnel is likely broken. Mark the next
 		// hops as 'Requested' so that new relay tunnels are created in the future.
 		hm.unlockedDisestablishVpnAddrRelayFor(hostinfo)
@@ -497,6 +539,8 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDeleteHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo) {
 	for _, localRelayIdx := range hostinfo.relayState.CopyRelayForIdxs() {
 		delete(hm.Relays, localRelayIdx)
 	}
+
+	return final
 }
 
 func (hm *HostMap) QueryIndex(index uint32) *HostInfo {
@@ -540,19 +584,30 @@ func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor(targetIps []netip.Addr, relayHostIp net
 	hm.RLock()
 	defer hm.RUnlock()
 
+	// This runs per relayed packet, so check the primary with a single map probe and only consult
+	// moreHosts when the primary can't relay for us.
 	h, ok := hm.Hosts[relayHostIp]
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, nil, errors.New("unable to find host")
 	}
 
-	for h != nil {
-		for _, targetIp := range targetIps {
-			r, ok := h.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(targetIp)
-			if ok && r.State == Established {
-				return h, r, nil
+	for _, targetIp := range targetIps {
+		r, ok := h.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(targetIp)
+		if ok && r.State == Established {
+			return h, r, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	if list, ok := hm.moreHosts[relayHostIp]; ok {
+		// list[0] is the primary we already checked
+		for _, h := range list[1:] {
+			for _, targetIp := range targetIps {
+				r, ok := h.relayState.QueryRelayForByIp(targetIp)
+				if ok && r.State == Established {
+					return h, r, nil
+				}
 			}
 		}
-		h = h.next
 	}
 
 	return nil, nil, errors.New("unable to find host with relay")
@@ -560,20 +615,14 @@ func (hm *HostMap) QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor(targetIps []netip.Addr, relayHostIp net
 
 func (hm *HostMap) unlockedDisestablishVpnAddrRelayFor(hi *HostInfo) {
 	for _, relayHostIp := range hi.relayState.CopyRelayIps() {
-		if h, ok := hm.Hosts[relayHostIp]; ok {
-			for h != nil {
-				h.relayState.UpdateRelayForByIpState(hi.vpnAddrs[0], Disestablished)
-				h = h.next
-			}
+		for _, h := range hm.unlockedGetHostList(relayHostIp) {
+			h.relayState.UpdateRelayForByIpState(hi.vpnAddrs[0], Disestablished)
 		}
 	}
 	for _, rs := range hi.relayState.CopyAllRelayFor() {
 		if rs.Type == ForwardingType {
-			if h, ok := hm.Hosts[rs.PeerAddr]; ok {
-				for h != nil {
-					h.relayState.UpdateRelayForByIpState(hi.vpnAddrs[0], Disestablished)
-					h = h.next
-				}
+			for _, h := range hm.unlockedGetHostList(rs.PeerAddr) {
+				h.relayState.UpdateRelayForByIpState(hi.vpnAddrs[0], Disestablished)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -623,22 +672,27 @@ func (hm *HostMap) unlockedAddHostInfo(hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
 }
 
 func (hm *HostMap) unlockedInnerAddHostInfo(vpnAddr netip.Addr, hostinfo *HostInfo, f *Interface) {
-	existing := hm.Hosts[vpnAddr]
-	hm.Hosts[vpnAddr] = hostinfo
-
-	if existing != nil && existing != hostinfo {
-		hostinfo.next = existing
-		existing.prev = hostinfo
+	existing, ok := hm.Hosts[vpnAddr]
+	if !ok {
+		// Common case, the first hostinfo for this address. moreHosts stays empty.
+		hm.Hosts[vpnAddr] = hostinfo
+		return
 	}
 
-	i := 1
-	check := hostinfo
-	for check != nil {
-		if i > MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp {
-			hm.unlockedDeleteHostInfo(check)
-		}
-		check = check.next
-		i++
+	// The new hostinfo becomes the primary for this address. Remove any stale copy of it first so
+	// we never hold a duplicate, then prepend.
+	list, ok := hm.moreHosts[vpnAddr]
+	if !ok {
+		list = []*HostInfo{existing}
+	}
+	list = removeHostInfo(list, hostinfo)
+	list = append([]*HostInfo{hostinfo}, list...)
+	hm.unlockedSetHostsForAddr(vpnAddr, list)
+
+	// Enforce the per-address cap by fully retiring the oldest hostinfo once we exceed it.
+	// Deleting it removes it from all of its addresses and the index maps, matching prior behavior.
+	if len(list) > MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp {
+		hm.unlockedDeleteHostInfo(list[len(list)-1])
 	}
 }
 

hostmap_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package nebula
 
 import (
 	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
@@ -10,78 +11,84 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
+// chainIds returns the localIndexIds of the hostinfos holding addr, primary (index 0) first. It
+// also validates the Hosts/moreHosts sync contract on every call so a mutation that broke it
+// fails fast.
+func chainIds(t *testing.T, hm *HostMap, addr netip.Addr) []uint32 {
+	t.Helper()
+	assertHostMapInvariants(t, hm)
+	list := hm.unlockedGetHostList(addr)
+	ids := make([]uint32, len(list))
+	for i, h := range list {
+		ids[i] = h.localIndexId
+	}
+	return ids
+}
+
+// assertHostMapInvariants checks the Hosts/moreHosts contract: moreHosts only holds addresses
+// with 2 or more hostinfos, its first entry is always the primary in Hosts, lists never hold
+// duplicates, every hostinfo in a list owns the address and is registered in Indexes, and every
+// indexed hostinfo is reachable through each of its addresses.
+func assertHostMapInvariants(t *testing.T, hm *HostMap) {
+	t.Helper()
+	for addr, list := range hm.moreHosts {
+		require.GreaterOrEqualf(t, len(list), 2, "moreHosts[%s] must hold at least 2 hostinfos", addr)
+		require.Samef(t, hm.Hosts[addr], list[0], "moreHosts[%s][0] must match the primary in Hosts", addr)
+		seen := map[*HostInfo]bool{}
+		for _, h := range list {
+			require.NotNilf(t, h, "moreHosts[%s] must never hold a nil hostinfo", addr)
+			require.Falsef(t, seen[h], "moreHosts[%s] holds hostinfo %d twice", addr, h.localIndexId)
+			seen[h] = true
+			require.Samef(t, hm.Indexes[h.localIndexId], h, "moreHosts[%s] member %d is not registered in Indexes", addr, h.localIndexId)
+			require.Truef(t, slices.Contains(h.vpnAddrs, addr), "moreHosts[%s] member %d does not own the address", addr, h.localIndexId)
+		}
+	}
+	for addr, h := range hm.Hosts {
+		require.NotNilf(t, h, "Hosts[%s] must never be nil", addr)
+		require.Samef(t, hm.Indexes[h.localIndexId], h, "Hosts[%s] primary %d is not registered in Indexes", addr, h.localIndexId)
+		require.Truef(t, slices.Contains(h.vpnAddrs, addr), "Hosts[%s] primary (index %d) does not own the address", addr, h.localIndexId)
+	}
+	for idx, h := range hm.Indexes {
+		require.Equalf(t, idx, h.localIndexId, "Indexes[%d] holds hostinfo with localIndexId %d", idx, h.localIndexId)
+		for _, va := range h.vpnAddrs {
+			require.Truef(t, slices.Contains(hm.unlockedGetHostList(va), h), "indexed hostinfo %d is missing from the list for %s", idx, va)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func TestHostMap_MakePrimary(t *testing.T) {
 	l := test.NewLogger()
 	hm := newHostMap(l)
 
 	f := &Interface{}
+	a := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")
 
-	h1 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 1}
-	h2 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 2}
-	h3 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 3}
-	h4 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 4}
+	h1 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 1}
+	h2 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 2}
+	h3 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 3}
+	h4 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 4}
 
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h4, f)
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h3, f)
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h2, f)
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h1, f)
 
-	// Make sure we go h1 -> h2 -> h3 -> h4
-	prim := hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, h2.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h2.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h3.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h3.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h4.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h4.next)
+	// Most-recently-added is primary: h1, h2, h3, h4
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{1, 2, 3, 4}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, h1, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
 
-	// Swap h3/middle to primary
+	// Swap the middle to primary: h3, h1, h2, h4
 	hm.MakePrimary(h3)
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{3, 1, 2, 4}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, h3, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
 
-	// Make sure we go h3 -> h1 -> h2 -> h4
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h1.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h1.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h2.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, h2.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h4.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h4.next)
-
-	// Swap h4/tail to primary
+	// Swap the tail to primary: h4, h3, h1, h2
 	hm.MakePrimary(h4)
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{4, 3, 1, 2}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 
-	// Make sure we go h4 -> h3 -> h1 -> h2
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, h3.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h3.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h1.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h1.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, h2.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h2.next)
-
-	// Swap h4 again should be no-op
+	// Swapping the current primary again is a no-op
 	hm.MakePrimary(h4)
-
-	// Make sure we go h4 -> h3 -> h1 -> h2
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, h3.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h3.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h1.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h1.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, h2.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h2.next)
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{4, 3, 1, 2}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 }
 
 func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
@@ -89,13 +96,14 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	hm := newHostMap(l)
 
 	f := &Interface{}
+	a := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")
 
-	h1 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 1}
-	h2 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 2}
-	h3 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 3}
-	h4 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 4}
-	h5 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 5}
-	h6 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")}, localIndexId: 6}
+	h1 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 1}
+	h2 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 2}
+	h3 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 3}
+	h4 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 4}
+	h5 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 5}
+	h6 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 6}
 
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h6, f)
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h5, f)
@@ -104,94 +112,110 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h2, f)
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h1, f)
 
-	// h6 should be deleted
-	assert.Nil(t, h6.next)
-	assert.Nil(t, h6.prev)
-	h := hm.QueryIndex(h6.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h)
+	// h6 is evicted by the MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp cap; the rest are newest-first.
+	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryIndex(h6.localIndexId))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 
-	// Make sure we go h1 -> h2 -> h3 -> h4 -> h5
-	prim := hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h1.localIndexId, h2.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h2.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h3.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h3.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h4.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h5.localIndexId, h4.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h5.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h5.next)
+	// Delete primary; not final since siblings remain.
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h1))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 3, 4, 5}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 
-	// Delete primary
-	hm.DeleteHostInfo(h1)
-	assert.Nil(t, h1.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, h1.next)
+	// Deleting the same hostinfo again must not report final while siblings remain and must not
+	// disturb the list. The old chain code got this wrong: the first delete nil'd next/prev, so a
+	// second delete looked final and wiped lighthouse state out from under the live sibling.
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h1))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 3, 4, 5}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 
-	// Make sure we go h2 -> h3 -> h4 -> h5
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h2.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h3.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h3.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h3.localIndexId, h4.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h5.localIndexId, h4.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h5.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h5.next)
+	// Delete a middle node.
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h3))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 4, 5}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 
-	// Delete in the middle
-	hm.DeleteHostInfo(h3)
-	assert.Nil(t, h3.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, h3.next)
+	// Delete the tail.
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h5))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 4}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 
-	// Make sure we go h2 -> h4 -> h5
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h2.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h4.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h5.localIndexId, h4.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h5.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h5.next)
+	// Delete the head; h4 remains and becomes primary.
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h2))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{4}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, h4, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
 
-	// Delete the tail
-	hm.DeleteHostInfo(h5)
-	assert.Nil(t, h5.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, h5.next)
+	// Delete the only remaining item; final is true and the address is gone.
+	assert.True(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h4))
+	assert.Empty(t, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
 
-	// Make sure we go h2 -> h4
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, h2.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, h2.localIndexId, h4.prev.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, h4.next)
+	// Deleting an already-gone hostinfo is still final; nothing holds the address anymore.
+	assert.True(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h4))
+	assert.Empty(t, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+}
 
-	// Delete the head
-	hm.DeleteHostInfo(h2)
-	assert.Nil(t, h2.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, h2.next)
+// TestHostMap_MakePrimary_DeletedHostInfo covers promoting a hostinfo that lost a race with
+// tunnel teardown: swapPrimary and AddRelay decide to promote while holding a stale pointer and
+// only take the write lock after a delete fully unlinked the hostinfo. MakePrimary must be a
+// no-op, not a resurrection that installs an unmanaged primary.
+func TestHostMap_MakePrimary_DeletedHostInfo(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	hm := newHostMap(l)
+	f := &Interface{}
+	a := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")
 
-	// Make sure we only have h4
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Equal(t, h4.localIndexId, prim.localIndexId)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, prim.next)
-	assert.Nil(t, h4.next)
+	h1 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 1}
+	h2 := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 2}
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h1, f)
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(h2, f)
 
-	// Delete the only item
-	hm.DeleteHostInfo(h4)
-	assert.Nil(t, h4.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, h4.next)
+	// h1 is fully deleted while another goroutine still holds a pointer to it.
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(h1))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
 
-	// Make sure we have nil
-	prim = hm.QueryVpnAddr(netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1"))
-	assert.Nil(t, prim)
+	// The stale promote must not bring it back.
+	hm.MakePrimary(h1)
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, h2, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
+	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryIndex(h1.localIndexId))
+}
+
+// TestHostMap_QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor_NonPrimary makes sure a relay established on an older
+// hostinfo is still found after a newer tunnel without relay state takes primary for the same
+// address. The lookup checks the primary first and falls back to the rest of the list.
+func TestHostMap_QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor_NonPrimary(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	hm := newHostMap(l)
+	f := &Interface{}
+	relayAddr := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.9")
+	target := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")
+
+	older := &HostInfo{
+		vpnAddrs:     []netip.Addr{relayAddr},
+		localIndexId: 1,
+		relayState: RelayState{
+			relayForByAddr: map[netip.Addr]*Relay{},
+			relayForByIdx:  map[uint32]*Relay{},
+		},
+	}
+	older.relayState.InsertRelay(target, 100, &Relay{Type: ForwardingType, State: Established, LocalIndex: 100, PeerAddr: target})
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(older, f)
+
+	// The relay is found on the primary.
+	h, r, err := hm.QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor([]netip.Addr{target}, relayAddr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, older, h)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint32(100), r.LocalIndex)
+
+	// A re-handshake with no relay state takes primary; the established relay on the older
+	// hostinfo must still be found through the fallback.
+	newer := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{relayAddr}, localIndexId: 2}
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(newer, f)
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 1}, chainIds(t, hm, relayAddr))
+
+	h, r, err = hm.QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor([]netip.Addr{target}, relayAddr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, older, h)
+	assert.Equal(t, uint32(100), r.LocalIndex)
+
+	// No hostinfo at all is a plain miss.
+	_, _, err = hm.QueryVpnAddrsRelayFor([]netip.Addr{target}, netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.42"))
+	require.Error(t, err)
 }
 
 // TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo_MultipleVpnAddrs exercises the case where a hostinfo carries more than one
@@ -216,32 +240,82 @@ func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo_MultipleVpnAddrs(t *testing.T) {
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(other, f)
 	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(head, f)
 
-	// head is primary for both addresses, other is next in the shared chain
-	assert.Equal(t, head.localIndexId, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a).localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, head.localIndexId, hm.QueryVpnAddr(b).localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, other.localIndexId, head.next.localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, head.localIndexId, other.prev.localIndexId)
+	// head is primary for both addresses, other is next in each address's list.
+	assert.Equal(t, head, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
+	assert.Equal(t, head, hm.QueryVpnAddr(b))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 1}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 1}, chainIds(t, hm, b))
 
 	// Delete the head. other is still live, so it must become primary for BOTH addresses.
-	hm.DeleteHostInfo(head)
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(head))
+	assert.Equal(t, other, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
+	assert.Equal(t, other, hm.QueryVpnAddr(b))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{1}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{1}, chainIds(t, hm, b))
 
-	// Pre-fix: QueryVpnAddr(b) came back nil here because the second address was deleted rather than
-	// promoted, leaving other unreachable at b.
-	require.NotNil(t, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
-	require.NotNil(t, hm.QueryVpnAddr(b))
-	assert.Equal(t, other.localIndexId, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a).localIndexId)
-	assert.Equal(t, other.localIndexId, hm.QueryVpnAddr(b).localIndexId)
-
-	// other is now the only hostinfo in the chain
-	assert.Nil(t, other.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, other.next)
-
-	// head is fully detached
-	assert.Nil(t, head.prev)
-	assert.Nil(t, head.next)
+	// head is fully removed from the index map.
 	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryIndex(head.localIndexId))
 }
 
+// TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo_DivergentVpnAddrs covers chained hostinfos for the same peer whose
+// vpnAddrs sets differ (a re-handshake cert added a second address). Deleting the superset node
+// must not promote a sibling to an address it does not own.
+func TestHostMap_DeleteHostInfo_DivergentVpnAddrs(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	hm := newHostMap(l)
+	f := &Interface{}
+	a := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")
+	b := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.2")
+
+	// sub owns only a; super (a newer handshake) owns a and b.
+	sub := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 1}
+	super := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a, b}, localIndexId: 2}
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(sub, f)
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(super, f)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2, 1}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{2}, chainIds(t, hm, b))
+
+	// Delete super: a promotes to sub (which owns it); b has no remaining owner and must be
+	// removed, not dangled at sub (which does not own b).
+	assert.False(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(super))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{1}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Empty(t, chainIds(t, hm, b))
+	assert.Equal(t, sub, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
+	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryVpnAddr(b))
+	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryIndex(super.localIndexId))
+
+	// Deleting sub cleans up fully.
+	assert.True(t, hm.DeleteHostInfo(sub))
+	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a))
+	assertHostMapInvariants(t, hm)
+}
+
+// TestHostMap_AddDivergentOverlap covers a new hostinfo claiming addresses currently owned by two
+// DIFFERENT hostinfos. The old single shared next/prev chain overwrote a pointer and orphaned one
+// of them (in Indexes but unreachable via its address); independent per-address lists cannot.
+func TestHostMap_AddDivergentOverlap(t *testing.T) {
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	hm := newHostMap(l)
+	f := &Interface{}
+	a := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.1")
+	b := netip.MustParseAddr("0.0.0.2")
+
+	hiA := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a}, localIndexId: 1}
+	hiP := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{b}, localIndexId: 2}
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(hiA, f)
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(hiP, f)
+
+	hiB := &HostInfo{vpnAddrs: []netip.Addr{a, b}, localIndexId: 3}
+	hm.unlockedAddHostInfo(hiB, f)
+
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{3, 1}, chainIds(t, hm, a))
+	assert.Equal(t, []uint32{3, 2}, chainIds(t, hm, b))
+	// hiA is still reachable via its address (not orphaned) and still indexed.
+	assert.Contains(t, chainIds(t, hm, a), hiA.localIndexId)
+	assert.NotNil(t, hm.QueryIndex(hiA.localIndexId))
+}
+
 // TestHostMap_MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp_MultipleVpnAddrs verifies the MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp overflow prune
 // (unlockedInnerAddHostInfo calls unlockedDeleteHostInfo on the oldest node once the chain is too long)
 // still behaves when hostinfos carry more than one vpnAddr. The pruned node is always the tail, so it is
@@ -267,32 +341,14 @@ func TestHostMap_MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp_MultipleVpnAddrs(t *testing.T) {
 
 	oldest := hostinfos[len(hostinfos)-1]
 
-	// The oldest hostinfo should have been pruned and fully detached
-	assert.Nil(t, oldest.next)
-	assert.Nil(t, oldest.prev)
+	// The oldest hostinfo was pruned from both lists and the index map.
 	assert.Nil(t, hm.QueryIndex(oldest.localIndexId))
 
-	// Both addresses resolve to the same head, and that head is one of the survivors (not the pruned one)
-	primA := hm.QueryVpnAddr(a)
-	primB := hm.QueryVpnAddr(b)
-	require.NotNil(t, primA)
-	require.NotNil(t, primB)
-	assert.Equal(t, primA.localIndexId, primB.localIndexId)
-	assert.NotEqual(t, oldest.localIndexId, primA.localIndexId)
-
-	// Walk the shared chain: exactly MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp survivors, no cycles, oldest absent
-	seen := map[uint32]struct{}{}
-	for h := primA; h != nil; h = h.next {
-		_, dup := seen[h.localIndexId]
-		require.False(t, dup, "cycle detected in hostinfo chain")
-		seen[h.localIndexId] = struct{}{}
-		if h.next != nil {
-			assert.Equal(t, h.localIndexId, h.next.prev.localIndexId, "prev pointer must mirror next")
-		}
-	}
-	assert.Len(t, seen, MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp)
-	_, prunedStillPresent := seen[oldest.localIndexId]
-	assert.False(t, prunedStillPresent)
+	// Both addresses hold exactly MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp survivors in the same order; oldest is absent.
+	require.Len(t, chainIds(t, hm, a), MaxHostInfosPerVpnIp)
+	assert.Equal(t, chainIds(t, hm, a), chainIds(t, hm, b), "both addresses must list the same survivors in the same order")
+	assert.NotContains(t, chainIds(t, hm, a), oldest.localIndexId)
+	assert.Equal(t, hm.QueryVpnAddr(a), hm.QueryVpnAddr(b))
 }
 
 func TestHostMap_reload(t *testing.T) {

inside.go

@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ func (f *Interface) consumeInsidePacket(packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet
 }
 
 func (f *Interface) rejectInside(packet []byte, out []byte, q int) {
-	if !f.firewall.InSendReject {
+	if !f.firewall.OutboundSendReject {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ func (f *Interface) rejectInside(packet []byte, out []byte, q int) {
 }
 
 func (f *Interface) rejectOutside(packet []byte, ci *ConnectionState, hostinfo *HostInfo, nb, out []byte, q int) {
-	if !f.firewall.OutSendReject {
+	if !f.firewall.InboundSendReject {
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ func (f *Interface) sendNoMetrics(t header.MessageType, st header.MessageSubType
 		if err != nil {
 			hostinfo.logger(f.l).Error("Failed to write outgoing packet",
 				"error", err,
-				"udpAddr", remote,
+				"udpAddr", hr,
 			)
 		}
 	} else {

interface.go

@@ -215,6 +215,9 @@ func NewInterface(ctx context.Context, c *InterfaceConfig) (*Interface, error) {
 
 	ifce.connectionManager.intf = ifce
 
+	// Held until Close so waiting on the interface blocks until the resources are actually released
+	ifce.wg.Add(1)
+
 	return ifce, nil
 }
 
@@ -258,17 +261,16 @@ func (f *Interface) activate() error {
 		f.readers[i] = reader
 	}
 
-	f.wg.Add(1) // for us to wait on Close() to return
+	// On error the caller owns the cleanup, Control.Start cancels the service context
+	// before releasing our resources so a waiter never observes a live context
 	if err = f.inside.Activate(); err != nil {
-		f.wg.Done()
-		f.inside.Close()
 		return err
 	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) run() (func() error, error) {
+func (f *Interface) run() {
 	// Launch n queues to read packets from udp
 	for i := 0; i < f.routines; i++ {
 		f.wg.Go(func() {
@@ -283,13 +285,14 @@ func (f *Interface) run() (func() error, error) {
 		})
 	}
 
-	return func() error {
-		f.wg.Wait()
-		if e := f.fatalErr.Load(); e != nil {
-			return *e
-		}
-		return nil
-	}, nil
+}
+
+func (f *Interface) wait() error {
+	f.wg.Wait()
+	if e := f.fatalErr.Load(); e != nil {
+		return *e
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // onFatal stores the first fatal reader error, and calls triggerShutdown if it was the first one
@@ -322,7 +325,10 @@ func (f *Interface) listenOut(i int) {
 		f.readOutsidePackets(ViaSender{UdpAddr: fromUdpAddr}, plaintext[:0], payload, h, fwPacket, lhh, nb, i, ctCache.Get())
 	})
 
-	if err != nil && !f.closed.Load() {
+	// An error after teardown began is shutdown noise, the closed flag covers resources
+	// Close releases itself and the cancelled ctx covers ones torn down by their owners
+	// reacting to it, like the user device pipes
+	if err != nil && !f.closed.Load() && f.ctx.Err() == nil {
 		f.l.Error("Error while reading inbound packet, closing", "error", err)
 		f.onFatal(err)
 	}
@@ -341,7 +347,8 @@ func (f *Interface) listenIn(reader io.ReadWriteCloser, i int) {
 	for {
 		n, err := reader.Read(packet)
 		if err != nil {
-			if !f.closed.Load() {
+			// Same shutdown noise handling as listenOut
+			if !f.closed.Load() && f.ctx.Err() == nil {
 				f.l.Error("Error while reading outbound packet, closing", "error", err, "reader", i)
 				f.onFatal(err)
 			}
@@ -542,9 +549,15 @@ func (f *Interface) GetCertState() *CertState {
 	return f.pki.getCertState()
 }
 
+// Close releases the interface's resources: the udp sockets and the tun device.
+// It is idempotent and safe to call at any point in the lifecycle, including on an interface that never activated,
+// calls after the first return nil without doing anything.
 func (f *Interface) Close() error {
+	if !f.closed.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
 	var errs []error
-	f.closed.Store(true)
 
 	// Release the udp readers
 	for i, u := range f.writers {
@@ -560,6 +573,8 @@ func (f *Interface) Close() error {
 	if closeErr != nil {
 		errs = append(errs, closeErr)
 	}
+
+	// Release the construction token so waiters know the resources are gone
 	f.wg.Done()
 	return errors.Join(errs...)
 }

lighthouse.go

@@ -36,6 +36,10 @@ type LightHouse struct {
 	myVpnNetworksTable *bart.Lite
 	punchy             *Punchy
 
+	// localAddrsFn enumerates the underlay addresses we advertise. It is a field so tests can supply simulated
+	// addresses rather than whatever this machine's NICs happen to be. Set it before Start.
+	localAddrsFn func(*LocalAllowList) []netip.Addr
+
 	// Local cache of answers from light houses
 	// map of vpn addr to answers
 	addrMap map[netip.Addr]*RemoteList
@@ -107,6 +111,10 @@ func NewLightHouseFromConfig(ctx context.Context, l *slog.Logger, c *config.C, c
 		queryChan:          make(chan netip.Addr, c.GetUint32("handshakes.query_buffer", 64)),
 		l:                  l,
 	}
+	h.localAddrsFn = func(al *LocalAllowList) []netip.Addr {
+		return localAddrs(h.l, al)
+	}
+
 	lighthouses := make([]netip.Addr, 0)
 	h.lighthouses.Store(&lighthouses)
 	staticList := make(map[netip.Addr]struct{})
@@ -918,7 +926,7 @@ func (lh *LightHouse) SendUpdate() {
 	}
 
 	lal := lh.GetLocalAllowList()
-	for _, e := range localAddrs(lh.l, lal) {
+	for _, e := range lh.localAddrsFn(lal) {
 		if lh.myVpnNetworksTable.Contains(e) {
 			continue
 		}

main.go

@@ -130,6 +130,17 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, l *slog.Logger, dev
 	udpConns := make([]udp.Conn, routines)
 	port := c.GetInt("listen.port", 0)
 
+	// Callers get no handle to these until the Control is returned, release them on any error.
+	defer func() {
+		if reterr != nil {
+			for _, u := range udpConns {
+				if u != nil {
+					_ = u.Close()
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
 	if !configTest {
 		rawListenHost := c.GetString("listen.host", "0.0.0.0")
 		var listenHost netip.Addr
@@ -257,6 +268,8 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, l *slog.Logger, dev
 
 	attachCommands(l, c, ssh, ifce)
 
+	networkChanges := udp.NewNetworkChangeMonitor(ctx, l, c)
+
 	return &Control{
 		state:                  StateReady,
 		f:                      ifce,
@@ -267,6 +280,7 @@ func Main(c *config.C, configTest bool, buildVersion string, l *slog.Logger, dev
 		statsStart:             stats.Start,
 		dnsStart:               ds.Start,
 		lighthouseStart:        lightHouse.StartUpdateWorker,
+		networkChangeStart:     networkChanges.Start,
 		connectionManagerStart: connManager.Start,
 	}, nil
 }

outside.go

@@ -102,27 +102,31 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte,
 		return
 	}
 
+	if len(packet) < header.Len+hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead() {
+		f.messageMetrics.RxInvalid(1)
+		if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
+			f.l.Debug("packet too small", "from", via, "length", len(packet))
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
 	// All remaining packets are encrypted
-	ci := hostinfo.ConnectionState
-	if !ci.window.Check(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Relay packets are special
 	if isMessageRelay {
+		// Relay packets are special, this branch should always early-return
+		if err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.VerifyRelay(f.l, h.MessageCounter, packet, nb); err != nil {
+			if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
+				hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debug("Failed to verify relay packet", "error", err, "from", via, "header", h)
+			}
+			return
+		}
 		f.handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo, via, out, packet, h, fwPacket, lhf, nb, q, localCache)
-
 		return
 	}
 
-	out, err = f.decrypt(hostinfo, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, h, nb)
+	out, err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.Decrypt(f.l, h.MessageCounter, out, packet, nb)
 	if err != nil {
 		if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-			hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debug("Failed to decrypt packet",
-				"error", err,
-				"from", via,
-				"header", h,
-			)
+			hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debug("Failed to decrypt packet", "error", err, "from", via, "header", h)
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -151,7 +155,7 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte,
 			// No-op, useful for the Roaming and connectionManager side-effects above
 		case header.TestRequest:
 			//recycle the input packet ciphertext as our output buffer
-			f.send(header.Test, header.TestReply, ci, hostinfo, out, nb, packet)
+			f.send(header.Test, header.TestReply, hostinfo.ConnectionState, hostinfo, out, nb, packet)
 		default:
 			hostinfo.logger(f.l).Error("IsValidSubType was true, but unexpected test subtype seen", "from", via, "header", h)
 			return
@@ -170,27 +174,8 @@ func (f *Interface) readOutsidePackets(via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte,
 }
 
 func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, lhf *LightHouseHandler, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
-	// The entire body is sent as AD, not encrypted.
-	// The packet consists of a 16-byte parsed Nebula header, Associated Data-protected payload, and a trailing 16-byte AEAD signature value.
-	// The packet is guaranteed to be at least 16 bytes at this point, b/c it got past the h.Parse() call above. If it's
-	// otherwise malformed (meaning, there is no trailing 16 byte AEAD value), then this will result in at worst a 0-length slice
-	// which will gracefully fail in the DecryptDanger call.
-	signedPayload := packet[:len(packet)-hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead()]
-	signatureValue := packet[len(packet)-hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead():]
-	var err error
-	out, err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.DecryptDanger(out, signedPayload, signatureValue, h.MessageCounter, nb)
-	if err != nil {
-		return
-	}
-	// Advance the replay window now that the frame is authenticated
-	if !hostinfo.ConnectionState.window.Update(f.l, h.MessageCounter) {
-		if f.l.Enabled(context.Background(), slog.LevelDebug) {
-			hostinfo.logger(f.l).Debug("dropping out of window relay packet", "header", h)
-		}
-		return
-	}
-	// Successfully validated the thing. Get rid of the Relay header.
-	signedPayload = signedPayload[header.Len:]
+	// Successfully validated the thing. Get rid of the Relay header and the AEAD tag
+	signedPayload := packet[header.Len : len(packet)-hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.Overhead()]
 	// Pull the Roaming parts up here, and return in all call paths.
 	f.handleHostRoaming(hostinfo, via)
 	// Track usage of both the HostInfo and the Relay for the received & authenticated packet
@@ -214,7 +199,6 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender,
 		via = ViaSender{
 			UdpAddr:   via.UdpAddr,
 			relayHI:   hostinfo,
-			remoteIdx: relay.RemoteIndex,
 			relay:     relay,
 			IsRelayed: true,
 		}
@@ -235,9 +219,10 @@ func (f *Interface) handleOutsideRelayPacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, via ViaSender,
 		if targetRelay.State == Established {
 			switch targetRelay.Type {
 			case ForwardingType:
-				// Forward this packet through the relay tunnel
-				// Find the target HostInfo
-				f.SendVia(targetHI, targetRelay, signedPayload, nb, out, false)
+				// Forward this packet through the relay tunnel, rebuilding it in place.
+				// Encode overwrites the old outer header, and the new AEAD tag lands where the old one was
+				fwdBuf := packet[:0:len(packet)] // Cap to len(packet) to protect memory from a larger parent buffer
+				f.SendVia(targetHI, targetRelay, signedPayload, nb, fwdBuf, true)
 			case TerminalType:
 				hostinfo.logger(f.l).Error("Unexpected Relay Type of Terminal")
 				return
@@ -504,20 +489,6 @@ func parseV4(data []byte, incoming bool, fp *firewall.Packet) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (f *Interface) decrypt(hostinfo *HostInfo, mc uint64, out []byte, packet []byte, h *header.H, nb []byte) ([]byte, error) {
-	var err error
-	out, err = hostinfo.ConnectionState.dKey.DecryptDanger(out, packet[:header.Len], packet[header.Len:], mc, nb)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
-	if !hostinfo.ConnectionState.window.Update(f.l, mc) {
-		return nil, ErrOutOfWindow
-	}
-
-	return out, nil
-}
-
 func (f *Interface) handleOutsideMessagePacket(hostinfo *HostInfo, out []byte, packet []byte, fwPacket *firewall.Packet, nb []byte, q int, localCache firewall.ConntrackCache) {
 	err := newPacket(out, true, fwPacket)
 	if err != nil {

overlay/tun_android.go

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip
 
 	err := t.reload(c, true)
 	if err != nil {
+		_ = file.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 

overlay/tun_freebsd.go

@@ -659,7 +659,6 @@ func addRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, gateway netroute.Addr) error {
 				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create route.RouteMessage for change: %w", err)
 			}
 			_, err = unix.Write(sock, data[:])
-			fmt.Println("DOING CHANGE")
 			return err
 		}
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write route.RouteMessage to socket: %w", err)

overlay/tun_ios.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/routing"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/util"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )
 
 type tun struct {
@@ -33,6 +34,12 @@ func newTun(_ *config.C, _ *slog.Logger, _ []netip.Prefix, _ bool) (*tun, error)
 }
 
 func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
+	if err := unix.SetNonblock(deviceFd, true); err != nil {
+		// We own the fd from the moment it is handed to us, same as the reload error path below
+		_ = unix.Close(deviceFd)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to set the tun fd to non-blocking mode: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	file := os.NewFile(uintptr(deviceFd), "/dev/tun")
 	t := &tun{
 		vpnNetworks:     vpnNetworks,
@@ -42,6 +49,7 @@ func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip
 
 	err := t.reload(c, true)
 	if err != nil {
+		_ = file.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
 

overlay/tun_linux.go

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ package overlay
 
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
-	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"log/slog"
@@ -251,17 +250,6 @@ func newTunFromFd(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, deviceFd int, vpnNetworks []netip
 }
 
 func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueue bool) (*tun, error) {
-	// Validate the device name up front so a bad tun.dev fails fast, before we
-	// open /dev/net/tun or leak a file descriptor. A single %d in the name is
-	// substituted by the kernel during TUNSETIFF (dev_alloc_name) with the
-	// lowest number that yields an unused device name. Resolving the template
-	// in the kernel keeps the pick-a-name/create-the-device pair atomic, so
-	// concurrent callers can never race each other to the same name.
-	tunName := c.GetString("tun.dev", "nebula%d")
-	if err := validateTunName(tunName); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	fd, err := unix.Open("/dev/net/tun", os.O_RDWR, 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		// If /dev/net/tun doesn't exist, try to create it (will happen in docker)
@@ -289,11 +277,12 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueue
 	if multiqueue {
 		req.Flags |= unix.IFF_MULTI_QUEUE
 	}
-	copy(req.Name[:], tunName)
+	nameStr := c.GetString("tun.dev", "")
+	copy(req.Name[:], nameStr)
 	if err = ioctl(uintptr(fd), uintptr(unix.TUNSETIFF), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&req))); err != nil {
 		_ = unix.Close(fd)
 		return nil, &NameError{
-			Name:       tunName,
+			Name:       nameStr,
 			Underlying: err,
 		}
 	}
@@ -309,27 +298,6 @@ func newTun(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix, multiqueue
 	return t, nil
 }
 
-func validateTunName(tunName string) error {
-	if !strings.Contains(tunName, "%d") {
-		if len(tunName) >= unix.IFNAMSIZ {
-			return fmt.Errorf("tun.dev %q is not shorter than the maximum device name length of %d", tunName, unix.IFNAMSIZ)
-		}
-		return nil
-	}
-	if strings.Count(tunName, "%d") > 1 {
-		return fmt.Errorf("tun.dev template %q may only contain a single %%d", tunName)
-	}
-	if tunName == "%d" {
-		return errors.New("please don't name your tun device '%d'")
-	}
-	// The kernel substitutes the %d itself and requires the template, like a
-	// literal name, to be NUL-terminated within IFNAMSIZ bytes.
-	if len(tunName) >= unix.IFNAMSIZ {
-		return fmt.Errorf("tun.dev template %q is not shorter than the maximum device name length of %d", tunName, unix.IFNAMSIZ)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // newTunGeneric does all the stuff common to different tun initialization paths. It will close your files on error.
 func newTunGeneric(c *config.C, l *slog.Logger, fd int, vpnNetworks []netip.Prefix) (*tun, error) {
 	tfd, err := newTunFd(fd)
@@ -800,6 +768,7 @@ func (t *tun) isGatewayInVpnNetworks(gwAddr netip.Addr) bool {
 
 func (t *tun) getGatewaysFromRoute(r *netlink.Route) routing.Gateways {
 	var gateways routing.Gateways
+
 	link, err := netlink.LinkByName(t.Device)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.l.Error("Ignoring route update: failed to get link by name", "deviceName", t.Device)

overlay/tun_linux_test.go

@@ -3,12 +3,7 @@
 
 package overlay
 
-import (
-	"strings"
-	"testing"
-
-	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
-)
+import "testing"
 
 var runAdvMSSTests = []struct {
 	name     string
@@ -37,39 +32,3 @@ func TestTunAdvMSS(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
-
-func TestValidateTunName(t *testing.T) {
-	// A device name must be shorter than IFNAMSIZ (i.e. IFNAMSIZ-1 chars max).
-	maxLenName := strings.Repeat("a", unix.IFNAMSIZ-1)
-
-	tests := []struct {
-		name    string
-		tmpl    string
-		wantErr bool
-	}{
-		{"short literal name is fine", "nebula1", false},
-		{"literal name at the max length is fine", maxLenName, false},
-		{"literal name at IFNAMSIZ is rejected", strings.Repeat("a", unix.IFNAMSIZ), true},
-		{"trailing template is fine", "nebula%d", false},
-		{"mid-string template is fine", "neb%dprod", false},
-		{"leading template is fine", "%dnebula", false},
-		{"template at the max length is fine", strings.Repeat("a", unix.IFNAMSIZ-3) + "%d", false},
-		{"template at IFNAMSIZ is rejected", strings.Repeat("a", unix.IFNAMSIZ-2) + "%d", true},
-		{"bare %d is rejected", "%d", true},
-		{"multiple %d is rejected", "neb%d%dprod", true},
-		{"over-long template is rejected", strings.Repeat("a", unix.IFNAMSIZ-1) + "%d", true},
-		{"over-long mid-string template is rejected", "neb%d" + strings.Repeat("a", unix.IFNAMSIZ-3), true},
-	}
-
-	for _, tt := range tests {
-		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
-			err := validateTunName(tt.tmpl)
-			if tt.wantErr && err == nil {
-				t.Fatalf("expected an error for %q, got none", tt.tmpl)
-			}
-			if !tt.wantErr && err != nil {
-				t.Fatalf("unexpected error for %q: %v", tt.tmpl, err)
-			}
-		})
-	}
-}

relay_manager.go

@@ -107,7 +107,10 @@ func (rm *relayManager) StartRelays(f *Interface, vpnIp netip.Addr, hh *Handshak
 			if relayHostInfo.GetRemote().IsValid() {
 				idx, err := AddRelay(rm.l, relayHostInfo, rm.hostmap, vpnIp, nil, TerminalType, Requested)
 				if err != nil {
+					// No local relay state was installed, so a CreateRelayRequest would hand the
+					// peer an index we could never resolve. Skip it.
 					hl.Info("Failed to add relay to hostmap", "relay", relay.String(), "error", err)
+					continue
 				}
 
 				m := NebulaControl{
@@ -237,7 +240,12 @@ func AddRelay(l *slog.Logger, relayHostInfo *HostInfo, hm *HostMap, vpnIp netip.
 			// Avoid standing up a relay that can't be used since only the primary hostinfo
 			// will be pointed to by the relay logic
 			//TODO: if there was an existing primary and it had relay state, should we merge?
-			hm.unlockedMakePrimary(relayHostInfo)
+			if !hm.unlockedMakePrimary(relayHostInfo) {
+				// The tunnel was torn down after the caller grabbed relayHostInfo. A relay standing
+				// on an unlinked hostinfo would never carry traffic, and its Relays entry could
+				// never be reclaimed since the delete-time cleanup has already run.
+				return 0, errors.New("relay hostinfo is no longer in the hostmap")
+			}
 
 			hm.Relays[index] = relayHostInfo
 			newRelay := Relay{

service/service.go

@@ -43,12 +43,25 @@ type Service struct {
 	}
 }
 
-func New(control *nebula.Control) (*Service, error) {
-	wait, err := control.Start()
+func New(control *nebula.Control) (_ *Service, reterr error) {
+	// Check this before Start so a failure doesn't leave a running nebula
+	device, ok := control.Device().(*overlay.UserDevice)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, errors.New("must be using user device")
+	}
+
+	err := control.Start()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
+	// Anything that fails after a successful Start must tear nebula back down
+	defer func() {
+		if reterr != nil {
+			control.Stop()
+		}
+	}()
+
 	ctx := control.Context()
 	eg, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
 	s := Service{
@@ -57,11 +70,6 @@ func New(control *nebula.Control) (*Service, error) {
 	}
 	s.mu.listeners = map[uint16]*tcpListener{}
 
-	device, ok := control.Device().(*overlay.UserDevice)
-	if !ok {
-		return nil, errors.New("must be using user device")
-	}
-
 	s.ipstack = stack.New(stack.Options{
 		NetworkProtocols:   []stack.NetworkProtocolFactory{ipv4.NewProtocol, ipv6.NewProtocol},
 		TransportProtocols: []stack.TransportProtocolFactory{tcp.NewProtocol, udp.NewProtocol, icmp.NewProtocol4, icmp.NewProtocol6},
@@ -147,7 +155,7 @@ func New(control *nebula.Control) (*Service, error) {
 	// Add the nebula wait function to the group so a fatal reader error
 	// propagates out through errgroup.Wait().
 	eg.Go(func() error {
-		return wait()
+		return control.Wait()
 	})
 
 	return &s, nil

udp/netchange.go

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package udp
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+)
+
+// NetworkChangeMonitor rebinds the udp listener when the local network moves out from under it.
+//
+// Detection lives here in the udp package, next to the socket it concerns and the platform matrix that already knows
+// which sockets go stale. What to do about a change — updating the lighthouse, requerying tunnels — is not the udp
+// package's business, so Start takes the reaction as a plain function. Passing it at Start rather than holding it
+// keeps this package from referencing whatever owns the rebind.
+//
+// On platforms whose sockets do not go stale, watchNetworkChanges hands back a nil channel and Start returns.
+type NetworkChangeMonitor struct {
+	l       *slog.Logger
+	ctx     context.Context
+	enabled bool
+}
+
+// NewNetworkChangeMonitor builds a monitor for local network changes. The returned monitor is always usable: Start
+// is safe to call unconditionally, it no-ops when disabled or on a platform that does not need it.
+func NewNetworkChangeMonitor(ctx context.Context, l *slog.Logger, c *config.C) *NetworkChangeMonitor {
+	return &NetworkChangeMonitor{
+		l:       l,
+		ctx:     ctx,
+		enabled: c.GetBool("listen.rebind_on_network_change", true),
+	}
+}
+
+// Start watches for network changes until the context is cancelled, calling rebind once per settled change. It
+// blocks, so callers run it in a goroutine, and it no-ops when disabled, unsupported, or with nothing to rebind.
+func (m *NetworkChangeMonitor) Start(rebind func()) {
+	if !m.enabled || rebind == nil || m.ctx.Err() != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	changes, err := watchNetworkChanges(m.ctx, m.l)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Not fatal. Everything else still works, we just won't notice a network change on our own.
+		m.l.Error("Failed to watch for network changes, will not rebind the udp listener when the network moves",
+			"error", err,
+		)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if changes == nil {
+		// This platform's sockets don't go stale, so there is nothing to watch for.
+		return
+	}
+
+	m.l.Info("Watching for network changes to rebind the udp listener")
+
+	for range changes {
+		m.l.Info("Local network changed, rebinding the udp listener")
+		rebind()
+	}
+}

udp/netchange_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+//go:build darwin && !ios && !e2e_testing
+// +build darwin,!ios,!e2e_testing
+
+package udp
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+const (
+	// netChangeSettleWindow is how long we keep swallowing routing messages after the first interesting one. A
+	// single network change is never a single message, it is a burst: the link drops, addresses go away, new ones
+	// arrive, routes get rewritten. Reporting part way through that just means reporting again.
+	netChangeSettleWindow = time.Second
+
+	// netChangeReadBuffer is sized well past any rt_msghdr plus its addresses. A short read would be discarded by
+	// the kernel, so being generous here is how we avoid missing a message.
+	netChangeReadBuffer = 4096
+)
+
+// watchNetworkChanges reports when the local network moves out from under us, so the listener can be rebound.
+//
+// Darwin scopes a udp socket to whatever interface it came up on. Move between networks and we keep sending out an
+// interface that no longer has a route, which surfaces as an instant "no route to host" with no packet ever leaving
+// the box. Rebind clears that, but only if something notices the change and calls it. iOS has always been told by
+// the host app off NWPathMonitor. This is the equivalent for everything else that runs on darwin.
+//
+// The returned channel is buffered and coalescing: a send is dropped if one is already pending, since both mean the
+// same thing to a reader. It is closed when ctx is cancelled or the routing socket fails, so a caller can simply
+// range over it. Platforms whose sockets do not need rebinding return a nil channel and no error.
+func watchNetworkChanges(ctx context.Context, l *slog.Logger) (<-chan struct{}, error) {
+	sock, err := openRouteSocket()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	changes := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(changes)
+		defer func() { _ = sock.Close() }()
+
+		// Closing the socket is what unblocks the read in watchRouteSocket, so this turns cancellation into a
+		// close. It is scoped to this call so it cannot outlive the watch it belongs to.
+		done := make(chan struct{})
+		defer close(done)
+		go func() {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				_ = sock.Close()
+			case <-done:
+			}
+		}()
+
+		watchRouteSocket(l, sock, changes)
+	}()
+
+	return changes, nil
+}
+
+// watchRouteSocket blocks reading the routing socket, reporting once per settled burst of changes. It returns when
+// the socket is closed, which is how cancellation gets us out of here.
+func watchRouteSocket(l *slog.Logger, sock *os.File, changes chan<- struct{}) {
+	buf := make([]byte, netChangeReadBuffer)
+
+	for {
+		n, err := sock.Read(buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			logRouteSocketError(l, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		if !isNetworkChange(buf[:n]) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Swallow the rest of the burst. The deadline is absolute and not extended by what arrives, so this always
+		// ends after the settle window no matter how chatty the socket is. Changes that land after the window
+		// simply produce another report, which is the correct outcome anyway.
+		deadline := time.Now().Add(netChangeSettleWindow)
+		for {
+			if err = sock.SetReadDeadline(deadline); err != nil {
+				logRouteSocketError(l, err)
+				return
+			}
+
+			if _, err = sock.Read(buf); err != nil {
+				if os.IsTimeout(err) {
+					break
+				}
+				logRouteSocketError(l, err)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		if err = sock.SetReadDeadline(time.Time{}); err != nil {
+			logRouteSocketError(l, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case changes <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+			// One already pending, and a second "the network moved" tells the reader nothing new.
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// logRouteSocketError reports a routing socket failure unless it is just us shutting the socket down.
+func logRouteSocketError(l *slog.Logger, err error) {
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrClosed) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	l.Error("Error reading the routing socket, will no longer notice local network changes", "error", err)
+}
+
+// openRouteSocket returns the routing socket as a non blocking os.File. Going through os.File puts reads on the go
+// poller, which buys us both a working read deadline and a Close that unblocks a read in progress.
+func openRouteSocket() (*os.File, error) {
+	fd, err := unix.Socket(unix.AF_ROUTE, unix.SOCK_RAW, unix.AF_UNSPEC)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if err = unix.SetNonblock(fd, true); err != nil {
+		_ = unix.Close(fd)
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return os.NewFile(uintptr(fd), "route"), nil
+}
+
+// isNetworkChange reports whether a routing message means our local addressing may have moved out from under us.
+//
+// We read the header instead of parsing the message because the type is the only part we need, and a full parse can
+// fail on shapes we don't care about, which would turn "a message I can't parse" into "a change I missed".
+// rt_msghdr, if_msghdr and ifa_msghdr all begin with the same three fields, so this is the same for every type.
+func isNetworkChange(msg []byte) bool {
+	if len(msg) < 4 {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	// u_short msglen, u_char version, u_char type
+	if int(binary.NativeEndian.Uint16(msg[0:2])) > len(msg) || msg[2] != unix.RTM_VERSION {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	switch msg[3] {
+	case unix.RTM_NEWADDR, unix.RTM_DELADDR, unix.RTM_IFINFO:
+		// An address arrived or left, or a link changed state. Anything else on this socket is either a route
+		// churning underneath us, which a rebind doesn't help with, or unrelated traffic.
+		return true
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+}

udp/netchange_darwin_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+//go:build darwin && !ios && !e2e_testing
+// +build darwin,!ios,!e2e_testing
+
+package udp
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/goleak"
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+// routeMsg builds the first four bytes of a routing message, which is all isNetworkChange reads.
+func routeMsg(msgType uint8, extra int) []byte {
+	msg := make([]byte, 4+extra)
+	binary.NativeEndian.PutUint16(msg[0:2], uint16(len(msg)))
+	msg[2] = unix.RTM_VERSION
+	msg[3] = msgType
+	return msg
+}
+
+func TestIsNetworkChange(t *testing.T) {
+	// The three that mean our addressing may have moved
+	assert.True(t, isNetworkChange(routeMsg(unix.RTM_NEWADDR, 0)))
+	assert.True(t, isNetworkChange(routeMsg(unix.RTM_DELADDR, 0)))
+	assert.True(t, isNetworkChange(routeMsg(unix.RTM_IFINFO, 0)))
+
+	// Route churn is not something a rebind helps with
+	assert.False(t, isNetworkChange(routeMsg(unix.RTM_ADD, 0)))
+	assert.False(t, isNetworkChange(routeMsg(unix.RTM_DELETE, 0)))
+	assert.False(t, isNetworkChange(routeMsg(unix.RTM_GET, 0)))
+
+	// Garbage must not be mistaken for a change
+	assert.False(t, isNetworkChange(nil), "empty")
+	assert.False(t, isNetworkChange([]byte{0, 0, 0}), "short header")
+
+	wrongVersion := routeMsg(unix.RTM_NEWADDR, 0)
+	wrongVersion[2] = unix.RTM_VERSION + 1
+	assert.False(t, isNetworkChange(wrongVersion), "wrong rtm_version")
+
+	lying := routeMsg(unix.RTM_NEWADDR, 0)
+	binary.NativeEndian.PutUint16(lying[0:2], 512)
+	assert.False(t, isNetworkChange(lying), "msglen longer than what we read")
+}
+
+// socketPair returns a connected pair of datagram sockets, the first wrapped the same way the routing socket is. It
+// stands in for the kernel so the watch loop can be driven with synthetic messages.
+func socketPair(t *testing.T) (*os.File, int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	fds, err := unix.Socketpair(unix.AF_UNIX, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, 0)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NoError(t, unix.SetNonblock(fds[0], true))
+
+	f := os.NewFile(uintptr(fds[0]), "route")
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		_ = f.Close()
+		_ = unix.Close(fds[1])
+	})
+
+	return f, fds[1]
+}
+
+func TestWatchRouteSocketCoalescesABurst(t *testing.T) {
+	sock, kernel := socketPair(t)
+	changes := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		watchRouteSocket(test.NewLogger(), sock, changes)
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	// One network change is a burst of messages. All of these land inside the settle window, so they must produce
+	// exactly one report rather than one apiece.
+	for range 5 {
+		_, err := unix.Write(kernel, routeMsg(unix.RTM_NEWADDR, 8))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+	// Uninteresting messages in the middle of a burst must not add a report of their own either.
+	_, err := unix.Write(kernel, routeMsg(unix.RTM_ADD, 8))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	select {
+	case <-changes:
+	case <-time.After(netChangeSettleWindow * 4):
+		t.Fatal("a burst should have reported a change")
+	}
+
+	// Nothing more from that burst
+	select {
+	case <-changes:
+		t.Fatal("a burst should report exactly once")
+	case <-time.After(netChangeSettleWindow):
+	}
+
+	// A change after the window has closed is a separate event and gets its own report.
+	_, err = unix.Write(kernel, routeMsg(unix.RTM_IFINFO, 8))
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	select {
+	case <-changes:
+	case <-time.After(netChangeSettleWindow * 4):
+		t.Fatal("a later change should report again")
+	}
+
+	// Closing the socket is how the real thing shuts down
+	require.NoError(t, sock.Close())
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 5):
+		t.Fatal("watchRouteSocket did not return after the socket was closed")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestWatchRouteSocketIgnoresUninterestingMessages(t *testing.T) {
+	sock, kernel := socketPair(t)
+	changes := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		watchRouteSocket(test.NewLogger(), sock, changes)
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	for _, msgType := range []uint8{unix.RTM_ADD, unix.RTM_DELETE, unix.RTM_GET, unix.RTM_MISS} {
+		_, err := unix.Write(kernel, routeMsg(msgType, 8))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case <-changes:
+		t.Fatal("route churn alone must not report a change")
+	case <-time.After(netChangeSettleWindow * 2):
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, sock.Close())
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 5):
+		t.Fatal("watchRouteSocket did not return after the socket was closed")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWatchRouteSocketDropsRatherThanBlocks covers the coalescing send. A reader that is busy rebinding must not
+// wedge the watcher, and a second pending "the network moved" tells it nothing new anyway.
+func TestWatchRouteSocketDropsRatherThanBlocks(t *testing.T) {
+	sock, kernel := socketPair(t)
+	changes := make(chan struct{}, 1)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		watchRouteSocket(test.NewLogger(), sock, changes)
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	// Nobody is reading changes, so after the first report the buffer is full for the rest of this test
+	for range 3 {
+		_, err := unix.Write(kernel, routeMsg(unix.RTM_NEWADDR, 8))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		time.Sleep(netChangeSettleWindow + time.Millisecond*250)
+	}
+
+	// The watcher must still be alive and responsive to a close
+	require.NoError(t, sock.Close())
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 5):
+		t.Fatal("watchRouteSocket wedged on a full channel")
+	}
+
+	assert.Len(t, changes, 1, "the pending report should have coalesced, not queued")
+}
+
+// TestWatchNetworkChangesStopsWithContext covers the detection path against a real routing socket, including that
+// cancelling the context closes the channel so a ranging caller falls out of its loop.
+func TestWatchNetworkChangesStopsWithContext(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	changes, err := watchNetworkChanges(ctx, test.NewLogger())
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotNil(t, changes, "darwin should support watching")
+
+	drained := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		for range changes {
+		}
+		close(drained)
+	}()
+
+	cancel()
+	select {
+	case <-drained:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 5):
+		t.Fatal("cancelling the context should close the changes channel")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNetworkChangeMonitorStopsWithContext drives the whole monitor against a real routing socket: Start must block
+// watching, and cancelling the context (which is all Control does on shutdown, it never stops the monitor directly)
+// must return it and clean up the watch goroutines.
+func TestNetworkChangeMonitorStopsWithContext(t *testing.T) {
+	// IgnoreCurrent because other tests in this package leave readers running; we only care about what this test
+	// leaks itself.
+	defer goleak.VerifyNone(t, goleak.IgnoreCurrent())
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	require.NoError(t, c.LoadString("listen:\n  rebind_on_network_change: true\n"))
+	m := NewNetworkChangeMonitor(ctx, l, c)
+
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		m.Start(func() {})
+		close(done)
+	}()
+
+	// Start should be sitting on the routing socket, not have fallen out. If it returned early it either failed to
+	// watch or no-op'd, both of which we want to catch.
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+		t.Fatal("Start returned instead of watching")
+	case <-time.After(time.Millisecond * 250):
+	}
+
+	cancel()
+	select {
+	case <-done:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second * 5):
+		t.Fatal("Start did not return after the context was cancelled")
+	}
+
+	// Starting again after the context is dead must not open anything.
+	m.Start(func() {})
+}

udp/netchange_generic.go

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//go:build !darwin || ios || e2e_testing
+// +build !darwin ios e2e_testing
+
+package udp
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+)
+
+// watchNetworkChanges is a no-op outside of darwin.
+//
+// Darwin is the platform that scopes a udp socket to the interface it came up on, so it is the platform whose socket
+// goes stale when the local network changes. Everywhere else Rebind has nothing to do, so there is nothing to watch
+// for. iOS is excluded on purpose even though it is darwin: the host app already drives the rebind off NWPathMonitor,
+// and two things racing to rebind the same socket is worse than one.
+//
+// A nil channel means "not supported here", which callers must treat as "do not start a watcher" rather than
+// selecting on it, since a receive from a nil channel blocks forever.
+func watchNetworkChanges(_ context.Context, _ *slog.Logger) (<-chan struct{}, error) {
+	return nil, nil
+}

udp/netchange_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package udp
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
+	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/test"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func newMonitor(t *testing.T, ctx context.Context, cfg string) *NetworkChangeMonitor {
+	t.Helper()
+	l := test.NewLogger()
+	c := config.NewC(l)
+	require.NoError(t, c.LoadString(cfg))
+	return NewNetworkChangeMonitor(ctx, l, c)
+}
+
+func TestNetworkChangeMonitorDefaultsOn(t *testing.T) {
+	// Says nothing about rebinding, so this covers the default.
+	m := newMonitor(t, context.Background(), "listen:\n  host: 0.0.0.0\n")
+	assert.True(t, m.enabled, "should default to on")
+}
+
+func TestNetworkChangeMonitorDisabledIsANoOp(t *testing.T) {
+	m := newMonitor(t, context.Background(), "listen:\n  rebind_on_network_change: false\n")
+	require.False(t, m.enabled)
+
+	// Must return without opening a socket. If it watched anything this would block.
+	m.Start(func() {})
+}
+
+func TestNetworkChangeMonitorNilRebindIsANoOp(t *testing.T) {
+	// Nothing to rebind, so there is no point watching, on any platform.
+	m := newMonitor(t, context.Background(), "listen:\n  rebind_on_network_change: true\n")
+	m.Start(nil)
+}

udp/udp_darwin.go

@@ -187,6 +187,9 @@ func (u *StdConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// Rebind clears the interface the kernel scoped this socket to, so that sends are routed against the current
+// routing table instead of the interface we happened to be on when the socket was created. Darwin pins sockets
+// this way on its own, which is what strands us after the underlying network changes.
 func (u *StdConn) Rebind() error {
 	var err error
 	if u.isV4 {
@@ -195,9 +198,5 @@ func (u *StdConn) Rebind() error {
 		err = syscall.SetsockoptInt(int(u.sysFd), syscall.IPPROTO_IPV6, syscall.IPV6_BOUND_IF, 0)
 	}
 
-	if err != nil {
-		u.l.Error("Failed to rebind udp socket", "error", err)
-	}
-
-	return nil
+	return err
 }

udp/udp_linux.go

@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@
 package udp
 
 import (
-	"context"
 	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"syscall"
 	"unsafe"
 
@@ -19,58 +20,51 @@ import (
 )
 
 type StdConn struct {
-	udpConn *net.UDPConn
-	rawConn syscall.RawConn
-	isV4    bool
-	l       *slog.Logger
-	batch   int
-}
-
-func setReusePort(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
-	var opErr error
-	err := c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		opErr = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_REUSEPORT, 1)
-		//CloseOnExec already set by the runtime
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return opErr
+	sysFd  int
+	closed atomic.Bool
+	isV4   bool
+	l      *slog.Logger
+	batch  int
 }
 
 func NewListener(l *slog.Logger, ip netip.Addr, port int, multi bool, batch int) (Conn, error) {
-	listen := netip.AddrPortFrom(ip, uint16(port))
-	lc := net.ListenConfig{}
+	af := unix.AF_INET6
+	if ip.Is4() {
+		af = unix.AF_INET
+	}
+	syscall.ForkLock.RLock()
+	fd, err := unix.Socket(af, unix.SOCK_DGRAM, unix.IPPROTO_UDP)
+	if err == nil {
+		unix.CloseOnExec(fd)
+	}
+	syscall.ForkLock.RUnlock()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to open socket: %w", err)
+	}
+
 	if multi {
-		lc.Control = setReusePort
-	}
-	//this context is only used during the bind operation, you can't cancel it to kill the socket
-	pc, err := lc.ListenPacket(context.Background(), "udp", listen.String())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to open socket: %s", err)
-	}
-	udpConn := pc.(*net.UDPConn)
-	rawConn, err := udpConn.SyscallConn()
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = udpConn.Close()
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	//gotta find out if we got an AF_INET6 socket or not:
-	out := &StdConn{
-		udpConn: udpConn,
-		rawConn: rawConn,
-		l:       l,
-		batch:   batch,
+		if err = unix.SetsockoptInt(fd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_REUSEPORT, 1); err != nil {
+			_ = unix.Close(fd)
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to set SO_REUSEPORT: %w", err)
+		}
 	}
 
-	af, err := out.getSockOptInt(unix.SO_DOMAIN)
-	if err != nil {
-		_ = out.Close()
-		return nil, err
+	var sa unix.Sockaddr
+	if ip.Is4() {
+		sa4 := &unix.SockaddrInet4{Port: port}
+		sa4.Addr = ip.As4()
+		sa = sa4
+	} else {
+		sa6 := &unix.SockaddrInet6{Port: port}
+		sa6.Addr = ip.As16()
+		sa = sa6
+	}
+	if err = unix.Bind(fd, sa); err != nil {
+		_ = unix.Close(fd)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to bind to socket: %w", err)
 	}
-	out.isV4 = af == unix.AF_INET
 
-	return out, nil
+	return &StdConn{sysFd: fd, isV4: ip.Is4(), l: l, batch: batch}, nil
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {
@@ -81,134 +75,111 @@ func (u *StdConn) Rebind() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (u *StdConn) getSockOptInt(opt int) (int, error) {
-	if u.rawConn == nil {
-		return 0, fmt.Errorf("no UDP connection")
-	}
-	var out int
-	var opErr error
-	err := u.rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		out, opErr = unix.GetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, opt)
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-	return out, opErr
-}
-
-func (u *StdConn) setSockOptInt(opt int, n int) error {
-	if u.rawConn == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("no UDP connection")
-	}
-	var opErr error
-	err := u.rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		opErr = unix.SetsockoptInt(int(fd), unix.SOL_SOCKET, opt, n)
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	return opErr
-}
-
 func (u *StdConn) SetRecvBuffer(n int) error {
-	return u.setSockOptInt(unix.SO_RCVBUFFORCE, n)
+	return unix.SetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_RCVBUFFORCE, n)
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) SetSendBuffer(n int) error {
-	return u.setSockOptInt(unix.SO_SNDBUFFORCE, n)
+	return unix.SetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_SNDBUFFORCE, n)
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) SetSoMark(mark int) error {
-	return u.setSockOptInt(unix.SO_MARK, mark)
+	return unix.SetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_MARK, mark)
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) GetRecvBuffer() (int, error) {
-	return u.getSockOptInt(unix.SO_RCVBUF)
+	return unix.GetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_RCVBUF)
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) GetSendBuffer() (int, error) {
-	return u.getSockOptInt(unix.SO_SNDBUF)
+	return unix.GetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_SNDBUF)
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) GetSoMark() (int, error) {
-	return u.getSockOptInt(unix.SO_MARK)
+	return unix.GetsockoptInt(u.sysFd, unix.SOL_SOCKET, unix.SO_MARK)
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {
-	a := u.udpConn.LocalAddr()
-
-	switch v := a.(type) {
-	case *net.UDPAddr:
-		addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(v.IP)
-		if !ok {
-			return netip.AddrPort{}, fmt.Errorf("LocalAddr returned invalid IP address: %s", v.IP)
-		}
-		return netip.AddrPortFrom(addr, uint16(v.Port)), nil
-
+	sa, err := unix.Getsockname(u.sysFd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return netip.AddrPort{}, err
+	}
+	switch sa := sa.(type) {
+	case *unix.SockaddrInet4:
+		return netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom4(sa.Addr), uint16(sa.Port)), nil
+	case *unix.SockaddrInet6:
+		return netip.AddrPortFrom(netip.AddrFrom16(sa.Addr), uint16(sa.Port)), nil
 	default:
-		return netip.AddrPort{}, fmt.Errorf("LocalAddr returned: %#v", a)
+		return netip.AddrPort{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported sock type: %T", sa)
 	}
 }
 
-func recvmmsg(fd uintptr, msgs []rawMessage) (int, bool, error) {
-	var errno syscall.Errno
-	n, _, errno := unix.Syscall6(
+// recvmmsg does one blocking recvmmsg (MSG_WAITFORONE), reading up to len(msgs) datagrams
+func (u *StdConn) recvmmsg(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
+	r, _, errno := unix.Syscall6(
 		unix.SYS_RECVMMSG,
-		fd,
+		uintptr(u.sysFd),
 		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&msgs[0])),
 		uintptr(len(msgs)),
 		unix.MSG_WAITFORONE,
 		0,
 		0,
 	)
-	if errno == syscall.EAGAIN || errno == syscall.EWOULDBLOCK {
-		// No data available, block for I/O and try again.
-		return int(n), false, nil
-	}
 	if errno != 0 {
-		return int(n), true, &net.OpError{Op: "recvmmsg", Err: errno}
-	}
-	return int(n), true, nil
-}
-
-func (u *StdConn) listenOutSingle(r EncReader) error {
-	var err error
-	var n int
-	var from netip.AddrPort
-	buffer := make([]byte, MTU)
-
-	for {
-		n, from, err = u.udpConn.ReadFromUDPAddrPort(buffer)
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
+		if u.closed.Load() {
+			return 0, net.ErrClosed
 		}
-		from = netip.AddrPortFrom(from.Addr().Unmap(), from.Port())
-		r(from, buffer[:n])
+		return 0, &net.OpError{Op: "recvmmsg", Err: errno}
 	}
+	n := int(r)
+	if (n == 0 || msgs[0].Len == 0) && u.closed.Load() {
+		return 0, net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return n, nil
 }
 
-func (u *StdConn) listenOutBatch(r EncReader) error {
+// recvmsg does one blocking recvmsg into msgs[0]
+func (u *StdConn) recvmsg(msgs []rawMessage) (int, error) {
+	r, _, errno := unix.Syscall6(
+		unix.SYS_RECVMSG,
+		uintptr(u.sysFd),
+		uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&msgs[0].Hdr)),
+		0,
+		0,
+		0,
+		0,
+	)
+	if errno != 0 {
+		if u.closed.Load() {
+			return 0, net.ErrClosed
+		}
+		return 0, &net.OpError{Op: "recvmsg", Err: errno}
+	}
+	if r == 0 && u.closed.Load() {
+		return 0, net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	msgs[0].Len = uint32(r)
+	return 1, nil
+}
+
+func (u *StdConn) ListenOut(r EncReader) error {
 	var ip netip.Addr
-	var n int
-	var operr error
-
 	msgs, buffers, names := u.PrepareRawMessages(u.batch)
-
-	//reader needs to capture variables from this function, since it's used as a lambda with rawConn.Read
-	//defining it outside the loop so it gets re-used
-	reader := func(fd uintptr) (done bool) {
-		n, done, operr = recvmmsg(fd, msgs)
-		return done
+	read := u.recvmmsg
+	if u.batch == 1 {
+		read = u.recvmsg
 	}
 
 	for {
-		err := u.rawConn.Read(reader)
+		n, err := read(msgs)
 		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, unix.EINTR) {
+				continue // interrupted by a signal, retry the read
+			}
+			// net.ErrClosed after Close() is teardown, absorbed by the caller's
+			// closed flag like the other platforms; anything else is a real error.
 			return err
 		}
-		if operr != nil {
-			return operr
-		}
 
 		for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
 			// Its ok to skip the ok check here, the slicing is the only error that can occur and it will panic
@@ -222,26 +193,68 @@ func (u *StdConn) listenOutBatch(r EncReader) error {
 	}
 }
 
-func (u *StdConn) ListenOut(r EncReader) error {
-	if u.batch == 1 {
-		return u.listenOutSingle(r)
-	} else {
-		return u.listenOutBatch(r)
+func (u *StdConn) WriteTo(b []byte, ip netip.AddrPort) error {
+	if u.isV4 {
+		return u.writeTo4(b, ip)
+	}
+	return u.writeTo6(b, ip)
+}
+
+func (u *StdConn) writeTo6(b []byte, ip netip.AddrPort) error {
+	var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet6
+	rsa.Family = unix.AF_INET6
+	rsa.Addr = ip.Addr().As16()
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16((*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa.Port))[:], ip.Port())
+
+	for {
+		_, _, err := unix.Syscall6(
+			unix.SYS_SENDTO,
+			uintptr(u.sysFd),
+			uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&b[0])),
+			uintptr(len(b)),
+			uintptr(0),
+			uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa)),
+			uintptr(unix.SizeofSockaddrInet6),
+		)
+		if err != 0 {
+			return &net.OpError{Op: "sendto", Err: err}
+		}
+		return nil
 	}
 }
 
-func (u *StdConn) WriteTo(b []byte, ip netip.AddrPort) error {
-	_, err := u.udpConn.WriteToUDPAddrPort(b, ip)
-	return err
+func (u *StdConn) writeTo4(b []byte, ip netip.AddrPort) error {
+	if !ip.Addr().Is4() {
+		return ErrInvalidIPv6RemoteForSocket
+	}
+
+	var rsa unix.RawSockaddrInet4
+	rsa.Family = unix.AF_INET
+	rsa.Addr = ip.Addr().As4()
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint16((*[2]byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa.Port))[:], ip.Port())
+
+	for {
+		_, _, err := unix.Syscall6(
+			unix.SYS_SENDTO,
+			uintptr(u.sysFd),
+			uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&b[0])),
+			uintptr(len(b)),
+			uintptr(0),
+			uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&rsa)),
+			uintptr(unix.SizeofSockaddrInet4),
+		)
+		if err != 0 {
+			return &net.OpError{Op: "sendto", Err: err}
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 	b := c.GetInt("listen.read_buffer", 0)
 	if b > 0 {
-		err := u.SetRecvBuffer(b)
-		if err == nil {
-			s, err := u.GetRecvBuffer()
-			if err == nil {
+		if err := u.SetRecvBuffer(b); err == nil {
+			if s, err := u.GetRecvBuffer(); err == nil {
 				u.l.Info("listen.read_buffer was set", "size", s)
 			} else {
 				u.l.Warn("Failed to get listen.read_buffer", "error", err)
@@ -253,10 +266,8 @@ func (u *StdConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 
 	b = c.GetInt("listen.write_buffer", 0)
 	if b > 0 {
-		err := u.SetSendBuffer(b)
-		if err == nil {
-			s, err := u.GetSendBuffer()
-			if err == nil {
+		if err := u.SetSendBuffer(b); err == nil {
+			if s, err := u.GetSendBuffer(); err == nil {
 				u.l.Info("listen.write_buffer was set", "size", s)
 			} else {
 				u.l.Warn("Failed to get listen.write_buffer", "error", err)
@@ -269,10 +280,8 @@ func (u *StdConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 	b = c.GetInt("listen.so_mark", 0)
 	s, err := u.GetSoMark()
 	if b > 0 || (err == nil && s != 0) {
-		err := u.SetSoMark(b)
-		if err == nil {
-			s, err := u.GetSoMark()
-			if err == nil {
+		if err := u.SetSoMark(b); err == nil {
+			if s, err := u.GetSoMark(); err == nil {
 				u.l.Info("listen.so_mark was set", "mark", s)
 			} else {
 				u.l.Warn("Failed to get listen.so_mark", "error", err)
@@ -285,28 +294,20 @@ func (u *StdConn) ReloadConfig(c *config.C) {
 
 func (u *StdConn) getMemInfo(meminfo *[unix.SK_MEMINFO_VARS]uint32) error {
 	var vallen uint32 = 4 * unix.SK_MEMINFO_VARS
-
-	if u.rawConn == nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("no UDP connection")
-	}
-	var opErr error
-	err := u.rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
-		_, _, syserr := unix.Syscall6(unix.SYS_GETSOCKOPT, fd, uintptr(unix.SOL_SOCKET), uintptr(unix.SO_MEMINFO), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(meminfo)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&vallen)), 0)
-		if syserr != 0 {
-			opErr = syserr
-		}
-	})
-	if err != nil {
+	_, _, err := unix.Syscall6(unix.SYS_GETSOCKOPT, uintptr(u.sysFd), uintptr(unix.SOL_SOCKET), uintptr(unix.SO_MEMINFO), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(meminfo)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&vallen)), 0)
+	if err != 0 {
 		return err
 	}
-	return opErr
+	return nil
 }
 
 func (u *StdConn) Close() error {
-	if u.udpConn != nil {
-		return u.udpConn.Close()
-	}
-	return nil
+	u.closed.Store(true)
+	// Wake the reader parked in recvmmsg/recvmsg. shutdown(2) on an unconnected socket
+	// returns ENOTCONN but still wakes it, so ignore the error.
+	// The reader then sees closed and stops touching the fd, making the Close below safe.
+	_ = unix.Shutdown(u.sysFd, unix.SHUT_RDWR)
+	return unix.Close(u.sysFd)
 }
 
 func NewUDPStatsEmitter(udpConns []Conn) func() {

udp/udp_linux_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+//go:build linux && !android && !e2e_testing
+
+package udp
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
+)
+
+func testLogger() *slog.Logger {
+	return slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stderr, &slog.HandlerOptions{Level: slog.LevelError}))
+}
+
+// TestShutdownWakesAfterRx_Mechanism exercises the kernel quirk our teardown
+// relies on: once a socket has received a packet, shutdown(2) wakes a blocked
+// recvmmsg with n>=1/Len==0 (not n==0). recvmmsg must turn that into net.ErrClosed
+// once Close set closed, so a parked reader exits instead of spinning.
+func TestShutdownWakesAfterRx_Mechanism(t *testing.T) {
+	c, err := NewListener(testLogger(), netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"), 0, true, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("NewListener: %v", err)
+	}
+	sc := c.(*StdConn)
+	addr, err := sc.LocalAddr()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LocalAddr: %v", err)
+	}
+	msgs, _, _ := sc.PrepareRawMessages(sc.batch)
+
+	// Receive a real packet so the socket has carried data.
+	send, err := net.Dial("udp", addr.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dial: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := send.Write([]byte("hello")); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("write: %v", err)
+	}
+	time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
+	n, err := sc.recvmmsg(msgs)
+	t.Logf("drain of real packet: n=%d err=%v msgs[0].Len=%d", n, err, msgs[0].Len)
+	_ = send.Close()
+
+	// Block a reader on the now-empty queue, then tear down as Close() does.
+	// recvmmsg must return net.ErrClosed (not hang, not spin) even post-rx.
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		_, err := sc.recvmmsg(msgs)
+		done <- err
+	}()
+	time.Sleep(150 * time.Millisecond) // let it park in recvmmsg
+
+	sc.closed.Store(true)
+	if serr := unix.Shutdown(sc.sysFd, unix.SHUT_RDWR); serr != nil {
+		t.Logf("shutdown returned %v (expected ENOTCONN on unconnected UDP)", serr)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-done:
+		if !errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
+			t.Errorf("recvmmsg after post-rx shutdown returned %v, want net.ErrClosed", err)
+		}
+	case <-time.After(2 * time.Second):
+		t.Fatalf("HANG: recvmmsg did not return after shutdown following a received packet")
+	}
+	_ = unix.Close(sc.sysFd)
+}
+
+// TestListenOutTeardown_TrafficPatterns reproduces the field report: a blocking
+// reader must tear down cleanly on Close() regardless of what the socket has
+// carried. The three cases the report called out:
+//
+//	no traffic ever      -> works (shutdown wakes recvmmsg with n==0)
+//	ping once, then idle -> historically HUNG: once the socket has received a
+//	                        packet, shutdown(2) wakes recvmmsg with n>=1/Len==0,
+//	                        which an n==0-only teardown check misses
+//	continuous traffic   -> works (a real packet is always arriving)
+//
+// All three must return within the deadline; a hang dumps goroutines so the
+// stuck reader is visible.
+func TestListenOutTeardown_TrafficPatterns(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name    string
+		traffic func(send net.Conn, stop <-chan struct{})
+	}{
+		{"no_traffic_ever", func(net.Conn, <-chan struct{}) {}},
+		{"ping_once_then_idle", func(send net.Conn, _ <-chan struct{}) {
+			_, _ = send.Write([]byte("hello"))
+		}},
+		{"continuous", func(send net.Conn, stop <-chan struct{}) {
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-stop:
+					return
+				default:
+					_, _ = send.Write([]byte("hello"))
+					time.Sleep(2 * time.Millisecond)
+				}
+			}
+		}},
+	}
+
+	// batch 1 exercises the recvmsg path, batch 64 the recvmmsg path; both must
+	// tear down cleanly.
+	for _, batch := range []int{1, 64} {
+		for _, tc := range cases {
+			t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("batch%d/%s", batch, tc.name), func(t *testing.T) {
+				runTeardownCase(t, batch, tc.name, tc.traffic)
+			})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func runTeardownCase(t *testing.T, batch int, name string, traffic func(send net.Conn, stop <-chan struct{})) {
+	c, err := NewListener(testLogger(), netip.MustParseAddr("127.0.0.1"), 0, true, batch)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("NewListener: %v", err)
+	}
+	sc := c.(*StdConn)
+	addr, err := sc.LocalAddr()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("LocalAddr: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var received atomic.Int64
+	loopDone := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		loopDone <- sc.ListenOut(func(netip.AddrPort, []byte) {
+			received.Add(1)
+		})
+	}()
+
+	send, err := net.Dial("udp", addr.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("dial: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer send.Close()
+
+	stop := make(chan struct{})
+	trafficDone := make(chan struct{})
+	go func() {
+		traffic(send, stop)
+		close(trafficDone)
+	}()
+
+	// Let the pattern run and, for the idle case, the reader park again on an
+	// empty queue with the socket already having received a packet.
+	time.Sleep(500 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	if err := sc.Close(); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Close: %v", err)
+	}
+	close(stop)
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-loopDone:
+		// Clean teardown surfaces as net.ErrClosed (propagated like the other
+		// platforms); the caller absorbs it via its closed flag.
+		if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: ListenOut returned unexpected error on teardown: %v", name, err)
+		}
+		t.Logf("%s: closed in %v (received %d packets)", name, time.Since(start), received.Load())
+	case <-time.After(3 * time.Second):
+		buf := make([]byte, 1<<20)
+		n := runtime.Stack(buf, true)
+		t.Fatalf("%s: HANG, ListenOut did not return within 3s of Close\n%s", name, buf[:n])
+	}
+	<-trafficDone
+}

udp/udp_tester.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/config"
 	"github.com/slackhq/nebula/header"
@@ -64,7 +65,9 @@ func acquirePacket() *Packet {
 }
 
 type TesterConn struct {
-	Addr netip.AddrPort
+	// addr is read by nebula's own goroutines on every send and by the router's flow renderer, and a test can
+	// move it mid-run to simulate roaming, so it is atomic rather than a plain field.
+	addr atomic.Pointer[netip.AddrPort]
 
 	RxPackets chan *Packet // Packets to receive into nebula
 	TxPackets chan *Packet // Packets transmitted outside by nebula
@@ -82,13 +85,24 @@ type TesterConn struct {
 }
 
 func NewListener(l *slog.Logger, ip netip.Addr, port int, _ bool, _ int) (Conn, error) {
-	return &TesterConn{
-		Addr:      netip.AddrPortFrom(ip, uint16(port)),
+	c := &TesterConn{
 		RxPackets: make(chan *Packet, 10),
 		TxPackets: make(chan *Packet, 10),
 		done:      make(chan struct{}),
 		l:         l,
-	}, nil
+	}
+	c.SetAddr(netip.AddrPortFrom(ip, uint16(port)))
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+// GetAddr returns the underlay address this conn currently sends from.
+func (u *TesterConn) GetAddr() netip.AddrPort {
+	return *u.addr.Load()
+}
+
+// SetAddr moves this conn to a new underlay address, standing in for a host waking up on a different network.
+func (u *TesterConn) SetAddr(addr netip.AddrPort) {
+	u.addr.Store(&addr)
 }
 
 // Send will place a UdpPacket onto the receive queue for nebula to consume
@@ -147,7 +161,7 @@ func (u *TesterConn) WriteTo(b []byte, addr netip.AddrPort) error {
 		p.Data = p.Data[:len(b)]
 	}
 	copy(p.Data, b)
-	p.From = u.Addr
+	p.From = u.GetAddr()
 	p.To = addr
 	select {
 	case <-u.done:
@@ -178,7 +192,7 @@ func NewUDPStatsEmitter(_ []Conn) func() {
 }
 
 func (u *TesterConn) LocalAddr() (netip.AddrPort, error) {
-	return u.Addr, nil
+	return u.GetAddr(), nil
 }
 
 func (u *TesterConn) SupportsMultipleReaders() bool {